1.
Documentary film
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary film
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary film
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary film
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
2.
Investigative journalism
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Investigative journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, such as serious crimes, political corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. An investigative journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report, Investigative journalism is a primary source of information. Most investigative journalism is conducted by newspapers, wire services, practitioners sometimes use the term accountability reporting. In many cases, the subjects of the wish the matters under scrutiny to remain undisclosed. There are currently university departments for teaching investigative journalism, conferences are conducted presenting peer reviewed research into investigative journalism. American journalism textbooks point out that muckraking standards promoted by McClures Magazine around 1902, furthermore, the successes of the early muckrakers continued to inspire journalists. John M. Crewdson of the Chicago Tribune wrote a 1996 article proposing the installment of defibrillators on American airliners, Crewdson argued that based on his research and analysis, Medical kits and defibrillators would be economically justified if they saved just 3 lives each year. Soon after the publication, airlines began installing defibrillators on planes. Ten years after installing defibrillators, American Airlines reported that 80 lives had been saved by the machines. S, since the 1980s has been accompanied by massive cuts in the budgets for investigative journalism. A2002 study concluded that investigative journalism has all but disappeared from the nations commercial airwaves, the major media conglomerates have found ways to retain their audience without the risks of offending advertisers inherent in investigative journalism. C. Raising Hell, Straight Talk with Investigative Journalists, by Ron Chepesiuk, Haney Howell, tell Me No Lies, Investigative Journalism That Changed the World, John Pilger, ed.2005
Investigative journalism
–
Journalism
3.
Bias
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Bias is an inclination or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective, often accompanied by a refusal to consider the possible merits of alternative points of view. Biases can be learned implicitly within cultural contexts, biased means one-sided, lacking a neutral viewpoint, or not having an open mind. Bias can come in forms and is related to prejudice. In science and engineering, a bias is a systematic error, statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average. A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting and that is, a pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably. People create their own subjective social reality from their own perceptions, thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. However some cognitive biases are taken to be adaptive, and thus may lead to success in the appropriate situation, furthermore, cognitive biases may allow speedier choices when speed is more valuable than precision. Other cognitive biases are a by-product of human processing limitations, coming about because of an absence of appropriate mental mechanisms, anchoring is a psychological heuristic that describes the propensity to rely on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions. According to this heuristic, individuals begin with an implicitly suggested reference point, apophenia, also known as patternicity, or agenticity, is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within random data. Apophenia is well documented as a rationalization for gambling, gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers which appear in lotteries, card games, or roulette wheels. One manifestation of this is known as the gamblers fallacy, pareidolia is the visual or auditory form of apophenia. It has been suggested that combined with hierophany may have helped ancient societies organize chaos. An attribution bias can happen when individuals assess or attempt to discover explanations behind their own, people make attributions about the causes of their own and others’ behaviors, but these attributions dont necessarily precisely reflect reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, individuals are inclined to perceptual slips that prompt biased understandings of their social world, there are a wide range of sorts of attribution biases, such as the ultimate attribution error, fundamental attribution error, actor-observer bias, and self-serving bias. The effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs, people also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization, belief perseverance, confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts, framing involves the social construction of social phenomena by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, and so on. It is an influence over how people organize, perceive, and it can be positive or negative - depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented
Bias
–
Confirmation bias has been described as an internal " yes man ", echoing back a person's beliefs like
Charles Dickens ' character
Uriah Heep.
Bias
–
Box offered by the
tobacco lobbyists to
Kartika Liotard in September 2013
4.
Dairy industry
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A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing of animal milk – mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffaloes, sheep, horses, or camels – for human consumption. A dairy is located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section of a multi-purpose farm that is concerned with the harvesting of milk. For example, in the United States, the dairy farm is commonly called a dairy. The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is called a milking parlor or parlor. The farm area where milk is stored in tanks is known as the farms milk house. Milk is then hauled to a plant, also referred to as a dairy. In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called milking parlours, as in the United States, sometimes milking sheds are referred to by their type, such as herring bone shed or pit parlour. Parlour design has evolved from simple barns or sheds to large structures in which the workflow is very efficiently handled. This on-site processing is a method of producing specialist milk products. In New Zealand English the singular use of the word dairy almost exclusively refers to a corner shop and this usage is historical as such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products. As an attributive, the word refers to milk-based products, derivatives and processes. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy factory processes it into a variety of dairy products and these establishments constitute the global dairy industry, a component of the food industry. Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years, initially, they were part of the subsistence farming that nomads engaged in. As the community moved about the country, their animals accompanied them, protecting and feeding the animals were a big part of the symbiotic relationship between the animals and the herders. In the more recent past, people in agricultural societies owned dairy animals that they milked for domestic and local consumption, the animals might serve multiple purposes. In this case the animals were normally milked by hand and the size was quite small. These tasks were performed by a dairymaid or dairyman, the word dairy harkens back to Middle English dayerie, deyerie, from deye and further back to Old English dæge. With industrialisation and urbanisation, the supply of milk became an industry, with specialised breeds of cattle being developed for dairy
Dairy industry
–
Old mountain pasture dairy in
Schröcken,
Vorarlberg, Austria in the
Bregenz Forest
Dairy industry
–
Farmer milking a cow by hand
Dairy industry
–
Wawa Dairy Farms in
Pennsylvania
Dairy industry
–
A rotary dairy shed
5.
Pharmaceutical industry
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The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices and they are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs. The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources, the first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome, Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly, in 1897, John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks. By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion, while highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant, following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration, amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, the discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy. A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, the researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the companys experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced, prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months. In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan, arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage
Pharmaceutical industry
–
Gleevec, a
drug used in the treatment of several
cancers, is marketed by
Novartis, one of the world's major
pharmaceutical companies.
Pharmaceutical industry
–
Diethylbarbituric acid was the first marketed barbiturate. It was sold by Bayer under the trade name Veronal
Pharmaceutical industry
–
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting a solution of the antibacterial
sulfanilamide formulated in the toxic solvent diethylene glycol
Pharmaceutical industry
–
Percent surviving by age in 1900, 1950, and 1997.
6.
Cowspiracy
–
Cowspiracy, The Sustainability Secret is a 2014 documentary film produced and directed by Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn. The film explores the impact of agriculture on the environment. Environmental organizations investigated in the film include Greenpeace, Sierra Club, Surfrider Foundation, Rainforest Action Network, the film was crowdfunded on IndieGoGo, with 1,449 contributors giving $117,092. This funding was 217% of their goal, and it allowed them to dub the film into Spanish and German and subtitle it into more than 10 other languages, including Chinese, screenings are licensed through the distributor as well as on Tugg. A new cut of the documentary, executive-produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, journalist Chris Hedges stated that this film led him to become a vegan. It was also nominated for Cinema Politica’s 2015 Audience Choice Award, doug Boucher, reviewing the film for the Union of Concerned Scientists, disputed the films claim that 51% of global greenhouse gases are caused by animal agriculture. Boucher describes the 51% figure as being sourced from a 2009 Worldwatch Institute report by Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang, Boucher claims the scientific consensus is that livestock contribute 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions - far lower than the 51% claimed by the film
Cowspiracy
–
Movie Poster for Cowspiracy
7.
Indiegogo
–
Indiegogo /ˌɪndiˈɡoʊɡoʊ/ is an international crowdfunding website founded in 2008 by Danae Ringelmann, Slava Rubin, and Eric Schell. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, the site is one of the first sites to offer crowd funding. Indiegogo allows people to solicit funds for an idea, charity, Indiegogo charges a 5% fee on contributions. This charge is in addition to card and PayPal charges that range from 3. 5% to 9%. Fifteen million people visit the site each month, in 2014, Indiegogo launched Indiegogo Life, a service that people can use to raise money for emergencies, medical expenses, celebrations, or other life events. Indiegogo Life did not charge a platform fee, in 2015 Indiegogo Life was renamed to Generosity. com. Donors use solely credit cards to donate, and processing is conducted by Stripe, stripes processing fees of 3% plus 30 cents of every donation still apply. In 2002, while working as an analyst on Wall Street, though the performance was popular with audiences, there was little financial incentive available, and Ringelmann decided to seek alternative revenue streams. Ringelmann was originally inspired to work with independent filmmakers and theater producers after a filmmaker 50 years her senior saw she worked at JPMorgan, in 2006, Ringelmann went on to the Haas School of Business to start a company she felt would democratize fundraising. There she met Eric Schell and Slava Rubin, who had had experiences with fundraising. Schell had previously worked with The House Theater Company in Chicago, while Rubin had started a charity fundraiser for cancer research, Ringelmann, Schell, and Rubin developed their concept in 2007, under the name Project Keiyaku. The site officially launched at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2008, in June 2010, MTV New Media partnered with Indiegogo to develop new content from the sites projects. In September 2011, the company raised a $1.5 million Series Seed financing round, led by Metamorphic Ventures, ff Venture Capital, MHS Capital and Steve Schoettler, Zyngas co-founder. In February 2012, President Barack Obamas Startup America partnered with Indiegogo to offer crowdfunding to entrepreneurs in the U. S, in June 2012, Indiegogo raised a $15 million Series A round from Insight Ventures, Khosla Ventures and Steve Schoettler, Zyngas co-founder. In January 2014, a Series B round of funding added $40 million to bring the total capital raised to $56.5 million. In an interview with Film Threat, Rubin said the site is “. all about allowing anybody to raise money for any idea. ”Users can create a page for their campaign, set up an account with PayPal, make a list of perks for different levels of investment. Users publicize the projects themselves—through Facebook, Twitter and similar platforms, the site levies a 5% fee for successful campaigns. For campaigns that fail to raise their target amount, users have the option of either refunding all money to their contributors at no charge or keeping all money raised minus a 9% fee
Indiegogo
–
Indiegogo
8.
Vimeo
–
Vimeo is a video-sharing website in which users can upload, share and view videos. It was the first video sharing site to support high-definition video, Vimeo was founded in November 2004 by Jake Lodwick and Zach Klein. Vimeo was founded in November 2004 by Jake Lodwick and Zach Klein, the name Vimeo was created by Lodwick, as a play on the words video and me. Vimeo is also an anagram of the word movie, IAC purchased Vimeo in August 2006, as part of its acquisition of Connected Ventures. In January 2009, Dae Mellencamp joined IAC as general manager of Vimeo and she served as CEO until March 19,2012, when Kerry Trainor joined Vimeo as CEO. As of December 2013, Vimeo attracts more than 100 million unique visitors per month, fifteen percent of Vimeo’s traffic comes from mobile devices. As of February 2013, Vimeo accounted for 0. 11% of all Internet bandwidth, following fellow video sharing sites YouTube, the community of Vimeo includes indie filmmakers and their fans. The Vimeo community has adopted the name Vimeans, meaning a member of the Vimeo community, usually one who is active, the White House posts high-definition versions of its broadcasts to Vimeo. Vimeo has helped to offload traffic from Improv Everywheres servers after new pranks are announced, Vimeo was also the original location of Noah Kalinas everyday video, a popular viral video. On July 21,2008, Vimeo announced that it would no longer allow gaming videos, Vimeo cited a few reasons, including that the unusually long duration of gaming videos was holding back transcoder wait times, existing gaming videos were deleted on September 1,2008. The ban was lifted in October 2014, until then, all new uploads were subject to the rule, but machinima videos with a story of their own were still permitted. On December 2,2015, Vimeo released an update which will see 4K streaming technology rolling out within the first quarter of 2016, the Vimeo app, available for iOS and Android allows for video playback and limited user account management. On October 9,2007, Vimeo announced support for high definition playback in 1280×720, uploaded HD videos were automatically converted into 720/30p VP6 Flash video. Since August 2010, all videos are encoded into H.264 for HTML5 support, all videos uploaded before were re-encoded. Non-Plus users can upload up to 500 MB of videos per week, non-HD videos re-encode at a maximum of 30 frame/s but suffer in general video image quality, which is inline with the low bitrate for videos in the 640×360 size. Usually the video content is re-encoded to bitrate below 0.5 Mbit/s and this is not enough to reproduce the fine details that can be captured from, e. g. a consumer video camera or a smartphone. Vimeo began its service with free accounts, limited to 20 MB of disk space weekly. This limit was raised to 30 MB in 2006, then to 250 MB in January 2007, in July 2006, Vimeo Plus launched for $44. 95/year
Vimeo
–
Jakob Lodwick and
Zach Klein, founders of Vimeo
Vimeo
9.
Michael Greger
–
He is a vegan and creator of NutritionFacts. org. Greger went to college at Cornell University School of Agriculture, where as a junior he wrote informally about the dangers of bovine spongiform encephalopathy on a website he published in 1994. In the same year he was hired to work on mad cow issues for Farm Sanctuary, near Cornell and he went to Tufts University School of Medicine, originally for its MD/PhD program, but he withdrew from the dual degree program and only pursued the medical degree. He graduated in 1999 as a general practitioner specializing in clinical nutrition, in 2004 he launched a website and published a book critical of the Atkins Diet and other low carb diets. In 2004, the American College Of Lifestyle Medicine was formed in Loma Linda, in 2005 he joined the farm animal welfare division of the Humane Society as director of public health and animal agriculture. In 2011, he founded the website NutritionFacts. org with funding from the Jesse & Julie Rasch Foundation, heart Failure, Diary of a Third-Year Medical Student Carbophobia, The Scary Truth Behind Americas Low Carb Craze
Michael Greger
–
Greger in 2007
10.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
11.
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
–
The Physicians Committee releases an annual report ranking the healthfulness of hospital food. The Physicians Committee also encourages hospitals to replace fast food with more healthful options, in January 2016, the Physicians Committee placed billboards that read “Eat More Chickpeas” near hospitals with Chick-fil-As. In May 2016, the Physicians Committee spoke before the board of Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta and erected billboards that read “Ask Your Local Hospital to Go #FastFoodFree. ”In June 2016, Grady announced that its McDonald’s was shutting down. In October 2015, the Physicians Committee placed billboards reading “#CholesterolKills” near the Texas home offices of Agriculture Committee chairman Rep. K. Michael Conaway. The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans released in January 2016 retained recommendations for Americans to limit cholesterol consumption. ”Since 2011, the Physicians Committee has urged Wayne State University to end its heart failure experiments on dogs. ”In 2015, Wayne State alumna and actress Lily Tomlin joined the Physicians Committee in urging Wayne State to end its dog experiments. I urge you to end these senseless experiments as soon as possible. ”The Physicians Committee also placed billboards in Detroit that told the story of Madonna, one of the dogs who died in the heart failure experiments. ”Over the years, the Physicians Committee demonstrated and placed billboards leading to the decision. The announcement followed the recent decision by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine to end live animal use in its surgery skills training, in 2014, the Physicians Committee doctor members demonstrated outside of the university. In February 2016, the Physicians Committee worked with Maryland State Delegate Shane Robinson to introduce a bill to end the practice in Maryland, on May 18,2016, the Baltimore Sun reported that Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine would stop using live animals. Since 2007, the Physicians Committee has urged reform of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, on June 22,2015, President Barack Obama signed into law the Frank R. The Physicians Committee supported passage of this law, the Physicians Committee promotes health benefits of vegetarian or vegan diets. PCRM highlights what it says are the benefits of avoiding dairy products. The New York Times writes that, in 2004, the Physicians Committee passed Dr. Robert Atkinss medical report to the Wall Street Journal. The report, obtained by Dr. Richard Fleming of the Fleming Heart and Health Institute, showed that Atkins himself had experienced heart attack, congestive heart failure, and weight problems. Atkins supporters countered that there was no reason to think that his problem was diet related. The Physicians Committee has also spoken out against the Las Vegas restaurant Heart Attack Grill and its menu offers burgers containing more than 9,000 calories, a diner has been hospitalized, and the unofficial spokesman died of a heart attack. The Physicians Committee advertising campaign I was lovin it is a spoof of the McDonalds advertising slogan Im lovin it and was used in a September 2010 advertising campaign. The group highlighted the high levels of fat and sodium in products such as the Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese Extra Value Meal, the organization was considering plans to roll out the campaign to Chicago, Detroit, Houston and Los Angeles. The Physicians Committee plans to lobby Washington mayor Adrian Fenty to impose a ban on the construction of new fast-food dining establishments in the city
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
12.
Cleveland Clinic
–
The Cleveland Clinic is a multispecialty academic hospital located in Cleveland, Ohio that is owned and operated by the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, an Ohio nonprofit corporation established in 1921. In addition to their hospital in Cleveland, Cleveland Clinic also operates affiliated facilities in Florida, Nevada, Canada. Cleveland Clinic grew out of the practice of Frank J. Weed at 16 Church Street on the near west side of Cleveland. The practice was purchased by his two assistants, Frank E. Bunts and George Washington Crile, in 1892 they brought Criles cousin, William E. In 1897 they moved to the Osborn Building on Prospect Avenue in downtown Cleveland, a four-story outpatient building was constructed and Cleveland Clinic was dedicated at a private ceremony on February 26,1921. It opened its doors two days later to the public and registered 42 patients, in April 1921, Cleveland Clinic had 60 employees, including 14 physicians and four nurses. In 1922 the founders purchased four private homes nearby for hospitalization, radiation treatment, a fifth house was acquired as a residence for patients with diabetes receiving insulin treatments. To meet rising patient volume, a 184-bed hospital was built in 1924, located at East 90th Street, a power plant, laundry, and ice plant were also built. A research laboratory was constructed in 1928, on May 15,1929, nitrocellulose x-ray films stored in the basement of the outpatient building ignited. An explosion sent a cloud of toxic oxides of nitrogen and carbon though the building, One hundred and twenty-three people lost their lives, including founder Dr. Phillips. A dozen investigating agencies were not able to determine what had caused the fire, philanthropist Samuel Mather formed a committee of 36 community leaders to help Cleveland Clinic reestablish itself in temporary quarters across the street. Patient care services resumed five days later, the 1921 building was completely renovated, and a new three-story clinic building, with a new main entrance, was added in 1931. All debts were repaid by 1941, Cleveland Clinic built new operating rooms in the early 1970s to accommodate the growth of cardiac surgery. The Martha Holding Jennings Education Building opened in 1964, with a named for Dr. Bunts. A new hospital building was opened in 1966, and a new building went up in 1974. A pathology and laboratory building was constructed on Carnegie Avenue in 1980. Willian S. Kiser, chairman of the board 1973–1989, led the development of a plan to accommodate growing patient volumes in the late 1970s. This resulted in a group of known as the Century Project
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland Clinic
13.
American College of Cardiology
–
The American College of Cardiology, based in Washington, D. C. is a nonprofit medical association established in 1949. The ACC bestows credentials upon cardiovascular specialists who meet its qualifications, education is a core component of the College, which also states it is active in the formulation of health policy and a supporter of cardiovascular research. The American College of Cardiology was chartered and incorporated as an institution in 1949. In 2006, the College relocated to Washington, D. C. s West End neighborhood, past papers for the institution are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland. The ACC is governed by its officers, including the President, President-Elect, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Chief Executive Officer, members of the Board of Governors serve as grassroots liaisons between the local chapters and the College’s national headquarters. The President serves a one-year term, the table below shows the presidents of the ACC since 1989. At least 75 percent of professional activities must be devoted to the field of cardiovascular disease and those achieving highest distinction in the field are awarded the title Master of the American College of Cardiology, a title bestowed upon a maximum of three practicing cardiologists each year. The ACC maintains 51 chapters in the U. S. chapters are legally distinct entities from national ACC and do not share budgets or staffing. However, as of 2008, national members automatically become members of a local chapter, as early as the 1980s, the ACC partnered with the American Heart Association to develop the first clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular practice. In the 1990s, the ACC used the guidelines to lay the groundwork for studies documenting discrepancies best, the ACC works with national organizations such as the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute to continually develop and update these guidelines. In addition, the ACC has submitted its measures to the National Quality Forum, the College has also collaborated with specialty societies to undertake the task of developing and publishing clinical data standards. Clinical data standards developed include those for acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, appropriate use criteria on coronary revascularization have also been developed. The ACC’s National Cardiovascular Data Registry is a source for measuring and quantifying outcomes. Data from NCDR is used in select pay-for-reporting and/or performance programs to demonstrate the benefits, to date, the ACC has developed five hospital-based cardiovascular registries. In addition, the PINNACLE Registry™ is the nation’s first and largest practice-based cardiovascular registry, in 2011, the ACC and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons launched the STS/ACC TVT Registry™, which tracks transcatheter valve therapy procedures. Currently several key quality initiatives are underway to translate science into practice. These projects include the Door to Balloon Alliance, Hospital to Home, launched in 2009, H2H seeks to examine and address readmission problems. The ACC Foundation offers a variety of programs and products tailored to the needs of clinicians in a variety of specialty areas at all stages of their careers
American College of Cardiology
–
The American College of Cardiology in 2012
14.
John A. McDougall
–
John A. McDougalls diet—The McDougall Plan—has been categorized as a fad diet that carries some disadvantages, such as a boring food choice and the risk of feeling hungry. He was born on May 17,1947, McDougall is a graduate of Michigan State Universitys College of Human Medicine. He performed his internship at Queens Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1972 and he is certified as an internist by the Board of Internal Medicine and the National Board of Medical Examiners. In 1965, at age 18, McDougall suffered a massive stroke, between 1973 and 1976, McDougall worked as a physician at the Hamakua Sugar Plantation on Hawaii Island. Between 1986 and 2002, he launched a vegetarian dietary program at St. Helena Hospital in the Napa Valley, between 1999 and 2001, he ran a dietary program for the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association in Minneapolis, Minnesota. McDougall is on the board of Naked Food Magazine, for which he is also a regular contributor of articles espousing a plant-based diet. In 2002, McDougall began the McDougall Program at the Flamingo Resort in Santa Rosa, the McDougall Program is a 10-day residential treatment program based in Santa Clara, California which features a low fat starch based diet. McDougall is the co-founder and chairman of San Francisco based Dr. McDougalls Right Foods Inc. which produces dried and packaged soups, and is manufactured by the SF Spice Co. McDougalls namesake diet, The McDougall Plan, has been categorized as a fad diet with possible disadvantages including a boring food choice, flatulence, and the risk of feeling hungry. McDougall has written books, with his wife Mary contributing recipes. As of 2012 six books remained in print, McDougall, John, McDougall, the McDougall Program,12 Days to Dynamic Health. The McDougall Program for Maximum Weight Loss, the McDougall Quick and Easy Cookbook. Encyclopedia of Diet Fads, Understanding Science and Society
John A. McDougall
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John A. McDougall
15.
Michele Simon
–
Michele Simon, JD, MPH is a public health lawyer who has been researching and writing about the food industry and food politics since 1996. Her work has featured on CNBC, CBS News, The New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Chicago Tribune, Reuters. She has written extensively on the politics of food, and her first book, Appetite for Profit, How the Food Industry Undermines Our Health, Simon also researches and writes about the alcohol industry. Early in her career, Simon wrote about the politics of food for numerous publications, on issues as genetically engineered foods, organic standards. In 2000, Simon founded the organization, Center for Informed Food Choices to educate people about eating plant-based foods. From 2007 to 2011, Simon served as research and policy director for the Marin Institute, Simon testified before Congress in support of HR5034, the Comprehensive Alcohol Regulatory Enforcement Act. Her 2007 report on alcoholic energy drinks led to action to ban the products. Simon founded Eat Drink Politics in 2011, a food and alcohol industry watchdog consulting firm that helps advocates, policymakers, the firm’s clients include Center for Food Safety, Corporate Accountability International, and Reese Richman. Simon currently serves on the committee for the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. In 2013, Simon was awarded the National Association of Nutrition Professional’s Community Award, michele Simon’s first book, Appetite for Profit, How the Food Industry Undermines Our Health and How to Fight Back, was published by Nation Books in 2006. Simon regularly contributes to various such as The Huffington Post, Grist. Simon has authored articles in academic journals, including the City University of New York Law Review, Food and Drug Law Journal, Duke Law Journal. Simon has also published major reports exposing the food and alcohol industries and her 2007 report on alcoholic energy drinks led to federal action to ban the products. Simon’s “Food Stamps, Follow the Money” report on food stamps brought attention to industry lobbying, “And Now a Word from Our Sponsors, ” covered by the New York Times, highlighted corporate sponsorships in the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Simon has appeared on national TV stations such as CNN, CBS, MSNBC, CNBC and she has been quoted in newspapers such as the New York Times, USA Today, and ABC News. Simon has lectured at New York University, Yale University, Stanford University and she taught semester-long courses in health policy as an adjunct professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law and alcohol policy at the University of California, Berkeley. Simon was raised in New York City and lives in Oakland, California with her partner, marion Nestle Anna Lappe Raj Patel Michael Pollan Mark Bittman Eric Schlosser
Michele Simon
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Michele Simon
16.
Steve-O
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Stephen Gilchrist Glover, better known by his stage name Steve-O, is a Canadian-British-American stunt performer, comedian, animal-rights activist, and television personality. His entertainment career is mostly centered on his stunts on the American TV series Jackass, its related movies. Steve-O is known for his eccentric character, Steve-O was born in Wimbledon, London. His mother, Donna Gay, was Canadian, and his father and his paternal grandfather was English and his maternal step-grandfather was voice-over announcer Wayne Howell. His family was based in England for many due to his fathers presidency of the South American division of Pepsi-Cola. Childhood residencies include Canada, Brazil and Venezuela and he also lived in Darien, Connecticut, at the age of four, then Miami two years later. At age nine his family returned to London where Steve-O attended the American School in London in St. Johns Wood for four years, growing up, he was an avid Mötley Crüe fan. In 1987, Mötley Crüe was playing at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto where his family was living at the time and he phoned every hotel within and outside the vicinity until he found the name that the band usually checked in under, manager Doc McGhee. He attended the University of Miami but dropped out one year due to poor grades. He also attended the University of New Mexico from 1996-1997 and he then attended and graduated from the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College in 1997. After graduation he was not selected to join the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus and he filmed his stunts, including his clown performances, throughout this period. His mother, Donna, died on November 7,2003, while performing in the flea market circus, Steve-O began sending videos of himself to Big Brother Magazine editor and future Jackass director Jeff Tremaine. After admitting that the thing he was scared of was spiders, Tremaine recruited Steve-O for MTVs television series Jackass. MTV has subsequently released five movies based on the series, Jackass, The Movie, Jackass Number Two, direct-home release Jackass 2.5, Jackass 3D, and Jackass 3.5. The installments Jackass, The Movie, Jackass Number Two, Jackass 3D, in 2001, he released Dont Try This at Home on DVD, which contained material MTV censored. It went on to sell 140,000 copies and he toured promoting the DVD doing stunts, which was filmed and released as Dont Try This at Home Volume 2, The Tour. In 2003, Steve-O toured Europe with Bam Margera, a friend, on May 22,2003 Steve-O was arrested and jailed while in Sweden due to footage of himself swallowing a condom containing cannabis to get it past authorities while flying on a plane. He then regurgitated it live on stage, which he showed in his DVD Steve-O, Steve-O reached a deal with the Swedish prosecutors and was released on May 27,2003 after paying a 45,000 kronor fine
Steve-O
–
Steve-O in August 2011
17.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Stereographic card showing an MIT mechanical drafting studio, 19th century (photo by
E.L. Allen, left/right inverted)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Plaque in Building 6 honoring
George Eastman, founder of
Eastman Kodak, who was revealed as the anonymous "Mr. Smith" who helped maintain MIT's independence
18.
David Carter (defensive lineman)
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David Carter is an American football defensive end and vegan activist. He is currently a free agent and he was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at UCLA, Carter attended Henry J. Kaiser High School in Fontana, California. In his senior season, he registered 69 tackles,7 sacks and 9 pass deflections in 13 games and he was later named for the first-team All-San Bernardino County by the Riverside Press-Enterprise. He was also an All-League selection as an end, and as team captain. Carter also lettered in Track And Field and was a member of the debate team. Carter played just three games over his first two years at UCLA, before appearing in all 12 games in the 2008 season, Carter was a co-defensive winner of UCLAs Captain Don Brown Memorial Award for Most Improved Player in 2009 for the Bruins. In his senior season, he recorded 41 Total Tackles while collecting 3.5 sacks for the Bruins which propelled him to win the UCLA Kenneth S. Washington Award for Outstanding Senior, Carter was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He spent two seasons with the Cardinals, starting just four games and totaling one sack and 17 total tackles, Carter signed with the Dallas Cowboys in 2013, appearing in three games for the Cowboys. Carter was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on August 2,2014, the Jaguars released Carter on August 24,2014. The Chicago Bears signed Carter to a contract on July 28,2015. On September 5,2015, he was released by the Bears, david Carter is a vegan and an animal rights activist. He became vegan in 2014 after watching the documentary Forks Over Knives and he advocates for veganism and animal rights at speaking engagements and on his website. He and his wife Paige Carter are on the staff of Vegan Outreach, list of vegans The 300 lb Vegan, Carters official site for promotion of vegan athletics Arizona Cardinals bio Chicago Bears News Article UCLA Bruins football bio
David Carter (defensive lineman)
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David Carter at UCLA
19.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
National Football League
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The headquarters of the National Football League at
345 Park Avenue,
Midtown Manhattan,
New York City, U.S.
National Football League
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National Football League
National Football League
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The
Akron Pros won the first APFA (NFL) Championship.
National Football League
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NFL Commissioner
Roger Goodell
20.
American Ninja Warrior
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American Ninja Warrior is an American sports entertainment competition spin-off of the Japanese television series Sasuke. The series began on the cable channel G4 and now airs on NBC with encore episodes airing on Esquire Network. To date only two competitors, rock-climbers Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten, have won the course and achieved Total Victory, Caldiero is the only competitor to win the cash prize. The series has been renewed for a ninth season, American Ninja Warrior succeeded G4s American Ninja Challenge as the qualifying route for Americans to enter Sasuke. American Ninja Warrior was originally hosted by G4s American television personality Blair Herter, in the second season, American actor, comedian, and television host Matt Iseman joined the show, replacing the former host, Blair Herter. Additionally, Jimmy Smith was brought in as a co-host, while Alison Haislip was demoted to sideline reporter, the panel remained the same throughout season three. For season four, skier Jonny Moseley was brought in as a new co-host, also, American journalist, sportscaster, and documentary filmmaker Angela Sun replaced former sideline reporter, Alison Haislip. For season five, two newcomers were added, former NFL football player and sports analyst Akbar Gbaja-Biamila replaced season four co-host, Jonny Moseley, while ESPN sportscaster and model Jenn Brown replaced Angela Sun as sideline reporter. The season five panel remained the same through the sixth season, for season seven, CBS Sports reporter Kristine Leahy joined the show as the new sideline reporter, replacing Jenn Brown. The current panel consists of Matt Iseman, Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, potential contestants go through a rigorous series of steps before the possibility of becoming the next American Ninja Warrior. Over 3,500 athletes have attempted to conquer Mount Midoriyama, there are some requirements possible contestants have to meet before participating at a regional qualifier. Contestants must be residents of the United States of America. There is no age limit, but participants must be at least 21 years old. Contestants have to fill out a 20-page questionnaire and make a video about themselves, the required length of the video has differed over the years. Submission video length requirements have varied from 2–8 minutes, depending on the season, producers select 100 applicants from each region to participate in their regional qualifiers. 20-30 walk-ons who in some cases wait for weeks camping outside are also selected by producers to get a chance on the course. 1,000 people applied to compete in one,5,000 people in season six,50,000 in season seven. City finals courses are the follow-up to each city qualifying course, qualifying and finals courses are filmed back-to-back, usually over two days
American Ninja Warrior
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American Ninja Warrior
21.
Scientific skeptics
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The skeptical movement is a modern social movement promoting the idea of scientific skepticism. The process followed is referred to as skeptical inquiry. Medical quackery was also targeted by such as the Dutch Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij. The Belgian Comité Para has been deemed the oldest broad mandate skeptical organization, using that organization as a template, in 1976, Paul Kurtz and Marcello Truzzi founded the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry in Amherst, New York. The North American skeptical organization, which provides journals and publications, Scientific skepticism is different from philosophical skepticism, which questions our ability to claim any knowledge about the nature of the world and how we perceive it. Methodological skepticism, a process of being skeptical about the truth of ones beliefs, is similar. The New Skepticism described by Paul Kurtz is scientific skepticism, for example, Robert K. Merton asserts that all ideas must be tested and are subject to rigorous, structured community scrutiny. According to Hammer, the forebears of the modern skeptical movement are rather to be found among the many writers throughout history who have argued against beliefs they did not share. Skepticism values method over any particular conclusion, Skepticism is a provisional approach to claims. It is the application of reason to any and all ideas—no sacred cows allowed, in other words, skepticism is a method, not a position. With regard to the social movement, Loxton refers to other movements already promoting humanism, atheism, rationalism, science education. He saw the demand for the new movement of people called skeptics — being based on a lack of interest by the scientific community to address paranormal. In line with Kendrick Frazier, he describes the movement as a surrogate in that area for institutional science, the movement in so far set up a distinct field of study and provided an organizational structure, while long-standing genre of individual skeptical activities lacked such a community and background. However, skeptical organizations do typically tend to have education and promotion among their goals. Scientific skeptics maintain that empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, Scientific skeptics attempt to evaluate claims based on verifiability and falsifiability and discourage accepting claims on faith or anecdotal evidence. Skeptics often focus their criticism on claims they consider to be implausible, Skepticism in general may be deemed part of the scientific method, for instance an experimental result is not regarded as established until it can be shown to be repeatable independently. Some leaders of the movement, including Harris, Hitchens, Dawkins, the movement has had issues with sexism. It was raised in a 1985 skeptic newsletter by Mary Coulman and this became known as Elevatorgate, based on Watsons discussion about being propositioned in a hotel elevator in the early morning after a skeptic event
Scientific skeptics
–
Influential North American skeptics:
Ray Hyman,
Paul Kurtz,
James Randi and
Kendrick Frazier.
22.
Doctor of Medicine
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The Doctor of Medicine is a terminal medical degree for practitioners of medicine. The meaning of the varies between different countries. In countries that follow the United States system, the M. D. denotes a first professional degree awarded upon initial graduation from medical school. In those countries, the title of the equivalent first professional degree is Bachelor of Medicine, in 1703, the University of Glasgows first medical graduate, Samuel Benion, was issued with the academic degree of Doctor of Medicine. North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the ancient universities of Scotland, the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York was the first American university to grant the MD degree instead of the MB. Early medical schools in North America that granted the Doctor of Medicine degrees were Columbia, Penn, Harvard, Maryland and these first few North American medical schools that were established were founded by physicians and surgeons who had been trained in England and Scotland. A feminine form, Doctress of Medicine or Medicinae Doctrix, has also used by the New England Female Medical College in Boston in the 1860s. The MD degree is earned in four years. Following the awarding of the MD, physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year and those who wish to further specialize in areas such as cardiology or interventional radiology then complete a fellowship. Depending upon the chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the MD. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine or DO degree allows similar practice in the United States and Canada to the M. D. degree and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine are fully licensed physicians. The M. D. degree is awarded only by the 137 Medical Schools in the United States, similarly, M. D. s must attend M. D. rated residency and fellowship programs while D. O. s can attend either type of program. The American M. D. degree is recognized by most countries in the world. While the D. O. degree is getting more widely accepted in countries as fully licensed physicians. In Canada, the MD is the medical degree required to practice medicine. McGill University Faculty of Medicine is the medical school in Canada that continues to award the MD. MDCM is from the Latin Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum meaning doctor of medicine, upon graduation, students enter into a residency phase of training. Combined medical and research training is offered through programs granting MD-PhD, the National Institutes of Health through its Medical Scientist Training Program funds MD-PhD training programs at many universities
Doctor of Medicine
–
The
University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine
23.
Turntable Health
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Turntable Health is a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada. It began as part of Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh’s $350 million economic revitalization project in Downtown Las Vegas, the clinic was founded by Zubin Damania, known by his YouTube screen name as ZDoggMD, who Hsieh recruited from the Bay Area in 2012. The clinic is made in partnership with Iora Health, the clinic does not use the fee-for-service model and instead charges per patient per month capitation to sponsors. Individuals can gain access to Turntable as a benefit offered by an employer, through insurance, there are plans to expand and build new locations as the clinic approaches a capacity of 5,000 patients. Turntable Health has been featured on TheNextWeb as one of eight startups changing the healthcare industry, Turntable Health finalized operations on January 31,2017
Turntable Health
–
Logo
24.
Zubin Damania
–
Zubin Damania, MD is the Founder of Turntable Health, a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas that was funded by Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh. Before moving to Las Vegas, Dr. Damania was a practicing hospitalist at Stanford University for 10 years. Dr. Damania gave a presentation called “Are Zombie Doctors Taking Over America. ”In it he outlines the problems of the US healthcare system. His speech was called one of the best of the conference, US News and World Report called his critique of American healthcare “scalpel-sharp” and “at once discomfiting and comic. ”Turntable Health was also named by far the most exciting healthcare startup and revolutionary by The Next Web. Dr. Damania grew up in Clovis, California, with his parents and he attended Clovis West High School before going on to receive an undergraduate degree at UC Berkeley, where he studied music and molecular biology. While there he completed a thesis in a genetics lab on integrin-mediated cell-cell adhesion pathways in the Drosophila melanogaster model with James Fristrom. Dr. Damania attended medical school at UCSF and graduated in 1999 and he also gave the commencement speech at UCSF at his graduation, which has had tens of thousands of views on YouTube, and made NPRs list of top commencement speeches of all time. He developed a persona called ZDoggMD fashioned as a rapper who was upset about popular misconceptions of healthcare in the US. In his videos, ZDoggMD combined his interests in teaching medicine, comedy and he started his website in part to educate the public via humor about little known or controversial medical issues, in part as a personal outlet for creativity. His website won the 2010 Best New Medical Weblog at the 2010 Medical Weblog Awards sponsored by Epocrates and Lenovo. In 2012 Tony Hsieh invited Dr. Damania to visit Las Vegas and he was successful in convincing Dr. Damania to quit his job as Physician at Stanford and move his family to Nevada. Hsieh tasked Dr. Damania with “fixing Healthcare in Vegas. ”Once in Las Vegas, while conceiving of the idea for Turntable Health, Dr. Turntable Health, a primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas, is the result of their collaboration. It is based on a patient focused, preventative model that subscribers can either pay a fee for or have as part of their coverage in some cases. Turntable Health opened in December 2013 and is an part of Hsieh’s Downtown Project of revitalizing Las Vegas. Turntable Health has since shut down as of January 31,2017, Turntable Health ZDoggMD Official Zubin Damanias channel on YouTube
Zubin Damania
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Dr. Damania Speaking at TEDMED 2013
25.
ZDoggMD
–
ZDoggMD is an internet celebrity known for his music videos, parodies, and comedy sketches about contemporary medical issues and working in the medical field. He is played by Dr. Zubin Damania, CEO and Founder of Las Vegas-based Turntable Health – a new health clinic located in and his website won the 2010 Best New Medical Weblog at the 2010 Medical Weblog Awards sponsored by Epocrates and Lenovo. His videos feature a rotating cast of characters, also practicing doctors, including, most often, Dr. Harry, a pediatrician. He also currently collaborating with Devin Moore, a composer, bassist in the band “Rabbit. ” and member of Downtown Project’s music development team in Las Vegas. His inspiration to start making videos online again came from his friend Tony Hsieh, the CEO of Zappos. com, who advised him to follow his dreams of being an online comic. In his videos he has coupled his interest in the aspect of his patients, and his use of comedy with his treatment and in medicine, with his interest in the Internet, online comedy. He started his website in part to educate the public via humor about little known or controversial medical issues, official website ZDoggMDs channel on YouTube
ZDoggMD
–
ZDoggMD
26.
Processed food
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Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is food that is commercially prepared to optimise ease of consumption. Such food is ready to eat without further preparation. It may also be portable, have a long shelf life. Although restaurant meals meet this definition, the term is applied to them. Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products, frozen foods such as TV dinners, shelf-stable foods, prepared mixes such as cake mix, bread, cheese, salted food and other prepared foods have been sold for thousands of years. Other kinds were developed with improvements in food technology, types of convenience foods can vary by country and geographic region. Some convenience foods have received criticism due to concerns about nutritional content, various methods are used to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity. Convenience food is prepared for ease of consumption. Convenience foods and restaurants are similar in that they save time and they differ in that restaurant food is ready to eat, whilst convenience food usually requires rudimentary preparation. Both typically cost more money and less time compared to home cooking from scratch, throughout history, people have bought food from bakeries, creameries, butcher shops and other commercial processors to save time and effort. The Aztec people of Central Mexico utilized several convenience foods that required only adding water for preparation, cornmeal that was ground and dried, referred to as pinolli, was used by travelers as a convenience food in this manner. Canned food was developed in the 19th century, primarily for military use, the expansion of canning depended significantly upon the development of a machine for producing large quantities of cans very cheaply. Before the 1850s, making a can for food required a skilled tinsmith, afterwards, one of the earliest industrial-scale processed foods was meatpacking. After the invention of a system of refrigerator cars in 1878, meat could be raised, slaughtered, experience in World War II contributed to the development of frozen foods and the frozen food industry. Modern convenience food saw its beginnings in the United States during the period began after World War II. Many of these products had their origins in military-developed foods designed for storage longevity, following the war, several commercial food companies had leftover manufacturing facilities, and some of these companies created new freeze-dried and canned foods for home use. Firms responded by offering healthier formulations and acquisition of brands with better reputations, additional convenience foods include frozen pizza, chips such as potato chips, pretzels, and cookies. These products are sold in portion-controlled, single-serving packaging designed for portability
Processed food
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Instant
ramen noodles
Processed food
–
A rack of convenience
snack foods, including chips and pretzels
Processed food
–
A cake mix
Processed food
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Onigiri at a convenience store in
Kamakura,
Japan
27.
Food and Drug Administration
–
The Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. As of 2017, 3/4th of the FDA budget is funded by the pharmaceutical companies due to the Prescription drug user fee act and these include regulating lasers, cellular phones, condoms and control of disease on products ranging from certain household pets to sperm donation for assisted reproduction. The FDA is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, appointed by the President with the advice, the Commissioner reports to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Dr. Robert M. Califf, MD is the current commissioner, who took over in February 2016 for Dr. Stephen Ostroff, the FDA has its headquarters in unincorporated White Oak, Maryland. The agency also has 223 field offices and 13 laboratories located throughout the 50 states, the United States Virgin Islands, in 2008, the FDA began to post employees to foreign countries, including China, India, Costa Rica, Chile, Belgium, and the United Kingdom. The site was renamed from the White Oak Naval Surface Warfare Center to the Federal Research Center at White Oak, the first building, the Life Sciences Laboratory, was dedicated and opened with 104 employees on the campus in December 2003. Only one original building from the facility was kept. All other buildings are new construction, the project is slated to be completed by 2017, assuming future Congressional funding While most of the Centers are located in the Washington, D. C. The Office of Regulatory Affairs is considered the eyes and ears of the agency, the Office of Regulatory Affairs is divided into five regions, which are further divided into 20 districts. Districts are based roughly on the divisions of the federal court system. Each district comprises a main office and a number of Resident Posts. ORA also includes the Agencys network of laboratories, which analyze any physical samples taken. Though samples are usually food-related, some laboratories are equipped to analyze drugs, cosmetics, the Office of Criminal Investigations was established in 1991 to investigate criminal cases. Unlike ORA Investigators, OCI Special Agents are armed, and dont focus on aspects of the regulated industries. In many cases, OCI pursues cases involving Title 18 violations, OCI Special Agents often come from other criminal investigations backgrounds, and work closely with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Assistant Attorney General, and even Interpol. OCI receives cases from a variety of sources—including ORA, local agencies, OCI is a smaller branch, comprising about 200 agents nationwide. The FDA frequently works with federal agencies, including the Department of Agriculture, Drug Enforcement Administration, Customs and Border Protection. Often local and state government agencies also work with the FDA to provide regulatory inspections, the FDA regulates more than US$1 trillion worth of consumer goods, about 25% of consumer expenditures in the United States
Food and Drug Administration
–
FDA Building 31 houses the Office of the Commissioner and the Office of Regulatory Affairs.
Food and Drug Administration
–
Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States
Food and Drug Administration
–
FDA Building 51 houses the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
Food and Drug Administration
–
Harvey W. Wiley, chief advocate of the Food and Drug Act
28.
Confirmation bias
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Confirmation bias, also called confirmatory bias or myside bias, is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms ones preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. It is a type of bias and a systematic error of inductive reasoning. People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively, the effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position, biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization, belief perseverance, the irrational primacy effect and illusory correlation. A series of experiments in the 1960s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs, later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives. In certain situations, this tendency can bias peoples conclusions, explanations for the observed biases include wishful thinking and the limited human capacity to process information. Another explanation is that people show confirmation bias because they are weighing up the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts, confirmation biases are effects in information processing. Others apply the more broadly to the tendency to preserve ones existing beliefs when searching for evidence, interpreting it. Experiments have found repeatedly that people tend to test hypotheses in a one-sided way, rather than searching through all the relevant evidence, they phrase questions to receive an affirmative answer that supports their theory. They look for the consequences that they would expect if their hypothesis were true, for example, someone using yes/no questions to find a number he or she suspects to be the number 3 might ask, Is it an odd number. People prefer this type of question, called a positive test, would yield exactly the same information. However, this does not mean that people seek tests that guarantee a positive answer, in studies where subjects could select either such pseudo-tests or genuinely diagnostic ones, they favored the genuinely diagnostic. The preference for positive tests in itself is not a bias, however, in combination with other effects, this strategy can confirm existing beliefs or assumptions, independently of whether they are true. In real-world situations, evidence is often complex and mixed, for example, various contradictory ideas about someone could each be supported by concentrating on one aspect of his or her behavior. Thus any search for evidence in favor of a hypothesis is likely to succeed, one illustration of this is the way the phrasing of a question can significantly change the answer. For example, people who are asked, Are you happy with your social life, report greater satisfaction than those asked, Are you unhappy with your social life. Even a small change in a questions wording can affect how people search through available information and this was shown using a fictional child custody case
Confirmation bias
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Confirmation bias has been described as an internal " yes man ", echoing back a person's beliefs like
Charles Dickens ' character
Uriah Heep.
Confirmation bias
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An
MRI scanner allowed researchers to examine how the human brain deals with unwelcome information.
Confirmation bias
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Francis Bacon
Confirmation bias
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Mock trials allow researchers to examine confirmation biases in a realistic setting.
29.
Institutionalized racism
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Institutional racism is a form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. Institutional racism is also racism by individuals or informal groups, governed by behavioral norms that support racist thinking. It is reflected in disparities regarding wealth, income, criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power and education, whether implicitly or explicitly expressed, institutional racism occurs when a certain group is targeted and discriminated against based upon race. Institutional racism can go unnoticed as it is not always explicit, Institutional racism was explained in 1967 by Kwame Ture and Charles V. Institutional racism originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society and they go on to give examples, When white terrorists bomb a black church and kill five black children, that is an act of individual racism, widely deplored by most segments of the society. When a black family moves into a home in a neighborhood and is stoned, burned or routed out. The society either pretends it does not know of this latter situation, the concept of institutional racism re-emerged in political discourse in the late 1990s after a long hiatus, but has remained a contested concept that has been critiqued by multiple constituencies. Institutional racism is the access to the goods, services. When the differential access becomes integral to institutions, it common practice. Eventually, this racism dominates public bodies, private corporations, public and private universities, another difficulty in reducing institutionalized racism is that there is no sole, true identifiable perpetrator. When racism is built into the institution, it emerges as the action of the population. Professor James M. Jones postulates three major types of racism, Personally mediated, internalized, and institutionalized, Personally mediated racism includes the specific social attitudes inherent to racially prejudiced action, discrimination, stereotyping, commission, and omission. This racism can be manifested through embracing whiteness, self-devaluation, and resignation, helplessness, persistent negative stereotypes fuel institutional racism, and influence interpersonal relations. One example is public school budgets in the U. S, restrictive housing contracts and bank lending policies have also been listed as forms of institutional racism. Some sociological investigators distinguish between institutional racism and structural racism, the former focuses upon the norms and practices within an institution, the latter upon the interactions among institutions, interactions that produce racialized outcomes against non-white people. An important feature of structural racism is that it cannot be reduced to individual prejudice or to the function of an institution. Institutional racism in the sector can be seen as early as the 1930s with the Home Owners Loan Corporation. Banks would determine a neighborhood’s risk for loan default and redline neighborhoods that were at risk of default
Institutionalized racism
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Iberville Hosing Projects in New Orleans, Louisiana
Institutionalized racism
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BraceroProgram
Institutionalized racism
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Interior Azteca Theater, Houston Texas, July 15, 1927
Institutionalized racism
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US-CivilServiceCommission-Seal-EO11096
30.
Cardiologist
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Cardiology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons. Although the cardiovascular system is linked to blood, cardiology is relatively unconcerned with hematology. Some obvious exceptions that affect the function of the heart would be blood tests, decreased oxygen carrying capacity, all cardiologists study the disorders of the heart, but the study of adult and child heart disorders are through different training pathways. Therefore, an adult cardiologist is inadequately trained to care of adults. The surgical aspects are not included in cardiology and are in the domain of cardiothoracic surgery, for example, coronary artery bypass surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass are both surgical procedures performed by surgeons, not cardiologists. However the insertion of stents, pacemakers and valves are performed by cardiologists, Cardiology is a specialty of internal medicine. To be a cardiologist in the United States, a residency in internal medicine is followed by a three-year fellowship in cardiology. It is possible to further in a sub-specialty. Recognized sub-specialties in the United States by the ACGME are cardiac electrophysiology, echocardiography, interventional cardiology, recognized subspecialties in the United States by the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists include clinical cardiac electrophysiology and interventional cardiology. Per doximity, adult cardiologists make an average of $436,849 in the United States, Cardiac electrophysiology is the science of elucidating, diagnosing, and treating the electrical activities of the heart. The term is used to describe studies of such phenomena by invasive catheter recording of spontaneous activity as well as of cardiac responses to programmed electrical stimulation. These studies are performed to assess complex arrhythmias, elucidate symptoms, evaluate abnormal electrocardiograms, assess risk of developing arrhythmias in the future and these procedures increasingly include therapeutic methods in addition to diagnostic and prognostic procedures. Other therapeutic modalities employed in this field include antiarrhythmic drug therapy and implantation of pacemakers, such studies may also be conducted in the presence of a newly implanted or newly replaced cardiac pacemaker or AICD. Clinical cardiac electrophysiology is a branch of the specialty of cardiology and is concerned with the study. Cardiologists with expertise in this area are referred to as electrophysiologists
Cardiologist
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A rhythm strip showing a couple beats of normal sinus rhythm followed by an atrial beat and
asystole ("flatline").
Cardiologist
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Blood flow diagram of the human heart. Blue components indicate de-oxygenated blood pathways and red components indicate oxygenated blood pathways.
Cardiologist
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A man with congestive
heart failure and marked
jugular venous distension. External jugular vein marked by an arrow.
Cardiologist
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An example of a drug-eluting stent. This is the TAXUS Express 2 Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stent System, which releases
paclitaxel.
