1.
Nepal
–
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
2.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Rapti Zone
–
Rapti is one of the fourteen zones, located in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. It is named after the West Rapti River which drains Rolpa, Pyuthan, the remainder of Dang and part of Salyan district are drained by the Babai. The remainder of Salyan and all of Rukum districts are drained by the Bheri, the headquarters of Rapti is Tulsipur and the largest city is Tribhuvannagar. Other main cities and towns of Rapti zone are Pyuthan Khalanga, Bijuwar, Liwang, Lamahi, Musikot, Rukumkot, Rapti is divided into 5 districts, Dang District begins at the border with India. Since the border follows the edge of the Dudhwa Range—a subrange of the Siwaliks. Dang has two Inner Terai Valleys, Deukhuri lies beyond the Dudhwas, then a second low subrange—the Dang Range—separates Deukhuri from Dang Valley. Beyond Dang Valley the district extends to the crest of the higher Mahabharat Range, the two valleys have abundant level and gently-sloping land with fair to good soil development, and abundant groundwater. Malaria made them nearly uninhabitable except to the Tharu ethnic group that had evolved resistance, in the 1960s DDT came into use to suppress the mosquito vectors and the way was open to settlers from the hills who used debt and lawsuits to displace and even enslave Tharus. Dang is the most developed and most rapidly developing of the five districts. Mahendra Highway, Nepals main east-west route, follows Deukhuri Valley, Dang Valley has two important towns, Tribuvan nagar and Tulsipur, and an all-weather airport. Pyuthan, Rolpa and Salyan Districts are in the Middle Hills extending north from the crest of the Mahabharat Range, Pyuthan has a rice-growing alluvial plain along Jhimruk Khola, surrounded by villages of rice-growing Bahun and Chhetri farmers served by bazaar towns of Newar merchants. Rolpa district mainly lies along Mardi Khola, the other large Rapti tributary that is eroded into an inner gorge. Pyuthan and Rolpa extend north to a rugged 3-4,000 meter ridgeline marking the limits of the Rapti Basin, Kham Magar live in small villages throughout these highlands up to about 2,500 meters. They herd sheep, goats and cattle in high summer pastures as far north as the western Dhaulagiri Himalaya in Rukum district, Kham also cultivate subtropical and temperate fruit trees such as mulberry, citrus and Asian pear as cash crops. Until it was outlawed in the 1970s they cultivated hemp and made hashish bought by government agents to be sold in monopoly stores, termination of these arrangements increased Kham outmigration in search of employment and contributed to discontent with the Shah regime. Salyan resembles Pyuthan in having a mix of rice-growing lowlands inhabited by caste Hindus and it is drained by the Babai and Bheri rivers. Rukum is Rapi Zones northernmost, most mountainous district including the part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya drained by the Bheri River. At lower elevations it is populated by Hindu Khas people said to be ancestral to most of Nepals Bahuns, a notable valley called Rukumkot lies near the districts geographical center
4.
Rukum District
–
Rukum District(Nepali, रुकुम जिल्ला Listen, is a hill and mountain district some 280 km west of Kathmandu partially belonging to Province No.5 and partially to Province No.6. Rukum covers an area of 2,877 km² with population of 188,438 in 2001 and 207,290 in 2011, Musikot is the districts administrative center. There is 5,911 metres Mt. Sisne, the westernmost high peak in the Dhaulagiri massif, locals refer to Sisne as Hiunchuli and it is considered sacred as the abode of deities Masta and Saikumari. Climbing history on the mountain is not well documented and an expedition led by Man Bahadur Khatri reached the summit ridge in May 2013. Rukumkot, a prominent village in Rukum is referred to as the place of 52 lakes and 53 hills, rukumkot (Nepali, all of them Shyarpu Tal is largest lake in Rukum रुकुमकोट） has a beautiful pond called Rukmini Tal or locally Kamal Dhaha for its lotus flowers. Nearby are notable temples called Barah and Sibalaya, and caves such as Deurali Cave, Rukum district is the northernmost part of Rapti Zone. It is in the basin of Bheri River, a tributary of the Karnali. Most of Rukum is drained by west-flowing tributaries such as Uttar Ganga draining Dhorpatan Valley, elevation ranges from below 800 meters along the Bheri and its lowest tributaries to about 6,000 meters in the Dhaulagiris with a range of climates from sub-tropical to perpetual snow and ice. Agricultural use ranges from irrigated rice cultivation through upland cultivation of maize, barley, wheat, potatoes and fruit, two airports offer safe but rudimentary facilities for passenger flights, mainly from Nepalganj, and Kathmandu. The Rapti Highway is under construction to connect Musikot to Salyan Khalanga, Tulsipur, on the other hand, Nepals dream project Mid-Hill Highway is under construction. Dang-Salyan-Rukum, About 4 hours bus ride from Dang Tulsipur to Rukum Musikot, Mid-Hill Highway is under construction, and a national pride project that passes through 12 zones,24 districts, and 215 V. D. Cs. With a total length of 1,767 km, the highway connects Chiyo Bhanjyang of Pachthar district in the east with Jhulaghat of Baitadi district in the west, bus ride from Kathmandu takes up to 24 hours to Musikot. The two airports in Rukum are in Chaurjahari and Salle,762 m above sea level and accessible by footpaths and horse trails only, with a grass runway 850 m long and 30 m wide. It was the mode of travel to Rukum for government, NGO personnel. During the conflict the security situation deteriorated and the police station was shut down. The airport has 10 aircraft parking spaces, the flight from Nepalganj to Rukum Salle airport takes 15–20 minutes. Located near Musikot, the district headquarters and it is accessible is foot way and road transport also since Rapti Highway has touched Salle airport also. Its runway is 650 meters long with capability of parking of 4 aircraft at once, the flight from Kathmandu to Rukum Salle airport takes about 90 minutes, while the flight from Nepalganj takes about 20 minutes
5.
Rolpa District
–
Rolpa(Nepali, रोल्पा जिल्ला Listen, is a hill district some 280 km west of Kathmandu in Province No.5 in midwestern Nepal. Rolpa covers an area of 1,879 km² with population of 221,177, libang is the districts administrative center. By Nepalese standards, Rolpa is an area plagued by low life expectancy. It was a flashpoint in the 1996-2006 Civil War. Adjoining districts are Dang to the south, Pyuthan to the east, Salyan to the west, before the unification of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1769 Rolpa was a buffer between the Chaubisi confederation of small kingdoms to the east and the Baise confederation to the west. Most of Rolpa is rugged highlands populated by the indigenous Kham Magar nationality, irrigated ricefields along the Madi Khola are of limited extent because it has a narrow inner gorge. In any case the Kham Magar live about a thousand meters upslope where little rice can be grown, upland harvests of maize, millet and barley are invariably insufficient and so Rolpa has chronic food deficits. As long as marijuana and charas were legal in Nepal they were grown and processed in Rolpa, in 1976 the government gave in to international pressure and stopped buying these products, causing the district to lose an important source of cash income. Kham also make money by selling their labor and they work as agricultural laborers in other districts, as porters, as soldiers and as general laborers, but their input is devalued by Rolpas underdeveloped education infrastructure. Without educational credentials Kham lack access to the more desirable jobs, the various grievances of Rolpas population made the district ripe for revolt. It became a Maoist Stronghold of the Communist Party of Nepal, in May 2002 a major battle between Maoist guerillas and the army was fought at Lisne Lekh near the Rolpa-Pyuthan border. Rolpa is drained southward by the Madi Khola from a complex of 3,000 to 4,000 meter ridges about 50 kilometers south of the Dhaulagiri Himalaya, japan International Cooperation Agency substituted for FinnMap in Lumbini Zone. - Topographic maps of Rolpa District
6.
River mouth
–
A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
7.
Ghaghara
–
Karnali, also called Ghaghara is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India, together they form the Ghaghra River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of 507 kilometres it is the longest river in Nepal, the total length of Ghaghara River up to its confluence with the Ganges at Doriganj in Bihar is 1,080 kilometres. It is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna, lower Ghaghara is also known as Sarayu river and finds mention in Ramayana. Ayodhya is situated on its right bank and it rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an elevation of about 3,962 metres above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River, the 202-kilometre Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the 264-kilometre long Bheri, rises in the part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya and drains the eastern part of the catchment. Other tributaries originating in Nepal are the West Rapti, the Kali and it flows southeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganges downstream of the town of Chhapra, after a course of 1,080 kilometres. Sarayu river is stated to be synonymous with the modern Ghaghara river or as a tributary of it, Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Sivalik Hills of Nepal. The remnant magnetization of siltstones and sandstones in this group suggests an age of between 16 million and 5.2 million years. The Karnali River Basin lies between the ranges of Dhaulagiri in Nepal and Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. Dhaulagiri II, elevation 7,751 metres, is the highest point of the entire basin, in the north, it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The basin formed by the river has a catchment area of 127,950 square kilometres. The population of the Basin districts in Nepal increased from 1.9 million in 1971 to 4.7 million people in 2001, the average population density of the Basin area increased from 53 persons/km2 in 1981 to 87 persons/km2 in 2001. There is a growth in the economically active population in the basin districts. The average literacy rate has increased from a mere 7. 5% in 1971 to 45% in 2001, the social status of the permanent households increased from 24% in 1991 to 31% in 2001. The basin has a road length of 2,640 kilometres. Chhoti Gandak is a meandering river originating near Dhesopool, Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh
8.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
