1.
New York State Route 9A
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New York State Route 9A is a state highway in the vicinity of New York City in the United States. Its southern terminus is at the end of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel in New York City. The northern terminus of NY 9A is at U. S. Route 9 in Peekskill, in Westchester County, NY 9A follows the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway. The origins of NY 9A date back to the 1920s when a route of then-NY6 from Yonkers to Tarrytown was designated as New York State Route 6A. NY6 was redesignated as US9 in 1927, however, NY 9A was extended south into New York City in 1934 and north to Ossining in the late 1930s. In 1933, the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway opened as New York State Route 404, all of NY404 was incorporated into an extended NY 9A on January 1,1949. NY 9A was extended northward to Peekskill in 1967 following the completion of the Croton Expressway, after crossing into the Bronx via the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority-owned Henry Hudson Bridge, NY 9A proceeds to leave the parkway at exit 23, joining US9 on Broadway. The concurrency between US9 and NY 9A runs for 2.87 miles within the city of Yonkers, all of NY 9A within Yonkers is maintained by the city. NY 9A separates from US9 along Ashburton Avenue and heads north as Saw Mill River Road and it parallels the Saw Mill River Parkway through Ardsley and Elmsford, to the west side of Hawthorne. The route meets the southbound New York State Thruway at a partial interchange, NY100 merges with NY 9A to form a 3. 11-mile concurrency carrying the names Saw Mill River Road and Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway, parallel to the Taconic State Parkway. NY 9A exits off this highway along the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway, while NY100 continues straight as Saw Mill River Road, NY 9A merges to form a brief concurrency with US9 as the Croton Expressway in Ossining just south of the Croton River. The second concurrency between US9 and NY 9A runs for 0.65 miles, with NY 9A leaving the Croton Expressway at Croton Point Avenue in Croton-on-Hudson, the highway heads north along Riverside Avenue and eventually joins old Albany Post Road. After crossing US9 once more in Cortlandt, NY 9A ends at the Welcher Avenue interchange in southern Peekskill, prior to the establishment of the U. S. Highway System, US9 was designated as NY6. An alternate route from Yonkers to Tarrytown was assigned the NY 6A designation by 1926, NY6 was redesignated as US9 when U. S. Highways were first posted in New York in 1927, however and it was finally renumbered to NY 9A as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. New York City initially did not mark numbered routes within its limits, in 1932, the New York Automobile Club drafted a plan establishing alignments for several routes through the city. In this plan, NY 9A went south through the Bronx, as a result, the two routes would have had a short concurrency across Spuyten Duyvil Creek. NY 9A would have split to the south on Tenth Avenue at 218th Street in order to join the Harlem River Drive via Nagle Avenue and Dyckman Street
2.
Henry Hudson Parkway
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The Henry Hudson Parkway is an 11. 05-mile parkway in New York City. The southern terminus is at West 72nd Street in Manhattan, where the parkway continues south as the West Side Highway and it is often erroneously referred to as the West Side Highway throughout its entire course in Manhattan. The northern terminus is at the Bronx–Westchester county boundary, where it continues north as the Saw Mill River Parkway, all but the northernmost mile of the road is co-signed as New York State Route 9A. In addition, the entirety of the parkway is designated New York State Route 907V, the Henry Hudson Parkway was created by the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority, which was run by master builder Robert Moses. The highway itself was constructed from 1934–1937, the junction is numbered as exit 9, continuing the numbering scheme used on the West Side Highway. It heads northward along the west side of Manhattan, connecting to West 79th Street with a large interchange, the parkway continues in a northerly direction, running almost parallel to Riverside Drive north of West 158th Street. It passes under Interstate 95 and the George Washington Bridge as it continues its progression through Fort Washington Park, Fort Tryon Park and it then runs northward across the Henry Hudson Bridge into the Bronx. Upon entering the Bronx, the passes through Spuyten Duyvil and Riverdale as it continues northward. At exit 23, NY 9A leaves the parkway for U. S. Route 9 while the parkway enters Van Cortlandt Park, soon after it enters the park, the parkway has an interchange with the Mosholu Parkway, which connects it to I-87. Less than a mile farther on, the parkway becomes the Saw Mill River Parkway as it enters Westchester County, the Parkway was completed on October 12,1937, under New York master builder Robert Moses. It cost $109 million, twice as expensive as the $49 million Hoover Dam that was built in the same period, the Parkway was part of Mosess West Side Improvement and included covering the New York Central Railroads West Side Line, creating the Freedom Tunnel. The covered portion is used for the highway and also expands the Riverside Park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. On May 12,2005, part of a wall at Castle Village collapsed onto the northbound lanes of the parkway, just north of the George Washington Bridge. The clean-up began quickly, and the road re-opened on May 15, the Henry Hudson Parkway is a candidate for designation as a New York State Scenic Byway, the first in New York City. New York Roads portal Henry Hudson Parkway at Alps Roads • New York State Highway Termini Background on the parkways history and the scenic byway initiative Historic American Engineering Record No. NY-334, Henry Hudson Parkway, Extending 11.2 miles from West 72nd Street to Bronx-Westchester border, New York, New York County, NY,94 photos,220 data pages,9 photo caption pages
3.
Metro-North Railroad
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With an average weekday ridership of 298,900 in 2014, it is the second-busiest commuter railroad in North America in terms of annual ridership, behind its sister railroad, the Long Island Rail Road. Metro-North also provides rail service within New York City at a reduced fare. There are 124 stations on Metro-North Railroads five active lines, which operate on more than 775 miles of track, the MTA has jurisdiction, through Metro-North, over railroad lines on the western and eastern portions of the Hudson River in New York. Service on the side of the Hudson is operated by New Jersey Transit under contract with the MTA. Three lines provide service on the east side of the Hudson River to Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, the Hudson, Harlem. The Beacon Line is a line owned by Metro-North but is not in service. The Hudson and Harlem Lines terminate in Poughkeepsie and Wassaic, New York, the New Haven Line is operated through a partnership between Metro-North and the State of Connecticut. The Connecticut Department of Transportation owns the tracks and stations within Connecticut, MTA owns the tracks and stations and handles capital improvements within New York State. MTA performs routine maintenance and provides services for the entire line, its branches. New cars and locomotives are purchased in a joint agreement between MTA and ConnDOT, with the agencies paying for 33. 3% and 66. 7% of costs respectively. ConnDOT pays more because most of the line is in Connecticut, the New Haven Line has three branches in Connecticut, the New Canaan Branch, Danbury Branch and Waterbury Branch. At New Haven, the Shore Line East connecting service, run by Connecticut, Amtrak operates intercity train service along the New Haven and Hudson Lines. The New Haven Line is part of Amtraks Northeast Corridor, at New Haven, the New Haven Line connects to the Amtrak New Haven–Springfield Line. The Hudson Line connects with the Oak Point Link and is the route for freight to and from the Bronx. Freight railroads CSX, CP Rail, P&W, and Housatonic Railroad have trackage rights on sections of the system, there are two branches, the Port Jervis Line and the Pascack Valley Line. The Port Jervis Line is accessed from two New Jersey Transit lines, the Main Line and the Bergen County Line. The Port Jervis Line terminates in Port Jervis, New York, most stops for the Port Jervis and Pascack Valley Lines are in New Jersey, so New Jersey Transit provides most of the rolling stock and all the staff, Metro-North supplies some equipment. Metro-North equipment has been used on other New Jersey Transit lines on the Hoboken division, All stations west of the Hudson River in New York are owned and operated by Metro-North, except Suffern, which is owned and operated by New Jersey Transit
4.
Hudson Line (Metro-North)
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Metro-North Railroads Hudson Line is a commuter rail line running north from New York City along the east shore of the Hudson River. Metro-North service ends at Poughkeepsie, with Amtraks Empire Corridor trains continuing north to, the line was originally the Hudson River Railroad, and later part of the famous Water Level Route of the New York Central Railroad. The Croton–Harmon station divides the line into two distinct segments, south of there, the line is electrified with third rail, serving suburban stations located relatively close together. Most of the zone has four tracks, usually two express and local tracks in each direction. For a few miles in the Bronx there are two or three tracks. Local service is provided by electric trains, while diesel trains run express. North of Croton–Harmon, the line is not electrified and is mostly double-tracked, service between Croton–Harmon and Poughkeepsie is provided by diesel trains, these generally run express and skip most of the lower stations. From just north of Spuyten Duyvil to the end of the line, the Hudson line was built by the Hudson River Railroad in 1851 as an extension to the Troy and Greenbush Railroad connecting Troy and Albany in the capital region. Cornelius Vanderbilt purchased the Hudson River Railroad in 1864 and merged it in 1869 with other short line railroads that Vanderbilt also owned including the New York and these two merged railroads were named the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. It was renamed the New York Central Railroad in 1914, the New York Central operated many intercity and commuter trains over this line for many years. It was a key route in connecting Grand Central Terminal in New York to LaSalle Street Station in Chicago, commuter service along the line was offered as far north as Albany Union Station, with 121 trains serving Albany per day during the NYCs peak years. At the end of the world war, private rail service began a sharp decline with the start of the Jet Age. The New York Central began losing money on almost all commuter, the railroad continued to lose money however. This however was denied, preserving Grand Central, in 1971 the National Railroad Passenger Corporation took over all intercity passenger service in the US. Penn Central continued to operate freight and commuter service along the Hudson line until it was folded into Conrail in 1976, Conrail operated commuter service to Albany until it abandoned service north of Poughkeepsie in 1981. In 1983, the MTA Metro-North Railroad took control of all operations in the Hudson Valley. In 2009 a new station was opened at East 153rd Street in the Bronx and it sees regular service on the Hudson Line, plus special service from the Hudson, Harlem, and New Haven Lines for New York Yankees games. On December 1,2013, a train derailed near the Spuyten Duyvil station in the Bronx
5.
Spuyten Duyvil Creek
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Spuyten Duyvil Creek /ˈspaɪtən ˈdaɪvəl/ is a short tidal estuary connecting the Hudson River to the Harlem River Ship Canal and then on to the Harlem River in New York City. The confluence of the three water bodies separate the island of Manhattan from the Bronx and the rest of the mainland, once a distinct, turbulent waterway between the Hudson and Harlem rivers, the creek has been subsumed by the modern ship canal. The earliest use of the name Spuyten Duyvil was in 1653 and it may be literally translated as Spouting Devil or Spuitende Duivel in Dutch, a reference to the strong and wild tidal currents found at that location. It may also be translated as Spewing Devil or Spinning Devil, spui is a Dutch word involving outlets for water. Historian Reginald Pelham Bolton, however, argues that the phrase means sprouting meadow, a folk etymology, to spite the Devil or in spite of the devil, was popularized by a story in Washington Irvings A Knickerbockers History of New York published in 1809. The local Lenape Native Americans referred to the creek by several names, the first was Shorakapok or Shorackhappok, translated as “the sitting down place” or “the place between the ridges”. A second term, spelled various ways including Paparinemo or Papiriniman, was shared with an island formed by the junction of the creek. The word has been translated as place where the stream is shut or to parcel out or divide, a third name, Muscoota, was also used. Spuyten Duyvil Creek runs northeast into the Hudson, when the Dutch settlers arrived they found its tidal waters turbulent and difficult to handle. Though its tides raced there was no navigable watercourse joining it with the headwaters of the Harlem River, steep cliffs along the Spuyten Duyvils mouth at the Hudson prevented any bridge there, but upstream it narrowed into a rocky drainage. Prior to the development of the Bronx, the creek was fed by Tibbetts Brook, the brook currently ends above ground within Van Cortlandt Park, emptying into the Harlem River system at the Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant via underground sewers. During the 17th Century, the mode of transportation across the Harlem River was by ferry from the east end of 125th Street. The ferry was established in 1667 and operated by Johannes Verveelen, many settlers circumvented the toll for the ferry by crossing the creek from northern Marble Hill to modern Kingsbridge, Bronx, a point where it was feasible to wade or swim through the waters. This area was known as the place, and had previously been used by Native Americans. In response, Verveelen had the creek fenced off at the wading place, in 1669 Verveelen transplanted his ferry to the northern tip of Marble Hill, at todays Broadway and West 231st Street. Originally a merchant in New Amsterdam, Philipse had purchased vast landholdings in what was then Westchester County, granted the title Lord of Philipse Manor, he established a plantation and provisioning depot for his shipping business upriver on the Hudson in present-day Sleepy Hollow. His toll bridge provided access and opened his land to settlement, later, it carried the Boston Post Road. In 1758, the Free Bridge was erected by Jacob Dyckman, stagecoach service was later established across the span
6.
George Washington Bridge
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As of 2015, it carried over 106 million vehicles per year, making it the worlds busiest motor vehicle bridge. The speed limit on the bridge is 45 mph, though congestion frequently slows traffic on weekdays and weekends. The bridges upper level also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, Interstate 95 and U. S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge. US46, which lies entirely within New Jersey, terminates halfway across the bridge at the border with New York. At its eastern terminus in New York City, the bridge connects with the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, unsuccessful, Washington evacuated Manhattan by crossing between the two forts. Construction on the began in October 1927 as a project of the Port of New York Authority. The bridges chief engineer was Othmar Ammann, with Cass Gilbert as architect, geologists made 300-foot test bores on the New Jersey side to determine if the geological strata would support the bridge. When construction started, the estimated cost of the bridge was $75,000,000 and it was expected to carry 8 million vehicles and 1.5 million pedestrians in its first year of operation. Prior to and while construction, the bridge was unofficially known as the Hudson River Bridge. However, the Port Authority named the bridge after George Washington that year, the bridge was dedicated on October 24,1931, and opened to traffic the following day. It held this title until the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937, in 1946, two more lanes were created on the current upper level, widening it from the original six lanes. A second, lower deck, which had anticipated in Ammanns original plans, was approved by Lt. Col. Joseph R. McCammon, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The original design for the towers of the called for them to be encased in concrete and granite. However, because of cost considerations during the Great Depression and favorable aesthetic critiques of the steel towers. The exposed steel towers, with their distinctive criss-crossed bracing, have one of the bridges most identifiable characteristics. Le Corbusier said of the steel structure, The George Washington Bridge over the Hudson is the most beautiful bridge in the world. Made of cables and steel beams, it gleams in the sky like a reversed arch and it is the only seat of grace in the disordered city. It is painted a color and, between water and sky, you see nothing but the bent cord supported by two steel towers
7.
Freedom Tunnel
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The Freedom Tunnel is the name given to the Amtrak tunnel under Riverside Park in Manhattan, New York City. It got its name because the graffiti artist Chris Freedom Pape used the walls to create some of his most notable artwork. The name may also be a reference to the shantytowns built within the tunnel by homeless populations seeking shelter and freedom to live rent-free. After it was completed, the tunnel was used for freight trains until 1980, the railroad favored using yards in the Bronx and New Jersey, and increased use of trucking led to the demise of the West Side Line. The giant, man-made caverns became a haven for homeless people, at its height in 1994, nearly a hundred people lived in the tunnel. On April 4,1991, the tunnel was reopened for trains of the Amtrak Empire Connection, the shantytowns were bulldozed and the tunnel was chained off. To this day, however, graffiti artists and urban explorers continue to visit the tunnel, graffiti artists and urban explorers have been sporadically caught and escorted out by Amtrak Police. Over the tunnels years of disuse, its isolated nature allowed graffiti artists and street artists to work without fear of arrest, leading to larger, the tunnel has unique lighting provided by grates in the sidewalks of Riverside Park above the space. Early artists who left their mark on the tunnel included Smith and his brother Sane, Ghost, Twist, Dan Plasma, Cost, until the construction of the Trump Riverside development, the south end of the tunnel terminated in a large open area. In the 1980s and 90s, a tent city with pirated electricity and hundreds, retired trains were also permanently parked near the south end of the tunnel allowing artists to cover whole cars with paint and murals, even if the cars themselves never left the tunnels. However, the population was gradually relocated from the tunnel to other places. Freedom dedicated one of the murals to the former homeless population there. Works by Freedom remained mostly untouched and respected by taggers, a notable exception was the recreation of Francisco Goyas The Third of May, which was defaced, but subsequently restored by Freedom. Other historical pieces range from Michelangelo to Norman Rockwell, beginning on the fall of 2009, Amtrak began to aggressively repaint the tunnels in an effort to restore their original appearance. Around 2010, the Third of May mural suffered a great deal of damage due to a leak in the tunnel directly above. Singers later visit to the tunnel in 2011 is included in the 10th anniversary DVD release of Dark Days Anthropologist and journalist Teun Voeten wrote the very detailed Tunnel People, jennifer Toth documents the homeless residents in her book Mole People. Explorer and writers Moses Gates describes his encounters with other urban explorers. Photographer Margaret Morton made the photo book The Tunnel
8.
High Line
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The High Line is a 1. 45-mile-long New York City linear park built in Manhattan on an elevated section of a disused New York Central Railroad spur called the West Side Line. Inspired by the 3-mile Promenade plantée, a project in Paris completed in 1993. The High Line Park is built on the southern portion of the West Side Line running to the Lower West Side of Manhattan. An unopened spur extends above 30th Street to Tenth Avenue, repurposing of the railway into an urban park began construction in 2006, with the first phase opening in 2009, and the second phase opening in 2011. The third and final phase opened to the public on September 21,2014. A short stub above Tenth Avenue and 30th Street is still closed as of September 2014, the project has spurred real estate development in the neighborhoods that lie along the line, and increased real estate values and prices along the route, as a halo effect. As of September 2014, the park gets nearly 5 million visitors annually, the park extends from Gansevoort Street to 34th Street. The 34th Street entrance is at level, and has wheelchair access. The park is open daily from 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. in the winter,10 p. m. in the spring and fall, and 11 p. m. in the summer, except for the Interim Walkway west of 11th Avenue, which is open until dusk. It can be reached through eleven entrances, five of which are accessible to people with disabilities, the wheelchair-accessible entrances, each with stairs and an elevator, are at Gansevoort, 14th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th Streets. Additional staircase-only entrances are located at 18th, 20th, 26th, and 28th Streets, Street level access is available at 34th Street via an Interim Walkway between 30th Street/11th Avenue and 34th Street. At the Gansevoort Street end, which runs north-south, the end over Gansevoort Street is named the Tiffany. Foundation Overlook, dedicated in July 2012, the foundation was a backer of the park. Then, it passes under The Standard hotel, and through a passage at 14th Street, then, the High Line passes under the Chelsea Market, a food hall, at 15th Street. A spur connecting the viaduct to the National Biscuit Company building splits off at 16th Street, the Tenth Avenue Square, an amphitheater located on the viaduct, is at 17th Street, where the High Line crosses over Tenth Avenue from southeast to northwest. At 23rd Street, there is the 23rd Street Lawn, a lawn where visitors can rest, then, between 25th and 26th Streets, a ramp takes visitors above the viaduct, with a scenic overlook facing east at 26th Street. The Philip Falcone and Lisa Maria Falcone flyover, as it is called, is named after two major donors to the park, this ramp was based on plans for a Phase 1 flyover that was never built. The park then curves west to Phase 3 and merges into the Tenth Avenue Spur, there is also a seesaw-like bench, as well as a chime bench, with keys that make sounds when tapped
9.
West Side Yard
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The West Side Yard is a rail yard owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority on the west side of Manhattan in New York City. Used to store commuter rail operated by the Long Island Rail Road. The yard includes storage tracks, a six-track indoor shop for maintenance, a 12-car long platform for car cleaning, and lockers. It also sits above the 34th Street – Hudson Yards subway station, before the yard opened in 1987, trains arriving at Penn Station during the morning rush hour had to deadhead back to Long Island for midday storage. The West Side Yard also increased the LIRRs peak period capacity at Penn Station, the 26. 17-acre site is bounded by between West 30th Street, West 33rd Street, 10th Avenue, and 12th Avenue. New York Central and later Penn Central expanded the rail yards, the rail yard was acquired by the State of New York. The northern portion was used for construction of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, the yard was built because limited storage capacity at Penn Station forced LIRR trains to make non-passenger trips to storage yards on Long Island. The yard opened in 1987, immediately increasing train capacity through Penn Station, the West Side Yard is named after John D. Caemmerer, a New York State Senator from East Williston who helped obtain $195.7 million for its construction. During construction, a tunnel was built that allows Amtrak trains from Penn Station to travel to Upstate New York via the West Side Line. Amtrak trains began using this tunnel on April 7,1991, before this, the West Side Yard was designed with space left between the tracks for columns to support development in air rights above the tracks. Madison Square Garden considered a move to the site in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s the air rights were considered as a location for a New York Yankees stadium. The eastern portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned for residential and commercial use in January 2005 as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. Following the defeat of the proposal to construct the West Side Stadium, the Gateway Project is a proposal to build a high-speed rail corridor to alleviate the bottleneck along the Northeast Corridor between Newark, New Jersey, and New York City. In June 2013 the US Department of Transportation announced that $183 million had been dedicated to the box as part of Hurricane Sandy recovery funding. Construction began in September 2013 and was expected to take two years, the underground concrete casing is 800 ft long,50 ft wide, and approximately 35 ft tall. Amtrak awarded Tutor Perini a $133 million contract to build a section of box tunnel
10.
West Side Line (NYCRR)
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The West Side Line, also called the West Side Freight Line, is a railroad line on the west side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. North of Penn Station, from 34th Street, the line is used by Amtrak passenger service heading north via Albany to Toronto, Montreal, Niagara Falls, Rutland, Vermont, and Chicago. South of Penn Station, a 1. 45-mile elevated section of the line abandoned since 1980 has been transformed into an elevated park, the south section of the park from Gansevoort Street to 20th Street opened in 2009 and the second section up to 30th Street opened in 2011. While passing through the city the train of cars was preceded by a man on horseback known as a West Side cowboy or Tenth Avenue cowboy who gave notice of its approach by blowing a horn. At 34th Street the right-of-way curved into Eleventh Avenue, the engine was detached. As far as 60th Street, the track was at street level, the first cut was at Fort Washington Point. In 1867 the New York Central Railroad and Hudson River Railroad were united by Cornelius Vanderbilt, being merged in 1869 to form the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. The railroad acquired the former Episcopal churchs St. Johns Park property and built a freight depot at Beach. The tracks south to Chambers Street were then removed, the old line south of Spuyten Duyvil remained for freight to the docks along Manhattans west side and minimal passenger service to the West Side Station on Chambers Street. As the city grew, congestion worsened on the west side, eventually plans were drawn up for a grade-separated line. The West Side Elevated Highway was built with the grade separation in the 1930s. Work on the highway – named for Manhattan Borough President Julius Miller, who championed it – began in 1925, and the first section was dedicated June 28,1934. This included a new elevated eight-track freight terminal at St. Johns Park, located several blocks north of the old one, with a south edge at Spring Street. Just south of the Pennsylvania Station rail yard at 31st–33rd Streets, the northernmost bridge crossed 34th Street, and a temporary alignment took it back to Eleventh Avenue at 35th Street. The elevated line was built through the second or third floors of buildings along the route. Around the same time, master builder and urban planner Robert Moses covered the line with an expansion of Riverside Park from 72nd Street north to 120th Street. His project, called the West Side Improvement, was twice as expensive as the Hoover Dam and created the Henry Hudson Parkway as well as the expansion of Riverside Park. North of the 1937 alignment, the Henry Hudson Parkway and Riverside Park were built above the tracks from 72nd Street north to near 123rd Street, the large 60th Street Yard served as the dividing point between the two-track realignment and a wider four-track line to the north
11.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
12.
St. John's Park
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St. Johns Park was a 19th-century park, and the neighborhood of townhouses around it, in what is now the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The square was bounded by Varick Street, Laight Street, Hudson Street and Beach Street, although the name St. Johns Park is still is use, it is no longer a park and is inaccessible to the public. The land was part of a plantation owned by a settler to New Netherland and was later owned by the English crown. The church built St. Johns Chapel and laid out Hudson Square, by 1827 the neighborhood had become known as St. Johns Park and remained fashionable until about 1850. In 1866 it was sold to the Cornelius Vanderbilts Hudson River Railway Company and became the location of St. Johns Park Freight Depot, the terminal was demolished in 1927 to allow construction of exits from the Port Authority of New York and New Jerseys Holland Tunnel. Jansen died just a later, and left the land to his widow. A contemporary manuscript describes the earliest development of the land in 1639, stating the new and consist of recently cleared land a tobacco house. Janss claim was renewed when Peter Stuyvesant granted her a patent in 1654, when Jans died in 1663, her will stipulated that the land should be liquidated, with the proceeds going to the children from her first marriage. The heirs sold the property in March 1670 to Francis Lovelace, the Royal Governor of the colony, england recaptured the territory in 1674, and New York governor Edmund Andros claimed the land for the Duke of York. The parcel was leased to various parties for the quarter of a century. In 1700, the land was leased to Trinity Church, which then gained title to the land under a 212-acre patent from Queen Anne in 1705. During this time, the became known as the Church Farm, as Trinity held it as farmland until 1800. Trinity received permission from the citys Common Council to enclose the square – whose southern boundary had moved north to Beach Street –, to attract buyers, in 1803 Trinity began building St. Johns Chapel, designed by John McComb, on the Varick Street side of the square. During this period, St. Johns Chapel had very few parishioners, the 64 lots were eventually sold when Trinity changed its policy and decided to sell lots outright, deeding the exclusive use of the square to the lot owners. The sales had the attached covenant that if the owners failed to keep up the square it would be given to the city for public use. In addition to serving the residents, the park was used for church events. During the coldest winters, the park trustees flooded the park to create an ice skating rink. At around the time the name St. Johns Park
13.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
16.
34th Street (Manhattan)
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34th Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, connecting the Lincoln Tunnel and Queens-Midtown Tunnel. Like many of New York Citys major crosstown streets, it has its own bus routes, in April 2010, the New York City Department of Transportation proposed to add bus rapid transit along the 34th Street corridor. The street was eventually kept in two-way operation, the street was designated by the Commissioners Plan of 1811 that established the Manhattan street grid as one of 15 east-west streets that would be 100 feet in width. On the West Side, 34th Street is in the Hells Kitchen neighborhood, on Tenth Avenue is a McDonalds with a drive-thru and a small parking lot, a rarity in Manhattan. On Ninth is B&H Photo Video, a retailer of photographic and electronic equipment. Above Penn Station sits Madison Square Garden, which calls itself the worlds most famous arena, the grand stairs of the James Farley Post Office are built on the scale of the former Penn Station. The architecture of the post office gives a flavor of what the area was like in the height of the railroad era, 34th Street is a major shopping street. Though it endured a decline in the 1970s, it rebounded late in the 20th century with new stores, a giant video board and light display at 34th and Broadway is like a mini Times Square. Between Seventh Avenue and Broadway, one will find Macys, the department store immortalized in the Christmas movie Miracle on 34th Street. It claims to be the worlds largest store, the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade ends on 34th Street. A block south of 34th, at Sixth Avenue and 33rd Street, is the Manhattan Mall, branches of large chain stores also operate between 8th and 5th Avenues. East of Herald Square and the shopping district, the influence of the East Side. On Fifth Avenue one finds the Empire State Building, the second tallest building in the city, it stands on a rare ledge of solid Manhattan schist dominating the skyline. Slightly north, at 38th Street and 5th Avenue is Lord & Taylor, New York City Buss M34 and M34A buses run crosstown across 34th Street. org New York Songlines, 34th Street, a virtual walking tour
17.
Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
18.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
19.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
20.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
21.
Niagara Falls, New York
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Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 50,193. It is adjacent to the Niagara River, across from the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, the city is within the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Western New York region. While the city was occupied by Native Americans, Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses. After the 1960s, however, the city and region witnessed an economic decline consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city, globalization has played a large role in the decline of manufacturing in the city. Despite the decline in industry, Niagara Falls State Park. The population, however, has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area, before Europeans entered the area, it was dominated by the Neutral Nation of Native Americans. European migration into the area began in the 17th century, the first recorded European to visit the area was Frenchman Robert de la Salle, accompanied by Belgian priest Louis Hennepin, who was the first known European to see the falls. The influx of newcomers may have been a catalyst for already hostile native tribes to turn to warfare in competition for the fur trade. The City of Niagara Falls was incorporated on March 17,1892 from the villages of Manchester and Suspension Bridge, thomas Vincent Welch, a member of the charter committee and a New York state assemblyman and a second-generation Irishman, persuaded Governor Roswell P. Flower to sign the bill on St. Patricks Day, george W. Wright was elected the first mayor of Niagara Falls. By the end of the 19th century, the city was an industrial area. In 1927, the city annexed the village of La Salle from the Town of Niagara, the village was named for the French explorer Robert de la Salle. who built his ship, the Griffon, on the shores of the Niagara River five miles east. Industry and tourism grew steadily throughout the first half of the 20th century due to a demand for industrial products. Paper, rubber, plastics, petrochemicals, carbon insulators and abrasives were among the major industries. This prosperity would end by the late 1960s as aging industrial plants moved to less expensive locations, in addition, the falls were incompatible with modern shipping technology. In 1956, the Schoellkopf Power Plant on the river just downstream of the American Falls was critically damaged due to a massive collapse of the Niagara Gorge wall above it. This prompted the planning and construction of one of the largest hydroelectric plants to be built in North America at that time, causing an influx of workers
22.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
23.
Rutland (city), Vermont
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The city of Rutland is the seat of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 16,495. It is located approximately 65 miles north of the Massachusetts state line and 20 miles east of the New York state line, Rutland is the third largest city in the state of Vermont after Burlington and South Burlington. It is surrounded by the town of Rutland, which is a separate municipality, the downtown area of the city is listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. In the early 19th century, small high-quality marble deposits were discovered in Rutland, by the 1840s, small firms had begun excavations, but marble quarries proved profitable only after the railroad arrived in 1851. At the same time, the quarries of Carrara in Tuscany, Italy, grew largely unworkable because of their extreme depth. This fueled enough growth and investment that in 1886 the center of town incorporated as Rutland village, most of the town was split off as West Rutland and Proctor, which contained the bulk of the marble quarries. Rutland City was incorporated as Vermonts third city on November 18,1892, the new citys first mayor was John A. Mead, who served only one term in 1893. In 1894, the nations first polio outbreak was identified in the Rutland area,132 people from the Rutland area were affected. 110 others suffered some paralysis for life,55 were from the city itself. Nonetheless, Rutland had an ordinance in place as late as 1998, at which point it was challenged. The closing of the quarries in the area in the 1980s and 1990s led to a loss of jobs in the area. Rutland is located at 43°36′32″N 72°58′47″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.67 square miles, of which 7.6 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles, or 0. 52%, is water. Rutland is drained by Otter Creek, Moon Brook, Tenney Brook, East Creek, the city of Rutland has a humid continental climate with cold, snowy winters and warm to hot, moist summers. The all-time record high is 102 °F or 38.9 °C, the all-time record low temperature is −43 °F or −41.7 °C, set in 1994. On average, the wettest month is July, and February is the driest, Rutland is the largest city in Vermont that is not located on, or near, either of the states two major Interstate highways. It is, however, signed on I-91 at exit 6 northbound, in addition, the city appears on auxiliary guide signs on the Adirondack Northway before Exits 17 and 20. U. S. Route 4 and U. S. Route 7 intersect, U. S.7 connects Rutland with Manchester and Bennington to the south, and with Middlebury and Burlington to the north
24.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
25.
Meatpacking District, Manhattan
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A Native American trading station called Sapohanikan was on the riverbank, which, accounting for landfill, was located about where Gansevoort Street meets Washington Street today. The footpath that led from Sapohanikan inland to the east became the foundation for Gansevoort Street, in recognition of this history, petitions were made to call the 14th Street Park Saphohanikan Park although it appears no formal recognition was given. The earliest development of the now known as the Meatpacking District came in the mid-19th century. Before that it was the location of Fort Gansevoort and of the extension of Greenwich Village. When development began again after the war in the 1870s, the tenor of the neighborhood changed, in addition an elevated railroad line had been constructed through the neighborhood along Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street, completed in 1869. Additional development began in the 1880s when two new markets began operating in the area, the areas decline began around the 1960s as part of the general decline of the waterfront area. At the same time a new industry, nightclubs and other entertainment, in the 1980s, as the industrial activities in the area continued their downturn, it became known as a center for drug dealing and prostitution, particularly involving transsexuals. Many of these establishments were under the control of the Mafia or subject to NYPD protection rackets. In 1985 The Mineshaft was forcibly shuttered by the city at the height of AIDS preventionism, beginning in the late 1990s, the Meatpacking District went through a transformation. In 2004, New York magazine called the Meatpacking District New York’s most fashionable neighborhood, a catalyst for even greater transformation of the area was the opening in June 2009 of the first segment of the High Line linear park. A former elevated freight railroad built under the aegis of Robert Moses, it opened to reviews in the District as a greenway modeled after Pariss Promenade Plantée. ”By 2003, out of 250 twentieth-century slaughterhouses and packing plants in the area. The district was listed on the National Register on May 30,2007 with 140 buildings, since the historic district was designated, threats to the “sense of place” meant to be preserved have continued to crop up. In 2009, developers proposed a glass-walled office tower and retail space for 437 West 13th Street that was larger than zoning allowed, GVSHP strongly opposed the project, as the sense of openness in the area would be diminished and the low-scale character of the neighborhood would be eroded. In the end, the developers were not granted all of the variances that they had hoped for, one visible traditional feature that still remains are streets paved with Belgian blocks, often referred to, erroneously, as cobblestones
26.
New York Central Railroad
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The New York Central Railroad was a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. NYCs Grand Central Terminal in New York City is one of its best known extant landmarks, in 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, to form Penn Central. That company went bankrupt in 1970 and was taken over by the federal government, Conrail was broken up in 1998, and portions of its system was transferred to the newly formed New York Central Lines LLC, a subsidiary leased to and eventually absorbed by CSX and Norfolk Southern. Those companies lines included the original New York Central main line, but outside that area it included lines that were never part of the New York Central system. At the end of 1925, the New York Central System operated 11,584 miles of road and 26,395 miles of track, at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles and 18,454 miles. The Mohawk and Hudson opened on September 24,1831, and changed its name to the Albany, the Utica and Schenectady Railroad was chartered April 29,1833, as the railroad paralleled the Erie Canal it was prohibited from carrying freight. Revenue service began August 2,1836, extending the line of the Albany and Schenectady Railroad west from Schenectady along the side of the Mohawk River, opposite the Erie Canal. The Syracuse and Utica Railroad was chartered May 1,1836, the full line opened July 3,1839, extending the line further to Syracuse via Rome. This line was not direct, going out of its way to stay near the Erie Canal and serve Rome, nothing of that line was ever built, though the later West Shore Railroad, acquired by the NYC in 1885, served the same purpose. The Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was chartered May 1,1834, and opened mostly in 1838, a month later, with the opening of the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, this formed a complete line from Albany west via Syracuse to Auburn, about halfway to Geneva. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad was chartered May 13,1836, as an extension via Geneva and Canandaigua to Rochester. The two lines merged on August 1,1850, to form the rather indirect Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, to fix this, the Rochester and Syracuse Direct Railway was chartered and immediately merged into the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad on August 6,1850. That line opened June 1,1853, running more directly between those two cities, roughly parallel to the Erie Canal. The Tonawanda Railroad, to the west of Rochester, was chartered April 24,1832 to build from said city to Attica. The first section, from Rochester southwest to Batavia, opened May 5,1837, the Attica and Buffalo Railroad chartered in 1836 and opened on November 24,1842, running from Buffalo east to Attica. On March 19,1844, the Tonawanda Railroad was authorized to build the connection, the Albany and Schenectady Railroad bought all the baggage, mail and emigrant cars of the other railroads between Albany and Buffalo on February 17,1848, and began operating through cars. On December 7,1850, the Tonawanda Railroad and Attica and Buffalo Railroad merged to form the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad. A new direct line opened from Buffalo east to Batavia on April 26,1852, the line was added to the New York and Erie Railroad system and converted to the Eries 6 ft broad gauge
27.
Peekskill, New York
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Peekskill, officially the City of Peekskill, is a city in the New York City metropolitan area, Westchester County, New York, in the United States. Peekskill is situated on a bay along the east side of the Hudson River, the population was 23,583 during the 2010 census. This community was known to be an early American industrial center, primarily for its iron plow, the Binney & Smith Company, now makers of Crayola products, started as the Peekskill Chemical Company at Annsville in 1864. Peekskills manufacturing base operated well into the late 20th century, with the Fleischmann Company making yeast by-products under the Standard Brands corporate name, in September 1609, Henry Hudson, captain of the Halve Maen, anchored along the reach of the Hudson at Peekskill. His firstmate noted in the log that it was a very pleasant place to build a town. After the establishment of the province of New Netherland, New Amsterdam resident Jan Peeck made the first recorded contact with the Lenape people of this area, the date is not certain, but agreements and merchant transactions took place, formalized in the Rycks Patent Deed of 1684. The name Peekskill derives from a combination of Mr. Peeks surname, located on the north bank of the Annsville Creek as it empties into the Hudson, Fort Independence combined with Forts Montgomery and Clinton to defend the Hudson River Valley. Fort Independence was built in August 1776, while Forts Montgomery, Fort Hill Park, the site of Camp Peekskill, contained five barracks and two redoubts. European style settlement took place slowly in the early 18th century, by the time of the American Revolution, the tiny community was an important manufacturing center from its various mills along the several creeks and streams. These industrial activities were attractive to the Continental Army in establishing its headquarters here in 1776, the mills of Peeks Creek provided gunpowder, leather, planks, and flour. Slaughterhouses were important for food supply, the river docks allowed transport of supply items and soldiers to the several other fort garrisons placed to prevent British naval passage between Albany and New York City. Officers at Peekskill generally supervised placing the first iron link chain between Bear Mountain and Anthonys Nose in the spring of 1777, though Peekskills terrain and mills were beneficial to the Patriot cause, they also made tempting targets for British raids. The most damaging attack took place in spring of 1777. Another British operation in October 1777 led to destruction of industrial apparatus. On leaving New Windsor in June,1781, Washington established his quarters, for a short time, Peekskills first legal incorporation of 1816 was reactivated in 1826 when Village elections took place. The Village was further incorporated within the Town of Cortlandt in 1849, an effigy of Robeson was lynched in the town. The artists were able to plan a concert in nearby Van Cortlandtville on a farm owned by a Holocaust survivor. The publicity drew a crowd of around 20,000, and it was one of the earliest performances of Pete Seegers If I Had a Hammer, Robeson sang surrounded by union guards and volunteers from the audience as protection against other snipers
28.
Poughkeepsie, New York
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Poughkeepsie /pəˈkɪpsi/, officially the City of Poughkeepsie, is a city in the state of New York, United States, which is the county seat of Dutchess County. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 32,736, Poughkeepsie is in the Hudson Valley midway between New York City and Albany, and is part of the New York metropolitan area. Poughkeepsie is known as The Queen City of the Hudson and it was settled in the 17th century by the Dutch and became New Yorks second capital shortly after the American Revolution. It was chartered as a city in 1854. S, the city of Poughkeepsie lies in New Yorks 18th congressional district. The site of Poughkeepsie was purchased from the Indians in 1686 by Robert Sanders, an Englishman, and Myndert Harmense Van Den Bogaerdt, the first settlers were the families of Barent Baltus Van Kleeck and Hendrick Jans van Oosterom. The settlement grew quickly, and the Reformed Church of Poughkeepsie was established by 1720, the community was set off from the town of Poughkeepsie when it became an incorporated village on 27 March 1799. The city of Poughkeepsie was chartered on 28 March 1854, spared from battle during the American Revolution, Poughkeepsie became the second capital of New York. With its ratification, New York entered the new union as the eleventh of the thirteen colonies to join together as the United States of America. In 1799, a new seal was created for Poughkeepsie, due to the areas natural beauty and proximity to New York City, families such as the Astors, Rogers, and Vanderbilts built palatial weekend homes nearby. The city is home to the oldest continuously operating entertainment venue in the state, the city is on the western edge of Dutchess County, bordered by the Hudson River on the west and by the town of Poughkeepsie on the north, east and south. There are two crossings of the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, the Mid-Hudson Bridge for motor vehicles and pedestrians, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.7 square miles. 5.1 square miles of it is land, and 0.23 square miles of it is water and it is about 75 miles north of New York City and is in southeastern New York State. It receives approximately 44.12 inches of precipitation per year, much of which is delivered in the late spring, due to its inland location, Poughkeepsie can be very cold during the winter, with temperatures dropping below zero a few times per year. Poughkeepsie can also be hit by powerful noreasters, but usually significantly less snow or rain from these storms compared to locations to the south. As of the census of 2010, there were 32,736 people, the population density was 5,806.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 13,153 housing units at a density of 2,556.6 per square mile. 35. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.15. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,12. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64
29.
Chambers Street (Manhattan)
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Chambers Street is a two-way street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs from River Terrace, Battery Park City, in the west, past PS234 and Stuyvesant High School to 1 Centre Street, in the early 20th century the street continued through that buildings archway. Between Broadway and Centre Street, Chambers Street forms the boundary of the grounds surrounding New York City Hall. Opposite the Tweed Courthouse sits the Surrogates Courthouse for Manhattan,280 Broadway the Marble Palace, lies west of there, on the north side of Chambers. Beginning in 2010, Chambers Street was fully reconstructed, john Murray, Chambers law partner, has nearby Murray Street named after him
30.
Hudson Street (Manhattan)
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Hudson Street is a north-south oriented street in the New York City borough of Manhattan running from Tribeca to the south, through Hudson Square and Greenwich Village, to the Meatpacking District. Hudson Street has two distinct one-way traffic patterns that meet at Abingdon Square, at the intersection with Eighth Avenue. The southern portion of Hudson Street carries northbound traffic and begins at the intersection of West Broadway, at Abingdon Square, the traffic is directed onto Eighth Avenue. Meanwhile, the section of Hudson Street north of Abingdon Square runs from 14th Street to Eighth Avenue, at 14th Street, southbound traffic from Ninth Avenue splits off into this street. Just below 14th Street, it is one of the streets in the Meatpacking District. At Abingdon Square, traffic on Hudson Street goes into Bleecker Street, the former New York Mercantile Exchange building is located at the corner of Hudson and Harrison Street in TriBeCa. Other notable buildings on this stretch of Hudson Street include The Church of St, the street is also home to the U. S. headquarters of the Pearson-owned Penguin Group. The uptown M20 bus runs on the northbound Hudson Street between Harrison Street and Hudson Streets end, and continues along Eighth Avenue, the Christopher Street PATH subway station is located on Christopher Street just west of Hudson Street. At St. Johns Park near Canal Street, Hudson Street is one of the access routes leading to. In December 2007 a bike lane was striped in the roadway, writer and activist Jane Jacobs lived at 555 Hudson Street, above a candy shop. Jacobs fought and won in her battle against Robert Moses and his efforts to build the Lower Manhattan Expressway and her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was written from this apartment and described the day-to-day activities from outside her window. Golfer Tiger Woods moved onto Hudson Street in late August 2010, writer John Cheever lived in a boarding house on Hudson Street in the 1930s. Hudson Street was a television show running on ABC from March 16,1978 through April 20,1978. This short-lived series followed the poorly equipped Adult Emergency Service hospital set on Hudson Street, the cast of MTVs 2001 series The Real World, Back to New York lived in a four-story loft apartment on 632 Hudson Street. The Northern Irish electronic duo Agnelli and Nelson released an album entitled Hudson Street in 2000, in the 1982 film Annie, the orphanage Annie comes from is the Hudson St. Notes New York Songlines, Hudson Street, a walking tour
31.
Canal Street (Manhattan)
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It runs through the neighborhood of Chinatown, and forms the southern boundaries of SoHo and Little Italy as well as the northern boundary of Tribeca. The street acts as a connector between Jersey City, New Jersey, via the Holland Tunnel, and Brooklyn, New York City. It is a street for most of its length – from West Street to the Manhattan Bridge – with two unidirectional stretches between Forsyth Street and the Manhattan Bridge. To deal with this, the citys Common Council ordered that the swamps be drained and, in 1803, a drain was built continuing the path of the sluggish stream to the Hudson River, which redirected the underground springs which watered the swamps. The pond was drained by 1813 or 1815. The area was developed, but the springs remained and caused the dry land to be boggy, the Common Council then authorized a canal, in the form of a 40-foot wide, 8-foot deep ditch, which would continue carrying off the excess water. Because it was not efficient, and did not have sufficient flow, it, too, the city covered it over in 1819, but as it had no air traps, the covered canal became a stinking covered sewer. Canal Street was completed in 1820, following the path of the covered canal, early in the 20th century, the jewelry trade centered on the corner of Canal Street and Bowery, but moved mid century to the modern Diamond District on 47th Street. In the 1920s, the Citizens Savings Bank built a notable domed headquarters at the intersections southwest corner which remains a local landmark. The portion of Canal Street around Sixth Avenue was New Yorks principal market for parts for a quarter-century after the closing of Radio Row for the building of the World Trade Center. Canal Street is a commercial district, crowded with comparatively low-rent open storefronts. For a generation after World War II, the segment hosted many stores selling exotic high-tech components to would-be inventors and engineers. Canal Street is also the main Chinese jewelry business district of Chinatown, tourists as well as locals pack its sidewalks every day to frequent the open-air stalls and bare-bones stores selling items such as perfume, purses, hardware, and industrial plastics at low prices. Many of these goods are grey market imports and many notoriously counterfeit, with fake trademarked brand names on electronics, clothing, widespread sale of these counterfeit goods persists along Canal Street and in its hidden back rooms despite frequent police raids. In addition, legislation was proposed in 2013 to try to make purchasing counterfeit items a crime, routes intersecting with the street include M20 at Hudson Street and at Varick Street, M5 at Sixth Avenue and Broadway, M103 at Bowery, M15 at Allen Street, and M9. New York City portal Notes Canal Street Map Canal Street Storefronts – photographs of buildings, Canal Street Panoramic Video Tour – Kogetos Dotspot immersive, panoramic video of a walking tour captured on an iPhone. Canal Street, A New York Songline – a virtual walking tour
32.
Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)
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Tenth Avenue, known as Amsterdam Avenue between 59th Street and 193rd Street, is a north-south thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It carries uptown traffic as far as West 110th Street – also known as Cathedral Parkway, Tenth Avenue begins a block below Gansevoort Street and Eleventh Avenue in the West Village / Meatpacking District. For the southernmost stretch, Tenth Avenue runs southbound, north of 14th Street, Tenth Avenue runs uptown for 45 blocks as a one-way street until its intersection with West 59th Street, where it becomes Amsterdam Avenue but continues without interruption. Amsterdam Avenue continues as a one-way street northbound until Cathedral Parkway, Tenth Avenue runs through the Chelsea and Hells Kitchen neighborhoods on the west side of the borough, and then as Amsterdam Avenue, through the Upper West Side, Harlem and Washington Heights. Much of these areas were working class or poor for much of the 20th century, the street has long been noted for its commercial traffic, and had grade-level railroad lines through the early 20th century. In the 19th century, when the West Side Line ran along the Avenue, the lines were later elevated above street level. Amsterdam Avenue was intended to recall the Dutch roots of Manhattans earliest colonization in the 17th century. According to Sanna Feirsteins Naming New York, What is now Amsterdam Avenue was laid out in the 1811 Commissioners Plan as 10th Avenue and opened from 59th Street to Fort George Avenue in 1816. The name was changed in 1890 in a bid on the part of Upper West Side landowners to confer a measure of old-world cachet to their real estate investments in an area that had yet to catch on. The new avenue name supported the claim that this section would become the New City. Tenth Avenue and Amsterdam Avenue were converted to carry one-way traffic northbound in two stages, south of its intersection with Broadway the avenue was converted on November 6,1948. The rest to 110th Street was converted on December 6,1951, Amsterdam Avenue continues to carry two-way traffic north of 110th Street. During the real boom of the late 20th century, Amsterdam Avenue from roughly 59th Street to 96th Street became one of the citys most expensive residential districts. The M11 bus runs northbound along the avenue, north of 72nd Street, the M7 bus also runs northbound on the avenue, north of 110th Street, the M11 bus runs in both directions along Amsterdam Avenue. As part of the 7 Subway Extension, the 7 <7> was extended to 34th Street in 2015, an intermediate stop, Tenth Avenue, was originally planned but it was dropped from the official plans in 2008. The 1 train serves two stations along the Inwood portion of Tenth Avenue, 207th Street, and 215th Street, a protected bike lane was installed in 2016 from 72nd Street to 110th Street. The Rodgers & Hart play On Your Toes included the dance number Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, performed by Ray Bolger. It was later performed on stage, film and television and it has been performed by the New York City Ballet, and was featured in the film version of On Your Toes, danced by Eddie Albert and Vera Zorina
33.
Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)
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Eleventh Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the far West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, located near the Hudson River. Eleventh Avenue originates in the Meatpacking District in the Greenwich Village/West Village neighborhoods at Gansevoort Street, where Eleventh Avenue, Tenth Avenue and it is considered part of the West Side Highway between 22nd and Gansevoort Streets. Between 59th and 107th Streets, the avenue is known as West End Avenue, both West End Avenue and Eleventh Avenue are considered to be part of the same road. Between Gansevoort Street and West 22nd Street, Eleventh Avenue is part of the West Side Highway, at a split with Twelfth Avenue/West Side Highway at West 22nd Street, Eleventh Avenue continues as a standard-width avenue. Following the split, Eleventh Avenue is two-way traffic for access to 23rd Street, north of 24th Street, Eleventh Avenue is one-way southbound from 24th to 44th Streets, where two-way traffic resumes. The segment between approximately 39th and 59th Streets is home to the largest concentration of auto dealerships in Manhattan, two-way traffic resumes at 44th Street. The portion north of 59th Street is called West End Avenue, the northern 2 miles are a sedate Upper West Side residential street ending at Straus Park, 107th Street, and Broadway. Traffic is bidirectional, except for the northernmost block, north of 106th Street, in 1934, a bill was passed for the Henry Hudson Parkway to be constructed, meant to be an alternative route to Death Avenue. Seeking to distinguish the area from the factories and tenements below 59th Street, portions of both West End Avenue and Eleventh Avenue were run down in the mid-20th century, with single room occupancy hotels, prostitutes and drug addicts a common sight. The citys economic comeback in the 1980s brought recovery and gentrification, the near total absence of retail on that part of the street marks its quiet, residential character, as opposed to the high-traffic, noisy character of Eleventh Avenue. The architecture of buildings on Eleventh and West End Avenues differs significantly, Manhattan Motorcars at 270 Eleventh Avenue sells many brands of luxury and sports cars. Other companies with dealerships on the avenue include Audi, Honda, Jaguar, Jeep/Chrysler/Dodge, Mazda, Nissan, as well, numerous vehicle service stations, car washes, and car rental lots are found along this stretch. It is not uncommon to hear the clip clop of horses in the vicinity, as horses always have in densely populated urban areas, the carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor. One historic district lies on Eleventh Avenue, the West Chelsea Historic District, the High Line The Hudson River Park IAC Building The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center Michael J. The New York City Buss M12 route has served the avenue since September 2014, notable current and former residents include, Judy Collins, folk singer and song writer resides at 845 West End Avenue. Domenico Dolce is a resident of 200 Eleventh Avenue. Tina Fey, former SNL cast member and creator of NBCs 30 Rock lives on West End Avenue near 80th Street Joseph Heller, elena Kagan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, grew up on West End Avenue and 75th Street. Nicole Kidman and Keith Urban live at 200 Eleventh Avenue, economist Ludwig von Mises lived at 777 West End Avenue
34.
60th Street (Manhattan)
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The New York City borough of Manhattan contains 228 numbered east–west streets, the majority of them created by the Commissioners Plan of 1811. These streets do not run exactly east–west, because the plan is aligned with the Hudson River, rather than with the cardinal direction. Thus, the grids west is approximately 29 degrees north of true west, the grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north. All numbered streets carry an East or West prefix, which changes from one to the other at Broadway below 8th Street, the numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, but with exceptions, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound. Most wider streets, and a few of the narrow ones, some streets in that area that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. 220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island, but Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, the numbering system continues in the Bronx, up to 263rd Street. The lowest numbered street in Manhattan is East First Street, which runs through Alphabet City near East Houston Street, there is also a First Place in Battery Park City. East 1st Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue A, peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold. East 2nd Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue C, the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive. The west end of these streets is the Bowery and Third Avenue, except for 3rd Street and 4th Street, great Jones Street connects East 3rd to West 3rd. For 4th Street, see 4th Street, East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street, 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Marks Place, but it is counted in the length below. M8 bus route operates eastbound on 8th Street and westbound on 9th Street between Avenue A and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid, because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Charles Chistopher Amos, the end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York Citys first prison and the United States second
35.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Cornelius Vanderbilt, also known informally as Commodore Vanderbilt, was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. He is best known for building the New York Central Railroad, as one of the richest Americans in history and wealthiest figures overall, Vanderbilt was the patriarch of a wealthy, influential family. He provided the gift to found Vanderbilt University in Nashville. According to historian H. Roger Grant, Contemporaries, too, while Vanderbilt could be a rascal, combative and cunning, he was much more a builder than a wrecker. The Dutch van der was eventually added to Aertsons village name to van der Bilt. This was eventually condensed to Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vanderbilt was born in Staten Island, New York on May 27,1794 to Cornelius van Derbilt and Phebe Hand. He began working on his fathers ferry in New York Harbor as a boy, at the age of 16, Vanderbilt decided to start his own ferry service. According to one version of events, he borrowed $100 from his mother to purchase a periauger, however, according to the first account of his life, published in 1853, the periauger belonged to his father and the younger Vanderbilt received half the profit. He began his business by ferrying freight and passengers between Staten Island and Manhattan, such was his energy and eagerness in his trade that other captains nearby took to calling him The Commodore in jest - a nickname that stuck with him all his life. While many Vanderbilt family members had joined the Episcopal Church, Cornelius Vanderbilt remained a member of the Moravian Church to his death, in fact, he, along with other members of the Vanderbilt family, helped erect a local Moravian parish church in his city. On December 19,1813, at age 19 Vanderbilt married his first cousin, Sophia Johnson, daughter of Nathaniel Johnson and they moved into a boarding house on Broad Street in Manhattan. But on November 24,1817, an entrepreneur named Thomas Gibbons asked Vanderbilt to captain his steamboat between New Jersey and New York. Although Vanderbilt kept his own businesses running, he became Gibbonss business manager, though both Livingston and Fulton had died by the time Vanderbilt started working for Gibbons, the monopoly was held by Livingstons heirs. They had granted a license to Aaron Ogden to run a ferry between New York and New Jersey, Gibbons launched his steamboat venture because of a personal dispute with Ogden, whom he hoped to drive into bankruptcy. To accomplish this, he undercut prices and also brought a legal case – Gibbons v. Ogden – to the United States Supreme Court to overturn the monopoly. Working for Gibbons, Vanderbilt learned to operate a large and complicated business and he moved with his family to New Brunswick, New Jersey, a stop on Gibbons line between New York and Philadelphia. There his wife Sophia operated a very profitable inn, using the proceeds to feed, clothe, Vanderbilt also proved a quick study in legal matters, representing Gibbons in meetings with lawyers. He also went to Washington, D. C. to hire Daniel Webster to argue the case before the Supreme Court, Vanderbilt appealed his own case against the monopoly to the Supreme Court, which was next on the docket after Gibbons v. Ogden
36.
Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad
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Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad was a railroad built in what is today the West Bronx and South Bronx in New York City. By 1871, it connected what became the New York and Putnam Railroad to the Hudson River Railroad, by 1905–6, the line had been rebuilt and electrified. When the Harlem River Ship Canal was built, the line was realigned along the side in Marble Hill. Today, the line serves as the segment of the Metro-North Railroad Hudson Line between Mott Haven Junction and the West Side Line. The former Kingsbridge Freight Spur and station has been occupied by the grounds of the John F. Kennedy High School since the 1970s, the New York and Putnam Railroad spur remained until 1999. A connecting wye existed partially beneath the lead to the New Haven Railroad-owned Oak Point Yard as well as the HR&PC itself. The only two stations along this branch were at Westchester Avenue between Brook and St Anns Avenues 40°48′57″N 73°54′46″W and at Port Morris itself across the river from North Brother Island. By the 1970s, a new bypass was being proposed because of the clearance and tight curves of the Port Morris Branchs tunnels, which could not fit contemporary train cars. The Oak Point Yard remains just northeast of the site of the port, the rest of the track bed had a sizable homeless and drug-dealer encampment, was strewn with garbage, and is frequently flooded due to the poor drainage and its location below sea level. It is unknown who had owned the track bed, restoration was proposed in 2014, to connect the Harlem Line to an expanded LaGuardia Airport. However, these plans were complicated due to the ownership of the land next to the right-of-way. The entire line is in Bronx County, New York, except for the segment in Marble Hill. Media related to Port Morris Branch at Wikimedia Commons
37.
Grand Central Terminal
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Grand Central Terminal is a commuter, rapid transit railroad terminal at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Its platforms, all ground, serve 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower, though the total number of tracks along platforms. The terminal serves commuters traveling on the Metro-North Railroad to Westchester, Putnam, until 1991, the terminal served Amtrak, which moved to nearby Pennsylvania Station upon completion of the Empire Connection. The East Side Access project is underway to bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal, Grand Central Terminal has intricate designs both on its inside and outside. In addition, it contains a vast interior main concourse, the terminal is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, with 21.9 million visitors in 2013. Unlike other Metro-North stations, Grand Central Terminal is not owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Grand Central Station is the name of the nearby U. S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue, but may refer to the Grand Central – 42nd Street subway station that is located next to the terminal. The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building, the upper-level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west. Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North, Track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13 and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train. The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west, currently, only tracks 102–112, odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform, even-numbered tracks on the west. Grand Central Terminal has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade, in a February 2013 BBC News article, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century. In 2013, Grand Central Terminal hosted 21.6 million visitors, among them are chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and, as of December 2011, an Apple Store. Other chain restaurants include a Shake Shack, Grand Central Terminals 49-acre basements are among the largest in the city. This includes M42, a secret sub-basement under the terminal that contains the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the tracks. The exact location of M42 is a guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on the History Channel program Cities of the Underworld. Two of the rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard. It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight, abwehr sent two spies to sabotage it, they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike
38.
Harlem River
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The Harlem River is an 8-mile tidal strait flowing between the Hudson River and the East River and separating the island of Manhattan from the Bronx on the New York mainland. The northern stretch, also called the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, has significantly altered for navigation purposes. Originally it curved round the north of Marble Hill, but in 1895 the Harlem River Ship Canal was dug between Manhattan and Marble Hill, and in 1914 the original course was filled in. The Harlem River forms a part of the Hudson estuary system, approximately 18,000 years ago the Laurentide ice sheet receded northward across the continent leaving behind a large escarpment creating the modern day Hudson River. The Harlem River is therefore affected by the actions of the ocean, the ebb and flow of the tides causes the Harlem River’s currents to fluctuate dramatically throughout the day. The effects of the tides have influenced the spread of silts, pollutants, Sherman Creek is a small inlet off the Harlem River at 10th Avenue and Dyckman Street in Inwood. Named for a family settled there in 1807, it was once the site of a number of racing shell clubs boathouses along scullers row. The last, belonging to Fordham University, was lost to suspected arson in 1978, as a name for the several blocks around it, Sherman Creek is something of a historical relic, although many regard it as a part of Washington Heights. The Manhattan Institute held a forum, Saving Sherman Creek, in January 2006 at the Harvard Club of New York, the Daily News has written about the project. There has been an initiative among politicians over the last few years to re-zone this area for residential and commercial use, currently, Con Ed and the City of New York own some of the property in this area. The channel was difficult to navigate, resulting in the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal in 1895 and this turned the watercourse west approximately where 222nd Street would be in the Bronx, which had the effect of isolating Marble Hill. Almost two decades later, the original creekbed was filled in, physically attaching Marble Hill to the Bronx, another channel was dug in 1937 to the west of the 1895 realignment straightening the Spuyten Duyvil towards the Hudson. It pared off a protruding tip of the Bronx, which was absorbed into Manhattans Inwood Hill Park, home today to its Nature Center. It was in this era that the first crossing on the Harlem was built, at the Old Albany Road in 1693, beginning a history of bridge construction. This came to be called King’s Bridge, where a toll was assessed for access to the island, the shallow waters of the creek along this stretch were thus spanned. The issue of navigability became a topic of early in the river’s history. In 1813, the Macomb family built a dam to power a mill, however it created a millpond and impeded the river’s flow and open navigation. While this condition was tolerated for years, a vessel manned by principal landholders and politicians, including Gouverneur and Lewis Morris
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New York and Harlem Railroad
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The New York and Harlem Railroad was one of the first railroads in the United States, and was the worlds first street railway. Designed by John Stephenson, it was opened in stages between 1832 and 1852 between Lower Manhattan to and beyond Harlem, initially using horses, the line was partially converted to use steam engines and then electricity, using a battery-powered Julien electric traction car. In 1907 the then leaseholders of line, New York City Railway went into receivership, following a further receivership in 1932 the New York Railways Corporation converted the line to bus operation. The Murray Hill Tunnel now carries a lane of road traffic, the line became part of the New York Central Railroad system with trackage rights granted to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad into Manhattan. It is now part of the Metro-North Railroad system, and the only Manhattan trackage of that system, the company was incorporated on April 25,1831 as the New York and Harlem Railroad, to link New York City with suburban Harlem. Among the companys founders was John Mason, a wealthy banker and they decided to build their railroad on the eastern side of Manhattan Island, convinced that their railroad would never be able to compete with steamboat traffic on the Hudson River. The first section, along Bowery from Prince Street north to 14th Street, between 1847 and 1856, a track was built in Grand Street between Centre Street and Bowery for northbound trains. Southbound trains continued to use the old route, in 1864 or 1865, a branch was added for trains between downtown and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing, running along 32nd Street, Lexington Avenue and 34th Street. This was the start of separate horse car service, running between Astor House and the ferry, Grand Central Depot opened just north of 42nd Street in October 1871, and intercity passenger trains from the north were ended there. Freight trains continued to operate along the south of Grand Central. As of 2016, Metro-North operates commuter service from Grand Central Terminal, via Southeast. The trackless right-of-way from Wassaic to Chatham is being converted to the Harlem Valley Rail Trail, as in other early railroads, the dominant propulsion in the railroads early years was horse power. In 1837, steam engines were introduced, but their use was limited to areas outside of the settled parts of the city - then. Before that, the locomotives had run to 32nd Street. When the ordinance took effect, the NY&H had not done anything, after much debate, including an injunction issued preventing the city from enforcing the ordinance, the courts struck down the injunction on July 30,1858. On July 2,1870, horsecars started to run not only to the 34th Street Ferry and these trains ran through the Murray Hill Tunnel and turned west on 42nd before going north on Madison. The line was extended to 86th Street and then to Harlem. On April 1,1873, the NY&H leased its lines to the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad
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Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx
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Spuyten Duyvil /ˈspaɪtən ˈdaɪvəl/ is an upper middle class neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. The area is named after Spuyten Duyvil Creek, Spuyten Duyvil may be literally translated as Spouting Devil or Spuitende Duivel in Dutch, a reference to the strong and wild tidal currents found at that location. It may also be translated as Spewing Devil or Spinning Devil, spui is a Dutch word involving outlets for water. Historian Reginald Pelham Bolton, however, argues that the phrase means sprouting meadow, an additional translation, to spite the Devil or in spite of the devil, was popularized by a story in Washington Irvings A Knickerbockers History of New York published in 1809. The creek was referred to as Shorakapok by Lenape Native Americans in the area and this may be the earliest recorded shark attack in the New World. In the late 17th century, Frederick Philipse, the lord of Philipse Manor in Westchester County, received permission to construct a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek, kings Bridge, which was located roughly south of and parallel to where West 230th Street lies today, opened in 1693. Development of the began in the latter half of the 19th century once the New York Central. This is the still used by Metro-North today. Through the 1920s development of the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood continued, on July 18,2013, a freight train derailed near the Spuyten Duyvil station due to an excessively wide gauge at one point. No one was killed or injured, less than six months later on December 1, a commuter train derailment near the Spuyten Duyvil station resulted in 4 deaths and over 70 injuries,11 of them critical. The cause of the derailment was determined to be excessive speed. Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, a swing bridge that carries Amtraks Empire Corridor line between New York City and Albany, spans Spuyten Duyvil Creek. The north end of the Henry Hudson Bridge connects the neighborhood to the island of Manhattan via the Henry Hudson Parkway, the church was designated a New York City landmark in 1980. Villa Charlotte Bronte is an apartment house built in 1926 and designed by Robert Gardner, hell Gate List of place names of Dutch origin John Jay McKelvey, Sr. Attorney, Park District Protection League Trustee. Notes Bibliography Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike, Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898, New York, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-195-11634-8 Fernicola, twelve Days of Terror, A Definitive Investigation of the 1916 New Jersey Shark Attacks. The Encyclopedia of New York City, New Haven, Yale University Press, ISBN0300055366 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, Dolkart, Andrew S. Postal, Matthew A. Postal, Matthew A. ed
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West Side Elevated Highway
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The West Side Elevated Highway was an elevated section of Route NY-9A running along the Hudson River in the New York City borough of Manhattan to the tip of the island. It was a highway, one of the first urban freeways in the world. Built between 1929 and 1951, the narrow confines – which could not accommodate trucks –. Maintenance was minimal, and the use of salts to de-ice the highway in winter accelerated its decay. Attitudes about urban planning had changed in the decades. The need to replace the deteriorating highway was recognized in the 1950s, plans were drafted, but not executed. By 1971, a plan evolved for the highway to be replaced by an underground interstate-quality highway. It received approval from many levels of government, from the City to the Federal and it connects to the remaining elevated structure via a ramp at 57th Street. Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a one, with significant cross traffic going to docks. The highway was to be 100 feet wide, running north from the Battery to 72nd Street at Riverside Drive, West End Avenue, according to Enright, During business hours West Street the most congested thoroughfare in the city. Vast quantities of the citys foodstuffs handled in the adjacent to West Street. He cited traffic congestion as an extra cost of doing business, on February 2,1925, it was announced that the railroad would build a combined double-decker elevated highway and freight railroad for $24 million at no cost to the city. At the time, Eleventh Avenue was popularly known as Death Avenue due to the dangers of the surface line, the elevated structure would eliminate 106 grade crossings over 84 blocks. The proposal came about six months of negotiations between Manhattan Borough President Julius Miller and the NYCRR. The planned highway would no longer go to the Battery, instead ending at Canal Street, the northern terminus was set at 72nd Street and Riverside Drive. Ramps were planned at Canal Street, 23rd Street, Riverside Drive, the Port of New York Authority opposed the plan, preferring a more forward-looking comprehensive freight distribution plan. They attacked Miller as trying to push the plan through without input from the Port Authority, the Port Authority wanted a system of inland terminals and belt-line railroads. According to Port Authority Chairman Julian Gregory, it was almost certain that NYCRR would not go along with the Port Authority plan and it was also believed that giving NYCRR elevated tracks on the west side would allow the railroad to monopolize freight and raise prices
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Julius Miller
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Julius Miller was a Manhattan Borough President from 1922 to 1930, who is best remembered for pushing through the West Side Elevated Highway from 72nd Street to the tip of Manhattan. He graduated from New York Law School and became an attorney in 1901, Miller was a member of the New York State Senate in 1919 and 1920. He was Borough President of Manhattan from 1922 to 1930, in 1924 he was an alternate delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention. In 1933 he became a Justice of the New York Supreme Court, as a judge Miller claimed the distinction of never having been reversed by an appellate court on any of the cases in equity where he decided suits without a jury. This was believed to be unique among New York jurists, in 1930, Miller received The Hundred Year Association of New Yorks Gold Medal Award in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York. He died at his home in New York City on February 3,1955
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Spring Street (Manhattan)
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Spring Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, which runs west–east, through the neighborhoods of Hudson Square, SoHo, and Nolita. It runs parallel to and between Dominick, Broome, and Kenmare Streets, and Vandam and Prince Streets, the streets addresses begin from the Bowery and run ascending to Spring Streets end at West Street, which runs along the Hudson River. As it passes through the center of SoHo, Spring Street is known for its artists lofts, restaurants, aaron Burrs estate, Richmond Hill, was located in the area in the 1790s. Burr dammed Minetta Creek to create a pool by his estates main gate. In 1803, what would become Spring Street was the street through the area. In May 1805, the street was ordered widened to 65 feet by the Common Council of the City of New York. The street was named Brannon Street until 1806, because it ran through the garden of a man by name at what is now Spring Street. Its current name comes from a water spring which ran through Lispenards Meadow. The stream continues to run underground, occasionally flooding basements, in 1834, anti-black race rioters, primarily Irish immigrants, broke into the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, the home church of abolitionist Dr. Henry G. Ludlow. It was at the time located at 250 Spring Street between Varick Street and Sixth Avenue, where it had established in 1811. The rioters caused extensive damage to the organ, pews. Two years after the riot, in 1836, a Gothic Revival structure was completed and it stood on the site until the 1960s. The corner of Spring Street and Broadway was the location of the St. Nicholas Hotel, snook or Griffith Thomas, and was completed in 1853. It was equipped with the newest technological conveniences, such as heating, hot running water. The interior of the hotel featured frescoes on the ceiling, gas light chandeliers, the opulence of the hotel was such that one visitor described a stay there as, like an introduction to the palace of some Eastern prince. The building took up the block between Spring and Broome Streets, only two small segments survive. Jen Bekman Gallery,6 Spring Street west of the Bowery,11 Spring Street, a former stable and carriage house built in 1888, was once a noted magnet for graffiti artists, who covered the exterior of the building with their artwork. The show opened in December 2006 for a few days, before work on the conversion began, prior to its days as a canvas for graffiti, the stable had been the home of IBM employee John Simpson for 30 years
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Washington Street (Manhattan)
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Washington Street is a north-south street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Main east-west streets crossed include Christopher Street, Houston Street and Canal Street, neighborhoods traversed include the Meatpacking District, at points north of Canal Street, traffic on Washington Street travels south, at points south of Canal Street, it travels north. Washington Street was named for George Washington, first President of the United States, the land under the street was owned by Trinity Church, and was ceded to the city in 1808. Washington Street, A New York Songline – virtual walking tour Save Washington Street – A campaign to preserve the remnant of lower Washington Street in Manhattan
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14th Street (Manhattan)
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14th Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Presently primarily a street, in the earlier history of New York City 14th Street was an upscale location. At Broadway, 14th Street forms the border of Union Square. It is also considered the boundary of Greenwich Village, Alphabet City, and the East Village, and the southern boundary of Chelsea, Flatiron/Lower Midtown. 14th Street marks the terminus of Manhattans grid system. North of 14th Street, the make up a near-perfect grid that runs in numerical order. South of 14th, the grid continues in the East Village almost perfectly, but not so in Greenwich Village, the street was designated by the Commissioners Plan of 1811 as the southernmost of 15 east-west streets that would be 100 feet in width. West 14th Street begins at an interchange with New York State Route 9A northeast of Greenwich Village, at the end of the interchange, it intersects with 10th Avenue. The street continues east, intersecting with Washington Street, Ninth Avenue/Hudson Street, Eighth Avenue, Seventh Avenue, Sixth Avenue, after Fifth Avenue, West 14th Street becomes East 14th Street and goes on to form the southern border of Union Square between University Place and Fourth Avenue. East of Fourth Avenue, 14th Street forms the end of Irving Place. 14th Street then intersects with Third Avenue, which forms the border between the neighborhoods of the East Village to the south and Gramercy to the north. The street goes on to intersect with Second Avenue, the location of the future 14th Street station in the unfunded Phase 3 of the Second Avenue Subway, at First Avenue, 14th Street widens from a four-lane road to a six-lane divided boulevard with a westbound service road. It then intersects with the main thoroughfares of Alphabet City, Avenue A, Avenue B, and Avenue C, 14th Street is well served by the New York City Subway. The BMT Canarsie Line runs underneath 14th Street from Eighth Avenue to the East River, stopping at First Avenue, Third Avenue, Union Square, Sixth Avenue, the line is served at all times by the L train. Two New York City Bus routes serve the street, M14A. From west to east, points of interest include Hudson River Park, High Line, Union Square Park, Manhattan streets, 1-14 Notes New York Songlines, 14th Street, a virtual walking tour
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17th Street (Manhattan)
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The New York City borough of Manhattan contains 228 numbered east–west streets, the majority of them created by the Commissioners Plan of 1811. These streets do not run exactly east–west, because the plan is aligned with the Hudson River, rather than with the cardinal direction. Thus, the grids west is approximately 29 degrees north of true west, the grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north. All numbered streets carry an East or West prefix, which changes from one to the other at Broadway below 8th Street, the numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, but with exceptions, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound. Most wider streets, and a few of the narrow ones, some streets in that area that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. 220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island, but Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, the numbering system continues in the Bronx, up to 263rd Street. The lowest numbered street in Manhattan is East First Street, which runs through Alphabet City near East Houston Street, there is also a First Place in Battery Park City. East 1st Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue A, peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold. East 2nd Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue C, the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive. The west end of these streets is the Bowery and Third Avenue, except for 3rd Street and 4th Street, great Jones Street connects East 3rd to West 3rd. For 4th Street, see 4th Street, East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street, 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Marks Place, but it is counted in the length below. M8 bus route operates eastbound on 8th Street and westbound on 9th Street between Avenue A and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid, because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Charles Chistopher Amos, the end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York Citys first prison and the United States second
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30th Street (Manhattan)
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The New York City borough of Manhattan contains 228 numbered east–west streets, the majority of them created by the Commissioners Plan of 1811. These streets do not run exactly east–west, because the plan is aligned with the Hudson River, rather than with the cardinal direction. Thus, the grids west is approximately 29 degrees north of true west, the grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north. All numbered streets carry an East or West prefix, which changes from one to the other at Broadway below 8th Street, the numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, but with exceptions, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound. Most wider streets, and a few of the narrow ones, some streets in that area that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. 220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island, but Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, the numbering system continues in the Bronx, up to 263rd Street. The lowest numbered street in Manhattan is East First Street, which runs through Alphabet City near East Houston Street, there is also a First Place in Battery Park City. East 1st Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue A, peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold. East 2nd Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue C, the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive. The west end of these streets is the Bowery and Third Avenue, except for 3rd Street and 4th Street, great Jones Street connects East 3rd to West 3rd. For 4th Street, see 4th Street, East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street, 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Marks Place, but it is counted in the length below. M8 bus route operates eastbound on 8th Street and westbound on 9th Street between Avenue A and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid, because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Charles Chistopher Amos, the end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York Citys first prison and the United States second
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