1.
Justus D. Barnes
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Justus D. Barnes was an American stage and silent film actor. Barnes is best known for his role as an outlaw in the 1903 short silent Western, Justus Barnes was born in Little Falls, New York. His father was an immigrant from Scotland, while his mother was born in New York and he was a veteran stage actor before he made his film debut in 1903 in The Great Train Robbery, one of the first American films to emphasize narrative. In a memorable scene, Barnes as an outlaw points his pistol at the camera, the Great Train Robbery became one of the most successful and best known commercial films of the early silent screen era. In July 1908, Barnes was hired as an actor in the company of the Edison Manufacturing Company. In 1910, he signed on with the Thanhouser Company in New Rochelle, between 1910 and 1917, Justus appeared in more than seventy films for the Thanhouser, usually in the role of a villain. He played Ham Peggotty in David Copperfield, the earliest known film adaption of the 1850 novel by Charles Dickens and he also played supporting roles in Nicholas Nickleby, Aurora Floyd, and A Dog of Flanders. In 1917, he was released from the Thanhouser Company due to the financial issues. Barnes made his final appearance for the Edison Studio in Cy Whittakers Ward. After retiring from acting, Barnes moved to Weedsport, New York where he worked as a milkman and he later owned a cigar store. Barnes died on February 6,1946 in Weedsport at the age of 83 and he is buried in Weedsport Rural Cemetery, in Weedsport, New York. Justus Barnes appears on a stamp issued in 1988 to honor The Great Train Robbery. Justus D. Barnes at the Internet Movie Database
2.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
3.
The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)
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The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 American silent short Western film written, produced, and directed by Edwin S. Porter, a former Edison Studios cameraman. Actors in the movie included Alfred C, abadie, Broncho Billy Anderson and Justus D. Barnes, although there were no credits. Though a Western, it was filmed in Milltown, New Jersey, the film was inspired by Scott Marbles 1896 stage play. At twelve minutes long, The Great Train Robbery film is considered a milestone in making, expanding on Porters previous work Life of an American Fireman. The film used a number of techniques, including composite editing, on-location shooting. The film is one of the earliest to use the technique of cross cutting, some prints were also hand colored in certain scenes. Techniques used in The Great Train Robbery were inspired by used in Frank Mottershaws British film A Daring Daylight Burglary. Film historians now largely consider The Great Train Robbery to be the first American action film, in 1990, The Great Train Robbery was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. They then knock the operator out and tie him up, as the train stops it is boarded by the bandits—now four. Two bandits enter a car, kill a messenger and open a box of valuables with dynamite. The bandits then force the passengers off the train and rifle them for their belongings, one passenger tries to escape, but is instantly shot down. Carrying their loot, the escape in the locomotive, later stopping in a valley where their horses had been left. Meanwhile, back in the office, the bound operator awakens. His daughter arrives bringing him his meal and cuts him free, there is some comic relief at a dance hall, where an eastern stranger is forced to dance while the locals fire at his feet. The door suddenly opens and the telegraph operator rushes in to them of the robbery. The men quickly form a posse, which overtakes the bandits, an additional scene of the film is a close up of the leader of the bandits, played by Justus D. Barnes, who empties his pistol point blank into the camera. Although it is placed at the end, Porter stated that the scene could also appear at the beginning of the film. In the 1990 film Goodfellas, the shot of Tommy shooting at the camera was taken from this film
4.
Genre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
5.
American frontier
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture
6.
Cowboy
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A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the traditions of northern Mexico and became a figure of special significance. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle, in addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. There are also cattle handlers in many parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas, over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the world, the cowboys equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree. The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work, the word cowboy appeared in the English language by 1725. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback and it was derived from vaca, meaning cow, which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero, originally, the term may have been intended literally—a boy who tends cows. By 1849 it had developed its sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word cowboy appeared later, cowhand appeared in 1852, and cowpoke in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, the word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word cowherd was used to describe a cattle herder, and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy and this word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000. In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, on western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for cowboy work on the ranch. The term cowboy was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence, in the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys, there were two separate groups, the skinners fought for the pro-independence side, the cowboys supported the British
7.
Gunfighter
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Gunman was a more common term used for these individuals in the 19th century. Today, the gunslinger is now more or less used to denote someone who is quick on the draw with a pistol. The gunfighter is also one of the most popular characters in the Western genre and has appeared in associated films, video games, the term gun slinger was used in the Western film Drag Harlan. The word was adopted by other Western writers, such as Zane Grey. Swarthout seems to have been correct about gunslinger, but the term existed in several newspapers in the 1870s. Bat Masterson used the term gunfighter in the articles which he wrote about the lawmen. However, Joseph Rosa noted that, even though Masterson used the term gunfighter, Clay Allison, a notorious New Mexico and Texas gunman and cattleman, originated the term shootist. Often, the term has been applied to men who would hire out for contract killings or at a ranch embroiled in a war where they would earn fighting wages. Others, like Billy the Kid, were notorious bandits, a gunfighter could be an outlaw—a robber or murderer who took advantage of the wilderness of the frontier to hide from genteel society and to make periodic raids on it. The gunfighter could also be an agent of the state, archetypically a lone avenger, there were also a few historical cowboys who were actual gunfighters, such as the Outlaw cowboy gang who participated in the bloody Skeleton Canyon Massacre. Gunslingers frequently appear as characters in Western movies and novels. Often, the hero of a Western meets his opposite double, Western gunslinger heroes are portrayed as local lawmen or enforcement officers, ranchers, army officers, cowboys, territorial marshals, nomadic loners, or skilled fast-draw artists. They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous, moral, tough, solid, the Western hero usually stands alone and faces danger on his own, commonly against lawlessness, with an expert display of his physical skills. In films, the gunslinger often possesses a superhuman speed. Twirling pistols, lightning draws, and trick shots are standard fare for the gunmen of the big screen, in the real world, however, gunmen who relied on flashy tricks and theatrics died quickly, and most gunslingers took a much more practical approach to their weapons. Real gunslingers did not shoot to disarm or to impress, another classic bit of cinema that is largely a myth is the showdown at high noon, where two well-matched gunslingers agree to meet for a climactic formal duel. Gunfights could be won by simple distraction, or pistols could be emptied as gunmen fought from behind cover without injury, when a gunman did square off, it rarely was with another gunfighter. Gunslingers usually gave each other a wide berth, and it was uncommon for two well-known gunslingers to face off, the gunslingers reputation often was as valuable as any skills possessed
8.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
9.
Rifle
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A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called lands, which contact with the projectile. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling and this allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient bullets and thus improves range and accuracy. The word rifle originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a rifled gun, the word rifle is now used for any long hand-held aimed device activated by a trigger, such as Air rifles and the Personnel halting and stimulation response rifle. Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports, formerly, rifles only fired a single projectile with each squeeze of the trigger. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze, some fire in an automatic mode. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design, in fact, many light machine guns are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. A militarys light machine guns are chambered for the same caliber ammunition as its service rifles. Generally, the difference between a rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, cooling system. Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed, many machine guns allow the operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheating, whereas rifles generally do not. Most machine guns fire from a bolt in order to reduce the danger of cook-off. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier, the rifle is an individual weapon, the term rifle is sometimes used to describe larger crew-served rifled weapons firing explosive shells, for example, recoilless rifles. In many works of fiction a rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before firing, the origins of rifling are difficult to trace, but some of the earliest practical experiments seem to have occurred in Europe during the 15th century. Archers had long realized that a twist added to the feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. This might also have led to a increase in accuracy. Rifles were created as an improvement in the accuracy of smooth bore muskets, the black powder used in early muzzle-loading rifles quickly fouled the barrel, making loading slower and more difficult. Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters, muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle
10.
Stetson
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Stetson is a brand of hat manufactured by the John B. Stetson Company began when the founder headed west and created the original hat of the West and this Western hat would become the cornerstone of Stetson’s hat business and is still in production today. Stetson eventually became the world’s largest hat maker, producing more than 3,300,000 hats a year in a spread over 9 acres in Philadelphia. In addition to its Western and fashion hats, Stetson also produces fragrance, apparel, footwear, eyewear, belts, bourbon, Stetson University and Stetson University College of Law in Florida were named after John B. Stetson in 1899 for his contributions to the school, Stetson was born in 1830 in Orange, New Jersey where his father Stephen Stetson was a hatter. He worked in his fathers shop until he went West for his health, Stetson created a rugged hat for himself made from thick beaver felt while panning for gold in Colorado. According to legend, Stetson invented the hat while on a trip while showing his companions how he could make cloth out of fur without tanning. Fur felt hats are lighter, they maintain their shape, and withstand weather, Stetson made an unusually large hat from felt he made from hides collected on the trip, and wore the hat for the remainder of the expedition. Although initially worn as a joke, Stetson soon grew fond of the hat for its ability to him from the elements. It had a wide brim, a crown to keep an insulating pocket of air on the head. As their travels continued, a cowboy is said to have seen J. B. Stetson and his hat, rode up, tried the hat on for himself. Stetson’s western adventures came to an end in 1865, Stetson, now 35 years old, and in better health, returned east and established his own hat firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which produced high quality hats for outdoor use. After producing some initial designs based on styles of the day, Stetson decided to create a hat based on his experiences in the American West. The original Boss, manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat brimmed, had a straight-sided crown and these lightweight, waterproof hats were natural in color, with four-inch crowns and brims. A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size, Stetson produced a very expensive hat. The cowboy riding the range wearing the Boss of the Plains hat showed the world that he was doing well, within a decade the name John B. Stetson became synonymous with the hat in every corner and culture of the West
11.
Kerchief
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A kerchief also known as a bandana or bandanna, is a triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head or around the neck for protective or decorative purposes. The popularity of head kerchiefs may vary by culture or religion, as among Orthodox Jewish and Christian, Amish and it is also worn as headdresses by Malay men in traditional occasions such as weddings by the grooms and the pesilat. Their headdresses are better known as tengkolok, a handkerchief or hanky primarily refers to a napkin made of cloth, used to dab away perspiration, clear the nostrils, or, in Victorian times, as a means of flirtation. A woman could intentionally drop a dainty square of lacy or embroidered fabric to give a man a chance to pick it up as an excuse to speak to her while returning it. Handkerchiefs were sometimes scented to be used like a nosegay or tussy-mussy, the popularity of the bandana and kerchief was at it highest point in the 1970s, 80s and 90s depending on ones location. After that its popularity started waning in the west, but some eastern cultures maintained its usage for a while and it is largely seen as gender neutral and can be worn by both men and women. Its usage, when wrapped up, was replaced by the headband. A bandana is a type of large, usually colorful, kerchief, bandanas are frequently printed in a paisley pattern and are most often used to hold hair back, either as a fashionable head accessory, or for practical purposes. Originated in India as bright coloured handkerchiefs of silk and cotton with spots in white on coloured grounds, chiefly red, the silk styles were made of the finest quality yarns, and were very popular. Bandana prints for clothing were first produced in Glasgow from cotton yarns, the term, at present, generally means a fabric in printed styles, whether silk, silk and cotton, or all cotton. Colors can be worn as a means of communication or identification, as with the prominent California criminal gangs, the Bloods, the Crips, the 18th Street gang, in gang subcultures, the bandana could be worn in a pocket or around the head. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, the Bloods and the Crips wore red, Handkerchief Handkerchief code Other neckwear Ascot tie Cravat Fichu Neckerchief Scarf Other headwear Do-rag Hachimaki Headband Headscarf/Hijab Tengkolok How to tie a bandanna How to wear a bandanna
12.
Cowboy boot
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Cowboy boots refer to a specific style of riding boot, historically worn by cowboys. They have a Cuban heel, rounded to pointed toe, high shaft, and, traditionally, no lacing. Cowboy boots are made from cowhide leather but are also sometimes made from exotic skins such as alligator, snake, ostrich, lizard, eel, elephant, stingray, elk, buffalo. There are two styles of cowboy boots, western, and roper. The classic style is distinguished by a tall boot shaft, going to at least mid-calf, with an angled cowboy heel, a slightly lower, still angled, walking heel is also common. The toe of western boots was originally rounded or squared in shape, the narrow pointed toe design appeared in the early 1940s. Roper boots are made with rounded toes, but, correlating with style changes in streetwear. The roper style is manufactured in a lace-up design which often fits better around the ankle and is less likely to slip off. Riding boots had been a part of life for centuries. Until the industrial age, boots were individually handmade in many different styles, early cowboy boot designs, along with other cowboy accoutrements, were also heavily influenced by the vaquero tradition imported from Spain to the Americas, dating back to the early 16th century. Military boots designed for cavalry riders also had an influence, later, the industrial revolution allowed some styles of boots to be mass-produced. One mass-produced boot style, the Wellington boot, was popular with cowboys in the USA until the 1860s. During the cattle drive era of 1866–1884, the cowboy was not apt to ruin a good pair of boots while working. The basic style elements permeated even working boots, and made the Wellington obsolete, fashion magazines from 1850 and 1860 show the cowboy boot with topstitching, cutouts of geometric or other natural elements and underslung heel. The American-style boot was taken up by bootmakers in the ranching areas of Texas, Oklahoma. Two of the best known early bootmakers of the era were Charles Hyer of Hyer Brothers Boots in Olathe, Kansas, after the couple divorced, the Olsen-Stelzer brand was started by Stelzer. When mounting and, especially, dismounting, the slick, treadless leather sole of the boot allowed easy insertion, the original toe was rounded and a bit narrowed at the toe to make it easier to insert. While an extremely pointed toe is a modern stylization appearing in the 1940s, it adds no practical benefit, and can be uncomfortable in a working boot
13.
Buckskins
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Buckskins are clothing, usually consisting of a jacket and leggings, made from buckskin, a soft sueded leather from the hide of deer. Buckskins derive from deerskin clothing worn by Native Americans and they were popular with mountain men and other frontiersmen for their warmth and durability. Buckskin jackets, often dyed and elaborately detailed, are a staple of western wear and were a fad in the 1970s. The American jacket/tunic known as a wamus was originally made from buckskin with fringe, annie Oakley Buffalo Bill Calamity Jane Davy Crockett George Armstrong Custer Sitting Bull Wild Bill Hickok Tommy Seebach Media related to Buckskins at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
15.
Bounty hunter
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A bounty hunter is a person who captures fugitives and criminals for a monetary reward. The term bounty hunting is now not often used or liked by many in the due to its historical context. While bounty hunters may be skiptracers as well, bounty hunting is a civil matter, when undertaking arrest warrants, agents may wear bullet-resistant vests, badges and other clothing branded with BAIL ENFORCEMENT AGENT, or similar titles. Many agents also use two-way radios to communicate each other. Many agents arm themselves with firearms, or, sometimes, with lethal weapons, such as tasers, batons. In the United States, the National Association of Fugitive Recovery Agents is the association representing this industry. If the fugitive eludes bail, the bondsman, not the bounty hunter, is responsible for 100% of the bail amount. This is a way of ensuring clients arrive at trial, as of 2003, bounty hunters claimed to catch 31,500 bail jumpers per year, about 90% of people who jump bail. Bounty hunters have varying levels of authority in their duties with regard to their targets depending on which states they operate in, barring restrictions applicable state by state, a bounty hunter may enter the fugitives private property without a warrant in order to execute a re-arrest. A bounty hunter cannot, however, enter the property of other than the fugitive without a warrant or the owners permission. In some states, bounty hunters do not undergo any formal training, in other states, however, they are held to varying standards of training and license. This may have been accurate at the time the decision was reached, as of 2012 Nebraska and Maine in addition to the aforementioned Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon and Wisconsin prohibited surety bail bonds. Another three states, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, as well as the District of Columbia heavily restrict bounty hunting, some of the more advanced schools offer specialized training in the area of tactical firearms to prepare BEAs for conducting dangerous recovery operations. Illinois abolished commercial bail, so it has no bail bondsmen, Kentucky prohibits bounty hunting in any form. Only a peace officer may make an arrest on a warrant that is issued in NCIC and this is because the state does not have a system of bail bondsmen. Earlier in state history, it was allowed, louisiana requires bounty hunters to wear clothing identifying them as one. As of 2012 Maine prohibited surety bail bonds, as of 2012 Nebraska prohibited commercial bail bonds. A Nevada bounty hunter is referred to as an enforcement agent or bail enforcement solicitor
16.
Shootout
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A shootout, also called a firefight or gunfight, is a gun battle between armed groups. A shootout often, but not necessarily, pits law enforcement against criminal elements, a shootout in a war-like context would usually be considered a battle, rather than a shootout. Shootouts are often portrayed in films and Western films. McDonald was killed instantly, and Dr. Sparks was fatally wounded, however Captain Davis, out of bullets, Captain Davis, an expert fencer, pulled out his Bowie knife and killed four more of his attackers. The surviving bandits fled for their lives, the shootout was witnessed by a group of miners, who buried the bodies of the dead. Shooting broke out during a highly charged trial in the Cherokee Nation, Deaths, US Marshals,8, Cherokee citizens,3 September 7,1876. Jesse James, Cole Younger, and their gang attempted to rob a bank in Northfield and they exchanged fire with the townspeople. Two of the members were killed in the fire fight along with two innocent civilians. Deaths, James-Younger gang,2, Northfield town,2 October 26,1881, deputy U. S. Outcome, Clanton/McLaury,3 killed, Earps/Holliday,3 wounded October 19,1882. Mechanics National Bank president Thomas OConnor, businessman Joseph Mabry, Jr. and Mabrys son, Joseph Mabry, III, were killed in a shootout in Knoxville, the incident was documented in Chapter 40 of Mark Twains 1883 book, Life on the Mississippi. Deaths, OConnor,1, Mabry,2 December 1,1884, legendary lawman Elfego Baca ignited an intense shootout with 80 cowboys in Frisco, New Mexico. Deaths, Cowboys,4, Baca,0 October 5,1892, the Dalton Gang attempted to rob two banks simultaneously in Coffeyville, Kansas, only to find themselves ambushed by lawmen and armed townspeople before they could make their escape. The gang was cornered in an alley and shot to pieces by the swarming townspeople, Deaths, Robbers,4, Townspeople,4 May 19,1920. Deaths, Townspeople,3, Baldwin-Felts,7 See, Battle of Matewan, Matewan March 22,1933, Bonnie Parker & Clyde Barrow and their friends entered a firefight with the local police who had been sent to investigate them in Joplin, Missouri. Deaths, Lawmen,2, Bonnie and Clyde,0 June 17,1933, in an attempt to free their friend, a criminal gang ambushed seven FBI agents and Kansas City police at the train station as they were escorting captured fugitive Frank Nash back to prison. The FBI agents were unarmed, but the police exchanged fire with the criminal gang. The gang unintentionally killed Nash along with the law officers, the FBI claimed that the gang included Charles Pretty Boy Floyd, but the evidence is debatable and contradicts with Floyds alleged presence. Deaths, Kansas City Police,2, Oklahoma police,1, FBI,1, Nash,1, Gang,0 April 22,1934
17.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
18.
John Ford
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John Ford was an American film director. His four Academy Awards for Best Director remain a record, one of the films for which he won the award, How Green Was My Valley, also won Best Picture. In a career spanned more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films and he is widely regarded as one of the most important. Fords work was held in regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles. Ford made frequent use of shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh. Ford was born John Martin Jack Feeney in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara Abbey Curran and his father, John Augustine, was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland in 1854. Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands, in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore, John A. Feeneys grandmother, Barbara Morris, was said to be a member of a local gentry family, the Morrises of Spiddal. John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and they married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11,1880. John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine with his family, and would try farming, fishing, working for the gas company, running a saloon, and being an alderman. Feeney attended Portland High School, Portland, Maine, where he was a successful fullback and he earned the nickname Bull because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line. A Portland pub is named Bull Feeneys in his honor and he later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis, adopting Jack Ford as a professional name. In addition to credited roles, he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffiths 1915 The Birth of a Nation and he married Mary McBride Smith on July 3,1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964, what difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Fords commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed. A strain would have been Fords many extramarital relationships, John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior. John Ford started out in his brothers films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose. Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman, by the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Fords films is that he used a company of actors
19.
Stagecoach (1939 film)
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Stagecoach is a 1939 American Western film directed by John Ford, starring Claire Trevor and John Wayne in his breakthrough role. The screenplay, written by Dudley Nichols, is an adaptation of The Stage to Lordsburg, the film follows a group of strangers riding on a stagecoach through dangerous Apache territory. Stagecoach was the first of many Westerns that Ford shot using Monument Valley, in the American Southwest on the Arizona–Utah border, as a location, many of which also starred John Wayne. Similar geographic incongruencies are evident throughout the film, up to the scene of Ringo and Dallas departing Lordsburg, in southwestern New Mexico. In 1995, this film was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, in 1880, a motley group of strangers boards the east-bound stagecoach from Tonto, Arizona Territory to Lordsburg, New Mexico Territory. These travelers are unremarkable and ordinary at first glance, when the stage driver, Buck, looks for his normal shotgun guard, Marshal Curly Wilcox tells him that the guard is off searching for the fugitive Ringo Kid. Ringo broke out of prison after hearing that his father and brother had been murdered by Luke Plummer, Buck tells Curly that Plummer is in Lordsburg. Knowing that Ringo has vowed to avenge his father and brother, as the stage sets out, U. S. Cavalry Lieutenant Blanchard announces that Geronimo and his Apaches are on the warpath, his small troop will provide an escort to Dry Fork. At the edge of town, two more passengers flag down the stage and board, gambler and Southern gentleman Hatfield, and banker Henry Gatewood, further along the road, the stage comes across the Ringo Kid, whose horse went lame and left him afoot. Even though they are friends, Curly has no choice but to take Ringo into custody, as the trip progresses, Ringo takes a strong liking to Dallas. Doc Boone gets drunk on Peacocks samples, when Doc Boone tells Peacock that he served as a doctor in the Union Army during the War of the Rebellion, Hatfield quickly uses a Southern term, the War for the Southern Confederacy. The stage reaches Dry Fork, but the cavalry detachment has gone to Apache Wells. Buck wants to back, but Curly demands that the group vote. With only Buck and Peacock objecting, they decide to proceed on to Apache Wells, at lunch before departing, the group is taken aback when Ringo invites Dallas to sit at the main table, and Mrs. Mallory is clearly uncomfortable having lunch with a prostitute. Hatfield gives Mrs. Mallory a drink from his silver folding cup and she recognizes the family crest on the cup, and asks Hatfield whether he was ever in Virginia. He says he won the flask in a game. When the stage reaches Apache Wells, Mrs. Mallory learns that her husband had been wounded in battle and has left, she faints, Doc Boone has to sober up and deliver the baby, and later Dallas emerges holding a healthy baby girl. Later that night, Ringo asks Dallas to marry him, afraid to reveal her checkered past, she does not answer immediately
20.
John Wayne
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Marion Mitchell Morrison, known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed Duke, was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for True Grit, Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades, born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He found work at film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he appeared mostly in bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walshs The Big Trail, Waynes career took off in 1939, with John Fords Stagecoach making him an instant star. He went on to star in 142 pictures, biographer Ronald Davis said, John Wayne personified for millions the nations frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen and he is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man, Rio Bravo, and The Longest Day. In his final performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist. He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26,1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30,1907 that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth and his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. Waynes father, Clyde Leonard Morrison, was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison, Waynes mother, the former Mary Molly Alberta Brown, was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Waynes ancestry included English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Scottish, Waynes family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him Little Duke because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier and he preferred Duke to Marion, and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale, as a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay and he played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U. S. Naval Academy, and he instead attended the University of Southern California, majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities, Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his career, Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury
21.
High Noon
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High Noon is a 1952 American Western film produced by Stanley Kramer from a screenplay by Carl Foreman, directed by Fred Zinnemann, and starring Gary Cooper. The plot, depicted in real time, centers around a town marshal, though mired in controversy with political overtones at the time of its release, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, and won four as well as four Golden Globe Awards. The award-winning score was written by Russian-born composer Dimitri Tiomkin, in Hadleyville, a small town in New Mexico Territory, Marshal Will Kane, newly married to Amy Fowler, is preparing to retire. Millers gang—his younger brother Ben, Jack Colby, and Jim Pierce —await his arrival at the train station, for Amy, a devout Quaker and pacifist, the solution is simple—leave town before Miller arrives, but Kanes sense of duty and honor is strong. Theyre making me run, he tells her, ive never run from anybody before. Besides, he says, Miller and his gang will hunt him down anyway, Amy gives Kane an ultimatum, She is leaving on the noon train, with or without him. While waiting at the hotel for the train, she meets Helen Ramírez, who was once Millers lover, and then Kanes, and is leaving as well. Amy understands why Helen is fleeing, but the reverse is not true, Helen tells Amy that if Kane were her man, Kanes efforts to round up a posse at the tavern, and then the church, are met with fear and hostility. Some townspeople, worried that a gunfight would damage the towns reputation, others are Millers friends, and resent that Kane cleaned up the town in the first place. Kanes young deputy Harvey Pell, who is bitter that Kane did not recommend him as his successor, says he will stand with Kane only if Kane goes to the city fathers, Kane rejects the quid pro quo, and Pell turns in his badge. Kane writes out his will as the clock in his office ticks toward high noon, at the stables, Pell saddles a horse and tries to persuade Kane to mount it and leave town. Their conversation becomes an argument, and then a fist fight, Kane finally knocks his former deputy senseless, then goes into the street to face Miller and his gang. In one of the most iconic shots in film history, the camera rises, the outlaws approach and the gunfight begins. Kane guns down Ben Miller and Colby, but is wounded in the process, as the train is about to leave the station, Amy hears the gunfire, leaps off, and runs back to town. Choosing her husbands life over her religious beliefs, she picks up Ben Millers gun and shoots Pierce from behind, leaving only Frank Miller, Amy claws Millers face and he pushes her to the ground, giving Kane a clear shot, and he shoots Miller dead. Kane helps his bride to her feet and they embrace, as the townspeople emerge and cluster around him, Kane surveys them with bitter contempt, wordlessly throws his marshals star in the dirt, and departs with Amy on their wagon. Foreman had once been a member of the Communist Party, but he declined to identify fellow members, as a result, he was labeled an uncooperative witness by the committee, making him vulnerable to blacklisting. After his refusal to name names was made public, Foremans production partner Stanley Kramer demanded a dissolution of their partnership
22.
Shane (film)
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Shane is a 1953 American Technicolor Western film from Paramount, noted for its landscape cinematography, editing, performances, and contributions to the genre. The picture was produced and directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by A. B, Guthrie, Jr. based on the 1949 novel of the same name by Jack Schaefer. Its Oscar-winning cinematography was by Loyal Griggs, Shane stars Alan Ladd, Jean Arthur and Van Heflin, and features Brandon deWilde, Jack Palance, Emile Meyer, Elisha Cook, Jr. and Ben Johnson. Shane was listed No.45 in the 2007 edition of AFIs 100 Years.100 Movies list, Shane, a skilled, laconic gunfighter with a mysterious past, rides into an isolated valley in the sparsely settled state of Wyoming, some time after the Civil War. At dinner with local rancher Joe Starrett and his wife Marian, though they have claimed their land legally under the Homestead Acts, a ruthless cattle baron, Rufus Ryker, has hired rogues and henchmen to harass them and drive them out of the valley. Starrett offers Shane a job, and he accepts, at the towns general store, Shane and other homesteaders are loading up supplies. Shane enters the adjacent to the store, where Rykers men are drinking. Chris Calloway, one of Rykers men, throws a shot of whiskey on Shanes shirt, Shane doesnt rise to the bait, and leaves to the taunts of Rykers men. On the next trip to town, Shane returns the empty soda bottle to the saloon, Shane orders two shots of whiskey, pours one on Calloways shirt and throws the other in his face, then knocks him to the ground. A brawl ensues, Shane prevails, with Starretts help, Ryker declares that the next time they meet, the air will be filled with gun smoke. Joey is drawn to Shane, and to his gun, Shane shows him how to wear a holster and demonstrates his shooting skills, but Marian interrupts the lesson. Guns, she says, are not going to be a part of her sons life, Shane counters that a gun is a tool, no better nor worse than a hoe or axe, and as good or bad as the man using it. Marian retorts that the valley would be better off without any guns—including Shanes, Jack Wilson, an unscrupulous gunfighter working for Ryker, deliberately provokes Frank Stonewall Torrey, a hot-tempered ex-Confederate homesteader. Them rebs are all Southern trash, Wilson says, youre a low-down, lyin Yankee, responds Torrey. Prove it, Wilson replies—and when the farmer goes for his gun. At Torreys funeral, there is talk among the settlers of giving in to Ryker and moving on, Ryker invites Starrett to a meeting at the saloon to negotiate a settlement—and then orders Wilson to kill him when he arrives. Calloway, unable to tolerate Rykers treachery any longer, warns Shane of the double-cross, Starrett says no matter, he will shoot it out with Wilson, and asks Shane to look after Marian and Joey if he dies. Shane, aware that Starrett is no match for Wilson in a gunfight, Starrett is adamant, and Shane is forced to knock him unconscious
23.
The Searchers
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Critic Roger Ebert found Waynes character, Ethan Edwards, one of the most compelling characters Ford and Wayne ever created. The film was a success, although it received no Academy Award nominations. Since its release, it has come to be considered a masterpiece and it was named the greatest American western by the American Film Institute in 2008, and it placed 12th on the same organizations 2007 list of the 100 greatest American movies of all time. Entertainment Weekly also named it the best western, in 1868, Ethan Edwards returns after an eight-year absence to the home of his brother Aaron in the wilderness of West Texas. Ethan fought in the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy and he has a large quantity of gold coins of uncertain origin in his possession, and a medal from the Mexican campaign that he gives to his eight-year-old niece, Debbie. As a former Confederate soldier, he is asked to take an oath of allegiance to the Texas Rangers, captain Samuel Clayton remarks, Ethan fits a lot of descriptions. When they return they find the Edwards homestead in flames, Aaron, his wife Martha, and their son Ben are dead, and Debbie and her older sister Lucy have been abducted. After a brief funeral the men set out in pursuit and they come upon a burial ground of Comanches who were killed during the raid. Ethan mutilates one of the bodies, when they find the Comanche camp, Ethan recommends a frontal attack, but Clayton insists on a stealth approach to avoid killing the hostages. The camp is deserted, and further along the trail the men ride into an ambush, though they fend off the attack, the Rangers are left with too few men to fight the Indians effectively. They return home, leaving Ethan to continue his search for the girls with only Lucys fiancé, Brad Jorgensen and Debbies adopted brother, Ethan finds Lucy brutally murdered and presumably raped in a canyon near the Comanche camp. In a blind rage, Brad rides directly into the Indian camp and is killed, when winter arrives Ethan and Martin lose the trail and return to the Jorgensen ranch. Martin is enthusiastically welcomed by the Jorgensens daughter Laurie, and Ethan finds a waiting for him from a trader named Futterman. Ethan, who would travel alone, leaves without Martin the next morning. At Futtermans trading post, Ethan and Martin learn that Debbie has been taken by Scar, a year or more later, Laurie receives a letter from Martin describing the ongoing search. The search leads Ethan and Martin to a fort, and then to New Mexico. They find Debbie after five years, now an adolescent, living as one of Scars wives and she tells the men that she has become a Comanche, and wishes to remain with them. Ethan would rather see her dead than living as an Indian, and tries to shoot her, but Martin shields her with his body, though Martin tends to Ethans wound, he is furious with him for attempting to kill Debbie, and wishes him dead
24.
The Wild Bunch
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The film was controversial because of its graphic violence and its portrayal of crude men attempting to survive by any available means. The movie, whose screenplay was written by Peckinpah and Walon Green, stars William Holden, Robert Ryan, Ernest Borgnine, Ben Johnson and it was filmed in Mexico, notably at the Hacienda Ciénaga del Carmen and on the Rio Nazas. The Wild Bunch is noted for intricate, multi-angle, quick-cut editing, using normal and slow motion images, a revolutionary cinema technique in 1969. The writing of Green, Peckinpah, and Roy N. Sickner was nominated for a best-screenplay Academy Award, in 1999, the U. S. National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the Library of Congress as culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. The film was ranked 80th in the American Film Institutes 100 best American films, in 2008, the AFI revealed its 10 Top 10 of the best ten films in ten genres, The Wild Bunch ranked as the sixth-best Western. In Texas in 1913, Pike Bishop, the leader of a gang of aging outlaws, is seeking retirement with one final score and they are ambushed by Pikes former partner, Deke Thornton, who is leading a posse of bounty hunters hired and deputized by the railroad. A bloody shootout kills several of the gang, Pike uses a serendipitous temperance union parade to shield their getaway, and many citizens are killed in the crossfire. Pike rides off with Dutch Engstrom, brothers Lyle and Tector Gorch, and Angel and they are dismayed when the loot from the robbery turns out to be a decoy, steel washers instead of silver coin. The men reunite with old-timer Freddie Sykes and head for Mexico, Pikes men cross the Rio Grande and take refuge that night in the village where Angel was born. Pikes gang makes contact with the general, a jealous Angel spots Teresa, his former lover, in Mapaches arms and shoots her dead, angering Mapache. Pike defuses the situation and offers to work for Mapache, the reward will be a cache of gold coins. Angel gives up his share of the gold to Pike in return for sending one crate of the stolen rifles, the holdup goes largely as planned until Dekes posse turns up on the very train the gang has robbed. The posse chases them to the Mexican border, only to be foiled again as the blow up a trestle spanning the Rio Grande. The pursuers temporarily regroup at a camp and then quickly take off again after the Bunch. Pike and his men, knowing they risk being double-crossed by Mapache, however, Mapache learns from the mother of Teresa that Angel embezzled a crate of guns and ammo, and reveals this as Angel and Engstrom deliver the last of the weapons. Surrounded by Mapaches army, Angel desperately tries to escape, only to be captured and tortured, Mapache lets Engstrom go, and he returns to rejoin Pikes gang and tell them what happened. Sykes is wounded by Dekes posse while securing spare horses, after a brief frolic with prostitutes and a period of reflection, Pike and the gang try to forcibly persuade Mapache to release Angel, who by then was barely alive after the torture. The general appears to comply, however, as they watch, Pike and the gang angrily gun Mapache down in front of hundreds of his men
25.
Junior Bonner
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Junior Bonner is a 1972 film directed by Sam Peckinpah and starring Steve McQueen, Joe Don Baker, Robert Preston and Ida Lupino. The film focuses on a rodeo rider as he returns to his hometown of Prescott, Arizona, to participate in an annual rodeo competition and reunite with his brother. Many critics consider it to be the warmest and most gentle of Sam Peckinpahs films, Junior JR Bonner is a rodeo rider who is slightly over the hill. Junior is first seen taping up his injuries after a ride on an ornery bull named Sunshine. He returns home to Prescott, Arizona, for the Independence Day parade, when he arrives, the Bonner family home is being bulldozed by his younger brother Curly, an entrepreneur and real-estate developer, in order to build a trailer park. Juniors womanizing, good-for-nothing father, Ace, and down-to-earth, long-suffering Elvira, are estranged, Ace dreams of emigrating to Australia to rear sheep and mine gold, but he fails to obtain financing from Junior, who is broke, and refuses to ask Curly for it. After flooring his arrogant brother with a punch, Junior bribes rodeo owner Buck Roan to let him ride Sunshine again, Buck thinks he must be crazy but Junior actually manages to pull it off this time, going the full eight seconds on the bull. Junior walks into a travel office and buys his father a one-way. The films final shot shows JR leaving his hometown, his ride on Sunshine continuing to put off the inevitable end of his career. In a memorable scene, Ace and Junior escape from the parade on Juniors horse, ending up at a deserted railway station where they drink and despair at the state of the world. The film has enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in the mid-2000s because of retrospectives of Sam Peckinpahs work, in May 1971, weeks after completing Straw Dogs in England, Sam Peckinpah returned to the United States to begin immediate work on Junior Bonner. The lyrical screenplay by Jeb Rosebrook, depicting the times of society and binding family ties. He accepted the project, concerned with being typed as a director of violent action, Junior Bonner would be his final attempt to make a low-key, dramatic work in the vein of Noon Wine and The Ballad of Cable Hogue. Filmed on location in Prescott, Arizona, Peckinpah utilized many colorful locales, due to a glut of rodeo-themed films released at that time, including The Honkers, J. W. Coop and When the Legends Die, Junior Bonner fell through the cracks and it earned rentals of $1.9 million in North America and $900,000 in other countries, recording an overall loss of $2,820,000. The film was promoted as a typical Steve McQueen action vehicle. Peckinpah would remark, I made a film where nobody got shot, the second collaboration proved to be a financially successful one, as the action film would become one of the biggest box office successes of their careers. List of American films of 1972 Junior Bonner at the Internet Movie Database Junior Boomer at AllMovie Vincent Canby review of Junior Bonner
26.
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
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The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada is a 2005 French-American neo-Western film directed by and starring Tommy Lee Jones and written by Guillermo Arriaga. It also stars Barry Pepper, Julio Cedillo, Dwight Yoakam, the film has many flashbacks and sometimes the same event is shown from different perspectives. Melquiades Estrada, a Mexican illegal immigrant working in Texas as a cowboy, a nearby United States Border Patrol officer, Norton, thinks he is being attacked and shoots back, killing Melquiades. Norton quickly buries Melquiades and does not report anything, Melquiades body is found and is reburied in a local cemetery by the sheriffs office. Evidence that he may have killed by the U. S. Border Patrol is ignored by the sheriff, Belmont, who would prefer to avoid trouble with the Border Patrol. Pete Perkins, a rancher and Melquiades best friend, finds out from a waitress, Rachel, Perkins kidnaps Norton after tying up his wife, Lou Ann, and forces him to dig up Melquiades body. Perkins had promised Melquiades that he would bury him in his town of Jiménez in Mexico if he died in Texas. Perkins undertakes a journey on horseback into Mexico with the body tied to a mule and it is clear to Sheriff Belmont that Perkins has kidnapped Norton, and so police officers and the Border Patrol begin to search for them. Belmont sees them heading towards the Mexico border, but as he takes aim at Perkins, he cant bring himself to shoot and returns to town, on their way across the harsh countryside, the pair experience a series of surrealistic encounters. They spend an afternoon with an elderly blind American man, who listens to Mexican radio for company, the man asks to be shot since there is no one left to take care of him. He does not want to commit suicide because, he argues, Perkins refuses as, if he killed the man, he would offend God. Norton attempts to escape and is bitten by a rattlesnake and eventually discovered by a group of illegal immigrants crossing into Texas, Perkins gives one of them a horse as barter payment for guiding them across the river to an herbal healer. She turns out to be a woman whose nose Norton had broken when he punched her in the face a few weeks previously during an arrest, at Perkinss request, she saves Nortons life before exacting her revenge by breaking Nortons nose with a coffee pot. The captivity, the journey, and the rotting corpse slowly take a profound psychological toll on Norton. At one point the duo encounter a group of Mexican cowboys watching American soap operas on a television hooked up to their pickup truck, the program is the same episode that was airing when Norton had sex with his wife in their trailer earlier in the movie. Norton is visibly shaken and is half a bottle of liquor by one of the cowboys. Nortons wife is shown as she decides to leave the town to return to her home town of Cincinnati
27.
Lone Ranger
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The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an icon of American culture. He first appeared in 1933 in a show conceived either by WXYZ radio station owner George W. Trendle, or by Fran Striker. The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books, a popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books. The title character was played on the show by George Seaton, Earle Graser. Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a dispute, Moore was replaced temporarily by John Hart. The Lone Ranger was named so because the character is the survivor of a group of six Texas Rangers. While details differ, the story of the origin of the Lone Ranger is the same in most versions of the franchise. Later, an Indian named Tonto stumbles onto the scene and discovers one ranger is barely alive, in some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who saved his life when they both were children. According to the series, when Tonto left the Reid place with a horse given him by the boy Reid, he gave Reid a ring and the name Kemo Sabe. Among the Rangers killed was the older brother, Daniel Reid, who was a captain in the Texas Rangers. To conceal his identity and honor his brother, Reid fashions a black domino mask from the material of his brothers vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a grave and places at its head a cross bearing Reids name so that Cavendish. In many versions Reid continues fighting for justice as The Lone Ranger even after the Cavendish gang is captured, as generally depicted, the Lone Ranger conducts himself by a strict moral code based on that put in place by Striker at the inception of the character. That to have a friend, a man must be one and that all men are created equal and that everyone has within himself the power to make this a better world. That God put the firewood there, but that man must gather. In being prepared physically, mentally, and morally to fight when necessary for what is right and that a man should make the most of what equipment he has. That this government of the people, by the people, and that men should live by the rule of what is best for the greatest number
28.
Honour
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Accordingly, individuals are assigned worth and stature based on the harmony of their actions with a specific code of honour, and the moral code of the society at large. Dr. Samuel Johnson, in his A Dictionary of the English Language, defined honour as having several senses, the first of which was nobility of soul, magnanimity, and a scorn of meanness. This sort of honour derives from the perceived virtuous conduct and personal integrity of the person endowed with it and this sort of honour is not so much a function of moral or ethical excellence, as it is a consequence of power. Finally, with respect to sexuality, honour has traditionally been associated with chastity or virginity, or in case of married men and women, some have argued that honour should be seen more as a rhetoric, or set of possible actions, than as a code. Honour as a code of behaviour defines the duties of an individual within a social group, margaret Visser observes that in an honour-based society a person is what he or she is in the eyes of other people. A code of honour differs from a code, also socially defined and concerned with justice, in that honour remains implicit rather than explicit. One can distinguish honour from dignity, which Wordsworth assessed as measured against an individuals conscience rather than against the judgement of a community, compare also the sociological concept of face. In the early period, a lords or ladys honour was the group of manors or lands he or she held. The word was first used indicating an estate which gave its holder dignity, the concept of honour appears to have declined in importance in the modern West, conscience has replaced it in the individual context, and the rule of law has taken over in a social context. Popular stereotypes would have it surviving more definitively in more tradition-bound cultures, feudal or other agrarian societies, which focus upon land use and land ownership, may tend to honour more than do contemporary industrial societies. Note that Saint Anselm of Canterbury in Cur Deus Homo extended the concept of honour from his own society to postulate Gods honour. An emphasis on the importance of honour exists in traditional institutions as the military and in organisations with a military ethos. Western observers generally see these honour killings as a way of men using the culture of honour to control female sexuality, various sociologists and anthropologists have contrasted cultures of honour with cultures of law. A culture of law has a body of laws which all members of society must obey and this requires a society with the structures required to enact and enforce laws. Historians have especially examined the American South, social scientists have looked at specialized subcultures such as South Asian Muslims in Britain. Others have compared multiple modern nations, due to the lack of strong institutions, cultivating a reputation for swift and disproportionate revenge increases the safety of ones person and property against aggressive actors. Thinkers ranging from Montesquieu to Steven Pinker have remarked upon the mindset needed for a culture of honour, however cultures of honour can also appear in places like modern inner-city slums. The three conditions exist here as well, lack of resources, crime and theft have a high rewards compared to the alternatives, and law enforcement is generally lax or corrupt
29.
Revenge
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Revenge is a form of primitive justice usually assumed to be enacted in the absence of the norms of formal law and jurisprudence. Often, revenge is defined as being an action against a person or group in response to a grievance. It is used to right a wrong by going outside of the law and this is because the individual taking revenge feels as though the law will not do justice. Francis Bacon described it as a kind of justice that does. Offend the law putteth the law out of office, primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment. Detractors argue that revenge is simply wrong, of the design as two wrongs make a right. They dont want to lose face, some societies encourage vengeful behavior, which is called feud. These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance, thus, while protecting of his reputation an avenger feels as if he restores the previous state of dignity and justice. According to Michael Ignatieff, revenge is a profound desire to keep faith with the dead. Thus, honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation, whenever it is compromised, the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial balance of honor that preceded the perceived injury. This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and they still persist in some areas, notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or blood feuds. Blood feuds are still practiced in parts of the world, including Kurdish regions of Turkey. Honoring ones family, clan, or lord through the practice of revenge killings and these killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. Today, katakiuchi is most often pursued by means. The motto of Scotland is Nemo me impune lacessit, Latin for Nobody shall provoke/injure me with impunity, the origin of the motto reflects the feudal clan system of ancient Scotland, particularly the Highlands. Modern Western legal systems usually state as their goal the reform or reeducation of a convicted criminal, Sudan has suffered cycles of revenge for many years, for example tribal conflicts in Darfur. South Sudan is torn by conflicts with ethnic cleansing between the Nuer and Dinka peoples, fueled by appetite for revenge. The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord has been credited with the saying, La vengeance est un met que lon doit manger froid and it has been wrongly credited to the novel Les Liaisons dangereuses
30.
True Grit (1969 film)
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True Grit is a 1969 American western film. It is the first film adaptation of Charles Portis 1968 novel of the same name, the screenplay was written by Marguerite Roberts. The film was directed by Henry Hathaway and starred Kim Darby as Mattie Ross, Wayne won his only Academy Award for his performance in this film and reprised his role for the 1975 sequel Rooster Cogburn. Historians believe Cogburn was based on Deputy U. S, marshal Heck Thomas, who brought in some of the toughest outlaws. The cast also features Glen Campbell, Robert Duvall, Dennis Hopper, Jeff Corey, the title song, sung by Campbell, was also Oscar-nominated. True Grit was remade in 2010, starring Jeff Bridges and Matt Damon, frank Ross is murdered by his hired hand, Tom Chaney. Rosss young daughter, Mattie, travels to Fort Smith, Arkansas, marshal Reuben Rooster J. Cogburn to bring Chaney in, raising his fee by shrewdly horse trading with Colonel Stonehill. Mattie has heard that Cogburn has true grit and she gives him a payment to track and capture Chaney, who has taken up with outlaw Lucky Ned Pepper in Indian Territory. A young Texas Ranger, La Boeuf, is also pursuing Chaney and joins forces with Cogburn, the two try to ditch Mattie, but she catches up and is permitted to ride along. After several days, the three discover horse thieves Emmett Quincy and Moon, who are waiting for Ned Pepper at a remote dugout cabin, Cogburn captures and interrogates the two men. Moons leg is injured and Cogburn uses the injury as leverage to get information about Lucky Ned, in terrible pain and about to talk, Moon is stabbed by Quincy, who is then killed by Cogburn. In the remaining minute before Moon dies, he reveals that Pepper, Rooster and La Boeuf lay a trap. But as soon as Pepper and his men arrive, La Boeuf blows their cover by firing too soon, a firefight ensues, during which Cogburn and La Boeuf kill two of the gang, but Pepper and the rest of his men escape. Cogburn, La Boeuf, and Mattie make their way to McAlesters store with the dead bodies, Cogburn tries to persuade Mattie to stay at McAlesters, but she refuses. Fetching water one morning, Mattie finds herself face-to-face with Chaney in a stream, when he comes toward her menacingly, she shoots Chaney with her fathers Colt Dragoon, injuring him and calling out to her partners. Pepper and his gang get there first, capturing her, Lucky Ned then forces Cogburn and La Boeuf to abandon the girl and ride away. Pepper decides to leave Mattie in the care of Chaney, who has lost his horse and he promises he will send a horse back for Chaney, vowing to kill him if any harm comes to the girl. Cogburn doubles back and attacks Pepper and his gang single-handedly and they watch from a high bluff as a mounted Cogburn confronts Peppers gang
31.
Courtroom
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A courtroom is the enclosed space in which courts of law are held in front of a judge. A number of courtrooms, which may also be known as courts, the judge generally sits behind a raised desk, known as the bench. Benches in U. S. federal courtrooms and some state courtrooms are usually bullet-resistant to protect judges from courtroom shootouts, behind the judge are the great seal of the jurisdiction and the flags of the appropriate federal and state governments. Judges usually wear a black robe. An exception was the late U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and the desks where the court clerk and the court reporter sit. The courtroom is divided into two parts by a known as the bar. The bar may be an actual railing, or an imaginary barrier, the bailiff stands against one wall and keeps order in the courtroom. On one side is the bench, the tables for the plaintiff, the defendant, and their respective counsel. Apart from the parties to the case and any witnesses, only the lawyers can literally pass the bar, there is usually a podium or lectern between the two tables where the lawyers may stand when they argue their case before the judge. There is usually a space between the bench and the counsel tables, because of the court clerk and court reporters tables in front of the bench. This space is called the well, instead, if documents need to be given to or taken from the judge, attorneys are normally expected to approach the court clerk or bailiff, who acts as an intermediary. During trials, attorneys will ask the permission to traverse the well or approach the bench for sidebar conferences with the judge. The other side of the bar is open to the general public, seating for the gallery can either be pew style benches or theater seats. The theater seats are directly above the gallery, giving sight over the entire courtroom, all of the above applies only to trial courts. Appellate courts in the United States are not finders of fact, so they do not use juries or receive evidence into the record, that is the trial courts job. Therefore, in a court, there is neither a witness stand nor a jury box. The walls are partially or completely wood-paneled. This is a matter of style and tradition, but some jurisdictions have elected to construct courtrooms with a modern appearance
32.
Duel
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A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two individuals with matched weapons in accordance with agreed-upon rules. Duels in this form were chiefly practiced in early modern Europe with precedents in the code of chivalry. During the 17th and 18th centuries, duels were fought with swords. But beginning in the late 18th century in England, duels were more commonly fought using pistols, fencing and pistol duels continued to co-exist throughout the 19th century. The duel was based on a code of honor, on rare occasions, duels with pistols or swords were fought between women, these were sometimes known as petticoat duels. Legislation against dueling goes back to the medieval period, the Fourth Council of the Lateran outlawed duels, and civil legislation in the Holy Roman Empire against dueling was passed in the wake of the Thirty Years War. From the early 17th century, duels became illegal in the countries where they were practiced, Dueling largely fell out of favor in England by the mid-19th century and in Continental Europe by the turn of the 20th century. Dueling declined in the Eastern United States in the 19th century and by the time the American Civil War broke out, dueling had begun to decline, public opinion, not legislation, caused the change. In Western society, the concept of a duel developed out of the medieval judicial duel. In Medieval society, judicial duels were fought by knights and squires to end various disputes, countries like Germany, United Kingdom, and Ireland practiced this tradition. Judicial combat were of two forms in society, the feat of arms and chivalric combat. The feat of arms were done to settle hostilities between two parties and supervised by a judge. The battle was fought when one partys honor was disrespected or challenged upon in which the conflict cannot be resolved in court, a spiked hand guard for pumbling, and extra grip for half swording. The duel lasted until the party was too weak to fight back. In early cases, the party was then subsequently executed. If a traveling venans did not have weapons or horse to meet the challenge, one might be provided, if a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way. The Roman Catholic Church was critical of dueling throughout medieval history, judicial duels were deprecated by the Lateran Council of 1215, but the judicial duel persisted in the Holy Roman Empire into the 15th century. The word duel comes from the Latin duellum, cognate with bellum, during the early Renaissance, dueling established the status of a respectable gentleman, and was an accepted manner to resolve disputes
33.
King Arthur
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King Arthur is a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD. The details of Arthurs story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, the sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthurs name also occurs in early sources such as Y Gododdin. Arthur is a figure in the legends making up the so-called Matter of Britain. The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouths fanciful, how much of Geoffreys Historia was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot, in these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics. The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long debated by scholars. These culminate in the Battle of Badon, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men, recent studies, however, question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum. The other text that seems to support the case for Arthurs historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae, the Annales date this battle to 516–518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut were both killed, dated to 537–539. These details have often used to bolster confidence in the Historias account. Problems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonums account, the latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. Additionally, the textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at point in the 10th century. The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum and this lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of sub-Roman Britain. These modern admissions of ignorance are a recent trend, earlier generations of historians were less sceptical
34.
Damsel in distress
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The damsel-in-distress or persecuted maiden is a classic theme in world literature, art, film and video games. This trope usually involves a young woman placed in a dire predicament by a villain or monster. After rescuing her, the hero often obtains her hand in marriage and she has become a stock character of fiction, particularly of melodrama. Though she is human, she can also be of any other species, including fictional or folkloric species. The word damsel derives from the French demoiselle, meaning lady. It is a term not used in modern English except for effect or in expressions such as this. It can be traced back to the knight-errant of Medieval songs and tales, the English term damsel in distress itself first appeared in Tobias Smolletts 1755 translation of Don Quixote, a parody of medieval chivalry tales. The damsel in distress theme featured in the stories of the ancient Greeks, greek mythology, while featuring a large retinue of competent goddesses, also contains helpless maidens threatened with sacrifice. For example, Andromedas mother offended Poseidon, who sent a beast to ravage the land, to appease him Andromedas parents fastened her to a rock in the sea. The hero Perseus slew the beast, saving Andromeda, Andromeda in her plight, chained naked to a rock, became a favorite theme of later painters. This theme of the Princess and dragon is also pursued in the myth of St George, another early example of a damsel in distress is Sita in the ancient Indian epic Ramayana. In the epic, Sita is kidnapped by the villain Ravana and her husband Rama goes on a quest to rescue her, with the help of the monkey-god Hanuman. European fairy tales frequently feature damsels in distress, evil witches trapped Rapunzel in a tower, cursed the princess to die in Snow White, and put Sleeping Beauty into a magical sleep. In all of these, a prince comes to the maidens aid, saves her. A number of tales in the One Thousand and One Nights also feature damsels in distress and this story appears to have influenced later European tales such as Adenes Le Rois Cleomades and The Squires Tale told in Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. The damsel in distress was a character of medieval romances. Chaucers The Clerks Tale of the trials and bizarre torments of patient Griselda was drawn from Petrarch. The Emprise de lEscu vert à la Dame Blanche was an order with the express purpose of protecting oppressed ladies
35.
Clint Eastwood
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Clinton Clint Eastwood Jr. is an American actor, filmmaker, musician, and political figure. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring icon of masculinity. For his work in the Western film Unforgiven and the sports drama Million Dollar Baby, Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture, as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor. Eastwoods greatest commercial successes have been the adventure comedy Every Which Way But Loose and its sequel, the war drama biopic American Sniper set box office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film. Eastwood received considerable praise in France for several films, including some that were not well received in the United States. Eastwood has been awarded two of Frances highest honors, in 1994 he became a recipient of the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, in 2000, Eastwood was awarded the Italian Venice Film Festival Golden Lion for lifetime achievement. Since 1967, Eastwood has run his own company, Malpaso. Starting in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as Mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, a non-partisan office, Eastwood was born Clinton Eastwood Jr. May 31,1930, in San Francisco, California, the son of Clinton Eastwood Sr. and he has one younger sister, Jeanne Bernhardt. Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry and he is descended from Mayflower passenger William Bradford, and through this line is the 12th generation of his family born in North America and the 13th generation to live in North America. His family moved often as his father worked at jobs along the West Coast, settled in Piedmont, California, the Eastwoods lived in a very wealthy part of town, had a swimming pool, belonged to the country club, and each parent drove their own car. Clint attended Piedmont Junior High School, shortly before he was to enter Piedmont High School, he rode his bike on the schools sports field and tore up the wet turf, this resulted in his being asked not to enroll. Clint graduated from the airplane shop, I think that was his major, joked classmate Don Kincaid. Another high school friend, Don Loomis, echoed I dont think he was spending much time at school because he was having a pretty good time elsewhere. I think what happened is he just went off and started having a good time, I just dont think he finished high school, explained Fritz Manes, a boyhood friend two years younger than Eastwood, who remained associated with him until their falling out in the mid-1980s. Biographer Patrick McGilligan notes that high school records are a matter of strict legal confidentiality. Eastwood worked at a number of jobs, including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, Eastwood has said that he tried to enroll at Seattle University but was then drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War. He always dropped the Korean War reference, hoping everyone would conclude that he was in combat, actually, hed been a lifeguard at Fort Ord in northern California for his entire stint in the military, commented Eastwoods former longtime companion, Sondra Locke
36.
Unforgiven
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Unforgiven is a 1992 American revisionist Western film directed by Clint Eastwood and written by David Webb Peoples. The film portrays William Munny, an outlaw and killer who takes on one more job years after he had turned to farming. Eastwood stated that the film would be his last Western for fear of repeating himself or imitating someone elses work, Eastwood dedicated the movie to deceased directors and mentors Don Siegel and Sergio Leone. The film won four Academy Awards, Best Picture and Best Director for Clint Eastwood, Best Supporting Actor for Gene Hackman, Eastwood was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, but he lost to Al Pacino for Scent of a Woman. The film was the third Western to win the Oscar for Best Picture, following Cimarron, in 2004, Unforgiven was added to the United States National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. The film is set in 1880 and 1881 in Big Whiskey, Wyoming, where Little Bill Daggett, two cowboys, Quick Mike and Davey-Boy Bunting, disfigure prostitute Delilah Fitzgerald after she laughs at the small size of Quick Mikes penis. As punishment for the cowboys, Little Bill allows them to pay compensation to the brothel owner, the rest of the prostitutes, led by Strawberry Alice, are infuriated by this leniency and offer a $1,000 reward to whoever can kill the cowboys. Miles away in Kansas, the Schofield Kid, a young man, visits the pig farm of William Munny. In his youth, Munny was a bandit, notorious for being a cold-blooded murderer, now a repentant widower raising two children, he has sworn off alcohol and killing. Though Munny initially refuses to help, his farm is failing, putting his childrens future in jeopardy, Munny reconsiders a few days later and sets off to catch up with the Kid. On his way, Munny recruits his friend Ned Logan, another retired gunfighter. Back in Wyoming, Britain-born gunfighter English Bob, an old acquaintance and rival of Little Bill, is seeking the reward and arrives in Big Whiskey with a biographer. Little Bill and his deputies disarm Bob, and Bill beats him savagely, the next morning he ejects Bob from town, but Beauchamp decides to stay and write about Bill, who has impressed him with his tales of old gunfights and seeming knowledge of the gunfighters psyche. Munny, Logan and the Kid arrive later during a rain storm, with a bad fever after riding in the rain, Munny is sitting alone in the saloon when Little Bill and his deputies arrive to confront him. With no idea of Munnys past, Little Bill beats him, Logan and the Kid, upstairs getting advances in kind on their payment from the prostitutes, escape out a back window. The three regroup at a barn outside of town, where they nurse Munny back to health, three days later, they ambush a group of cowboys and kill Bunting, though Logan and Munny show that they no longer have much stomach for murder. Logan decides to return home while Munny feels they must finish the job, Munny and the Kid head to the cowboys ranch, where the Kid ambushes Quick Mike in an outhouse and kills him. After they escape, a distraught Kid confesses he had never killed anyone before, when Little Sue meets the two men to give them the reward, they learn that Logan was captured by Little Bills men and tortured to death — but not before revealing Munnys identity
37.
Sergio Leone
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Sergio Leone was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leones film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. born in Rome, Leone was the son of the cinema pioneer Vincenzo Leone and the silent film actress Edvige Valcarenghi. During his schooldays, Leone was a classmate of his musical collaborator Ennio Morricone for a time. After watching his work on film sets, Leone began his own career in the film industry at the age of 18 after dropping out of law studies at the university. Working in Italian cinematography, he began as an assistant to Vittorio de Sica during the movie The Bicycle Thief in 1948, Leone began writing screenplays during the 1950s, primarily for the sword and sandal historical epics, popular at the time. When director Mario Bonnard fell ill during the production of the 1959 Italian epic The Last Days of Pompeii, starring Steve Reeves, Leone was asked to step in and complete the film. As a result, when the time came to make his directorial debut with The Colossus of Rhodes. His film A Fistful of Dollars was based upon Akira Kurosawas Edo-era samurai adventure Yojimbo, Leones film elicited a legal challenge from the Japanese director, though Kurosawas film was in turn probably based on the 1929 Dashiell Hammett novel, Red Harvest. A Fistful of Dollars is also notable for establishing Clint Eastwood as a star, until that time Eastwood had been an American television actor with few credited film roles. The look of A Fistful of Dollars was established by its Spanish locations, the film paid tribute to traditional American western films, but significantly departed from them in storyline, plot, characterization and mood. The characters were also morally ambiguous by appearing generously compassionate, or nakedly and brutally self-serving, relationships revolved around power and retributions were emotion-driven rather than conscience-driven. According to Christopher Fraylings book Something to do with Death, Leone knew a deal about the American Old West. It fascinated him as a child, which carried into his adulthood, the films featured innovative music scores by Ennio Morricone, who worked closely with Leone in devising the themes. Leone had a way of shooting scenes with Morricones music ongoing. In addition, Clint Eastwood stayed with the series, joined later by Eli Wallach, Lee van Cleef. Based on the success of The Man with No Name trilogy, the film was shot mostly in Almería, Spain and Cinecittà in Rome. It was also shot in Monument Valley, Utah. The film starred Charles Bronson, Henry Fonda, Jason Robards, Once Upon a Time in the West emerged as a long, violent, dreamlike meditation upon the mythology of the American Old West, with many stylistic references to iconic western films
38.
Gary Cooper
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Gary Cooper was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-five years, from 1925 to 1960, and he was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Coopers ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his appearing natural, the screen persona he sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as an extra and stunt rider. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms. In the postwar years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in such as The Fountainhead. In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion and he married New York debutante Veronica Balfe in 1933, and the couple had one daughter. Their marriage was interrupted by a three-year separation precipitated by Coopers love affair with Patricia Neal, Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his achievements in 1961. He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, the American Film Institute ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Frank James Cooper was born on May 7,1901, at 730 Eleventh Avenue in Helena, Montana to English immigrants Alice and his father emigrated from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and eventually a Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother emigrated from Gillingham, Kent and married Charles in Montana, in 1906, Charles purchased the 600-acre Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch about fifty miles north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River. Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses, hunt, in April 1908, the Hauser Dam failed and flooded the Missouri River valley along portions of the Cooper property, but Cooper and his family were able to evacuate in time. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena, at Dunstable, Cooper studied Latin and French, and took several courses in English history. While he managed to adapt to the discipline of an English school and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the class structure. After completing confirmation classes, Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3,1911, Coopers mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena
39.
Vera Cruz (film)
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Vera Cruz is a 1954 American Western theatrical film starring Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, and featuring Denise Darcel, Sara Montiel, Cesar Romero, Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson and Jack Elam. The movie was directed by Robert Aldrich from a story by Borden Chase, during the Franco-Mexican War, ex-Confederate soldier Ben Trane travels to Mexico seeking a job as a mercenary. He falls in with Joe Erin, a gunslinger who heads a gang of cutthroats. Trane uses a compliment to the Countess to get the Emperor to double it, during a river crossing, Trane and Erin noticed that the stagecoach in which the countess is traveling is extremely heavy. Erin later discovers that the stagecoach contains six cases of gold coins, first Trane and then the countess discover him looking at the gold. The countess informs them that it is worth $3 million which is being transported to pay for troops for Maximilians French army and they form an uneasy alliance to steal and split the gold. Unfortunately for their plans, the Marquis was listening from the shadows, also involved in the mix is General Ramírez a heroic Juarista leader. He and the other Juarista leaders soon suspect that there is more to the expedition than the Countess, eventually, the rest of Erins group also learn that something suspicious is going on and they demand to be let in on the secret. The different groups, including Juarista secret agent Nina, conspire to steal the gold for their own purposes, alliances are formed, quickly dissolved and others are formed. A ruse is successful in getting the gold to Veracruz where the Juarista troops attack the French in a battle over the ownership of the gold. Erin attempts to steal the gold for himself by getting the countess to reveal the location of the ship she had hired to transport the gold, however, Trane arrives in time to stop him. In the end, Trane and Erin face off in a showdown that concludes with Erins death, Trane leaves the gold and walks through the dead bodies from the battle while the wives and mothers of the Juarista troops search among the dead and wounded for their loved ones. The movie was a big hit in France. Vera Cruz was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on April 1st,2003 and you Cant Win Em All, a 1970 film with a similar plot set in the Greco-Turkish War. Vera Cruz at the Internet Movie Database Vera Cruz at the TCM Movie Database Vera Cruz at AllMovie
40.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
41.
Western fiction
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Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West frontier and typically set from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth century. Well-known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey from the early 20th century, the genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the popularity of televised Westerns such as Bonanza. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and has reached a new low in the 2000s, most bookstores, outside of a few west American states, only carry a small number of Western fiction books. The predecessor of the western in American literature emerged early with tales of the frontier, the most famous of the early 19th century frontier novels were James Fenimore Coopers five novels comprising the Leatherstocking Tales. Coopers novels were set in what was at the time the American frontier. As did his novel The Prairie, most later westerns would typically take place west of the Mississippi River, the Western as a specialized genre got its start in the penny dreadfuls and later the dime novels. Published in June 1860, Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter is considered the first dime novel. These cheaply made books were successful and capitalized on the many stories that were being told about the mountain men, outlaws, settlers. Many of these novels were fictionalized stories based on people, such as Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Wild Bill Hickok. By 1900, the new medium of pulp magazines helped to relate these adventures to easterners, popularity grew with the publication of Owen Wisters novel The Virginian and especially Zane Greys Riders of the Purple Sage. The first Hopalong Cassidy stories by Clarence Mulford appeared in 1904, when pulp magazines exploded in popularity in the 1920s, Western fiction greatly benefited. Pulp magazines that specialised in Westerns include Cowboy Stories, Ranch Romances, Star Western, West, the simultaneous popularity of Western movies in the 1920s also helped the genre. In the 1940s several seminal Westerns were published, including The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter van Tilburg Clark, The Big Sky and The Way West by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. and Shane by Jack Schaefer. Many other Western authors gained readership in the 1950s, such as Ray Hogan, Louis LAmour, the genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the tremendous number of Westerns on television. The burnout of the American public on television Westerns in the late 1960s seemed to have an effect on the literature as well, and interest in Western literature began to wane. Western novels, films and pulps gave birth to Western comics, which were popular, particularly from the late 1940s until circa 1967. Other notable long-running Marvel Western comics included Rawhide Kid Two-Gun Kid, DC Comics published the long-running series All-Star Western and Western Comics, and Charlton Comics published Billy the Kid and Cheyenne Kid. Magazine Enterprises Straight Arrow ran from 1950–1956, and Prize Comics Prize Comics Western ran from 1948–1956, fawcett Comics published a number of Western titles, including Hopalong Cassidy from 1948–1953
42.
Dodge City (film)
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Dodge City is a 1939 American Western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Ann Sheridan. Based on a story by Robert Buckner, the film is about a Texas cattle agent who witnesses the brutal lawlessness of Dodge City, Kansas, filmed in early Technicolor, Dodge City was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. This was the 7th of 11 movies that de Havilland and Flynn appeared in together, the action of the film starts with Colonel Dodge arriving on the first train and subsequently opening the new railroad line that links Dodge City with the rest of the world. In particular, it is Jeff Surrett and his gang who kill, steal, cheat and, generally, any new sheriff, sworn into office in Dodge, is quickly driven out of town by Surrett and his cronies. Colonel Dodges friend Wade Hatton, a lone Irish cowboy who was instrumental in bringing the railroad to Dodge City, is now on his way to the town leading a trek of settlers from the East coast. At Hattons side are his old companions Rusty and Tex, who are prepared to stay with him through thick, among the settlers are beautiful Abbie Irving and her irresponsible brother Lee, who, drunk, causes a stampede and is shot by Hatton in self-defense. When the group arrive in Dodge City, Hatton is confronted with the extent of the anarchy which is dictating everyday life there. Asked by anxious citizens—Abbies uncle, Dr. Irving among them—to be the new sheriff, Hatton politely declines, Hatton changes his mind when, during a school outing, a young boy, Harry Cole is inadvertently killed by Surrett and his men. Regardless, all in all, Hatton was quite capable of his new job and was off to a good start cleaning up the town, meanwhile, Hatton, Abbie and the likable newspaperman Joe Clemens uncover evidence of Surretts shady dealings enough to stand a chance in court. Before Joe could publish a story, one of Surretts thugs, the only witness who can put Surrett behind bars now is Abbie whom Hatton, out of love for her, arranges to leave town for safety until further notice. However, Surrett and his gang were waiting and sneak board to try, a gunfight then ensues and inadvertently causes a fire in the baggage car. Fearing for Hattons life, Abbie rushes to the car to warn him of the danger. Using her as a shield, Surrett orders Hatton and Rusty to release Yancey immediately, afterwards, Surrett locks Hatton, Abbie and Rusty in the burning car. After the three manage to escape from the car, Hatton and Rusty kill Surrett and his gang who were trying to make a getaway, in the end, Hatton succeeds in both overwhelming and catching the baddies and winning Abbies heart. Understanding how much Hatton is needed to settle the West, a loving Abbie heartily suggests she, although Errol Flynn was worried how audiences would accept him in Westerns, the film was a big hit and he went on to make a number of movies in that genre. Dodge City at the Internet Movie Database Dodge City at the TCM Movie Database Dodge City at AllMovie Dodge City at the American Film Institute Catalog Dodge City at Rotten Tomatoes
43.
Errol Flynn
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Errol Leslie Flynn was an Australian-born actor who achieved fame in Hollywood after 1935. He was known for his romantic roles in Hollywood films, as well as frequent partnerships with Olivia De Havilland. Errol Leslie Flynn was born in a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania and his mother was born Lily Mary Young, but shortly after marrying Theodore at St. Johns Church of England, Birchgrove, Sydney, on 23 January 1909, she changed her first name to Marelle. Flynn described his mothers family as seafaring folk and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats, both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish, English, and Scottish descent. Despite Flynns claims, the evidence indicates that he was not descended from any of the Bounty mutineers and his formal education ended with his expulsion from Shore for theft, and, he later claimed, for a sexual encounter with the schools laundress. He spent the five years oscillating between the New Guinea frontier territory and Sydney. In January 1931, he engaged to Naomi Campbell-Dibbs, the youngest daughter of Mr and Mrs R Campbell-Dibbs of Temora and Bowral NSW. Chauvel was looking for someone to play the role of Fletcher Christian, there are different stories how Errol Flynn was cast. According to one, Chauvel saw his picture in an article about a wreck involving Flynn. The most popular account is that he was discovered by cast member John Warwick, the film was not a strong success at the box office, but it was the lead role and seemed to ignite Flynns interest in acting. In late 1933 he returned to Britain to pursue a career in acting, Northampton is home to an art-house cinema named after him, the Errol Flynn Filmhouse. He performed at the 1934 Malvern Festival and in Glasgow, in 1934 Flynn was dismissed from Northampton Rep. after he threw a female stage manager down a stairwell. Asher cast him as the lead in Murder at Monte Carlo, the movie was not widely seen ), but Asher was enthusiastic about Flynns performance and cabled Warner Bros in Hollywood, recommending him for a contract. Executives agreed, and Flynn was sent out to Los Angeles, on the ship from London, Flynn met Lili Damita, an actress five years his senior whose contacts proved valuable when Flynn arrived in Los Angeles. Warner Bros publicity described him as an Irish leading man of the London stage and his first appearance was a small role in The Case of the Curious Bride. Flynn had two scenes, one as a corpse and one in flashback and his next part was slightly bigger, in Dont Bet on Blondes, a B-picture screwball comedy. Warner Bros were preparing a big budget movie, Captain Blood, based on the novel by Rafael Sabatini. They originally intended to cast Robert Donat but he turned down the role, Warners considered a number of other actors, including Leslie Howard and conducted screen tests of those they had under contract, such as Flynn
