1.
CBS Corporation
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CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The president, chief executive and executive chairman of the company is Leslie Moonves, sumner Redstone, owner of National Amusements, is CBSs majority shareholder and serves as chairman emeritus. The company began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, until then, the corporation was known as Viacom, and is the legal successor to said company. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS, CBS has its headquarters in the CBS Building, Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, United States. Viacom was created in 1971 as the television division of CBS. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation. In March 2005, Viacom announced plans of looking into splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating, on June 14,2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The split was structured such that the new Viacom was spun off from the old Viacom, in a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spinoff. However, in case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firms broadcast TV assets. With the split, the two new companies began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS rose 9 percent. Announced in January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as CBSs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party. In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOLs KOL, thus block would be called KOLs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS. On January 24,2006, CBS Corporation, and Warner Bros. announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, the network officially debuted on September 18,2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of Americas Next Top Model, the network is the result of a merger of The WB and UPN. CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network, tribune Broadcasting and CBS Corporation will contribute its stations as new network affiliates. Three days after the announcement of The CW, on January 27, on May 23,2006, CBS Corp. sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator, on June 30,2006, Cedar Fair announced that it has completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season
2.
Viacom (original)
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Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers
3.
Westinghouse Electric Company
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Westinghouse Electric Company LLC is a US based nuclear power company formed in 1998 from the nuclear power division of the original Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It offers nuclear products and services to utilities internationally, including fuel, service and maintenance, instrumentation, control. As of 2014 Westinghouse builds and operates approximately one-half of the operating nuclear plants. Westinghouses world headquarters are located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cranberry Township, Toshiba Group is the majority owner of Westinghouse. The projects responsible for loss are mostly the construction of four AP1000 reactors at Vogtle in Georgia. Westinghouse filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on March 29,2017. That same year, in 1999 CBS Corporation sold its nuclear business to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. And a year later CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, thus putting an end to the original Westinghouse, in July 2005 BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse, then estimated to be worth $2 billion. This attracted interest from companies, including Toshiba, General Electric. When the Financial Times reported on January 23,2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, on February 6,2006 Toshiba confirmed it was buying Westinghouse Electric Company for $5. 4bn and announced it would sell a minority stake to investors. Finally, the record of UK governments building nuclear plants had been a commercial disaster, on 13 August 2007 Toshiba sold 10% to Kazatomprom, the national uranium company for the Republic of Kazakhstan, for US$540 million, leaving Toshiba with 67%. Kazatomproms ownership is entirely passive, with no voting or veto rights or presence on the board of directors, in September,2011, Toshiba was reported to be in talks to acquire the Shaw stake and both companies confirmed the story soon thereafter. Toshiba said it was open to, and considering, having other partners invest in the business, the purchase closed in January 2013, and brought Toshibas share in the company to 87%. In 2015 concerns were expressed that the value of assets and goodwill in Westinghouse were overstated. S, in February 2017 Toshiba revealed unaudited details of a 390 billion yen loss, mainly in its US nuclear business which was written down by 712 billion yen. On 14 February 2017 Toshiba delayed filing financial results, and Toshiba chairman Shigenori Shiga, formerly chairman of Westinghouse, Toshiba is considering selling the Westinghouse nuclear business. On March 29,2017 Toshibas Westinghouse filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing a loss for Toshiba that could exceed $9 billion. The Wall Street Journal reported that four nuclear reactors being built in the south-eastern U. S. would be left to an unknown fate. The U. S. government had given $8.3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U. S, construction began in July 2007, the move lasted from June 2009 to December 2010. As part of this move, Westinghouse piloted the first commuter shuttle running a loop between Monroeville and Cranberry Township
4.
White-Westinghouse
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White-Westinghouse is an American home appliance brand currently used under license by trademark owner CBS Corporation. It was created in 1975 when White Consolidated Industries bought the Westinghouse Electric Corporations appliance unit, White Consolidated Industries was in turn acquired by Electrolux Group in 1986. Electrolux made White-Westinghouse branded appliances as recently as 2006, Westinghouse entered the major appliance industry by acquiring Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1917. It later moved production from Flint, Michigan to Mansfield, Ohio, Copeman had begun manufacturing its first electric ranges in 1914. Electric ranges were first demonstrated by Thomas Ahearn in 1892, gained in popularity as electrification became widespread throughout the United States, the company manufactured both large and small appliances for many years. Today, appliances bearing the White-Westinghouse name are made by Electrolux under license from CBS Corporation through its Westinghouse brand management subsidiary. In the mid-1990s, household products and electronics bearing the White-Westinghouse name were sold by Kmart stores in the United States and this essentially gave Kmart a private-label brand in the value category for household goods. This agreement was between Windmere-Durable Holdings, Salton/Maxim Housewares and New M-Tech Corp. who licensed the name from the then Westinghouse Electric, most larger-sized TVs were relabeled models produced by Daewoo Electronics Corp. This partnership dissolved in the early 2000s and many of the products were discontinued or switched to Kmarts Home Essentials brand, televisions continued to be produced by Daewoo, but were re-labeled as Curtis-Mathes, another brand licensed to Kmart for a brief period of time
5.
Paul Rand
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Paul Rand was an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc. He was one of the first American commercial artists to embrace and practice the Swiss Style of graphic design, Rand was a professor emeritus of graphic design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from 1956 to 1969, and from 1974 to 1985. He was inducted into the New York Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1972, Paul Rand was born on August 15,1914 in Brooklyn, New York. He embraced design at a young age, painting signs for his fathers grocery store as well as for school events at P. S. Rands father did not believe art could provide his son with a sufficient livelihood, Rand was largely self-taught as a designer, learning about the works of Cassandre and Moholy-Nagy from European magazines such as Gebrauchsgraphik. Rand Also attended Parsons The New School for Design and the Art Students League of New York and his career began with humble assignments, starting with a part-time position creating stock images for a syndicate that supplied graphics to various newspapers and magazines. Between his class assignments and his work, Rand was able to amass a large portfolio. Morris Wyszogrod, a friend and associate of Rand, noted that he figured that Paul Rand, four letters here, four letters there, roy R. Indeed, Rand was rapidly moving into the forefront of his profession. Although Rand was most famous for the logos he created in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1936, Rand was given the job of setting the layout for an Apparel Arts magazine anniversary issue. The cover art for Direction magazine proved to be an important step in the development of the Paul Rand look that was not as yet fully developed, a perfect union of the aggressive vertical and the passive horizontal. Rands most widely known contributions to design are his corporate identities, IBM, ABC, Cummins Engine, UPS, and the now-infamous Enron, among many others, owe Rand their graphical heritage. One of his strengths, as Moholy-Nagy pointed out, was his ability as a salesman to explain the needs his identities would address for the corporation, the logo was modified by Rand in 1960. The striped logo was created in 1972, the stripes were introduced as a half-toning technique to make the IBM mark slightly less heavy and more dynamic. Two variations of the logo were designed, one with eight stripes. Rand also designed packaging, marketing materials and assorted communications for IBM from the late 1950s until the late 1990s, ford appointed Rand in the 1960s to redesign their corporate logo, but afterwards chose not to use his modernized design. Although the logos may be interpreted as simplistic, Rand was quick to point out in A Designers Art that ideas do not need to be esoteric to be original or exciting. His Westinghouse trademark, created in 1960, epitomizes that ideal of minimalism while proving Rands point that a logo cannot survive unless it is designed with the utmost simplicity and restraint
6.
Westinghouse Licensing Corporation
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Westinghouse Licensing has its headquarters in New York City inside the headquarters of its parent, CBS Corporation, its predecessor was located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Monroeville, Pennsylvania. All traces of the Westinghouse name go back to the companys roots starting in 1886 when George Westinghouse founded the company in Pittsburgh. After the original Westinghouse acquired CBS Inc. in 1995 from Laurence Tisch, starting in 1996, it did just that, selling off many of its non-media assets that came with them. In 1997, Westinghouse acquired Infinity Broadcasting Corporation and was reorganized as the first CBS Corporation and this, however, ended the reign of the name that had been associated with America for 111 years. In 1999, CBS Corporation sold all of its businesses to BNFL. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was later sold to the Toshiba Group in 2007. In 2000, CBS Corporation was absorbed into Viacom, thus shutting down all what was left of the original Westinghouse for good, the Westinghouse licensing division was included in the merger, and Viacom obtained control of the Westinghouse trademarks. However, in 2005, Viacom changed its name to CBS Corporation, as of 2005, this incarnation of CBS Corporation continues to operate the Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. Though these products advertise the Westinghouse name, they are not manufactured by the historic Westinghouse company, salton had previous licensed the White-Whestinghouse trademark starting in 1996. Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, providing nuclear energy worldwide, tECO-Westinghouse Motor Company, maintains original Westinghouse large electric motor designs and manufactures new motors & generators from ¼ hp to 100,000 hp. Westinghouse Battery selling general purpose batteries, Industrial sealed lead acid batteries, westinghouse-home. com, selling security systems, garage-door openers and wireless intercoms The NCC, selling Westinghouse-branded electrical accessories, flashlights, timers and remotes. Westinghouse Electric Westinghouse Electric Company White-Westinghouse Official website
7.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
8.
George Westinghouse
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George Westinghouse, Jr. was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, gaining his first patent at the age of 19. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for much of his career, Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edisons main rivals in the implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouses electricity distribution system, based on alternating current, ultimately prevailed over Edisons insistence on direct current, in 1911 Westinghouse received the AIEEs Edison Medal For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system. George Westinghouse was born in 1846 in Central Bridge, New York, from his youth, he was talented at machinery and business. At the age of fifteen, as the Civil War broke out, Westinghouse enlisted in the New York National Guard and served until his parents urged him to return home. In April 1863 he persuaded his parents to him to re-enlist, whereupon he joined Company M of the 16th New York Cavalry. In December 1864 he resigned from the Army to join the Navy, after his military discharge in August 1865, he returned to his family in Schenectady and enrolled at Union College. However, he lost interest in the curriculum and dropped out in his first term there, Westinghouse was 19 years old when he created his first invention, the rotary steam engine. He also devised the Westinghouse Farm Engine, in 1867, Westinghouse met and soon married Marguerite Erskine Walker. They were married for 47 years, and had one son, George Westinghouse III, the couple made their first home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They later acquired houses in Lenox, Massachusetts, where they summered, at about this time, he witnessed a train wreck where two engineers saw one another, but were unable to stop their trains in time using the existing brakes. Brakemen had to run from car to car, on catwalks atop the cars, in 1869, at age 22, Westinghouse invented a railroad braking system using compressed air. It is a system, in that any rupture or disconnection in the train pipe will apply the brakes throughout the train. It was patented by Westinghouse on October 28,1873, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was subsequently organized to manufacture and sell Westinghouses invention. It was in time nearly universally adopted by railways, modern trains use brakes in various forms based on this design. The same conceptual design of air brake is also found on heavy trucks. Westinghouse pursued many improvements in railway signals, in 1881 he founded the Union Switch and Signal Company to manufacture his signaling and switching inventions. In 1879, Thomas Edison invented an incandescent light bulb
9.
Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania
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Cranberry Township is a township in Butler County, Pennsylvania. The population was 28,098 as of the 2010 census, Cranberry Township is one of the fastest-growing areas of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, and its population is projected to reach 50,000 by 2030. Cranberry Township is located in western Pennsylvania, the number of people commuting into the township to participate in its 20, 500-member workforce is considerably larger than the 9,200 township residents who commute to work outside of Cranberry. Cranberry Township is located in the southwest corner of Butler County and it is bordered by Jackson Township to the north, Forward Township at its northeast corner, Adams Township and the borough of Seven Fields to the east – all in Butler County. Pine Township and Marshall Township in Allegheny County border it to the south, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 22.8 square miles, of which 0.004 square miles, or 0. 02%, is water. The township’s policy-making body is its five-member, at-large board of supervisors who are elected to serve six-year terms. As of 2017, the composition of the board was entirely Republican, miracle League of Southwestern Pennsylvania has a ballfield in Graham Park with an adjacent fully accessible playground. Cranberry Public Library operates out of the township’s Municipal Center building as do its Early Education Preschool Program, its aerobics programs, as of July 2015, the U. S. Census estimated the township’s population at 30,458 in 10,769 households. The population density was 1,231.1 people per square mile, the racial makeup of the township was 94. 4% White,1. 2% African American,2. 8% Asian, and 1. 1% from two or more races. As of 2012,71. 98% of Cranberry’s male population 15 and older was married, the national rates were 53. 97% and 51. 02%, respectively. 44. 5% of the households had children under 18 living with them. The median population age as of 2016 was 35.96, the median income for a household in the township in 2016 was $101,963. Approximately 2. 5% of families were below the poverty line, in 1753, 21-year-old George Washington, who at the time was working for the Virginia Colony’s British governor, hiked through what is now Cranberry Township along the Venango Trail. His assignment was to deliver a message to the commander of the rival French Fort LeBoeuf, the commander rejected the order, precipitating the French and Indian War which the British and their colonies ultimately won, although at great cost. When the township was chartered in 1804, it included a substantially larger area than it does today. In 1854, its boundaries were redrawn, reducing Cranberry from 81 to 25 square miles, over the following decades, the Graham family and Samuel Duncan, another early settler, opened a tavern, a distillery, a sawmill, and a grist mill. In 1806, Graham began the community’s first church, the Plains Church, now the Plains United Presbyterian Church, which remains an active congregation. Descendants of the Graham family continue to reside in the community, which is confused with the homonymous Cranberry Township in Venango County
10.
Viacom
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Viacom, Inc. is an American media conglomerate with interests primarily in cinema and cable television. It is currently the sixth largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue—behind Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, Time Warner, and CBS Corporation. Voting control of Viacom is held by National Amusements, Inc. a privately owned theater company controlled by the billionaire Sumner Redstone, Redstone also holds – via National Amusements – a controlling stake in CBS Corporation. The current incarnation of Viacom was created on December 31,2005 as a spin-off from the incarnation of Viacom. CBS Corporation currently retains control of the broadcasting, TV production, subscription pay television and publishing assets. Predecessor firms of the original Viacom included Gulf+Western and Westinghouse Electric Corporation, in addition, the company was facing issues after MTV was banned from producing any more Super Bowl halftime shows after the Super Bowl Halftime Show controversy of 2004. Redstone was set to retire in the future, and a split was seen as a creative solution to the matter of replacing him. A new company, the present Viacom, was created and was headed by Freston and it comprises BET Networks, MTV Networks, and Paramount Pictures Corporation. In June 2005, Viacom announced its purchase of Neopets, a virtual pet website, along with GameTrailers, GoCityKids and that December, Paramount announced it would acquire DreamWorks. On February 1,2006, Paramount completed its acquisition of DreamWorks. On April 24, Viacom obtained Xfire, in August, just hours before announcing its most recent quarterly earnings, Viacom announced that it had acquired Atom Entertainment for $200 million. In September, Viacom acquired game developer Harmonix for $175 million, in February 2007, Viacom ordered leaked copyrighted video clips be taken off the videosharing service YouTube for copyright reasons. On February 21, Viacom publicly announced they would be offering free access to their own material through Silicon Valleys distributor Joost thanks to a thorough content licensing deal. All future Viacom content for India and new ventures such as a Hindi entertainment channel, on December 19,2007, Viacom signed a five-year, $500 million contract with Microsoft that included content sharing and advertisement. The deal allowed Microsoft to license many shows from Viacom owned cable television and film studios for use on Xbox Live, the deal also made Viacom a preferred publisher partner for casual game development and distribution through MSN and Windows. On the advertisement side of the deal, Microsofts Atlas ad-serving division became the provider of previously unsold advertising inventory on Viacom owned web sites. Also, Microsoft purchased a large amount of advertising on Viacom owned broadcasts, finally, Microsoft will also collaborate on promotions and sponsorships for MTV and BET award shows, two Viacom owned cable networks. On December 4,2008, Viacom announced layoffs of 850 personnel, at the end of the year, Time Warner Cable and Viacoms MTV Networks could not come to terms for the renewal of any Viacom channel beyond the end of year
11.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
12.
Westinghouse Air Brake Company
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The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was founded on September 28,1869 by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Earlier in the year he had invented the air brake in New York state. After having manufactured equipment in Pittsburgh for a number of years, he began to construct facilities, in 1889, the air brake manufacturing facility was moved to Wilmerding, Pennsylvania, and the companys general office building was built there in 1890. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was established by George Westinghouse in 1869, the Air Brake plant was moved to Wilmerding, Pennsylvania in 1889. Wilmerding is a town about 14 miles outside of Pittsburgh which. Socialism was strong in Wilmerding and it was a peaceful non-violent farming borough and it was thought to be “The Ideal Town” for the company because of its location right along the Pennsylvania Railroad and its mainly blue collar inhabitants. The Air Brake Company employed 3,000 citizens from the surrounding Pittsburgh area and this stretch of lightly populated farmland known as Wilmerding developed completely around this new and industrially important company and was finally put on the map. A little under one third of its population was somehow related, after the companys development business thrived. Many of the passengers that were departing or coming into Wilmerding stopped to shop at these stores along the sidewalk before heading home. One could get anything from hair cuts to comic books, groceries to lumber, working conditions at the Westinghouse Air Brake Company were more than adequate and the company had many new developments in effect for its employees. In 1869 it was one of the first companies to institute a 9-hour work day, wA&B also got the reputation for being the first industry in America to adopt half holidays on Saturday afternoons. A series of options were also instituted to better the working and living conditions of its employees. The Air Brake plant was very prosperous and was nothing far from a gift for this small town. By 1905 over 2,000,000 freight, passenger, mail, baggage, but just as in all big businesses, it had its ups and downs. There was one general complaint among the Wilmerding business men and it was that only about half of the workers could find work during the non-busy season. This made sense since these men and women depended entirely on the company, when the economy struggled and profits in the company declined, workers then had to alter their standard of living. Wilmerding’s prosperity and misfortune all depended on the success of the Air Brake Company, during this time, in the early 1900s, the Westinghouse Company built houses on a tract of land that it had purchased, in turn, it then sold those homes to its workers cheaply. The company also offered educational and cultural activities, usually run through the local Y. M. C. A, wA&B catered to those who were not exactly fit in its working conditions
13.
Electricity
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Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence of electric charge. Although initially considered a separate to magnetism, since the development of Maxwells Equations both are recognized as part of a single phenomenon, electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges, in addition, electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies. The presence of a charge, which can be either positive or negative. On the other hand, the movement of charges, which is known as electric current. When a charge is placed in a location with non-zero electric field, the magnitude of this force is given by Coulombs Law. Thus, if that charge were to move, the field would be doing work on the electric charge. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even then, practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the nineteenth century that engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry, electricitys extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society, long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the Thunderer of the Nile, Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Patients suffering from such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. He coined the New Latin word electricus to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed and this association gave rise to the English words electric and electricity, which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Brownes Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray, in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a key to the bottom of a dampened kite string. A succession of jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature
14.
East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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East Pittsburgh is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, about 11 miles southeast of the confluence of the Monongahela and the Allegheny rivers at Pittsburgh. The population in 1900 stood at 2,883, and in 1910, as of the 2010 census, the borough population was 1,822, having fallen from 6,079 in 1940. George Westinghouse erected large works there which supplied equipment to the power plants at Niagara Falls and for the elevated. Nearby, the George Westinghouse Bridge over Turtle Creek is a prominent fixture in the area, the first transmission from pioneering radio station KDKA was made from East Pittsburgh on November 2,1920. In 1928, a demonstration of a new medium was conducted at the Westinghouse laboratories in East Pittsburgh. Eventually, the new medium known as television. Vladimir Zworykin worked for Westinghouse Electric Corporation at that time and he lived in the borough of Wilkinsburg. The Westinghouse Works became the Research and Business Park Keystone Commons in 1989, the East Pittsburgh School District included Bessemer Avenue Elementary School and East Pittsburgh Junior/Senior High School on Howard Street. East Pittsburghs school colors were green and white, and its teams were called the Shamrocks. During the 1970-71 school year, the East Pittsburgh School District was merged, by court order, in the final basketball game between the two rivals, the Shamrocks defeated Turtle Creek, 65-63. East Pittsburgh is located at 40°23′49″N 79°50′24″W, the borough is about 3 miles outside of the easternmost city limits of Pittsburgh and about 10 miles from city hall in Pittsburgh. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,017 people,936 households, the population density was 5,163.5 people per square mile. There were 1,107 housing units at a density of 2,833.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 76. 10% White,20. 92% African American,0. 35% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 2. 18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 50% of the population,43. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the family size was 2.97. In the borough the population was out, with 25. 7% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 1% from 45 to 64
15.
Turbine
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A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating power when combined with a generator or producing thrust. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and waterwheels, gas, steam, and water turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery. Benoit Fourneyron, a student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine. A working fluid contains potential energy and kinetic energy, the fluid may be compressible or incompressible. Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy, the resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no change of the fluid or gas in the turbine blades, as in the case of a steam or gas turbine. Before reaching the turbine, the pressure head is changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid with a nozzle. Pelton wheels and de Laval turbines use this process exclusively, Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor. Newtons second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines, Impulse turbines are most efficient for use in cases where the flow is low and the inlet pressure is high. Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluids pressure or mass, the pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the stage or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow. The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newtons third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines, reaction turbines are better suited to higher flow velocities or applications where the fluid head is low. In practice, modern designs use both reaction and impulse concepts to varying degrees whenever possible
16.
Frank Conrad
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Frank Conrad was an electrical engineer, best known for radio development, including his work as a pioneer broadcaster. He worked for the Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh and his experimental radio station provided the inspiration, and he acted in an advisory role, for the establishment of Westinghouses first broadcasting service, over radio station KDKA. Conrad was born May 4,1874 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Herbert M. Conrad, a railroad mechanic, and Sadie Conrad. His formal education ended with 7th grade, however in 1928 his work would be recognized with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Pittsburgh, in 1904, the company appointed him General Engineer, and he was promoted to Assistant Chief Engineer in 1921. Conrad was awarded more than 200 patents internationally throughout his life, Conrad first became interested in radio in 1913, the result of a bet with a co-worker over whose watch was more accurate. Conrad won the bet, in part because he replaced his cheap watchs internal components with the mechanism from a more expensive watch. With this receiver he also overheard transmissions being made by a neighbor, John Coleman, so Conrad built a transmitter in order to communicate with Coleman and other local amateur radio operators. After moving from Swissvale to Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, he installed a radio station on the top floor of a two-story garage adjacent to his home, in the summer of 1916 this station was issued an Experimental license, with the callsign 8XK. At this time the station employed a spark-transmitter, thus could only be used for Morse code transmissions, in April,1917, due to the entrance of the United States into World War One, all civilian radio stations were ordered silenced, including 8XK. During the war Westinghouse was awarded government contracts related to developing radio technology, in addition to Morse code, this development work included radiotelephone transmissions, using the recently developed capabilities of vacuum-tube transmitters. He also produced an electrical generator, attached to a planes wing. Effective October 1,1920, the ban on radio stations was lifted. Although his station would not be formally relicensed until January 21,1921, Conrad resumed experimenting, again using the 8XK callsign, and now also testing vacuum-tube radiotelephone equipment. He was responsible for one of the countrys first post-war radio broadcasts and this was the start of a series of test broadcasts, and the novelty of the entertainment proved popular with his audience. Responding to their interest, Conrad adopted a schedule, primarily consisting of two hours on Saturday and also Wednesday nights. Most of these early broadcasts consisted of music, provided from Conrads record collection, after he exhausted this resource, he struck a deal with the local Brunswick Shop, in exchange for the store supplying him with recently released records, he would provide on-air acknowledgements. Conrads sons and niece were talented musicians and helped provide the entertainment and he also ran a telephone line from his homes music room to the transmitter in the garage, so performers could use the family piano. On June 26,1920, a concert was broadcast for the patients at the Tuberculosis League Hospital
17.
Benjamin G. Lamme
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Benjamin Garver Lamme was an American electrical engineer and chief engineer at Westinghouse, where he was responsible for the design of electrical power machines. Lamme was born on a farm near Springfield, Ohio, on 12 January 1864, from an early age he tinkered with machinery and made experiments of his ideas on the Lamme family farm. He liked things that rotated, especially at high speed, in later years he was able to solve complex problems in his engineering work using mental calculations. Lamme graduated from Olive Branch High School near New Carlisle, Ohio in 1883 and subsequently entered Ohio State University, in early 1889, Lamme read an article about Westinghouse forming the Philadelphia Natural Gas Company of Pittsburgh. Westinghouse hired Lamme and within a few months transferred him to the Westinghouse Electric Company, over a period of several years, he designed a variety of electrical motors and generators. Among his eight US patents were inventions on induction motors, electrical ship propulsion, bertha Lamme Feicht worked alongside her brother in the design of the turbogenerator at Niagara Falls. Operation began locally in 1895 and power was transmitted to Buffalo, New York, after a few years, she left Westinghouse to get married. The importance of Lammes methodology was realized in 1893 when Westinghouse began designing the first Niagara Falls 5000 kW generators, Lamme designed much of the apparatus for the Westinghouse exhibit at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, including alternating-current generators, induction motors, and rotary converters. In addition to his work on the Niagara Falls alternators. Lamme became chief engineer at Westinghouse in 1903 and held the position for the rest of his life, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railway adopted the Lamme’s single-phase electric rail system in 1905. In 1915, Lamme was nominated by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and was appointed by the Secretary of the Navy to represent the AIEE on the Naval Consulting Board, Lamme died July 8,1924 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the age of 60. In his will, he established the AIEE Lamme Medal to recognize members of the AIEE for meritorious achievement in the development of apparatus or machinery. His will also provided for a medal to be awarded by the American Society for Engineering Education for accomplishment in technical teaching. As technology advanced, one of Mr. Lamme’s responsibilities was to recruit, evaluate and he developed criteria for selecting the most talented persons for the design engineering work. He developed and taught the Westinghouse Engineering Course in which those selected spent full-time for six months, Lamme’s great interest in the people with whom he worked was returned by their affection, esteem and admiration for him as a great engineer. He was addressed by his friends and colleagues as well as his family by the affectionate “B. G. ”Lamme was very fond of classical music and accumulated a large collection of records. Lamme received the IEEE Edison Medal on May 16,1919, in the Auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building-the site that preceded the United Engineering Building of recent times-in New York City. The citation was “For Invention and Development of Electrical Machinery. ”The Edison Medal is presented for “a career of meritorious achievements in science or electrical engineering or electrical arts. ”On January 12,1923 Ohio State University presented Mr. Lamme with the Joseph Sullivant Medal
18.
William Stanley Jr.
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William Stanley Jr. was an American physicist born in Brooklyn, New York. In his career, he obtained 129 patents covering a variety of electric devices, in 1913, he also patented an all-steel vacuum bottle, and formed the Stanley Bottle Company. Stanley was born November 28,1858 in Brooklyn, NY, William Jr. attended Williston Seminary and later graduated from Yale University with the class of 1881. Stanley was as a working with tele keys and fire alarms of an early manufacturer. In Philadelphia, Stanley designed one of the first electrical installations, shortly thereafter, George Westinghouse hired Stanley as his chief engineer at his Pittsburgh factory. In 1885, Stanley built the first practical alternating current device based on Lucien Gaulard and this device was the precursor to the modern transformer. In December, under a new contract with Westinghouse, Stanley moved his operations to Great Barrington, in 1886, on March 20, Stanley demonstrated the first complete system of high voltage Alternating Current transmission, consisting of generators, transformers and high-voltage transmission lines. His system allowed the distribution of power over wide areas. He used the system to light offices and stores along the street of Great Barrington - the location of his West Avenue family home. Stanleys transformer design became the prototype for all future transformers, and he was the first person to make an electrical transformer, and his work in the electrification of Great Barringtons Main Street was named an IEEE Milestone. Satisfied with the system, Westinghouse began commercial production and shipped his companys first commercial to Buffalo NY. Orders for 25 alternating-current plants followed within months, in 1890, Stanley founded the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. In 1903 the General Electric Corporation purchased a controlling interest in the firm, the land on which the company once stood is now the site of the William Stanley Business Park of the Berkshires in Pittsfield. William Stanley Jr. was granted 129 patents for a range of products, patent 244,331, Circuit-closer for incandescent lamps U. S. Patent 316,302, Filament for incandescent electric lamps U. S, patent 322,496, Multiple incandescent electric lamp U. S. Patent 323,372, Carbon for incandescent lamps U. S, patent 324,894, Socket for incandescent electric lamp U. S. Patent 330,269, Holder for incandescent electric lamp U. S, patent 333,028, Globe for incandescent electric lamp U. S. Patent 349,613, Automatic cut-out for electric-lighting circuits U. S, patent 349,614, Automatic cut-out for electric-lighting circuit U. S
19.
Nikola Tesla
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He immigrated to the United States in 1884, where he would become a naturalized citizen. He worked for a time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a boat, one of the first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, in 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla went on to try and develop a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success, having spent most of his money, he lived in a series of New York hotels, leaving behind unpaid bills. The nature of his work and the pronouncements he made to the press later in life earned him the reputation of an archetypal mad scientist in American popular culture. Tesla died in New York City in January 1943 and his work fell into relative obscurity following his death, but in 1960, the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s, Tesla was born on 10 July 1856 into a Serb family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire. His father, Milutin Tesla, was an Orthodox priest, Teslas mother, Đuka Tesla, whose father was also an Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and mechanical appliances and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. Đuka had never received a formal education, Tesla credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mothers genetics and influence. Teslas progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro, Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had a brother, Dane, and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in an accident when Tesla was aged five. In 1861 Tesla attended primary school in Smiljan, where he studied German, arithmetic, in 1862 the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Teslas father worked as parish priest. Nikola completed primary school, followed by middle school, in 1870 Tesla moved to Karlovac to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium. The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier, Tesla would later write that he became interested in demonstrations of electricity by his physics professor. Tesla noted that these demonstrations of this mysterious phenomena made him want to more of this wonderful force
20.
Stephen Timoshenko
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Stepan Prokopovych Tymoshenko, was a Ukrainian and, later, an American engineer. He is considered to be the father of modern engineering mechanics, having started his scientific career in the Russian Empire, Timoshenko emigrated to Yugoslavia during the Russian Civil War and then to the United States. Timoshenko was born in the village of Shpotivka in the Chernigov Governorate of Ukraine and he studied at a realnaya school in Romny, Poltava Governorate from 1889 to 1896. In Romny his schoolmate and friend was future famous semiconductor physicist Abram Ioffe, Timoshenko continued his education towards a university degree at the St Petersburg Institute of engineers Ways of Communication. After graduating in 1901, he stayed on teaching in this institution from 1901 to 1903. In 1905 he was sent for one year to the University of Göttingen where he worked under Ludwig Prandtl, in the fall of 1906 he was appointed to the Chair of Strengths of Materials at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. The return to his native Ukraine turned out to be an important part of his career, from 1907 to 1911 as a professor at the Polytechnic Institute he did research in the earlier variant of the Finite Element Method of elastic calculations, the so-called Rayleigh method. During those years he also pioneered work on buckling, and published the first version of his famous Strength of materials textbook and he was elected dean of the Division of Structural Engineering in 1909. In 1911 he signed a protest against Minister for Education Kasso and was fired from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, in 1911 he was awarded the D. I. Zhuravski prize of the St. Petersburg Ways of Communication Institute that helped him survive after losing his job and he went to St Petersburg where he worked as a lecturer and then a Professor in the Electrotechnical Institute and the St Petersburg Institute of the Railways. During that time he developed the theory of elasticity and the theory of beam deflection, in 1918 he returned to Kiev and assisted Vladimir Vernadsky in establishing the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences – the oldest academy among the Soviet republics other than Russia. After the Armed Forces of South Russia of general Denikin had taken Kiev in 1919, after travel via Novorossiysk, Crimea and Constantinople to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he arrived in Zagreb, where he got professorship at the Zagreb Polytechnic Institute. In 1920, during the takeover of Kiev by the Polish army, Timoshenko travelled to Kiev, reunited with his family. He is remembered for delivering lectures in Russian while using as many words in Croatian as he could and his textbooks have been published in 36 languages. His first textbooks and papers were written in Russian, later in his life, from 1936 onward he was a professor at Stanford University. In 1957 ASME established a medal named after Stephen Timoshenko, he became its first recipient, the Timoshenko Medal honors Stephen P. Timoshenko as the world-renowned authority in the field of mechanical engineering and it commemorates his contributions as author and teacher. The Timoshenko Medal is given annually for distinguished contributions in applied mechanics, in 1960 he moved to Wuppertal to be with his daughter. He died in 1972 and his ashes are buried in Alta Mesa Memorial Park, Palo Alto, University of Michigan Stanford University Bergman, E. O. Kurzweil, A. C
21.
Vladimir K. Zworykin
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Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin was a Russian inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Educated in Russia and in France, he spent most of his life in the United States, Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes. He played a role in the development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes, infrared image tubes. Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin was born in Murom, Russia, in 1888, on July 29 and he had a relatively calm upbringing, and he rarely saw his father except on religious holidays. He studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, under Boris Rosing and he helped Rosing with experimental work on television in the basement of Rosings private lab at the School of Artillery of Saint Petersburg. They worked on the problem of electrical telescopy, something Zworykin had never heard of before, at this time, electrical telescopy was just a dream. Zworykin did not know that others had been studying the idea since the 1880s, Rosing had filed his first patent on a television system in 1907, featuring a very early cathode ray tube as a receiver, and a mechanical device as a transmitter. Its demonstration in 1911, based on a design, was the first worlds demonstration of TV of any kind. Zworykin graduated in 1912 and, thereafter, studied X-rays under professor Paul Langevin in Paris, Zworykin decided to leave Russia for the United States in 1918, during the Russian Civil War. He returned to Omsk, then capital of Admiral Kolchaks government in 1919, via Vladivostok and these duties ended with the collapse of the White movement in Siberia at the death of Kolchak. Zworykin then decided to remain permanently in the US, once in the U. S. Zworykin found work at the Westinghouse laboratories in Pittsburgh, where he eventually had an opportunity to engage in television experiments. He summarized the resulting invention in two patent applications and he was awarded a patent for the 1925 application in 1928, and two patents for the 1923 application that was divided in 1931, although the equipment described was never successfully demonstrated. Zworykin described cathode ray tubes as both transmitter and receiver, the operation, whose basic thrust was to prevent the emission of electrons between scansion cycles, was reminiscent of A. A. Campbell Swintons proposal published in Nature in June 1908. This would result in the signal being derived from the modest number of electrons released at the instant the cathode ray swept over an image point. Although he was told by management to devote his time to more practical endeavours, as attested by his doctoral dissertation of 1926, earning him a PhD from the University of Pittsburgh, his experiments were directed at improving the output of photoelectric cells. There were, however, limits to how far one could go along these lines, the move to the laboratories occurred in the spring of 1930, and the difficult task of developing a transmitter could begin. There was an evaluation in mid-1930, where the kinescope performed well. This was a design, one where the scanning electron beam would strike the photoelectric cell from the same side where the optical image was cast
22.
Thomas Edison
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Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as Americas greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Edison was an inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France. Edisons inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications and these included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his career as a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of generation and distribution to homes, businesses. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York, Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. and Nancy Matthews Elliott. His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario, in a known as Shewsbury, later Vienna. Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837 and his father, Samuel Sr. had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr. s struggle found him on the losing side, once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way of New Jersey and his mother taught him at home. Much of his education came from reading R. G, parkers School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age, the cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, Edisons family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit and he briefly worked as a telegraph operator in 1863 for the Grand Trunk Railway at Stratford, Ontario railway at age 16. He was held responsible for a near collision and he also studied qualitative analysis and conducted chemical experiments on the train until he left the job. Edison obtained the right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald
23.
Thomson-Houston Electric Company
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The Thomson-Houston Electric Company was a manufacturing company which was one of the precursors of the General Electric company. At that time the company moved its operations to a new building on Western Ave. in Lynn, Massachusetts, charles A. Coffin led the company and organized its finances, marketing and sales operations. Elwin W. Rice organized the manufacturing facilities, and Elihu Thomson ran the Model Room which was a precursor to the research lab. With their leadership the company grew into an enterprise of $10 million in sales and 4000 employees by 1892, in 1884 Thomson-Houston International Company was organized to promote international sales. In 1888 Thomson-Houston supplied the Lynn & Boston Street Railway with the generation and propulsion equipment for the Highland Circuit in Lynn, in 1889 Thomson-Houston bought out the Brush Company which resolved the arc lamp and dynamo patent disputes between them. British Thomson-Houston was created as a subsidiary of General Electric in May 1896 and it was previously known as Laing, Wharton and Down which was founded in 1886. BTH became part of Associated Electrical Industries in 1928, which saw BTH merged with its rival Metropolitan-Vickers, GEC demerged its defense businesses in 1999 to become Marconi plc and Marconi Corporation plc, now Telent plc. In 1893, the Compagnie Francaise Thomson-Houston was formed in Paris and it is from this company that the modern Thomson Group would evolve, demerged in 1999 to form Thomson Multimedia and Thomson-CSF. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric published 1941, innovation as a Social Process, Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric, 1870-1900. Woodbury, David O. Elihu Thomson, Beloved Scientist Haney, the Elihu Thomson Collection American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1944
24.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
25.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
26.
Siemens AG
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Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest manufacturing and electronics company in Europe with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide, the von Siemens family remain the largest shareholder with a stake of 6. 9% percent. Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847, based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October, in 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe,500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens. The London agency became an office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia, in 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line, in 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was independently invented by Charles Wheatstone. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric lighting in the town of Godalming. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs, in 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887, it opened its first office in Japan, Siemens & Halske was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert, in 1907, Siemens had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. In 1919, S & H and two companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, in the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government. Siemens exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps, the company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp
27.
British Nuclear Fuels Ltd
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British Nuclear Fuels Limited was a nuclear energy and fuels company owned by the UK Government. Until 2003 its headquarters were based at Risley, near Warrington, BNFLs headquarters were then moved to Daresbury Park industrial estate, also near Warrington. On 1 April 2005, BNFL formed a new holding company, in 2005, it transferred all of its nuclear sites to the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority. It then sold its Westinghouse Electric Company subsidiary in February 2006, later, BNFL sold the separate companies that made up its major subsidiary, British Nuclear Group, leaving a decommissioning and reprocessing organisation which became Sellafield Ltd. By May 2009, BNFL had completed the sales of all its assets and had no remaining operational activities or businesses, BNFL continued to exist only as a legal entity to meet all pension liabilities and any obligations arising from disposal programmes. However, on 14 October 2010, the Minister for the Cabinet Office, Francis Maude, British Nuclear Fuels Limited was set up in February 1971 from the demerger of the production division of the UK Atomic Energy Authority. In 1984 BNFL became a limited company as British Nuclear Fuels plc. Under the chairmanship of Christopher Harding, the Windscale plant was renamed as Sellafield, US subsidiary BNFL Inc was established in 1990 and specialised in decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear sites. In 1996 the UKs eight most advanced plants, seven Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor and one Pressurised Water Reactor were privatised as British Energy. The oldest reactors, the Magnox sites, were not attractive for commercial operations, on 30 January 1998 Magnox Electric was merged into BNFL as BNFL Magnox Generation. In 1999 it was discovered that BNFL staff had been falsifying some MOX fuel quality assurance data since 1996, a Nuclear Installations Inspectorate investigation concluded that the level of control and supervision. BNFL had to pay compensation to the Japanese customer, Kansai Electric, BNFLs Chief Executive John Taylor resigned, after initially resisting resignation when the NIIs damning report was published. As a consequence of crisis, a possible partial privatisation of BNFL was delayed by two years. In 1999 BNFL acquired Westinghouse Electric Company, the nuclear power businesses of CBS. Westinghouses businesses are fuel manufacture, decommissioning of nuclear sites and reactor design, construction, Westinghouse was acquired as a possible core for the privatisation of a portion of BNFL. In 2000 BNFL also purchased the businesses of ABB for £300 million. This company, which was merged into Westinghouse, had interests in the United States, Europe. In June 2000 BNFL took a 22. 5% stake in Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Ltd in South Africa, in January 2003 the research and development arm of BNFL was relaunched as Nuclear Sciences and Technology Services
28.
Toshiba
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Toshiba Corporation, commonly known as Toshiba and stylized as TOSHIBA, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Toshiba was founded in 1938 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K. K. through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho, the company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in 1978. Toshiba is organized into four groupings, the Digital Products Group, the Electronic Devices Group, the Home Appliances Group and the Social Infrastructure Group. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices, the Osaka Securities Exchange, Toshiba is the seventh largest semiconductor manufacturer in the world. Toshiba was founded in 1939 by the merger of Shibaura Seisakusho, Shibaura Seisakusho had been founded as Tanaka Seisakusho by Tanaka Hisashige in July 1875 as Japans first manufacturer of telegraph equipment. In 1904, it was renamed Shibaura Seisakusho, Tokyo Denki was founded as Hakunetsusha in 1890 and had been Japans first producer of incandescent electric lamps. It later diversified into the manufacture of consumer products and in 1899 had been renamed Tokyo Denki. The merger of Shibaura and Tokyo Denki created a new company called Tokyo Shibaura Denki and it was soon nicknamed Toshiba, but it was not until 1978 that the company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation. The group expanded rapidly, driven by a combination of growth and by acquisitions, buying heavy engineering. In 1977, Toshiba acquired the Brazilian company Semp, subsequently forming Semp Toshiba through the combination of the two companies South American operations, the Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal involved a subsidiary of Toshiba and the Norwegian company Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk. Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania said What Toshiba and Kongsberg did was ransom the security of the United States for $517 million, the contract ended in 2008, ending seven years of OEM production with Orion. In December 2004, Toshiba quietly announced it would discontinue manufacturing traditional in-house cathode ray tube televisions, in 2006, Toshiba terminated production of in-house plasma TVs. To ensure its competitiveness in the flat-panel digital television and display market. Before World War II, Toshiba was a member of the Mitsui Group zaibatsu, today Toshiba is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu, and still has preferential arrangements with Mitsui Bank and the other members of the keiretsu. Membership in a keiretsu has traditionally meant loyalty, both corporate and private, to members of the keiretsu or allied keiretsu. This loyalty can extend as far as the beer the employees consume, in July 2005, BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse Electric Company, then estimated to be worth $1.8 billion. In late 2007, Toshiba took over from Discover Card as the sponsor of the top-most screen of One Times Square in New York City and it displays the iconic 60-second New Years countdown on its screen, as well as messages, greetings, and advertisements for the company. In January 2009, Toshiba acquired the HDD business of Fujitsu, Toshiba announced on 16 May 2011, that it had agreed to acquire all of the shares of the Swiss-based advanced-power-meter maker Landis+Gyr for $2.3 billion
29.
Westinghouse Broadcasting
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The Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W, was the broadcasting division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It owned several radio and television stations across the United States, Westinghouse Broadcasting was formed in the 1920s as Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. It was renamed Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in 1954, and adopted the Group W moniker on May 20,1963 and it kept national sales offices in Chicago and Los Angeles. Group W stations are best known for using a distinctive corporate typeface, introduced in 1963, for their logos, similarly styled typefaces had been used on some non-Group W stations as well and several former Group W stations still use it today. The Group W corporate typeface is closely, but not accurately, the font is also used in the video game Damnation. Westinghouse Broadcasting was also known for two long-running television programs, the Mike Douglas Show and PM Magazine. The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company entered broadcasting with the November 2,1920 sign-on of KDKA radio in Pittsburgh, WBZA in Boston, a station which shared WBZs frequency and simulcasted WBZs programming, signed on in November 1924. Westinghouse initially owned a 20 percent stake in NBC, and as an all of Westinghouses stations became affiliates of NBCs Blue Network when it was launched on January 1,1927. Most of the Blue Networks programming originated at WJZ, which in 1923 had its license moved to New York City, in 1931, Westinghouse switched the call letters of its two Massachusetts stations, with WBZA moving to Springfield and WBZ going to Boston. The two stations had suffered from problems, though the Boston facility was the more powerful of the two. In 1934, KYW was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia following a Federal Communications Commission-dictated frequency realignment, Westinghouses next station was its first purchase, WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana joined the group in August 1936. The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941 saw all of Westinghouses original stations move to their current dial positions, with WOWOs power increase to 50,000 watts later that year, the Westinghouse stations were now also clear-channel stations. Among them, the four stations nighttime signals blanketed almost all of the half of North America. Despite the assignments which resulted from NARBA, WBZA became a 1, the Westinghouse group survived the government-dictated split of NBCs radio division in 1943. WBZ/WBZA, KDKA and KYW became affiliates of NBCs Red Network while WOWO, Westinghouse expanded to the West Coast in 1944 with its purchase of 5, 000-watt KEX in Portland, Oregon, a station which also shared a frequency with WOWO. Westinghouse would increase KEXs power to 50,000 watts in 1948, later in the 1940s, Westinghouse moved on to develop FM and television stations as the FCC began to issue permits for those services. Westinghouse built FM sister stations for WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, KYW, KEX and WOWO, FM radio was, initially, an unsuccessful venture for Westinghouse, and the company would silence most of its FM stations during the 1950s. Of the early Westinghouse FMs, only the original KDKA-FM and the second WBZ-FM facility proved to be worth keeping, moving back to AM radio, Westinghouse returned to Chicago with its 1956 purchase of WIND
30.
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
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Infinity Broadcasting Corporation was a radio company that existed from 1972 until 2005. It was founded by Michael A. Wiener and Gerald Carrus and it became associated with popular radio personalities like Opie and Anthony, Howard Stern, Don Imus and Mike Francesa. Infinity merged with CBS Corporation in 1997 and later part of Viacom in 2000. After the Viacom split in 2005, Infinity changed its name to CBS Radio, Infinity was founded in 1972 by two former Metromedia executives Michael A. In 1979, Infinity acquired WBCN in Boston, in 1981, Mel Karmazin was bought in as new president. Karmazin oversaw the operation of New Yorks WNEW-AM and WNEW-FM for Metromedia, soon after, the company acquired fellow New York stations WNEW-FM, WKTU, WZRC, and WFAN the following years, followed by WYSP-FM in Philadelphia. In 1983, Infinity absorbed KXYZ in Houston and WJMK-FM and WJJD in Chicago, Infinity became a publicly traded company in 1986. Within a year, it had purchased six more stations, KROQ-FM in Los Angeles, WJFK-FM in Washington, wQYK-AM/FM in Tampa, and KVIL-AM/FM in Dallas. The company reverted to a company in the late 1980s. In 1993, Infinity was expanded to 22 radio stations, in 1997, it was announced that Westinghouse Electric Corporation would acquire Infinity Broadcasting. Karmazin had attempted to acquire CBS, but Michael Jordan, CEO of Westinghouse, refused to sell the firm to Karmazin, the $4.9 billion deal was completed on December 31,1996. As a result of the Westinghouse purchase, Infinity was merged into the CBS Radio Group, Karmazin soon became chairman and CEO of CBS Radio, and took the control of the CBS television network. Shortly after, Westinghouse sold its assets and renamed itself as CBS Corporation. In 1998, CBS decided to spin off a portion of its radio, the stock offering was the largest in the media industry at the time and raised $2.87 billion. The most significant move during 1999, however, was the deal struck with Viacom in September, sumner Redstone, CEO of Viacom, shot down Karmazins offer to buy Viacom. Karmazin then offered CBS to Redstone, who made a $37 billion proposal to merge the two companies together. Viacom completed the CBS Corp. purchase in May 2000, at that same year, Infinity acquired Outdoor Systems and renamed it Infinity Outdoor. Under the new ownership by Viacom, Infinity acquired 18 radio stations from its competitor, Clear Channel Communications, the company also purchased Giraudy SA, an outdoor advertising company based in France
31.
The Nashville Network
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The Nashville Network, usually referred to as TNN, was an American country music-oriented cable television network. Programming included music videos, taped concerts, movies, game shows, syndicated programs, in 2012, the network was revived as a digital broadcast television network on November 1,2012. The revival of The Nashville Network took on the name Heartland on October 9,2013, the Nashville Network was originally launched as a basic cable and satellite television network on March 7,1983, operating from the now-defunct Opryland USA theme park near Nashville, Tennessee. Country Music Television, founded by Glenn D. Daniels, beat TNNs launch by two days, robbing TNN of the claim of being the first country music television network. TNN was originally owned by WSM, Inc. a subsidiary of National Life and Accident Insurance Company, TNNs flagship shows included Nashville Now and Grand Ole Opry Live, both of which were broadcast live from Opryland USA. During TNNs first year of broadcasting, American General Corporation, parent company of NL&AIC, the Gaylord Entertainment Company purchased TNN and the Opryland properties in the latter half of 1983. Much of TNNs programming during the Gaylord era was produced by Opryland Productions. Programming included variety shows, talk shows, game shows, outdoors shows, TNN even created stars, such as wily fisherman Bill Dance. Grand Ole Opry singer Bobby Lord, known for his skills as a sportsman, hosted the program Country Sportsman, inspired by ABCs The American Sportsman, the TNN show was later renamed Celebrity Sportsman after ABC objected to the similarity to their program. One of the most popular shows that aired on the network during this time was a variety show hosted by the music quartet The Statler Brothers. In 1991, Gaylord Entertainment purchased TNNs chief competitor, CMT, CMT continued to show country music videos exclusively throughout Gaylords ownership. Following the acquisition, TNN quickly phased out its music video blocks, in 1993, Ralph Emery began a short-lived retirement from broadcasting, and left Nashville Now in the process. Upon Emerys exit, the show was merged with fellow TNN program Crook & Chase, in 1996, Crook and Chase left the show to relaunch their eponymous program in daytime syndication, it would return exclusively to TNN in 1997. Meanwhile, Music City Tonight was again overhauled to more closely resemble its original Nashville Now format and this version was originally hosted by actor Tom Wopat. He was later replaced with singer/songwriter Gary Chapman, who enjoyed success with the show until its cancellation in 1999 as part of the networks change of focus. TNN had two subdivisions focused on specialty programming, TNN Outdoors and TNN Motor Sports, TNN Outdoors was responsible for the programming of hunting and fishing shows, while TNN Motor Sports was responsible for production of all of the networks auto racing and motorsports coverage. Regarding the latter, NASCAR races were the most prominently featured, however, races of other series such as IMSA, IRL, ASA, World of Outlaws, and NHRA were also showcased, as were motorcycle and monster truck racing. The outdoors and motorsports programs were so successful that, by the early 1990s, only those shows were seen on Sundays, most of the original entertainment-oriented programming ceased production during this period, and the network began to rely more on TNN Outdoors and TNN Motor Sports for programming
32.
CMT (U.S. TV channel)
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Its name is an initialism for Country Music Television, which has since been de-emphasized. It was the first nationally available cable channel devoted to country music, programming on the channel originally focused on country music, including music videos, taped concerts and biographies of country music stars. CMTs current programming now consists of original reality programs and scripted series, off-network syndicated shows. As of February 2015, approximately 86,989,000 American households receive CMT, CMTV, an initialism of Country Music Television, was founded by Glenn D. Daniels, the owner of Video World Productions in Hendersonville, Tennessee. Daniels put together the group of Telestar Corporation and the Blinder Robinson & Company investment bank in a three-way split. Daniels also served as the director and the first president of the network. The network launched on March 5,1983, at 6,19 p. m. CT, beating its chief competitor, TNN, the first video clip to air on CMT was Faron Youngs 1971 hit Its Four in the Morning. The following summer, MTV filed an infringement lawsuit over the initials CMTV. In 1991, Opryland USA and its owner Gaylord Entertainment Company acquired CMT in a $34 million deal, the network was sold by a group led by radio station owner Robert Sillerman and record producer James Guercio. Opryland USA and owner Gaylord also owned CMTs competitor The Nashville Network, in October 1992, CMT launched its first international channel, CMT Europe, as part of the Sky Multichannels package. By 1998, Gaylord reported $10 million in losses from CMT Europe, Gaylord had planned to emulate the successful model created by E. by selling large programming blocks to other European channels, but these plans never occurred. All shows eventually were cancelled by 2001, in 1995, CMT dropped all videos by Canadian artists without U. S. record contracts in response to the network being replaced in Canada by Calgary, Alberta-based New Country Network. By March 1996, CMT had eventually returned the dropped videos to its playlist after reaching an agreement to acquire a 20% ownership of New Country Network, in 1997, both CMT and TNN were sold to Westinghouse, then-owner of CBS for a reported $1.5 billion. In 1999, Viacom acquired CBS, assuming ownership of CMT and TNN, Viacom also changed the format of CMT, modeling it after sister networks MTV and VH1 to include series and movies, in addition to music videos. Despite the decrease in music videos, CMT has experienced significant ratings gains since its acquisition by MTV Networks in 1999, by 2007, the channel was available in more than 83 million homes. As of 2009, the network now reaches 88 million homes, on April 4,2012, CMT announced its first cartoon series, Bounty Hunters, featuring the voices of Jeff Foxworthy, Larry the Cable Guy and Bill Engvall who also serve as executive producers. CMT also announced that it would air Trinity 911, a 10-episode workplace docu-comedy that follows the police force in a small Texas town, Trinity 911 was later renamed Big Texas Heat and removed from the schedule after airing four episodes. CMTs current programming consists of entertainment programming, movies and reality shows
33.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
34.
Knoll (company)
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Knoll, Inc is a design firm that produces office systems, seating, files and storage, tables and desks, textiles, and accessories for the office, home, and higher education settings. The company manufactures furniture for the home by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Harry Bertoia, Florence Knoll, Frank Gehry, Maya Lin, over 40 Knoll designs can be found in the permanent design collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The company was founded in New York City in 1938 by Hans Knoll, production facilities were moved to Pennsylvania in 1950. After the death of Hans in 1955, his wife Florence Knoll took over as head of the company, the company is headquartered in East Greenville, Pennsylvania and has manufacturing sites in North America and Italy. In addition, the company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and trades under the symbol, in 2011, Knoll received the National Design Award for Corporate and Institutional Achievement from the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Many noteworthy designers have done work for Knoll, including, Many of the product are included in museum collections, such as the Cooper-Hewitt. In 1956 the company commissioned Eero Saarinen to design the Tulip chair for production, in 1953 the company was accorded exclusive manufacturing and sales rights to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe furniture, including the Barcelona chair designed for the 1929 Barcelona Pavilion. The company holds production rights to the Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer, in 1947 Knoll acquired exclusive U. S. production rights of the Hardoy chair by Jorge Ferrari-Hardoy. Knoll took legal action in 1950, in the end losing theír claim of copyright infringement, Knoll sponsors exhibitions, scholarships, and other activities related to Modernist architecture and design. In 2006, Knoll and the World Monuments Fund, a New York-based non-profit organization, launched Modernism at Risk, the World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize is awarded every two years to projects that preserve Modernist architecture. The school, built between 1928 and 1930, was a project of the Bauhaus design school, the architects were Hannes Meyer, then director of the Bauhaus, and Hans Wittwer. The 2010 prize went to the founders of DOCOMOMO, Hubert-Jan Henket and Wessel de Jonge, for the restoration of a 1920s sanatorium in Zonnestraal in Hilversum, The Netherlands. The 2012 prize was given to a consortium of Japanese architects and academics for the restoration of the 1950s Hizuchi Elementary School on Shikoku island, ergoCentric Herman Miller Vitra USM Modular Furniture Lumiy Knoll Knoll International World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism Prize 2008 brochure
35.
Alternating current
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Alternating current, is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, whereas direct current flows only in one direction. A common source of DC power is a cell in a flashlight. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, the usual waveform of alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine wave. In certain applications, different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves, audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. These types of alternating current carry information encoded onto the AC signal and these currents typically alternate at higher frequencies than those used in power transmission. Electrical energy is distributed as alternating current because AC voltage may be increased or decreased with a transformer, use of a higher voltage leads to significantly more efficient transmission of power. The power losses in a conductor are a product of the square of the current and this means that when transmitting a fixed power on a given wire, if the current is halved, the power loss will be four times less. Power is often transmitted at hundreds of kilovolts, and transformed to 100–240 volts for domestic use, high voltages have disadvantages, such as the increased insulation required, and generally increased difficulty in their safe handling. In a power plant, energy is generated at a convenient voltage for the design of a generator, near the loads, the transmission voltage is stepped down to the voltages used by equipment. Consumer voltages vary somewhat depending on the country and size of load, the voltage delivered to equipment such as lighting and motor loads is standardized, with an allowable range of voltage over which equipment is expected to operate. Standard power utilization voltages and percentage tolerance vary in the different mains power systems found in the world, high-voltage direct-current electric power transmission systems have become more viable as technology has provided efficient means of changing the voltage of DC power. HVDC systems, however, tend to be expensive and less efficient over shorter distances than transformers. Three-phase electrical generation is very common, the simplest way is to use three separate coils in the generator stator, physically offset by an angle of 120° to each other. Three current waveforms are produced that are equal in magnitude and 120° out of phase to each other, if coils are added opposite to these, they generate the same phases with reverse polarity and so can be simply wired together. In practice, higher pole orders are commonly used, for example, a 12-pole machine would have 36 coils. The advantage is that lower rotational speeds can be used to generate the same frequency, for example, a 2-pole machine running at 3600 rpm and a 12-pole machine running at 600 rpm produce the same frequency, the lower speed is preferable for larger machines. If the load on a system is balanced equally among the phases. Even in the worst-case unbalanced load, the current will not exceed the highest of the phase currents
36.
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
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Great Barrington is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 7,104 at the 2010 census. Both a summer resort and home to Ski Butternut, Great Barrington includes the villages of Van Deusenville and it is the birthplace of W. E. B. In 2012, Smithsonian magazine ranked Great Barrington #1 in its list of The 20 Best Small Towns in America, Great Barrington today is a vibrant small town acting as the hub for South County. The town and its surroundings support a population as well as second homes. Great Barrington is home to over 70 restaurants catering to a wide spectrum, the recently renovated Mahaiwe Theater has become a center for year-round music and cultural events. The Mahican Indians called the area Mahaiwe, meaning the place downstream and it lay on the New England Path, which connected Fort Orange near Albany, New York, with Springfield and Massachusetts Bay. The Konkapot River in southwestern Massachusetts is named after him, the village was first settled by colonists in 1726 and from 1742–1761 was the north parish of Sheffield. In 1761, it was incorporated as Great Barrington, named after the village of Great Barrington in Gloucestershire. In the summer of 1774,1,500 men shut down the Berkshire County Court in response to British oppression, in the winter of 1776, Henry Knox passed through Great Barrington while transporting the cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Siege of Boston. Due to his time in the area, he established an agricultural interest in the area of Great Barrington. With the arrival of the railroad in the late 19th century, Great Barrington developed as a Gilded Age resort community for those seeking relief from the heat, wealthy families built grand homes called Berkshire Cottages here, as others would in Lenox and Stockbridge. Leavitt was instrumental in the development of the local Housatonic Railroad, later estates included Searles Castle, commissioned in 1888 by the widow of Mark Hopkins together with her second husband, Edward Francis Searles, and Brookside, built for William Hall Walker. In 1895, Colonel William L. Brown, part owner of the New York Daily News, presented Great Barrington with a statue of a newsboy, Great Barrington is the birthplace of W. E. B. Du Bois, an African-American academic and civil rights activist, most known for being one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Du Bois was born on February 23,1868, at a house replaced by where present-day Route 23 would run. As a child, Du Bois attended the Congregational Church, many of these church members donated the funds needed for Du Bois to attend college. Du Bois lived in the town until he was seventeen, Du Bois Boyhood Homesite has interpretive trails and a walking tour
37.
Hartford Electric Light Company
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The Hartford Electric Light Company is a defunct electrical company that was located on Pearl Street in Hartford, Connecticut. It was merged with the Connecticut Power Company in 1958 and later these became Connecticut Light & Power and it is in the Ann Street Historic District. The history of the Hartford Electric Light Company begins with the Hartford Steam Company, the steam company built the originally brick building in 1880. The building had about a dozen boilers for producing heat and steam for their customers, the steam company introduced a new technology in 1881, an electric generator. It was Hartfords first electric service, the Hartford Electric Light Company in 1881 received its charter as an official company and took over the electrical part of Hartford Steam Company. At that time Hartford had about a thousand gaslights in 80 miles of the city streets and it began actual operations of the steam-powered electrical generating plant on Pearl Street in 1882. Austin Cornelius Dunham was the companys first president, the first major project the company did was electrical lighting to the Asylum Street railroad station in 1883. HELCO ultimately made Hartford the first city in America with a street lighting system. Hartford Light and Power Company, HELCOs competitor, bought the steam company, HELCO bought Hartford Light and Power Company in 1896. They then returned to their original Pearl Street plant, the Hartford Electric Light Company operated the first steam turbine by a public utility to produce electricity in America. The steam turbine generator was called Mary-Ann. It was installed at their Pearl Street plant in 1901, the Pearl Street plant also powered the citys street cars. The plant became a substation in 1905 when HELCOs Dutch Point plant was constructed, Dutch point in Hartford was so named because the Dutch under Adrian Block landed there in 1614, which was about two decades before the English settlers came there. This plant started in operation in 1905, and before this the main electricity supply for the city of Hartford came from the original Pearl street plant of the Hartford Electric Light Company. HELCO constructed in 1899 a dam on the Farmington River at Tariffville, there a powerhouse was built to generate electricity. This power plant was built with two pairs of 1300 horsepower water wheels and they connected to two seven-hundred kilowatt generators made by Westinghouse. This was the first time aluminum was used for the conductors in a transmission line, the Tariffville dam with the powerhouse was destroyed by flooding that came about because of two sequential hurricanes in August 1955. A1909 engineering report describes the station and its equipment as having two stations operated in conjunction with it
38.
Mary-Ann (turbine generator)
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Mary-Ann was the nickname given to the first steam turbine used in a public utility to generate electricity in America. Hartford Electric Light Company of Hartford, Connecticut, realized an extra demand for electricity in 1900, the turbine, built by Westinghouse and rated at 1.5 megawatts, ran at Hartford Electrics Pearl Street plant from 1901 to 1905. Connecticut was prosperous at the beginning of the twentieth century and this attracted large populations of people. Many industries developed and needed electricity to run their machinery, Hartford Electric Light Company ordered in January 1901 a Westinghouse-Parsons type steam turbine built by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The steam turbine weighed over ninety-thousand pounds so a specifically designed railcar was built to transport it, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad shipped the steam turbine. Their steam plant at Pearl Street housed the 45-ton Westinghouse unit that was about 7 feet high, the massive electric generating machine was nicknamed Mary-Ann. HELCO put the steam turbine into the powerplant in April 1901 and it ran at 1,200 rpm, turning a generator that produced two-phase alternating current at 60 Hz and 2,400 V. The steam turbine electric generator performed as expected, but did have difficulties at the beginning of installation. These problems were not entirely unexpected because there was no testing of the unit before shipment, technology was not advanced enough and the manufacturer had no way of fully loading the machine for a thorough test before shipping. One of the troubles that developed when the turbine was in operation was with lubrication, the mechanism around the turbine shaft leaked some oil and came in contact with steam which impaired its lubricating ability. Another problem that came up there was no testing at the manufacturers shop was concerning thrust. The design of the turbine allowed for ease of dismantling. These flaws were redesigned and eventually corrected for satisfactory operation, the steam turbine electric generator was moved to their Dutch Point plant in 1905. Another problem was that the design of the steam turbine required the water supply of the Connecticut River that came into Hartford. To solve that problem three cooling towers were built to capture the steam of the turbine and condense it back to water that could be used again. This way the water could be used over and over again for about a year. Hartford Electric Light Company first ordered the steam turbine on January 1st, on October 5th it was in full operation to generate the electricity needed for the city of Hartford and surrounding area. It was the first company in America to use a turbine for a public utility to generate electricity
39.
Westinghouse J40
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The Westinghouse J40 was to be a high-performance afterburning turbojet engine. These higher-power engines were deemed a failure, leaving the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics with only the earlier lower-power engines and these were eventually used for early flight testing. Failures in service led to the loss of aircraft, a government investigation of the F3H-1N program issue failed to determine if pilots had been lost due solely to the engine issues. The grounded airframes were scrapped or used for ground training. The F3H-2N used the Allison J71 engine, the J40s failure was among those that affected the most military programs. The program failure was due to lack of investment in research and experimental resources by Westinghouse. The engine program was far larger than is known, with 13 different models placed under contract. The projected need for the engines led BuAer to place a second source production contract with Ford Motor Company. The contract was cancelled after the engines failed in development, the J30 was the first American-designed turbojet to run, and was used in the McDonnell FH Phantom. The enlarged J34 was obsolete when introduced, but moderately successful, a new design following the rapid industry progress was needed. The J40 represented a big opportunity for Westinghouse to become a prominent player in the engine market. The U. S. Navy showed great confidence in the company when it bet the success or failure of a new generation of jets on Westinghouse over three other engine companies and it was in June 1947 that the Navys Bureau of Aeronautics contracted for its development. The prototype engine first ran in November 1948, as of that writing, the 50-hour flight substantiation test was to have been accomplished by June 1949 and the 150-hour qualification test by December 1949. The J40 was designed to deliver twice the thrust of engines currently in service and these included the Grumman XF10F Jaguar variable-sweep wing general-purpose fighter, the McDonnell F3H Demon and Douglas F4D Skyray interceptors. Growth to over 15,000 lbf of thrust in afterburner was projected, a version without afterburner, the J40-WE-6, was to power the Douglas A-3D Skywarrior twin-engine carrier-based bomber. The J40-8 was only a little over 40 inches in diameter but 25 feet long, with accessories and it weighed almost 3,500 pounds, the -6 being almost seven feet shorter and about 600 pounds lighter, since it did not have an afterburner. Both versions were accepted and became the engines these airframes were designed to use, the lower-power early development models were now intended to be used only for ground and initial flight testing until the high-power engines became available. Development of the big engine was protracted, the all-important 150-hour qualification test that was to have been accomplished in December 1949 was not completed until January 1951, a year behind schedule
40.
Interurban
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The interurban is a type of electric railway, with streetcar-like light electric self-propelled railcars which run within and between cities or towns. They were prevalent in North America between 1900 and 1925 and were used primarily for travel between cities and their surrounding suburban and rural communities. Limited examples existed in Europe and Asia, Interurban as a term encompassed the companies, their infrastructure, and the cars that ran on the rails. The interurban, especially in the United States, was a cultural institution. Most roads and town streets were unpaved, and transportation was by horse-drawn carriages, the interurban provided vital transportation links between the city and countryside. In 1915,15,500 miles of railways were operating in the United States. For a time, interurban railways were the fifth-largest industry in the United States, by 1930, most interurbans were gone, with few surviving into the 1950s. The term interurban was coined by Charles L. Henry, a senator in Indiana. The Latin, inter urbes, means between cities, the interurban fit on a continuum between urban street railways and full-fledged railroads. George W. Hilton and John F, Due identified four characteristics of an interurban, Electric power for propulsion. Passenger service as the primary business, equipment heavier and faster than urban streetcars. Operation on tracks in city streets, and in areas on roadside tracks or private right-of-way. The definition of interurban is necessarily blurry, there was a large amount of consolidation of lines following initial construction. In 1905 the United States Census Bureau defined an interurban as a railway having more than half its trackage outside municipal limits. It drew a distinction between interurban and suburban railroads, a suburban system was oriented toward a city center in a single urban area and served commuter traffic. A regular railroad moved riders from one city center to city center. The typical interurban similarly served more than one city, but it served a smaller region and made frequent stops. The 1880s and saw the first successful deployments of electric traction in streetcar systems, most of these built on the pioneering work of Frank J. Sprague, who developed an improved method for mounting an electric traction motor and using a trolley pole for pickup
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Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
42.
Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Bay Area Rapid Transit is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in Alameda, Contra Costa, BART operates 5 routes on 104 miles of track connecting 45 stations, plus a 3. 2-mile automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport which adds an additional station. A spur line in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies, with an average of 433,000 weekday passengers and 128.5 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2016, BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The systems acronym is pronounced Bart, like the name, BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, formed in 1957. As of 2017, it is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs, some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit Systems current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel, a new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s. Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959, passenger service began on September 11,1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART, before the system began revenue service, serious problems in the design and operation of the Automatic Train Control system were observed. Three engineers working for BART, Max Blankenzee, Robert Bruder, BART management was dismissive of their concerns, so the three took the issue to the board of directors. All but two of the directors voted in February 1972 to support management and reject the safety concerns, management retaliated against the engineers, firing them in March 1972. The IEEE later filed the first amicus brief in its history to support the engineers. The California Society of Professional Engineers reported to the California State Senate in June 1972 that there were serious safety risks with the ATC. Legislative analyst A. Alan Post, opened an investigation immediately, an ATC failure caused the train to run off the end of the elevated track and crash to the ground, injuring four people on-board, and drawing national and international attention. The “Fremont Flyer” led to a redesign of the train controls. The California State Public Utilities Commission imposed stringent oversight over train operations, the legislative analyst issued the first of three “Post Reports” in November 1972. The report was “sharply critical” of BART, finding that the ATC system was unreliable, the ATC program was mismanaged, and “no solution was in sight. ”The report accused BART of paying excessive fees for engineering services. BART’s general manager called the indictment of safety in the Post Report “not only disappointing, telephone calls were placed manually between stations, instead
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