1.
CBS Corporation
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CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The president, chief executive and executive chairman of the company is Leslie Moonves, sumner Redstone, owner of National Amusements, is CBSs majority shareholder and serves as chairman emeritus. The company began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, until then, the corporation was known as Viacom, and is the legal successor to said company. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS, CBS has its headquarters in the CBS Building, Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, United States. Viacom was created in 1971 as the television division of CBS. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation. In March 2005, Viacom announced plans of looking into splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating, on June 14,2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The split was structured such that the new Viacom was spun off from the old Viacom, in a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spinoff. However, in case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firms broadcast TV assets. With the split, the two new companies began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS rose 9 percent. Announced in January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as CBSs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party. In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOLs KOL, thus block would be called KOLs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS. On January 24,2006, CBS Corporation, and Warner Bros. announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, the network officially debuted on September 18,2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of Americas Next Top Model, the network is the result of a merger of The WB and UPN. CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network, tribune Broadcasting and CBS Corporation will contribute its stations as new network affiliates. Three days after the announcement of The CW, on January 27, on May 23,2006, CBS Corp. sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator, on June 30,2006, Cedar Fair announced that it has completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season
2.
Westinghouse Electric Company
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Westinghouse Electric Company LLC is a US based nuclear power company formed in 1998 from the nuclear power division of the original Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It offers nuclear products and services to utilities internationally, including fuel, service and maintenance, instrumentation, control. As of 2014 Westinghouse builds and operates approximately one-half of the operating nuclear plants. Westinghouses world headquarters are located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cranberry Township, Toshiba Group is the majority owner of Westinghouse. The projects responsible for loss are mostly the construction of four AP1000 reactors at Vogtle in Georgia. Westinghouse filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on March 29,2017. That same year, in 1999 CBS Corporation sold its nuclear business to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. And a year later CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, thus putting an end to the original Westinghouse, in July 2005 BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse, then estimated to be worth $2 billion. This attracted interest from companies, including Toshiba, General Electric. When the Financial Times reported on January 23,2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, on February 6,2006 Toshiba confirmed it was buying Westinghouse Electric Company for $5. 4bn and announced it would sell a minority stake to investors. Finally, the record of UK governments building nuclear plants had been a commercial disaster, on 13 August 2007 Toshiba sold 10% to Kazatomprom, the national uranium company for the Republic of Kazakhstan, for US$540 million, leaving Toshiba with 67%. Kazatomproms ownership is entirely passive, with no voting or veto rights or presence on the board of directors, in September,2011, Toshiba was reported to be in talks to acquire the Shaw stake and both companies confirmed the story soon thereafter. Toshiba said it was open to, and considering, having other partners invest in the business, the purchase closed in January 2013, and brought Toshibas share in the company to 87%. In 2015 concerns were expressed that the value of assets and goodwill in Westinghouse were overstated. S, in February 2017 Toshiba revealed unaudited details of a 390 billion yen loss, mainly in its US nuclear business which was written down by 712 billion yen. On 14 February 2017 Toshiba delayed filing financial results, and Toshiba chairman Shigenori Shiga, formerly chairman of Westinghouse, Toshiba is considering selling the Westinghouse nuclear business. On March 29,2017 Toshibas Westinghouse filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing a loss for Toshiba that could exceed $9 billion. The Wall Street Journal reported that four nuclear reactors being built in the south-eastern U. S. would be left to an unknown fate. The U. S. government had given $8.3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U. S, construction began in July 2007, the move lasted from June 2009 to December 2010. As part of this move, Westinghouse piloted the first commuter shuttle running a loop between Monroeville and Cranberry Township
3.
White-Westinghouse
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White-Westinghouse is an American home appliance brand currently used under license by trademark owner CBS Corporation. It was created in 1975 when White Consolidated Industries bought the Westinghouse Electric Corporations appliance unit, White Consolidated Industries was in turn acquired by Electrolux Group in 1986. Electrolux made White-Westinghouse branded appliances as recently as 2006, Westinghouse entered the major appliance industry by acquiring Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1917. It later moved production from Flint, Michigan to Mansfield, Ohio, Copeman had begun manufacturing its first electric ranges in 1914. Electric ranges were first demonstrated by Thomas Ahearn in 1892, gained in popularity as electrification became widespread throughout the United States, the company manufactured both large and small appliances for many years. Today, appliances bearing the White-Westinghouse name are made by Electrolux under license from CBS Corporation through its Westinghouse brand management subsidiary. In the mid-1990s, household products and electronics bearing the White-Westinghouse name were sold by Kmart stores in the United States and this essentially gave Kmart a private-label brand in the value category for household goods. This agreement was between Windmere-Durable Holdings, Salton/Maxim Housewares and New M-Tech Corp. who licensed the name from the then Westinghouse Electric, most larger-sized TVs were relabeled models produced by Daewoo Electronics Corp. This partnership dissolved in the early 2000s and many of the products were discontinued or switched to Kmarts Home Essentials brand, televisions continued to be produced by Daewoo, but were re-labeled as Curtis-Mathes, another brand licensed to Kmart for a brief period of time
4.
Paul Rand
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Paul Rand was an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc. He was one of the first American commercial artists to embrace and practice the Swiss Style of graphic design, Rand was a professor emeritus of graphic design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from 1956 to 1969, and from 1974 to 1985. He was inducted into the New York Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1972, Paul Rand was born on August 15,1914 in Brooklyn, New York. He embraced design at a young age, painting signs for his fathers grocery store as well as for school events at P. S. Rands father did not believe art could provide his son with a sufficient livelihood, Rand was largely self-taught as a designer, learning about the works of Cassandre and Moholy-Nagy from European magazines such as Gebrauchsgraphik. Rand Also attended Parsons The New School for Design and the Art Students League of New York and his career began with humble assignments, starting with a part-time position creating stock images for a syndicate that supplied graphics to various newspapers and magazines. Between his class assignments and his work, Rand was able to amass a large portfolio. Morris Wyszogrod, a friend and associate of Rand, noted that he figured that Paul Rand, four letters here, four letters there, roy R. Indeed, Rand was rapidly moving into the forefront of his profession. Although Rand was most famous for the logos he created in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1936, Rand was given the job of setting the layout for an Apparel Arts magazine anniversary issue. The cover art for Direction magazine proved to be an important step in the development of the Paul Rand look that was not as yet fully developed, a perfect union of the aggressive vertical and the passive horizontal. Rands most widely known contributions to design are his corporate identities, IBM, ABC, Cummins Engine, UPS, and the now-infamous Enron, among many others, owe Rand their graphical heritage. One of his strengths, as Moholy-Nagy pointed out, was his ability as a salesman to explain the needs his identities would address for the corporation, the logo was modified by Rand in 1960. The striped logo was created in 1972, the stripes were introduced as a half-toning technique to make the IBM mark slightly less heavy and more dynamic. Two variations of the logo were designed, one with eight stripes. Rand also designed packaging, marketing materials and assorted communications for IBM from the late 1950s until the late 1990s, ford appointed Rand in the 1960s to redesign their corporate logo, but afterwards chose not to use his modernized design. Although the logos may be interpreted as simplistic, Rand was quick to point out in A Designers Art that ideas do not need to be esoteric to be original or exciting. His Westinghouse trademark, created in 1960, epitomizes that ideal of minimalism while proving Rands point that a logo cannot survive unless it is designed with the utmost simplicity and restraint
5.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
6.
George Westinghouse
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George Westinghouse, Jr. was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, gaining his first patent at the age of 19. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for much of his career, Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edisons main rivals in the implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouses electricity distribution system, based on alternating current, ultimately prevailed over Edisons insistence on direct current, in 1911 Westinghouse received the AIEEs Edison Medal For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system. George Westinghouse was born in 1846 in Central Bridge, New York, from his youth, he was talented at machinery and business. At the age of fifteen, as the Civil War broke out, Westinghouse enlisted in the New York National Guard and served until his parents urged him to return home. In April 1863 he persuaded his parents to him to re-enlist, whereupon he joined Company M of the 16th New York Cavalry. In December 1864 he resigned from the Army to join the Navy, after his military discharge in August 1865, he returned to his family in Schenectady and enrolled at Union College. However, he lost interest in the curriculum and dropped out in his first term there, Westinghouse was 19 years old when he created his first invention, the rotary steam engine. He also devised the Westinghouse Farm Engine, in 1867, Westinghouse met and soon married Marguerite Erskine Walker. They were married for 47 years, and had one son, George Westinghouse III, the couple made their first home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They later acquired houses in Lenox, Massachusetts, where they summered, at about this time, he witnessed a train wreck where two engineers saw one another, but were unable to stop their trains in time using the existing brakes. Brakemen had to run from car to car, on catwalks atop the cars, in 1869, at age 22, Westinghouse invented a railroad braking system using compressed air. It is a system, in that any rupture or disconnection in the train pipe will apply the brakes throughout the train. It was patented by Westinghouse on October 28,1873, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was subsequently organized to manufacture and sell Westinghouses invention. It was in time nearly universally adopted by railways, modern trains use brakes in various forms based on this design. The same conceptual design of air brake is also found on heavy trucks. Westinghouse pursued many improvements in railway signals, in 1881 he founded the Union Switch and Signal Company to manufacture his signaling and switching inventions. In 1879, Thomas Edison invented an incandescent light bulb
7.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
8.
Westinghouse Air Brake Company
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The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was founded on September 28,1869 by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Earlier in the year he had invented the air brake in New York state. After having manufactured equipment in Pittsburgh for a number of years, he began to construct facilities, in 1889, the air brake manufacturing facility was moved to Wilmerding, Pennsylvania, and the companys general office building was built there in 1890. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was established by George Westinghouse in 1869, the Air Brake plant was moved to Wilmerding, Pennsylvania in 1889. Wilmerding is a town about 14 miles outside of Pittsburgh which. Socialism was strong in Wilmerding and it was a peaceful non-violent farming borough and it was thought to be “The Ideal Town” for the company because of its location right along the Pennsylvania Railroad and its mainly blue collar inhabitants. The Air Brake Company employed 3,000 citizens from the surrounding Pittsburgh area and this stretch of lightly populated farmland known as Wilmerding developed completely around this new and industrially important company and was finally put on the map. A little under one third of its population was somehow related, after the companys development business thrived. Many of the passengers that were departing or coming into Wilmerding stopped to shop at these stores along the sidewalk before heading home. One could get anything from hair cuts to comic books, groceries to lumber, working conditions at the Westinghouse Air Brake Company were more than adequate and the company had many new developments in effect for its employees. In 1869 it was one of the first companies to institute a 9-hour work day, wA&B also got the reputation for being the first industry in America to adopt half holidays on Saturday afternoons. A series of options were also instituted to better the working and living conditions of its employees. The Air Brake plant was very prosperous and was nothing far from a gift for this small town. By 1905 over 2,000,000 freight, passenger, mail, baggage, but just as in all big businesses, it had its ups and downs. There was one general complaint among the Wilmerding business men and it was that only about half of the workers could find work during the non-busy season. This made sense since these men and women depended entirely on the company, when the economy struggled and profits in the company declined, workers then had to alter their standard of living. Wilmerding’s prosperity and misfortune all depended on the success of the Air Brake Company, during this time, in the early 1900s, the Westinghouse Company built houses on a tract of land that it had purchased, in turn, it then sold those homes to its workers cheaply. The company also offered educational and cultural activities, usually run through the local Y. M. C. A, wA&B catered to those who were not exactly fit in its working conditions
9.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
10.
Electricity
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Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence of electric charge. Although initially considered a separate to magnetism, since the development of Maxwells Equations both are recognized as part of a single phenomenon, electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges, in addition, electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies. The presence of a charge, which can be either positive or negative. On the other hand, the movement of charges, which is known as electric current. When a charge is placed in a location with non-zero electric field, the magnitude of this force is given by Coulombs Law. Thus, if that charge were to move, the field would be doing work on the electric charge. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even then, practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the nineteenth century that engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry, electricitys extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society, long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the Thunderer of the Nile, Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Patients suffering from such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. He coined the New Latin word electricus to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed and this association gave rise to the English words electric and electricity, which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Brownes Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray, in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a key to the bottom of a dampened kite string. A succession of jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature
11.
East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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East Pittsburgh is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, about 11 miles southeast of the confluence of the Monongahela and the Allegheny rivers at Pittsburgh. The population in 1900 stood at 2,883, and in 1910, as of the 2010 census, the borough population was 1,822, having fallen from 6,079 in 1940. George Westinghouse erected large works there which supplied equipment to the power plants at Niagara Falls and for the elevated. Nearby, the George Westinghouse Bridge over Turtle Creek is a prominent fixture in the area, the first transmission from pioneering radio station KDKA was made from East Pittsburgh on November 2,1920. In 1928, a demonstration of a new medium was conducted at the Westinghouse laboratories in East Pittsburgh. Eventually, the new medium known as television. Vladimir Zworykin worked for Westinghouse Electric Corporation at that time and he lived in the borough of Wilkinsburg. The Westinghouse Works became the Research and Business Park Keystone Commons in 1989, the East Pittsburgh School District included Bessemer Avenue Elementary School and East Pittsburgh Junior/Senior High School on Howard Street. East Pittsburghs school colors were green and white, and its teams were called the Shamrocks. During the 1970-71 school year, the East Pittsburgh School District was merged, by court order, in the final basketball game between the two rivals, the Shamrocks defeated Turtle Creek, 65-63. East Pittsburgh is located at 40°23′49″N 79°50′24″W, the borough is about 3 miles outside of the easternmost city limits of Pittsburgh and about 10 miles from city hall in Pittsburgh. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,017 people,936 households, the population density was 5,163.5 people per square mile. There were 1,107 housing units at a density of 2,833.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 76. 10% White,20. 92% African American,0. 35% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 2. 18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 50% of the population,43. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the family size was 2.97. In the borough the population was out, with 25. 7% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 1% from 45 to 64
12.
Turbine
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A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating power when combined with a generator or producing thrust. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and waterwheels, gas, steam, and water turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery. Benoit Fourneyron, a student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine. A working fluid contains potential energy and kinetic energy, the fluid may be compressible or incompressible. Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy, the resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no change of the fluid or gas in the turbine blades, as in the case of a steam or gas turbine. Before reaching the turbine, the pressure head is changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid with a nozzle. Pelton wheels and de Laval turbines use this process exclusively, Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor. Newtons second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines, Impulse turbines are most efficient for use in cases where the flow is low and the inlet pressure is high. Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluids pressure or mass, the pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the stage or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow. The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newtons third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines, reaction turbines are better suited to higher flow velocities or applications where the fluid head is low. In practice, modern designs use both reaction and impulse concepts to varying degrees whenever possible
13.
Frank Conrad
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Frank Conrad was an electrical engineer, best known for radio development, including his work as a pioneer broadcaster. He worked for the Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh and his experimental radio station provided the inspiration, and he acted in an advisory role, for the establishment of Westinghouses first broadcasting service, over radio station KDKA. Conrad was born May 4,1874 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Herbert M. Conrad, a railroad mechanic, and Sadie Conrad. His formal education ended with 7th grade, however in 1928 his work would be recognized with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Pittsburgh, in 1904, the company appointed him General Engineer, and he was promoted to Assistant Chief Engineer in 1921. Conrad was awarded more than 200 patents internationally throughout his life, Conrad first became interested in radio in 1913, the result of a bet with a co-worker over whose watch was more accurate. Conrad won the bet, in part because he replaced his cheap watchs internal components with the mechanism from a more expensive watch. With this receiver he also overheard transmissions being made by a neighbor, John Coleman, so Conrad built a transmitter in order to communicate with Coleman and other local amateur radio operators. After moving from Swissvale to Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, he installed a radio station on the top floor of a two-story garage adjacent to his home, in the summer of 1916 this station was issued an Experimental license, with the callsign 8XK. At this time the station employed a spark-transmitter, thus could only be used for Morse code transmissions, in April,1917, due to the entrance of the United States into World War One, all civilian radio stations were ordered silenced, including 8XK. During the war Westinghouse was awarded government contracts related to developing radio technology, in addition to Morse code, this development work included radiotelephone transmissions, using the recently developed capabilities of vacuum-tube transmitters. He also produced an electrical generator, attached to a planes wing. Effective October 1,1920, the ban on radio stations was lifted. Although his station would not be formally relicensed until January 21,1921, Conrad resumed experimenting, again using the 8XK callsign, and now also testing vacuum-tube radiotelephone equipment. He was responsible for one of the countrys first post-war radio broadcasts and this was the start of a series of test broadcasts, and the novelty of the entertainment proved popular with his audience. Responding to their interest, Conrad adopted a schedule, primarily consisting of two hours on Saturday and also Wednesday nights. Most of these early broadcasts consisted of music, provided from Conrads record collection, after he exhausted this resource, he struck a deal with the local Brunswick Shop, in exchange for the store supplying him with recently released records, he would provide on-air acknowledgements. Conrads sons and niece were talented musicians and helped provide the entertainment and he also ran a telephone line from his homes music room to the transmitter in the garage, so performers could use the family piano. On June 26,1920, a concert was broadcast for the patients at the Tuberculosis League Hospital
14.
Benjamin G. Lamme
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Benjamin Garver Lamme was an American electrical engineer and chief engineer at Westinghouse, where he was responsible for the design of electrical power machines. Lamme was born on a farm near Springfield, Ohio, on 12 January 1864, from an early age he tinkered with machinery and made experiments of his ideas on the Lamme family farm. He liked things that rotated, especially at high speed, in later years he was able to solve complex problems in his engineering work using mental calculations. Lamme graduated from Olive Branch High School near New Carlisle, Ohio in 1883 and subsequently entered Ohio State University, in early 1889, Lamme read an article about Westinghouse forming the Philadelphia Natural Gas Company of Pittsburgh. Westinghouse hired Lamme and within a few months transferred him to the Westinghouse Electric Company, over a period of several years, he designed a variety of electrical motors and generators. Among his eight US patents were inventions on induction motors, electrical ship propulsion, bertha Lamme Feicht worked alongside her brother in the design of the turbogenerator at Niagara Falls. Operation began locally in 1895 and power was transmitted to Buffalo, New York, after a few years, she left Westinghouse to get married. The importance of Lammes methodology was realized in 1893 when Westinghouse began designing the first Niagara Falls 5000 kW generators, Lamme designed much of the apparatus for the Westinghouse exhibit at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, including alternating-current generators, induction motors, and rotary converters. In addition to his work on the Niagara Falls alternators. Lamme became chief engineer at Westinghouse in 1903 and held the position for the rest of his life, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railway adopted the Lamme’s single-phase electric rail system in 1905. In 1915, Lamme was nominated by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and was appointed by the Secretary of the Navy to represent the AIEE on the Naval Consulting Board, Lamme died July 8,1924 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the age of 60. In his will, he established the AIEE Lamme Medal to recognize members of the AIEE for meritorious achievement in the development of apparatus or machinery. His will also provided for a medal to be awarded by the American Society for Engineering Education for accomplishment in technical teaching. As technology advanced, one of Mr. Lamme’s responsibilities was to recruit, evaluate and he developed criteria for selecting the most talented persons for the design engineering work. He developed and taught the Westinghouse Engineering Course in which those selected spent full-time for six months, Lamme’s great interest in the people with whom he worked was returned by their affection, esteem and admiration for him as a great engineer. He was addressed by his friends and colleagues as well as his family by the affectionate “B. G. ”Lamme was very fond of classical music and accumulated a large collection of records. Lamme received the IEEE Edison Medal on May 16,1919, in the Auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building-the site that preceded the United Engineering Building of recent times-in New York City. The citation was “For Invention and Development of Electrical Machinery. ”The Edison Medal is presented for “a career of meritorious achievements in science or electrical engineering or electrical arts. ”On January 12,1923 Ohio State University presented Mr. Lamme with the Joseph Sullivant Medal
15.
William Stanley Jr.
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William Stanley Jr. was an American physicist born in Brooklyn, New York. In his career, he obtained 129 patents covering a variety of electric devices, in 1913, he also patented an all-steel vacuum bottle, and formed the Stanley Bottle Company. Stanley was born November 28,1858 in Brooklyn, NY, William Jr. attended Williston Seminary and later graduated from Yale University with the class of 1881. Stanley was as a working with tele keys and fire alarms of an early manufacturer. In Philadelphia, Stanley designed one of the first electrical installations, shortly thereafter, George Westinghouse hired Stanley as his chief engineer at his Pittsburgh factory. In 1885, Stanley built the first practical alternating current device based on Lucien Gaulard and this device was the precursor to the modern transformer. In December, under a new contract with Westinghouse, Stanley moved his operations to Great Barrington, in 1886, on March 20, Stanley demonstrated the first complete system of high voltage Alternating Current transmission, consisting of generators, transformers and high-voltage transmission lines. His system allowed the distribution of power over wide areas. He used the system to light offices and stores along the street of Great Barrington - the location of his West Avenue family home. Stanleys transformer design became the prototype for all future transformers, and he was the first person to make an electrical transformer, and his work in the electrification of Great Barringtons Main Street was named an IEEE Milestone. Satisfied with the system, Westinghouse began commercial production and shipped his companys first commercial to Buffalo NY. Orders for 25 alternating-current plants followed within months, in 1890, Stanley founded the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. In 1903 the General Electric Corporation purchased a controlling interest in the firm, the land on which the company once stood is now the site of the William Stanley Business Park of the Berkshires in Pittsfield. William Stanley Jr. was granted 129 patents for a range of products, patent 244,331, Circuit-closer for incandescent lamps U. S. Patent 316,302, Filament for incandescent electric lamps U. S, patent 322,496, Multiple incandescent electric lamp U. S. Patent 323,372, Carbon for incandescent lamps U. S, patent 324,894, Socket for incandescent electric lamp U. S. Patent 330,269, Holder for incandescent electric lamp U. S, patent 333,028, Globe for incandescent electric lamp U. S. Patent 349,613, Automatic cut-out for electric-lighting circuits U. S, patent 349,614, Automatic cut-out for electric-lighting circuit U. S
16.
Nikola Tesla
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He immigrated to the United States in 1884, where he would become a naturalized citizen. He worked for a time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a boat, one of the first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, in 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla went on to try and develop a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success, having spent most of his money, he lived in a series of New York hotels, leaving behind unpaid bills. The nature of his work and the pronouncements he made to the press later in life earned him the reputation of an archetypal mad scientist in American popular culture. Tesla died in New York City in January 1943 and his work fell into relative obscurity following his death, but in 1960, the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s, Tesla was born on 10 July 1856 into a Serb family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire. His father, Milutin Tesla, was an Orthodox priest, Teslas mother, Đuka Tesla, whose father was also an Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and mechanical appliances and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. Đuka had never received a formal education, Tesla credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mothers genetics and influence. Teslas progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro, Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had a brother, Dane, and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in an accident when Tesla was aged five. In 1861 Tesla attended primary school in Smiljan, where he studied German, arithmetic, in 1862 the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Teslas father worked as parish priest. Nikola completed primary school, followed by middle school, in 1870 Tesla moved to Karlovac to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium. The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier, Tesla would later write that he became interested in demonstrations of electricity by his physics professor. Tesla noted that these demonstrations of this mysterious phenomena made him want to more of this wonderful force
17.
Stephen Timoshenko
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Stepan Prokopovych Tymoshenko, was a Ukrainian and, later, an American engineer. He is considered to be the father of modern engineering mechanics, having started his scientific career in the Russian Empire, Timoshenko emigrated to Yugoslavia during the Russian Civil War and then to the United States. Timoshenko was born in the village of Shpotivka in the Chernigov Governorate of Ukraine and he studied at a realnaya school in Romny, Poltava Governorate from 1889 to 1896. In Romny his schoolmate and friend was future famous semiconductor physicist Abram Ioffe, Timoshenko continued his education towards a university degree at the St Petersburg Institute of engineers Ways of Communication. After graduating in 1901, he stayed on teaching in this institution from 1901 to 1903. In 1905 he was sent for one year to the University of Göttingen where he worked under Ludwig Prandtl, in the fall of 1906 he was appointed to the Chair of Strengths of Materials at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. The return to his native Ukraine turned out to be an important part of his career, from 1907 to 1911 as a professor at the Polytechnic Institute he did research in the earlier variant of the Finite Element Method of elastic calculations, the so-called Rayleigh method. During those years he also pioneered work on buckling, and published the first version of his famous Strength of materials textbook and he was elected dean of the Division of Structural Engineering in 1909. In 1911 he signed a protest against Minister for Education Kasso and was fired from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, in 1911 he was awarded the D. I. Zhuravski prize of the St. Petersburg Ways of Communication Institute that helped him survive after losing his job and he went to St Petersburg where he worked as a lecturer and then a Professor in the Electrotechnical Institute and the St Petersburg Institute of the Railways. During that time he developed the theory of elasticity and the theory of beam deflection, in 1918 he returned to Kiev and assisted Vladimir Vernadsky in establishing the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences – the oldest academy among the Soviet republics other than Russia. After the Armed Forces of South Russia of general Denikin had taken Kiev in 1919, after travel via Novorossiysk, Crimea and Constantinople to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he arrived in Zagreb, where he got professorship at the Zagreb Polytechnic Institute. In 1920, during the takeover of Kiev by the Polish army, Timoshenko travelled to Kiev, reunited with his family. He is remembered for delivering lectures in Russian while using as many words in Croatian as he could and his textbooks have been published in 36 languages. His first textbooks and papers were written in Russian, later in his life, from 1936 onward he was a professor at Stanford University. In 1957 ASME established a medal named after Stephen Timoshenko, he became its first recipient, the Timoshenko Medal honors Stephen P. Timoshenko as the world-renowned authority in the field of mechanical engineering and it commemorates his contributions as author and teacher. The Timoshenko Medal is given annually for distinguished contributions in applied mechanics, in 1960 he moved to Wuppertal to be with his daughter. He died in 1972 and his ashes are buried in Alta Mesa Memorial Park, Palo Alto, University of Michigan Stanford University Bergman, E. O. Kurzweil, A. C
18.
Vladimir K. Zworykin
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Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin was a Russian inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Educated in Russia and in France, he spent most of his life in the United States, Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes. He played a role in the development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes, infrared image tubes. Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin was born in Murom, Russia, in 1888, on July 29 and he had a relatively calm upbringing, and he rarely saw his father except on religious holidays. He studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, under Boris Rosing and he helped Rosing with experimental work on television in the basement of Rosings private lab at the School of Artillery of Saint Petersburg. They worked on the problem of electrical telescopy, something Zworykin had never heard of before, at this time, electrical telescopy was just a dream. Zworykin did not know that others had been studying the idea since the 1880s, Rosing had filed his first patent on a television system in 1907, featuring a very early cathode ray tube as a receiver, and a mechanical device as a transmitter. Its demonstration in 1911, based on a design, was the first worlds demonstration of TV of any kind. Zworykin graduated in 1912 and, thereafter, studied X-rays under professor Paul Langevin in Paris, Zworykin decided to leave Russia for the United States in 1918, during the Russian Civil War. He returned to Omsk, then capital of Admiral Kolchaks government in 1919, via Vladivostok and these duties ended with the collapse of the White movement in Siberia at the death of Kolchak. Zworykin then decided to remain permanently in the US, once in the U. S. Zworykin found work at the Westinghouse laboratories in Pittsburgh, where he eventually had an opportunity to engage in television experiments. He summarized the resulting invention in two patent applications and he was awarded a patent for the 1925 application in 1928, and two patents for the 1923 application that was divided in 1931, although the equipment described was never successfully demonstrated. Zworykin described cathode ray tubes as both transmitter and receiver, the operation, whose basic thrust was to prevent the emission of electrons between scansion cycles, was reminiscent of A. A. Campbell Swintons proposal published in Nature in June 1908. This would result in the signal being derived from the modest number of electrons released at the instant the cathode ray swept over an image point. Although he was told by management to devote his time to more practical endeavours, as attested by his doctoral dissertation of 1926, earning him a PhD from the University of Pittsburgh, his experiments were directed at improving the output of photoelectric cells. There were, however, limits to how far one could go along these lines, the move to the laboratories occurred in the spring of 1930, and the difficult task of developing a transmitter could begin. There was an evaluation in mid-1930, where the kinescope performed well. This was a design, one where the scanning electron beam would strike the photoelectric cell from the same side where the optical image was cast
19.
Thomas Edison
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Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as Americas greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Edison was an inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France. Edisons inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications and these included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his career as a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of generation and distribution to homes, businesses. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York, Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. and Nancy Matthews Elliott. His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario, in a known as Shewsbury, later Vienna. Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837 and his father, Samuel Sr. had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr. s struggle found him on the losing side, once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way of New Jersey and his mother taught him at home. Much of his education came from reading R. G, parkers School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age, the cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, Edisons family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit and he briefly worked as a telegraph operator in 1863 for the Grand Trunk Railway at Stratford, Ontario railway at age 16. He was held responsible for a near collision and he also studied qualitative analysis and conducted chemical experiments on the train until he left the job. Edison obtained the right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald
20.
Thomson-Houston Electric Company
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The Thomson-Houston Electric Company was a manufacturing company which was one of the precursors of the General Electric company. At that time the company moved its operations to a new building on Western Ave. in Lynn, Massachusetts, charles A. Coffin led the company and organized its finances, marketing and sales operations. Elwin W. Rice organized the manufacturing facilities, and Elihu Thomson ran the Model Room which was a precursor to the research lab. With their leadership the company grew into an enterprise of $10 million in sales and 4000 employees by 1892, in 1884 Thomson-Houston International Company was organized to promote international sales. In 1888 Thomson-Houston supplied the Lynn & Boston Street Railway with the generation and propulsion equipment for the Highland Circuit in Lynn, in 1889 Thomson-Houston bought out the Brush Company which resolved the arc lamp and dynamo patent disputes between them. British Thomson-Houston was created as a subsidiary of General Electric in May 1896 and it was previously known as Laing, Wharton and Down which was founded in 1886. BTH became part of Associated Electrical Industries in 1928, which saw BTH merged with its rival Metropolitan-Vickers, GEC demerged its defense businesses in 1999 to become Marconi plc and Marconi Corporation plc, now Telent plc. In 1893, the Compagnie Francaise Thomson-Houston was formed in Paris and it is from this company that the modern Thomson Group would evolve, demerged in 1999 to form Thomson Multimedia and Thomson-CSF. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric published 1941, innovation as a Social Process, Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric, 1870-1900. Woodbury, David O. Elihu Thomson, Beloved Scientist Haney, the Elihu Thomson Collection American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1944
21.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
22.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
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