1.
City
–
A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
West Virginia
–
West Virginia /ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP
3.
ZIP Code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
4.
Psychiatric hospital
–
Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialize only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients, others may specialize in the temporary or permanent care of residents who, as a result of a psychological disorder, require routine assistance, treatment, or a specialized and controlled environment. Patients are often admitted on a basis, but people whom psychiatrists believe may pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment. Psychiatric hospitals may also be referred to as psychiatric wards when they are a subunit of a regular hospital, modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal, a crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry, frequently dealing with suicidal, violent, or otherwise critical individuals. Open units are units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. Another type of hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. In the United Kingdom, both admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness, long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time-frame. Another institution for the mentally ill is a halfway house. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums, the development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. It greatly differed from the view in which the insane were viewed as under the influence of the Devil therefore needing to be isolated from society. The first psychiatric hospital was built by the Muslims in Baghdad in 705 AD, others would rapidly follow, with some of the more famous ones being built in Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD. The physicians of the Islamic world would invent and use a variety of treatments, including occupational therapy, music therapy, as well as medication. Western Europe would adopt these views later on with the advances of physicians like Philippe Pinel at the Bicêtre Hospital in France and they advocated the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. The arrival in the Western world of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an event of the nineteenth century, nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums, the Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every country compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. The Act required asylums to have written regulations and to have a resident physician, at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were a few thousand sick people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000
5.
4-H
–
4-H is a global network of youth organizations whose mission is engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development. In the United States, the organization is administered by the National Institute of Food, 4-H Canada is an independent non-profit organization overseeing the operation of branches throughout Canada. Throughout the world, 4-H organizations exist in over 50 countries, each of these programs operates independently but cooperatively through international exchanges, global education programs, and communications. The 4-H name represents four personal development areas of focus for the organization, head, heart, hands, as of 2007, the organization had over 6.5 million members in the United States, from ages 5 to 21, in approximately 90,000 clubs. The goal of 4-H is to develop citizenship, leadership, responsibility and life skills of youth through experiential learning programs and a positive youth development approach. Though typically thought of as an agriculturally focused organization as a result of its history, 4-H today focuses on citizenship, healthy living, science, engineering, the 4-H motto is To make the best better, while its slogan is Learn by doing. The foundations of 4-H began in 1902 with the work of people in different parts of the United States. The focal point of 4-H has been the idea of practical and hands-on learning, early programs incorporated both public and private resources. 4-H was founded with the purpose of instructing rural youth in improved farming and farm-homemaking practices, by the 1970s, it was broadening its goals to cover a full range of youth, including minorities, and a wide range of life experiences. So rural youth programs became a way to introduce new technology to the adults. Club work began wherever a person did something to give rural children respect for themselves and their ways of life. Instances of work with boys and girls can be found all throughout the 19th century. Graham started one of the programs in Clark County, Ohio, in 1902. The first club was called The Tomato Club or the Corn Growing Club, dad Erickson of Douglas County, Minnesota, started local agricultural after-school clubs and fairs also in 1902. Jessie Field Shambaugh developed the clover pin with an H on each leaf in 1910, early 4-H programs in Colorado began with youth instruction offered by college agricultural agents as early as 1910, as part of the outreach mission of the Colorado land grant institutions. The Smith-Lever Act formalized the 4-H programs and clubs began in the midwestern region of the United States. Although different activities were emphasized for boys and girls, 4-H was one of the first youth organizations to give attention to both genders. By 1924, these clubs became organized as 4-H clubs, the first 4-H camp was held in Randolph County, West Virginia
6.
West Virginia University
–
West Virginia University is a public, land-grant, space-grant, research-intensive university in Morgantown, West Virginia, United States. WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginias 55 counties, since 2001, WVU has been governed by the West Virginia University Board of Governors. Enrollment for the Fall 2015 semester was 28,776 for the main campus, WVU offers 191 bachelors, masters, doctoral, and professional degree programs in 15 colleges. WVU has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars, including former WVU president David C, the University has also produced 36 Goldwater Scholars,22 Truman Scholars, and five members of USA Todays All‑USA College Academic First Team. On December 4,1868, lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia University to represent a range of higher education. The University was built on the grounds of three academies, the Monongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831. Upon its founding, the newspaper claimed that a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science. The first campus building was constructed in 1870 as University Hall, and was renamed Martin Hall in 1889 in honor of West Virginia Universitys first president, the Rev. Alexander Martin of Scotland. After the Woodburn Seminary building was destroyed by fire in 1873, the name was changed to University Building in 1878, when the College of Law was founded as the first professional school in the state of West Virginia. The precursor to Woodburn Circle was finished in 1893 when Chitwood Hall was constructed on the north side. In 1909 a north wing was added to University Building, throughout the next decade, Woodburn Hall underwent several renovations and additions, including the construction of the south wing and east tower housing the Seth Thomas clock. The three Woodburn Circle buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, in 1899, the Vance Farm was acquired for the West Virginia University Experiment Station. WVU was required to have a Cadet Corps under the terms of the Morrill Act of 1862, the heavy military influence led to opposition of female enrollment that lasted through the first decade of the university. The trend changed in 1889, when ten women were allowed to enroll, in June 1891, Harriet Lyon became the first woman to receive a degree from West Virginia University, finishing first in the class ahead of all male students. Lyons academic success supported the acceptance of women in the university as students, during the Universitys early years, daily chapel services and roll call for all students were mandatory, limiting time for student recreation. Following the removal of these obligations, students became active in activities and established many of the schools first athletic. Phi Kappa Psi was the first fraternity on campus, founded May 23,1890, while Kappa Delta, the first football team was formed in 1891, and the first basketball team appeared in 1903. The Universitys outlook at the turn of the 20th century was optimistic, the campus welcomed U. S. President William Howard Taft to campus for WVU President Thomas Hodgess inauguration in 1911
7.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
8.
Historic districts in the United States
–
Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
9.
West Fork River
–
The West Fork River is a principal tributary of the Monongahela River,103 miles long, in north-central West Virginia in the United States. Via the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, the river is formed near the community of Rock Cave in southwestern Upshur County by the confluence of small headwaters tributaries known as Straight Fork and Whites Camp Fork. Among other tributaries, it collects Stonecoal Creek in Weston, Hackers Creek in southern Harrison County, Elk Creek in Clarksburg, the West Fork has a low gradient and is slow-moving throughout its course. It is locally popular for fishing, and is stocked with muskellunge by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. Other fish species in the river include carp, channel and flathead catfish, golden and rainbow trout, largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass, sauger, and walleye. Jacksons Mill was established along the north of Weston around the year 1800 by Edward Jackson, his grandson. The site has been operated as a 4-H facility since the 1920s, a walking trail parallels the river for 1.2 miles in Veterans Park in Clarksburg. For much of its length between Clarksburg and Fairmont, the West Fork is paralleled by a pair of rail trails on the route of a mid-19th century line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Harrison County Trail extends northward from Clarksburg, and the West Fork River Trail connects Shinnston to Fairmont. A long-term closure of the connection between the two trails is anticipated, due to the presence of waste at an industrial site near the community of Spelter in northern Harrison County. The West Fork River is not navigable by barge traffic, it is classified by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources as recreationally navigable for canoes. Construction of a system of locks, dams, and chutes was begun by the Monongahela Navigation Company in 1817, three miles south of Weston, the river is dammed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to form Stonewall Jackson Lake. Construction of the dam was delayed by the opposition of residents and began in the mid-1980s at an ultimate cost of $208 million. The dam is 95 feet tall and forms a 2, 650-acre lake, land along the lake is leased as a wildlife management area and Stonewall Jackson Lake State Park. While the dams in later years have come to be regarded as good fishing areas, the United States Board on Geographic Names settled on West Fork River as the streams name in 1902
10.
Interstate 79
–
It is a primary thoroughfare through western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and makes up part of an important corridor to Buffalo, New York, and the border with Canada. In West Virginia, Interstate 79 is known as the Jennings Randolph Expressway, in the three most northern counties it is signed as part of the High Tech Corridor. For most of its Pennsylvania stretch, it is known as the Raymond P. Shafer Highway, except at its northern end, I-79 is located on the Allegheny Plateau. Despite the somewhat rugged terrain, the road is relatively flat, most of the highway is at an elevation of about 1000 to 1200 feet above sea level, with some lower areas near both ends and higher areas near Sutton, West Virginia. In the hillier areas, this flatness is achieved by curving around hills, along ridges, from Sutton, West Virginia north, Interstate 79 generally parallels the path of U. S. Route 19. I-79 begins at a three-way directional Y interchange with Interstate 77 along the northwest bank of the Elk River just northeast of Charleston. For its first 67 miles, to a point just south of Flatwoods, I-79 is located in the watershed of the Elk River and it crosses the Elk River twice — at Frametown and Sutton - and never strays more than about 15 to 20 miles from it. I-79 enters Pennsylvania after leaving West Virginia University in Morgantown, WV, south of Washington, PA, I-79 traverses the mostly rural Greene County area. Between mile markers 34 and 38, I-79 is multiplexed with I-70 in the Washington, the freeway into Pittsburgh requires drivers to use I-376 while I-79 completely bypasses the city. Beyond the Pittsburgh area, I-79 traverses more rural areas in Butler, Lawrence, Mercer, Crawford, Route 422 for the 1973 and 1977 National Scout Jamborees, which were held at Moraine. The ramps were closed after the 1977 event, but remain in place as of 2013. I-79 was completely re-built in the Pittsburgh area in the early 1990s, the Pennsylvania General Assembly authorized the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission to build two extensions in the 1950s. The Northwestern Extension, authorized in 1953, was to stretch from the main Pennsylvania Turnpike north to Erie, and would have included a lateral connection between Ohio and New York. The Southwestern Extension, authorized in 1955, was to run south from the line near Pittsburgh to West Virginia. This extension also paralleled US19 to near Sutton, where it turned westerly to reach Charleston, on December 21,1967, the first section of I-79 in West Virginia, between Exits 125 and 132, opened to traffic. This five-mile section bypassed part of WV73 between Bridgeport and Fairmont, another five miles opened in July 1968, extending the highway on a bypass of downtown Fairmont to Exit 137. It was further extended 9.5 miles towards Morgantown on October 15,1970, on June 29,1970 the swap of I-79 and I-279 was approved. At the same time, I-76 was extended west from downtown Pittsburgh over former I-79 to the new location of I-79 west of Pittsburgh, on December 3,1971, I-76 was rerouted to bypass Pittsburgh, and I-279 was extended to I-79 utilizing the former section of I-76
11.
U.S. Route 19
–
U. S. Route 19 is a north–south U. S. Highway. Despite encroaching Interstate Highways, the route has remained a long-haul route, the highways southern terminus is at Memphis, Florida, which is just south of St. Petersburg at an intersection with U. S. Route 41. Its northern terminus is in Erie, Pennsylvania, at an intersection with U. S. Route 20 about two miles from the shores of Lake Erie, the length of the highway is 1,438 miles, including both U. S. Route 19E/U. S. Route 19W paths through North Carolina and Tennessee, US19 runs 264 miles along Floridas west coast from an interchange with US41 in Memphis, south of St. Petersburg, and continues to the Georgia border north of Monticello. US19 remains independent of I-75, even as the routes converge in the Tampa Bay Area, the secret designation for US19 in Florida, between Memphis and Perry, is SR55. Between Perry and Capps, it follows SR20, and between Capps and the Georgia border, it follows SR57, according to a Dateline NBC study, part of US19 in Florida is the most dangerous road in the United States. Multiple efforts to improve US19 have been suggested to the FDOT, among them, currently, US19 between Clearwater and St. Petersburg is getting a freeway-style upgrade due to the cancellation of an extension of Interstate 375 in the late 1970s. US19 pursues an independent path in Georgia, with Interstate 75 as much as 50 miles away, from the north side of the state, the first town it passes through is Blairsville. After about 37 miles of extremely curvy road, it arrives in Dahlonega, prior to the realignment to become concurrent with SR400, US19 was what is now known as SR9, traveling through the town centers of Dawsonville, Cumming, Alpharetta, and Roswell. Most of this section is an access highway with 2 lanes in each direction. At the junction with I-285s north side, it once again switches to become concurrent with SR9 and it follows Roswell Road south through the city of Sandy Springs and enters Atlanta from the north side of the city. After several miles, it intersects with SR141 in Buckhead and this is also where Roswell Road ends and becomes Peachtree Street. After continuing south on Peachtree Street, it becomes Spring Street in Midtown and it turns west onto 14th Street for a few miles and then turns south again and becomes concurrent with US41 through Downtown Atlanta and Metropolitan Parkway through the south side of the city. Once it leaves Atlanta, it continues south through Clayton County where it joins SR3 and it then proceeds through the western tip of Henry County, passing through Hampton, home of the Atlanta Motor Speedway. It then proceeds south to Griffin and splits from US41 and it continues south, passing through Zebulon, Barnesville, Thomaston, Butler, Ellaville, Americus, and Albany before exiting Georgia just south of Thomasville. US19 is co-signed with US129 from the Georgia line to Murphy, then is co-signed with US74, US19 and US74 are co-signed as far as Ela, after which US74 veers south, leaving US19 to head into the Great Smoky Mountains. US19 passes through the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation, for a brief time, US19 is co-signed with US276. Then US19 is co-signed with US23 from Lake Junaluska to Mars Hill, just north of Mars Hill, US19 continues solo to Cane River, where US19 splits, US 19E towards Burnsville and US 19W towards Erwin, Tennessee
12.
U.S. Route 33 in West Virginia
–
U. S. Route 33 is a United States Numbered Highway that runs northwest–southeast for 709 miles from northern Indiana to Richmond, Virginia, passing through Ohio and West Virginia en route. Although most odd-numbered U. S. routes are north–south, US33 is labeled east–west throughout its route except in Indiana where it is labeled north–south, as of 2016, the highways northern terminus is at U. S. Highway 20 in southeastern Elkhart, Indiana. Its eastern terminus is in Richmond, Virginia, prior to 1998, the route extended northward through South Bend, Indiana, to Niles, Michigan. In Virginia, Route 33 continues east as State Route 33 to Stingray Point, on the Chesapeake Bay near Deltaville, the road is the main overland link between the Fort Wayne metropolitan area and South Bend metropolitan statistical areas. From Elkhart, U. S.33 continues southeast passing through the suburbs of Dunlap and Midway before crossing State Road 15 and State Road 4, then continues southeast toward Benton as Lincolnway East. In Whitley County, the road eastward to bypass Blue Lake before intersecting with State Road 205 in Churubusco near the county line with Allen County as it heads toward Fort Wayne. Most of the route in the state, particularly east of Columbus, is expressway, the highway crosses over the Ravenswood Bridge into West Virginia. US33 extends 248 miles in West Virginia, from the Ohio River at Ravenswood to the Virginia state line atop Shenandoah Mountain west of Harrisonburg, shortly after entering West Virginia and crossing the Ohio River, US33 turns south, joining Interstate 77 to Ripley. The route then turns east from I-77, joining US119 at Spencer, then passing through rural areas of Roane, Calhoun, Gilmer. US33 Intersects Interstate 79 at Weston, West Virginia, from Interstate 79 east, US33 is a four-lane highway, part of Corridor H of the Appalachian Development Highway System. The four-lane segment continues on through rural areas of Upshur, and Randolph counties, US33 then joins SR28 at Seneca Rocks, West Virginia, and continues south in the Potomac River headwaters through scenic forest and farmland landscapes. US220 joins US33 for about half a mile in Franklin, after Franklin, US33 continues eastward through rural areas, then climbs steeply to cross Shenandoah Mountain at Dry River Gap at about 3,450 feet into Rockingham County, Virginia. U. S. Route 33 extends 139 miles in Virginia from the West Virginia state line west of Harrisonburg across the Shenandoah Valley, Blue Ridge Mountains, before its second truncation, it passed through Mishawaka and South Bend, Indiana. Former segments of US33 are now known as M-63, M-51, between South Bend and Fort Wayne, US33 was part of the Lincoln Highway. Various segments of US33 have been improved to limited-access freeways and these include Ohio segments from St. Marys to Wapakoneta, Huntsville to Dublin, and bypasses around Lancaster, Nelsonville, and Pomeroy. In West Virginia, US33 from Interstate 79 near Weston east nearly to Elkins is four-lane, the routes steep grade up Shenandoah Mountain is easternmost West Virginia has been widened, with some sharp curves improved. The highways travel concurrently through the city, i‑64 in Dumbarton I‑295 northwest of Glen Allen US522 in Cuckoo. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Cuckoo, the highways travel concurrently to Gordonsville
