1.
Jackson Place
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The block is situated on land once owned by the Decatur family, until 1869 when they sold it to Lorenzo Sherwood, who in turn sold the land to John Knower. In 1957, the Federal government acquired the townhouses on Jackson Place, the government had plans to demolish the buildings to make way for construction of a new Federal office building on the land. In 1962, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy intervened and the project was canceled, the block is lined by several townhouses constructed in the late 19th century. 712 Jackson Place was built in 1869 for Admiral James Blair, Rathbone is known for accompanying President Abraham Lincoln to Fords Theatre on the night of the assassination. During World War I, the building was home to the Committee for Public Information, the building at 716 Jackson Place is owned by the U. S. Government and is reserved for the exclusive use by former Presidents when they are in town. Purchased in the late 1950s, it became the Presidential Townhouse in 1969 by President Richard Nixon, the furnishings were very sparse until it was refurbished using private funds by President George W. Bush. The five story building includes two dining rooms, multiple bedrooms, and space for a Secret Service detail in the basement. 726 Jackson Place was used as temporary White House Press Briefing Room from August 2006 to July 2007 during renovations to the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room. 736 Jackson Place was originally built around 1870 for Cornelia Knower Marcy, in the 1880s, Michigan Representative John Newberry and Senator James Blaine lived in the house. In 1887, Representative William Scott bought the house, the house was remodeled in 1895 by Carrere and Hastings. The townhouse served as quarters for President Theodore Roosevelt and his staff. Roosevelt only stayed briefly, before heading off to Oyster Bay. On October 3,1902, Roosevelt held a meeting in the house to deal with the coal strike occurring in Pennsylvania. The townhouse was bought in 1919 by the Womens City Club of Washington, the house was then sold to the National Lutheran Council of the United Lutheran Church in America. Today it houses the United States Digital Service Team, Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed the Decatur House, located at 748 Jackson Place. Later residents included Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren, and Judah P. Benjamin, the Decatur House is now used as a museum. The Ewell House, since demolished, was built on Jackson Place in 1819 for Dr. Thomas Ewell, who was a physician in the city, and author of a popular medical book, The History of the Medical Society. For health reasons Ewell left Jackson Place and returned to a farm in Prince William County, Virginia, various government officials lived in the house, including Smith Thompson, Samuel Southard, John Berrien, and Levi Woodbury, Charles Richard Vaughan, John C
2.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
3.
Blue Room (White House)
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The Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the residence of the President of the United States. It is distinct for its oval shape, the room is used for receptions and receiving lines, and is occasionally set for small dinners. President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the room on June 2,1886, the room is traditionally decorated in shades of blue. With the Yellow Oval Room above it and the Diplomatic Reception Room below it, the room is approximately 30 by 40 feet. It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Green Room, Red Room, the three windows look out upon the South Lawn. The Blue Room is furnished in the French Empire style, a series of redecoratings through the 19th century caused most of the original pieces to be sold or lost. Today much of the furniture is original to the room, eight pieces of gilded European beech furniture purchased during the administration of James Monroe furnish the room, including a bergère and several fauteuils. A marble-top center table has been in the White House since it was purchased by Monroe in 1817, a c.1817 ormolu French Empire mantel clock with a figure of Hannibal, by Denière et Matelin, sits on the mantel. The early 19th-century French chandelier is made of gilded-wood and cut glass, acquired during the Kennedy Administration, it previously hung in the Presidents Dining Room on the second floor. George Peter Alexander Healys 1859 portrait of John Tyler hangs on the west wall above the Monroe sofa, the sapphire-blue silk fabric used for the draperies and furniture upholstery was chosen by Mrs. Clinton. The silk lampas upholstery fabric retains the gold medallion on the chair backs which was adapted from the depiction of one of the Monroe-era chairs in a portrait of James Monroe. The painting however depicts the chair upholstered in crimson, not blue, design of the blue satin draperies is derived from early 19th-century French patterns. The present drapery design is similar to those installed during the administration of Richard Nixon, the walls are hung with a chamois-colored wallpaper imprinted with medallions of burnished gold. It is adapted from an early 19th-century American Empire wallpaper having French influences, the upper border is a faux printed blue fabric drapery swag. The faux fabric border is similar in effect to an actual fabric border installed during the administration of John F. Kennedy, the printed dado border along the chair rail is blue and gold with rosettes. Installation of a new carpet, based on early 19th-century designs. The design was adapted from a design for a neoclassical English carpet from about 1815. During the administration of John Adams, the Blue Room served as the entrance hall
4.
Jacqueline Kennedy
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
5.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
6.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
7.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
8.
White House Office of the Curator
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The office began in 1961 during the administration of President John F. Kennedy while First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy oversaw the restoration of the White House. The office is located in the floor of the White House Executive Residence. The office, headed by the Curator of the White House, includes an Associate Curator, an Assistant Curator, the office works with the Chief Usher, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House and the White House Historical Association. The position was begun during the administration of President John F. Kennedy while First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy oversaw the restoration of the White House, the first Curator of the White House was Lorraine Waxman Pearce who was appointed in March 1961. Pearce was a graduate of the program at the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum. Monkman, 1997–2002 William G. Allman, 2002–present Committee for the Preservation of the White House White House Historical Association Abbott James A. designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. The White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families, the White House, An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001, White House website biography of curator William G. Allman
9.
White House Chief Usher
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The White House Chief Usher is the head of household staff and operations at the White House, the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. Although the White House has had staff since it opened, the head of operations for most of the 1800s was the First Lady of the United States. The position of Chief Usher was not established until 1891, in the administration of President Benjamin Harrison, however, the title Chief Usher was not formalized until later. The term chief usher had been used by the press as early as August 1887, the official title, Chief Usher, was not created until 1897. William Dubois was the first to use the title. Thomas E. Stone was the first individual to have the title of Chief Usher bestowed on him throughout his tenure. The average length of service for a Chief Usher is 20 years, the longest serving White House Chief Usher is Irwin H. Ike Hoover, who served as Chief Usher for 24 of his 42 years in the White House. The second-longest serving Chief Usher is Gary J. Walters, who spent 21 years in the position, the current and ninth Chief Usher is Angella Reid, a former general manager of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at Pentagon City in Virginia. Administratively, the Office of the Chief Usher resides within a known as The Executive Residence. Within The Executive Residence are three offices, The Office of the Chief Usher, the Office of the White House Curator, and the Office of Calligraphy. The Office of the Chief Usher is one of 60 offices within EOP, physically, the Chief Usher is located in the Ushers Office on the State Floor of the White House, near the Cross Hall and Entrance Hall and beside the entrance to the North Portico. The Chief Usher serves at the pleasure of the President, and has no job tenure or civil service protections, the Chief Usher has a personal staff of seven, but oversees a total Executive Residence staff of about 90. The Chief Usher is charged with the operation of the White House Complex. Develops and administers the budget for the operation, maintenance, the Chief Usher oversees the First Familys private as well as public life, meeting the private needs of the family and working to ensure that public and private events do not conflict. Generally, the Chief Usher hosts a meeting with all White House offices early on every Monday morning to review the weeks events, the Chief Ushers budgetary duties are extensive. The Chief Usher oversaw an Executive Residence budget of $16.4 million in 2001, overtime is extensive, In 2001,19 work-years of overtime were budgeted. The Chief Usher also works closely with the Office of the Social Secretary to ensure that expenditures are charged to the government agency. For example, costs for a State Dinner must be charged to the United States Department of State, the First Family may host an event at the White House, but the event might actually be paid for an external sponsor
10.
Executive Residence
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The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing. It is the most recognizable part of the complex, being the house part of the White House. This central building, first constructed from 1792 to 1800, is home to the President of the United States, the Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors, the Ground Floor, the State Floor, the Second Floor, and the Third Floor. A two-story sub-basement with mezzanine, created during the 1948–to-1952 Truman reconstruction, is used for HVAC and mechanical systems, storage and this level was added during the 1948-to-1952 renovation, and contains the air conditioning and water softening equipment. The Ground Floor of the White House originally contained service rooms, the White House is built on a slight hill that slopes to the south. Architect James Hoban designed the Ground Floor so that the kitchen was directly beneath the Entrance Hall, storerooms were east of the kitchen, while a toilet and dishwashing room were to the west. The kitchen was relocated into the two rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor by 1846, while the old kitchen space as transformed into an informal sitting room/reception space. As of 2010, this central space originally occupied by the kitchen in the early 1800s had been subdivided into offices for the White House Curator. The kitchen, too, continues to occupy the three rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor. The storeroom to the east of the kitchen became a pantry in 1809, a locker in 1825. This area remains unchanged as of 2010, with the exception of the narrowing of the stairs in 1952 to create an elevator shaft. The storeroom in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor remained in use as storage space only until 1809, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt hired the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White to renovate the White House. They turned the room into a gentlemans anteroom and this room became the White House Library in 1935. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy radically transformed the room in 1961, Kennedy consulted initially with a group consisting of members of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, designers from the American Institute of Interior Designers, and historians. The AIID agreed to take on the job of refurbishing the room, Lenygon designed an early American library room in the Federal style. Except for minor changes, the White House Library remains the same as of 2010. The toilet and laundry room west of the kitchen became general-use work areas by 1809, and a pantry, small kitchen, by 1946, these had become general workrooms, with a narrow, winding staircase inserted into the room closest to the former kitchen. The 1952 renovation turned the winding staircase into a steep, straight stairs, as of 2010, a pantry-sized refrigerator also occupied a portion of this space
11.
Committee for the Preservation of the White House
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The committee is largely made up of citizens appointed by the president for their experience with historic preservation, architecture, decorative arts, and for their scholarship in these areas. The committee is charged with establishing policies relating to the function of the White House, its state rooms. The Director of the National Park Service serves as Chair of the Committee, in February 2010, Los Angeles interior designer Michael S. Smith was appointed to the committee, in August of that year, his makeover of the Oval Office was revealed to the public. Category, Rooms in the White House White House Office of the Curator Abbott James A. designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. The White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families, seale, William, The White House, The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association,1992,2001
12.
White House Visitors Office
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The themes of the six permanent exhibits are First Families, Symbols and Images, White House Architecture, White House Interiors, Working White House, and Ceremonies and Celebrations. Other exhibits change throughout the year and it houses a small bookstore operated by the White House Historical Association. The office is located in the East Wing of the White House and its role has been unique in that, up to 2001, the White House was the only home of a head of state that was regularly open to the public at no cost. Since January 2009, the Director of the White House Visitors Office has been Ellie Schafer, historically, the White House has offered tours to the general public. During the Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations, the public could see the ground floor hallways. The White House was closed during U. S. participation in World War II, upon reopening in November 1946, the Truman administration decided to open all the aforementioned areas to all tour visitors, no Senator needed. But as would always be the case, the working areas of the White House, such as the Oval Office, were not included on tours. A schedule was established, tours took place between 10,00 and noon, Tuesday through Saturday, with desiring visitors lining up outside the East Gate. About a half million people a year visited, until the operation was shut down in November 1948 for a renovation of the entire structure. Tours were restarted in April 1952, in charge of them at that time was the Chief Usher of the White House. Tours were suspended following the November 22,1963, assassination of John F. Kennedy, the system was put in place for good beginning in May 1977. White House tours were often in high demand, by 1981, a Director of the White House Visitor Center was in charge of the operation. During the early 1980s, as many as 6,000 visitors were accommodated each day, special pleas for tours coming from Washington officials had to be dealt with frequently. In 1981, there was a dispute between First Lady Nancy Reagan and New York U. S, representative Thomas Downey over his free tickets privileges having been suspended. White House Visitors Office personnel are constantly caught between trying to satisfy demands and expectations for tours and events, and preserving the dignity of the presidential office and setting. Carol McCain, Director of the White House Visitors Office from 1981 to 1987, added participatory activities, later, director Ellie Schafer and First Lady Michelle Obama changed the Egg Roll procedure to have a lottery system for gaining access and to allow more people to participate. In April 1995 the current White House Visitor Center facility was opened in the Herbert C. Hoover Building, the daily tour ticket distribution place was moved there, with exhibits meant to spend the time until ones tour slot had come about. The yearly run rate for visitors was now at 1.25 million, by 1997, ticket scalping was a persistent problem, with scalpers getting from $5 to $50 a throw
13.
Decatur House
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Decatur House is a historic home in Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States, named after its first owner and occupant Stephen Decatur. The house is located northwest of Lafayette Square, at the southwest corner of Jackson Place and H Street, a museum, it now serves as the National Center for White House History, of the White House Historical Association. Decatur House is one of the oldest surviving homes in Washington, D. C. completed in 1818 for naval hero Stephen Decatur and his wife, Susan, the Federal Style house is prominently located across Lafayette Square from the White House. In 1836 John Gadsby and his wife Providence moved into the house and they built a two-story structure at the back which became the slave quarters for those workers, who previously lived in the main house. This structure remains as one of the few examples of quarters in urban areas. It is physical evidence of African Americans having been held in bondage in sight of the White House, following John Gadsbys death, the home was again rented to a series of prominent tenants. During the Civil War it was used as Army offices and then it sat empty for six years, Decatur House was purchased in 1872 by Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a frontiersman and explorer who later became a rancher and diplomat. Beales daughter-in-law, Marie, bequeathed Decatur House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 1956, the house was designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1976. Decatur House, now a museum, is located at 748 Jackson Place, the lower floor is kept in the style of the early 19th century while the upper floor shows more modern renovations of the early 20th century. Among the compelling stories is that of Charlotte Dupuy, who in 1829 sued her master Henry Clay, then Secretary of State, for her freedom, while she lost her court case, Clay finally freed Dupuy and her daughter in 1840, and her son in 1844. A special exhibit on African American history through 1965 has recently added to the museum
14.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
15.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
16.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
17.
Presidency of John F. Kennedy
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The presidency of John F. Kennedy was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. A Democrat, he took office following the 1960 presidential election, in which he defeated Richard Nixon, Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president, and, at age 43, the youngest person elected to the office. He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency, Kennedys time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and its satellite states, as well as Cuba. In Cuba, an attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. Kennedys administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement, and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kennedy brought to the White House a contrast in organization compared to the structure of former-General Eisenhower. Kennedy preferred the structure of a wheel with all the spokes leading to the president. He was ready and willing to make the number of quick decisions required in such an environment. He selected a mixture of experienced and inexperienced people to serve in his cabinet and we can learn our jobs together, he stated. Kennedys brother, Robert F. Kennedy, served as Attorney General, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was largely sidelined during the administration. Thurgood Marshall, who Kennedy appointed to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20,1961. In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be citizens, famously saying, Ask not what your country can do for you. He asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the enemies of man, tyranny, poverty, disease. He added, All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days, nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. The address reflected Kennedys confidence that his administration would chart an historically significant course in both policy and foreign affairs. President Kennedys foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, in 1961, Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. He started off on the foot by reacting aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961
18.
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is an American author, attorney, and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the surviving child of President John F. Kennedy. The following year, Caroline, her mother, and brother settled on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Kennedy graduated from Radcliffe College and worked at Manhattans Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She went on to receive a J. D. degree from Columbia Law School, most of Kennedys professional life has spanned law and politics, as well as education reform and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her familys legacy, congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand ultimately replaced Clinton as the junior New York Senator. In 2013, President Obama appointed her as ambassador to Japan, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27,1957, at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan to John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. A year before Carolines birth, her parents had a daughter named Arabella. Caroline had two brothers, John Jr. who was born just before her third birthday, and Patrick. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. during the first three years of her life, when Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the White House when her father was sworn in as President of the United States. Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, one such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his Top Ten hit song, Sweet Caroline—which he revealed when he performed it for her 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, historians described Carolines childhood personality as a trifle remote and a bit shy at times yet remarkably unspoiled. Shes too young to realize all these luxuries, her grandmother, Rose Kennedy. She probably thinks its natural for children to go off in their own airplanes, but she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence and that evening, the children were brought back to the White House, and while Caroline was in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the children, on December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline and the children moved out of the White House, back to Georgetown. Their new home became a popular tourist attraction and they moved from Washington to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan the following year. In 1967, Caroline christened the U. S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a sentimental journey to Ireland
19.
John F. Kennedy Jr.
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. often referred to as JFK Jr. or John John, was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the surviving son of former President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. His father was assassinated three days before his third birthday, from his early childhood onwards, Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny, and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for four years, in 1995, he launched George magazine, using his political and celebrity status to publicize it. Kennedy died along with his wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and her elder sister Lauren in the crash of a plane he was piloting. Kennedy had intended to drop off Lauren at Marthas Vineyard before continuing to the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy in Hyannis Port, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was born at Georgetown University Hospital on November 25,1960, two weeks after his father was elected president. His parents had a daughter named Arabella four years before John Jr. s birth. John Jr. had a sister, Caroline, and an infant brother, Patrick. His putative nickname, John-John, came from a reporter who misheard JFK calling him John twice in quick succession, John Jr. lived in the White House during the first three years of his life, and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. His father was assassinated on November 22,1963, and the funeral was held three days later on John Jr. s third birthday. In a moment that became an image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward. The family continued with their plans for a party, to demonstrate that the Kennedys would go on despite the death of their father. Following his fathers assassination, Kennedy moved to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City with his mother and sister, where he grew up. In 1967, his mother took him and his sister Caroline on a sentimental journey to Ireland. After his uncle Robert was assassinated in 1968, his mother took him and his out of the United States, saying, If theyre killing Kennedys. I want to get out of this country, the same year, she married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and the family went to live on his private island of Skorpios. Kennedy is said to have considered his stepfather a joke, in 1971, Kennedy returned to the White House with his mother and sister for the first time since the assassination. President Richard Nixons daughters gave Kennedy a tour that included his old bedroom, when Onassis died in 1975, he left Kennedy $25,000, though Jacqueline was able to renegotiate the will, and acquired $20 million for herself and her children
20.
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
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Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was the last child of United States President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. His birth weight was 4 pounds 10 1⁄2 ounces, shortly after birth, he developed symptoms of hyaline membrane disease, now called infant respiratory distress syndrome. He was transferred to Boston Childrens Hospital where he died two days later, following treatment in a hyperbaric chamber. At that time, all that could be done for a baby with hyaline membrane disease was to make efforts to keep the blood chemistry as close to normal as possible. A funeral mass was held on August 10,1963, in the chapel of Cardinal Richard Cushing in Boston. The child was buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts. The First Lady and the President were deeply affected by the death, upon their departure from Otis Air Force Base, the couple – seldom publicly affectionate – were seen holding hands. Secret Service agent Clint Hill recalled the couple having a closer relationship that was visible following Patricks death. Press secretary Pierre Salinger believed that while the President and First Lady had been brought closer by the White House, preterm birth Kennedy family Kennedy family tree President John F. Kennedy on the Death of His Infant Son Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Shapell Manuscript Foundation
21.
Aristotle Onassis
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Onassis was born in Smyrna and fled the city with his family to Greece in 1922 in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War. He moved to Argentina in 1923 and established himself as a trader and later a shipping owner during the Second World War. In the 1960s Onassis attempted to establish an investment contract, Project Omega, with the Greek military junta. Onassis was greatly affected by the death of his 24-year-old son, Alexander, in a crash in 1973. Onassis was born in Karataş, a suburb of the city of Smyrna in Anatolia to Socrates. Onassis had one full-sister, Artemis, and two half-sisters, Kalliroi and Merope, by his fathers second marriage following Penelopes death, Onassis became a successful shipping entrepreneur and was able to send his children to prestigious schools. When Aristotle Onassis graduated from the local Evangelical Greek School at the age of 16, he spoke four languages, Greek, Turkish, Spanish, and English. Smyrna was briefly administered by Greece in the aftermath of the Allied victory in World War I, the Onassis familys substantial property holdings were lost, causing them to become refugees fleeing to Greece after the Great Fire of Smyrna in 1922. He went into business for himself and made a fortune importing tobacco to Argentina and he obtained the Argentine citizenship in 1929. Eventually he relocated to New York where he built up his shipping businesses, Onassis built up a fleet of freighters and tankers that eventually exceeded seventy vessels. Onassiss fleet had Panamanian flags and sailed tax-free while operating at low cost, because of this, Onassis could turn a profit in every transaction, even though he charged one of the lowest prices in the merchant navy market. Onassis moved his headquarters into the Old Sporting Club on Monacos Avenue dOstende shortly after taking control of the SBM. The SBM was a significant owner of property in Monaco, its assets included the Monte Carlo Casino, the Monaco Yacht Club, the Hôtel de Paris, Onassis and Rainier had differing visions for Monaco. Onassis wished the country to remain a resort for an exclusive clientele, Monaco had become less attractive as a tax haven in the wake of Frances actions, and Rainier urged Onassis to invest in the construction of hotels. Onassis was reluctant to invest in hotels without a guarantee from Rainier that no other competing hotel development would be permitted, but promised to build two hotels and an apartment block. Unwilling to give Onassis his guarantee, Rainier used his veto to cancel the entire hotel project, in the Supreme Court of Monaco the share creation was challenged by Onassis who claimed that it was unconstitutional, but the court found against him in March 1967. Following the ruling Onassis sold his holdings in SBM to the state of Monaco for $9.5 million, according to Frank Brady in Onassis, An Extravagant Life, Onassiss words about the issue were, We were gypped. During the oil boom of the 1950s Onassis was in discussions with the King of Saudi Arabia for securing a tanker transport deal
22.
John Vernou Bouvier III
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John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III was an American Wall Street stockbroker and socialite. He was the father of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, socialite Lee Radziwill, and his nickname, Black Jack, referred to his omnipresent dark tan and his flamboyant lifestyle. Bouvier was born in East Hampton, New York and he was the eldest of five children born to Major John Vernou Bouvier, Jr. a successful attorney, and Maude Frances Sergeant. Bouviers great-grandfather, Michel Bouvier, was a French Canadian cabinetmaker who immigrated through Niagara, New York and he settled in Philadelphia, where he opened a cabinet making or furniture shop, making fine furniture for customers including Stephen Girard. As well as doing fine cabinetry Michel Bouvier had a business distributing firewood, to support this he acquired large tracts of timber, some of which turned out to be above coal. Michel gained his fortune later in real estate speculation and his son, Michel Charles Bouvier, further distinguished himself in the world of finance on Wall Street. M. C. left his fortune to his nephew, Major John Vernou Bouvier, Jr. who used it to buy an estate in East Hampton, Long Island, known as Lasata. Bouvier had a brother, William Sergeant Bud Bouvier, who died from alcoholism. Bouvier Scott Putnam, and Edith Ewing Bouvier, Bouvier attended Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. While attending Yale, he was a member of the Book and Snake secret society, upon his graduation, he went to work as a stockbroker at his brother-in-laws firm. In 1917, Bouvier left the firm to join the United States Navy, when the Navy proved to be too strenuous, he transferred to the United States Army where he served as a major. Bouvier was discharged in 1919 whereupon he went back to work as a stockbroker on Wall Street, Bouvier married Janet Norton Lee on July 7,1928 at St. Philomenas Church in East Hampton. They had two daughters, Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier and Caroline Lee Bouvier, bouviers drinking, gambling, and philandering led to their divorce in June 1940. Some reports indicate Bouvier was too intoxicated to escort his daughter, by the mid-1950s, Bouvier had sporadic contact with his daughters and family. He spent the majority of his time drinking alone at his New York City apartment located at 125 East 74th Street, in the spring of 1957, Bouvier was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer. He checked into Lenox Hill Hospital on July 27,1957 to undergo chemotherapy, on August 1, he fell into a coma and died two days later on August 3 at the age of 66. Bouvier was portrayed in the 2000 TV mini-series Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis by Fred Ward and he was also played by Rod Taylor in the 1981 TV movie Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. Portrayed by William Devane in the 1991 TV miniseries A Woman Named Jackie and he is also thought to be the Wall Street Jack mentioned in the lyrics of Forty Second Street from the musical of the same name
23.
Janet Lee Bouvier
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Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss was an American socialite. Janet was born in Manhattan, New York City, the daughter of James Thomas Aloysius Lee, a lawyer and real estate developer. Her parents were both of Irish descent and her first husband was John Vernou Bouvier III. They had two daughters, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and Lee Radziwill, bouviers womanizing and drinking led to a separation in 1936, a brief reconciliation for a few months in 1937, and then a divorce in 1940. She was the mother-in-law of United States President John F. Kennedy and her second husband in 1942 was Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. an attorney and Standard Oil heir, she was his third wife. They had two children, Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd, and James Lee Auchincloss and her third marriage, after Auchinclosss death, was to childhood friend Bingham Morris in 1979. She died of complications arising from Alzheimers disease in 1989, Janet and Jackie, The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, by Jan Pottke. Obituary of James Thomas Lee, New York Times, January 4,1968
24.
Lee Radziwill
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Caroline Lee Radziwill is an American socialite, public relations executive, interior decorator, and former actress. She is the sister of the late First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Her niece Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is named after her and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1996. Caroline Lee Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York to stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III, Radziwill has been married three times. Her first marriage, in April 1953, was to Michael Temple Canfield, canfields biological mother was the American socialite Kiki Preston. It was rumored that his father was Prince George, Duke of Kent. Caroline and Canfield divorced in 1959, and the marriage was annulled by the Roman Catholic Church in November 1962 and their marriage ended in divorce in 1974. They had two children, Anthony and Christina Tina, on September 23,1988, Radziwill became the second wife of American film director and choreographer Herbert Ross. They divorced in 2001, shortly before his death and she reverted to the use of her second husbands surname. In the 1960s, Radziwill attempted to forge a career as an actress and her acting attempt was unsuccessful if highly publicized. She received dismal reviews in the 1967 production of The Philadelphia Story, the play was staged at the Ivanhoe Theatre in Chicago, and Radziwills performance was widely panned. A year later, she appeared in an adaptation of the Hollywood film Laura. She visited India and Pakistan along with her elder sister Jacqueline Kennedy in March 1962 and she herself worked briefly as an interior decorator in a style much influenced by her association with Mongiardino. Her clientele were the wealthy, she decorated a house for people who would not be there more than three days a year. She frequented celebrity company, including travelling with the Rolling Stones during The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, for some years, Radziwill was a public relations executive for Giorgio Armani, the Italian fashion designer. She received the Légion dhonneur from the French government in 2008 and her Paris and Manhattan apartments were featured in the April 2009 issue of Elle Décor magazine. She was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by the Guardian in March 2013 and she was interviewed by producer Sofia Coppola for a June 2013 blog article about Coppolas film The Bling Ring and about the loss of privacy. In 1973, Radziwill hired documentary filmmakers Albert and David Maysles to work on a film about the Bouvier family, the Beales lived in a rambling, decaying home in East Hampton, New York, and were supported by other members of the family
25.
Hugh D. Auchincloss
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Auchincloss was born at Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island. He was the son of Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Sr. a merchant and financier and his maternal grandparents were Oliver Burr Jennings and Esther Judson Goodsell. His uncles included Edgar Stirling Auchincloss, the father of U. S, Auchincloss, and John Winthrop Auchincloss, the grandfather of Louis Auchincloss, an attorney and author. He had two sisters, Esther Judson Auchincloss and Ann Burr Auchincloss. Auchincloss graduated from Groton School in Massachusetts and then from Yale University in 1920 and he earned a law degree from Columbia University in 1924. From 1924 to 1926, Auchincloss practiced law in New York City, in 1927, he was appointed an aviation expert in the State Department. Four years later in 1931, he resigned government service to form a brokerage firm, in 1931, he bought his seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $235,000. The firm eventually had 16 offices with two in New York City and the rest spread along the East Coast, in 1970, the firm merged with Thomson & McKinnon, a brokerage house based in New York. At that time of the merger, the new firm, known as Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss, had assets of $160 million and 58 offices, by the time of his Auchincloss death in 1976, the firm was known as Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss Kohlmeyer. Auchincloss was married three times throughout his life and had five children and his first marriage was on June 4,1925 to Maya de Chrapovitsky, a Russian noblewoman. Before their divorce in 1932, they had one child together, Hugh Dudley Yusha Auchincloss III In 1935, he married Nina S. Gore, Nina had previously been married to Eugene Vidal, a Roosevelt appointee, and with him had Gore Vidal, the author. Before their divorce in 1941, they had two children, Nina Gore Auchincloss Thomas Gore Auchincloss, on June 21,1942, he married for the third and final time to Janet Lee Bouvier, the mother of future First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier and Caroline Lee Bouvier. They remained married until his death in 1976 and had two children together, Janet Jennings Auchincloss James Lee Auchincloss, Auchincloss was responsible for getting Jacqueline Bouvier her first job in journalism at the Washington Times-Herald. He gave her away at her wedding to future president John F. Kennedy, Auchincloss died at his home in Georgetown on November 20,1976 and was later buried at Island Cemetery in Newport. Auchincloss was a member of the University Club, the New York Yacht Club, Grolier Society and Racquet, in Washington, he was a member of the Burning Tree Club and the Metropolitan Club
26.
Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd
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Janet Jennings Auchincloss Rutherfurd was an American socialite. She was also the half-sister of First Lady Jacqueline Lee Jackie Bouvier, Janet was the daughter of stockbroker Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. and socialite Janet Norton Lee. Her younger brother is James Lee Auchincloss, Janet Auchincloss made her debut in 1963. She studied at the Potomac School in McLean, Virginia, and Miss Porters School in Farmington, Connecticut and she went on to study music history at Sarah Lawrence College. She briefly dated future Secretary of State John Kerry, on July 30,1966, she married Lewis Polk Rutherfurd, a recent graduate of Princeton University and future financier. The couple moved to Hong Kong, where she founded an overseas chapter of the League of Women Voters. Her husband later married Katharine duPont Sanger on June 10,1989
27.
Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale
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Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale was an American socialite and amateur singer, known for her eccentric lifestyle. She was a sister of John Vernou Bouvier III and the aunt of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and her life and relationship with her daughter Edith Bouvier Beale were highlighted in the 1975 documentary Grey Gardens. She was the daughter of John Vernou Bouvier, Jr. and Maude Frances Sergeant, davis, and Michelle Caroline Bouvier Scott Putman. Beale enjoyed photography, theatrical arts, and as a youth considered becoming a surgeon from her interest in physiology, Beale pursued an amateur singing career and in 1917 married lawyer/financier Phelan Beale in a lavish ceremony at St. Patricks Cathedral, New York. The couple lived at 987 Madison Avenue and they had three children, daughter Edith, born November 7,1917, and two sons. In 1923, Phelan Beale purchased the 28-room Grey Gardens mansion at number 3 West End Rd in the Georgica neighborhood of East Hampton, the Beales separated in 1931 when Little Edie was 14, with Big Edie retaining the Grey Gardens house. Beale received child support, but no form of alimony and she continued to pursue her singing career, giving recitals in her home and at local functions. Her sons went off to college and World War II duty and had families of their own. When she showed up at her sons 1942 wedding dressed like a star, Edies father, Major Bouvier. Beale became depressed and gained weight and she also had several eye operations in the 1940s. In 1946, Phelan Beale notified her of their divorce via telegram from Mexico, Major Bouvier and her son Bouvier Buddy Beale urged Beale for many years to sell her white elephant Grey Gardens, but she refused. Beale had two male companions at various times at Grey Gardens, her accompanist George Gould Strong. In July 1952, her daughter Little Edie returned after five years in Manhattan to live permanently at Grey Gardens when Beale was age 57, in 1960, when Beale was 65, her niece Jacqueline Kennedy became First Lady. After a 1968 theft of antiques while Beale was at a party in East Hampton, in the 1970s, Jacqueline Onassiss sister Lee Radziwill discussed creating a documentary with Albert and David Maysles about her and Jacquelines childhood in East Hampton. At about the time, the Edies received national attention when the National Enquirer ran an exposé on the deplorable conditions in which they lived. The Suffolk County, New York, Board of Health made an inspection, ordering them to clean up the property, which was falling into disrepair and contained various cats, raccoons, an opossum, et cetera. After the publicity, Jacqueline Kennedy and Aristotle Onassis donated $32,000 to clean the house, install a new furnace and plumbing system, Beale did not have the funds for trash removal and house repairs. Beales sons agreed to pay the taxes on the property
28.
Hammersmith Farm
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Hammersmith Farm is a Victorian mansion and estate located at 225 Harrison Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It was the home of First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. During his presidency, it was referred to as the Summer White House, Hammersmith Farms 28-room main house was built in 1887 for John W. Auchincloss, the great-grandfather of Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jacqueline Kennedys stepfather. During a stay at Hammersmith in late September 1961, President Kennedy announced that John McCone would become the new Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, additionally, Kennedy signed Public Law 87-293, the Peace Corps Act of 1961. The main house remained in the Auchincloss family until the 1976 death of Hugh Auchincloss, janet Lee Bouvier Auchincloss, Jacqueline Kennedys mother, sold the main house and moved into one of the guesthouses on the farm, called The Castle. There was another guest house on the farm built to resemble a windmill, a group of investors bought main house in 1977, and opened it for public tours and special events. Fruit of the Loom executive William F. Farley bought it in 1997 for $6.675 million. In 1999, Farley sold the house for over $8 million to Peter Kiernan, a partner at Goldman Sachs. It had not been lived in since 1974, and had fallen into serious disrepair, much of the original plumbing was inoperable, and wiring had frayed from time and rodent damage. Bricks were coming loose and wood rot was everywhere, each year the building was listing a little more northward, toward Fort Adams. A major restoration was required to save the damaged structure, Kiernan oversaw a multi-year rehabilitation of the building, working with noted restoration architectural firm Windigo, headed by James Gubelman. Major structural flaws necessitated the removal of one end of the building, the house had suffered from decades of wood rot from leaking windows. Outside, the brick was bowing due to many successive winters of freezing, popping and falling bricks during the winter was routine. The interiors were painstakingly disassembled and numbered and new plumbing, HVAC, the exterior was restored with equal sensitivity to the original structure. Windows were rebuilt to protect the house from the sea winds of winter. New shingles and roof were installed following the architectural plans. Happily, the building had been recorded from numerous angles and vantage points over the decades. The goal of the owners, architects, and the HDC was to restore the farm as closely as possible to the one might have enjoyed in 1888
29.
Kennedy Compound
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The Kennedy Compound consists of three houses on six acres of waterfront property on Cape Cod along Nantucket Sound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, United States. It was once the home of American businessman and political figure Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. his wife Rose and their youngest son, Senator Ted Kennedy, lived in his parents house, and it was his main residence from 1982 to 2009. He died of cancer at the compound in August 2009. Ted Kennedy also bought President Kennedys house from his daughter, Caroline Kennedy and this house now belongs to Ted Kennedy, Jr. President Kennedy used the compound as a base for his successful 1960 U. S, presidential campaign and later as a summer White House and presidential retreat until his assassination in November 1963. In 2012, the house was donated to the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. In 1926 Joseph P. Kennedy rented a cottage at 50 Marchant Avenue in Hyannis Port. Two years later, he purchased the structure, which had erected in 1904. In and around this house, their nine children spent their summers, acquiring a lifelong interest in sailing, in 1956, Jack bought a smaller home of his own at 111 Irving Avenue, not far from his fathers home. Subsequently, Ted acquired the residence at 28 Marchant Avenue adjacent to the two in 1959 and sold it to Bobby and his wife Ethel in 1961. Edward lived in the compound until his death, all three buildings are white-frame clapboard structures typical of vacation residences on Cape Cod. Except for specific occasions at the Main House, the buildings are not available for public visitation, joes home, the Main House and the largest of the three, is surrounded by well-tended lawns and gardens and it commands sweeping views of the ocean from its long porches. On the second floor are six bedrooms, a room, packing room. The house has a full attic, the basement contains a motion-picture theater and a hall covered with dolls from all around the world. A wine cellar designed after a hull and a sipping room – one of the Kennedy familys favorite hideouts. It is considered the place that Ted coined the well-known toast There are good ships, and there are wood ships, but the best ships are friendships, and may they always be. The house has changed little, either structurally or in furnishings, in 2012, the main house was donated by the Kennedy family to the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. On the grounds are a swimming pool, tennis court, a four-car garage
30.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy
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State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington soon after his death and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U. S. Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket, representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25. After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthews Cathedral, the president was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. After John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, his body was flown back to Washington, at the same time, military authorities began making arrangements for a state funeral. Wehle, the general of the Military District of Washington. Miller, chief of ceremonies and special events at the MDW and they headed to the White House and worked with the presidents brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, also director of the Peace Corps, and Ralph Dungan, an aide to the president. Because Kennedy had no plan in place, much of the planning rested with the CG MDW. The day after the assassination, the new president, Lyndon B, johnson, issued Presidential Proclamation 3561, declaring Monday to be a national day of mourning, and only essential emergency workers to be at their posts. He read the proclamation over a radio and television broadcast at 4,45 p. m. from the Fish Room at the White House. Several elements of the funeral paid tribute to Kennedys service in the Navy during World War II. They included a member of the Navy bearing the flag, the playing of the Navy Hymn, Eternal Father, Strong to Save. Then Kennedys body was put in a new casket in place of the bronze casket which was used to transport the body from Dallas. The bronze casket had been damaged in transit, and was disposed of by the Air Force in the Atlantic Ocean so that it would not fall into the hands of sensation seekers. The body of President Kennedy was returned to the White House at about 4,30 a. m, the motorcade bearing the remains was met at the White House gate by a Marine honor guard, which escorted it to the North Portico. The pallbearers bore the casket to the East Room where, nearly one hundred years earlier, Kennedys casket was placed on a catafalque previously used for the funerals of the Unknown Soldiers from the Korean War and World War II at Arlington. Jacqueline Kennedy declared that the casket would be closed for the duration of the viewing. The shot to Kennedys head left a wound, and religious leaders said that a closed casket minimized morbid concentration on the corpse
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John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
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The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. Designed by the architect I. M, the library and museum were dedicated in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter and members of the Kennedy family. It can be reached from nearby Interstate 93 or via shuttle bus or walk from the JFK/UMass stop on the Boston subways Red line. At the time there were four other Presidential Libraries, the Hoover Presidential Library, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, the Truman Library. They were all scattered around the country in small towns from New York to Iowa, Kennedy had not decided on any design concept yet, but he felt that the existing presidential libraries were placed too far away from scholarly resources. Kennedy chose a plot of land next to the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, the building would face the Charles River which was a few feet away, and on the other side of which, the dormitories that included Winthrop House where Kennedy spent his upperclassman days. Therefore, the building would have the word museum appended to its name, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, after President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, his family and friends discussed how to construct a library that would serve as a fitting memorial. A committee was formed to advise Kennedys widow Jacqueline, who would make the final decision, the group deliberated for months, and visited with architects from around the world including Pietro Belluschi and others from the United States, Brazils Lucio Costa, and Italys Franco Albini. Mrs. Kennedy and others met with the candidates together at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis, Massachusetts, the committee also conducted a secretive process whereby the architects voted anonymously for the most capable of their colleagues. Progress on the building shortly after his death. On January 13,1964, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy announced that a taped oral-history project was to be undertaken for inclusion in the library, the project would feature administration staff, friends, family, and politicians from home and abroad. Large donations came from the Hispanic world with Venezuela pledging $100,000, the oral-history project also began recording, starting with Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert Kennedy. Originally projected to consist of interviews with 150 people,178 had agreed to participate, some notable donations include $900,000 handed over to Postmaster General John A. Gronouski on July 9,1964. It was the sum of a campaign encompassing 102 Federal agencies, Gronouski said many of the Federal employee contributions were in the form of a $5 withholding each payday for a period of three years. The next day the Indian ambassador to the United States, Braj Kumar Nehru, presented Black with a check for $100,000 during a ceremony at the River Club. Nehru said that the Indian people were hit by a sad blow when the President died, and he desired for Indian students abroad in the United States to use the library, then still planned for construction at Harvard along the banks of the Charles River. On December 13,1964, the Kennedy family announced that I. M. Pei was unanimously chosen by a subcommittee as the architect of the library. Even though Pei was relatively unknown amongst the list of candidates, Mrs. Pei did not have a design yet, but the idea as described by Robert Kennedy was to “stimulate interest in politics. ”Meanwhile, the suggestion that Harvard may not be a suitable site for the library had begun cropping up
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John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The permanent site replaced a temporary grave and eternal flame used during President Kennedys funeral on November 25,1963, the site was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, a long-time friend of President Kennedys. The permanent John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame grave site was consecrated and opened to the public on March 15,1967, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Friday, November 22,1963. Initial press reports indicated that President Kennedy would be buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts, but the site for the Presidents grave was quickly changed to the hillside just below Arlington House. The site was chosen because the President and his friend, architect John Carl Warnecke, happened to visit the site in March 1963, the initial suggestion to bury President Kennedy at Arlington appears to have been made by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy agreed to the change, on Sunday, November 24,1963, Jacqueline Kennedy requested an eternal flame for her husbands grave. According to several published accounts, she drew inspiration from a number of sources, one was the eternal flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, which she and her husband had seen during a visit to France in 1961. She also took inspiration from the novel The Candle in the Wind and her brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, counseled against an eternal flame, worried that it might appear ostentatious or that it would compete with other such memorials at Arlington National Cemetery. The Presidents funeral was set for Monday, November 25 and this left very little time to manufacture and install an eternal flame. The Corps also installed a gas line to a propane tank 200 yards away to feed the torch, a mound of evergreens was placed around the base of the flame to cover the tubing and torch mechanism, and the head of the grave dug in front of the flame. The grave was set in a plot of grass roughly 5 yards on each side, the site was about halfway up the hill on which Arlington House stands. The grave was placed so that it had a view of the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument, Jacqueline Kennedy lit a taper from a candle held by a nearby soldier, and then brought the eternal flame to life at the end of the burial service. The presidents brothers, Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy, on the evening of November 26, the site was surrounded by a white picket fence. The fencing covered an expanded area 30 feet long by 20 feet wide, the enlarged site was due to the wish of Mrs. Kennedy to inter her two deceased children next to their father. She had read that President Abraham Lincoln had been buried next to his son, Willie Lincoln. The two caskets were flown to Washington, D. C. accompanied by Mrs. Auchincloss, a small white cross was placed at the head of the daughters grave, and a small white headstone placed at the head of Patrick Kennedys grave. During the funeral, flowers were laid on the hillside above the grave, after the erection of the fence, flowers were placed inside the enclosure, leaning against the uphill side of the fence. A canvas-covered circular wooden walkway was built from Sheridan Drive to the site to give members of the public access to the grave
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Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier
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The wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier was worn by Jacqueline Bouvier in her wedding to John F. Kennedy on September 12,1953. The dress is one of the bridal gowns of all time. The gown was the creation of African-American fashion designer Ann Lowe, the designer never received credit for her creation. When asked who made her dress, Onassis said it was made by a colored woman, the dress is now on display at the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts. Janet Lee Bouvier, Onassis mother, hired Lowe to design, the bridal gown, of ivory-colored silk taffeta, featured a portrait neckline and huge round skirt. The skirt featured interwoven tucking bands and tiny wax flowers, Onassis lace veil belonged to her grandmother, a lace-and-orange-blossom tiara tied the veil to her hair. Her bridal bouquet was made of white and pink gardenias and orchids, Onassis wore little jewelry with the dress, but what she did wear had family significance. The single-strand pearl necklace was an heirloom, she also wore a diamond pin from her parents and diamond bracelet from her groom. The dress was in a traditional design, per the wishes of the Kennedy family. On the other hand, Onassis had wanted a simple dress, with lines, to complement her tall. Onassis later admitted to friends she didnt like the dress neckline because, she felt and she also said in her opinion, the skirt looked like a lampshade. A flood in Lowes Lexington Avenue workshop 10 days before the wedding ruined Onassis bridal gown and 9 of the bridal-party dresses, the designer and her staff worked through eight days to reconstruct the gowns and get them delivered on time. Instead of an estimated $700 profit, Lowe lost $2,200 on the project
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Bouffant
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A bouffant /buːˈfɒnt/ is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides. The English word bouffant comes from the French bouffante, from the present participle of bouffer, the bouffant was a mainstream hairstyle in the mid-to-late 18th century in western Europe. It was thought to be created for Marie Antoinette, as she had relatively thin hair, the style became popular at the beginning of the 1960s when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was often photographed with her hair in a bouffant, and her style was widely imitated. Hair on the top of the head was raised by backcombing or teasing it with a comb to create a pile of tangled, loosely knotted hair on the top and upper sides of the head. In some cases, a small wiglet or a cushion of nylon mesh might be used instead of or in addition to teasing to add height at the crown of the head. Bangs might be worn over the forehead, or a switch or fall of artificial hair, matching the wearers own hair color. Usually, hair spray or hair lacquer was applied as a touch to stiffen the hairdo. Since the hair could not be brushed without ruining the style, women needing to make small adjustments used the long, pompadour Beehive Big hair Hairstyle archives Beauty and the Bouffant gallery
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Pillbox hat
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A pillbox hat is a small hat, usually worn by women, with a flat crown, straight, upright sides, and no brim. It is named after the small cylindrical or hexagonal cases that used to be sold in. Historically, the precursor to the hat was military headgear. During the late Roman Empire, the pilleus pannonius or Pannonian cap – headgear similar to the pillbox hat – was worn by Roman soldiers. A similar hat was popular with the Flemish in the Middle Ages, in some countries, especially those of the Commonwealth of Nations, a pillbox-like cab, often with a chin strap, can still be seen on ceremonial occasions. For example, the Royal Military College of Canada dress uniform includes such a hat, another cap called a kilmarnock is a modern version of the traditional headdress worn by members of virtually all Gurkha regiments. The modern womans pillbox hat was invented by milliners in the 1930s, Pillbox hats were made out of wool, velvet, organdy, mink, lynx or fox fur, and leopard skin, among many other materials. They were generally designed in solid colors and were unaccesorized, the popularity of the hat declined after that. Pillbox hats are satirically mentioned in the song Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat by Bob Dylan, the song first appeared on his 1966 album Blonde on Blonde. Pillbox hats are also mentioned in the song Long Time by Cake on the 2011 album Showroom of Compassion, bell-boy hat Pillbox Notes Media related to Pillbox hats at Wikimedia Commons
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Jacqueline Kennedy Garden
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The Jacqueline Kennedy Garden is located at the White House south of the East Colonnade. The garden balances the Rose Garden on the west side of the White House Complex. However, this work on the Garden was not completed in full until after the First Lady had already died in 1914, ultimately resulting in an area with a size of some 36 by 19 meters. By the time of President Kennedys tragic assassination in 1963 the Rose Garden had been finished to completion, rachel Lambert Mellon created a space with a more defined central lawn, bordered by flower beds planted in a French style, but largely using American botanical specimens. The present garden follows a layout established by Mellon, each flower bed is planted with a series of Littleleaf lindens and Kennedy saucer magnolias bordered by low hedges of boxwood and American Holly. The outer edge of the bed facing the central lawn are edged with boxwood. Perennial flowering plants include delphinium, hollyhock, lavender, and roses, many seasonal flowers are interspersed to add nearly year round color. Spring blooming bulbs planted in the garden include jonquil, daffodil, fritillaria, grape hyacinth, tulips, chionodoxa. In the fall chrysanthemum and flowering kale bring color until early winter, like the Rose Garden, the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden is used for events. The president uses the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden for awards ceremonies, both Lady Bird Johnson and Pat Nixon favored use of the garden for parties and teas. First Lady Hillary Clinton exhibited contemporary sculpture in the garden, the White House, An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001, abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration, an Invitation to the White House, At Home with History. The White House Gardens Concepts and Design of the Rose Garden, White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,1986. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,1996, media related to Jacqueline Kennedy Garden at Wikimedia Commons History of the White House Gardens and Grounds Additional pictures of the Rose Garden at the White House Museum Kennedy family
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Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir
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The JKO Reservoir covers 106 acres and holds over 1,000,000,000 US gallons of water. Though no longer used to distribute New York Citys water supply, it provides water for the Pool and it is a popular place of interest, arguably Central Parks main attraction. There is a 1. 58-mile jogging track around it and it is encircled by the parks bridle trail. Bill Clinton, Madonna, and Mrs. Onassis have all run the track and it is often visited by tourists, especially when its double pink Yoshino cherries, followed by Prunus serrulata Kanzan cherries, are blooming. The rhododendrons along the Rhusododendron Mile were a gift to the city from Mrs Russell Sage in 1909. The reservoir was built between 1858 and 1862, to the design for Central Park of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux and it was never a collecting reservoir, it replaced the smaller, nearby receiving reservoir. It received water from the Croton Aqueduct and distributed it to Manhattan, though deemed obsolete it remained a part of the NYC water supply and it was intended to be used to supplement the citys upstate water supply in drought emergencies. Papers were signed to allow for the transfer of the reservoir in 1999 from the Department of Environmental Protection to the Department of Parks and Recreation. The year 1999 was chosen because it is the completion date for a filtration plant at the Jerome Reservoir in the Bronx. The Jerome Water Filtration Plant was activated in 2015, concern about the reservoirs future grew in spring 1992, many people worried that the city would put turf over it as was done in the 1920s, when the adjacent Lower Reservoir was deemed obsolete. Today the Great Lawn rests on that reservoirs former site, an 1875 map of Central Park clearly shows the two reservoirs. com
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Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School (ballet)
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The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre is the associate school of American Ballet Theatre located within the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. The school comprises a Childrens Division for ages 4–12, a Pre-Professional Division for ages 12–18, besides its parent company, graduates of JKO have found employment in various companies, such as National Ballet of Canada, The Royal Ballet, Joffrey Ballet and Dutch National Ballet. Due to ABTs vast repertoire, JKOs training curriculum aims to provide its students the ability to adapt to all styles and techniques of dance, each spring all ABT JKO students perform in 1 annual performance of ABT repertory and original choreography created by the faculty. Select students are chosen for various performances throughout the year and are also given the opportunity to perform in ABTs production of The Nutcracker. The principal of the school is Franco De Vita, ABT Studio Company, formerly known as ABT II, is a small company of 14 young dancers, ranging from ages 16 to 20, handpicked by ABT. It is currently an extension of the ABT JKO school, while the dancers study intensively and learn the company repertoire, they also gain various performance experiences via cultural exchanges, regional touring, and residencies. All of the dancers learn Alexei Ratmanskys The Nutcracker, and a group are chosen to perform the ballet when the company holds performances at Brooklyn Academy of Music. It combines various disciplines, with an emphasis on classical ballet and ABTs National Training Curriculum
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Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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A major American icon, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis has been portrayed, alluded to, and referred to in many media in the popular culture from the 1960s and continuing into the 21st century. Andy Warhols 16 Jackies uses four news images of Kennedy prior to, the day of, warhol made several copies of this piece, using a combination of silkscreen and painting, one is in the collection of the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Gerhard Richters 1964 painting Frau mit Schirm is an emotional but respectful portrait of Kennedy, tina Mions 1997 oil painting Jacqueline Kennedy, the King of Hearts - Stop Action Reaction depicts Kennedy holding a playing card that is being cut in two by a bullet. It is in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution, in the 1968 movie Eat Your Makeup directed by John Waters, Divine plays Jackie Kennedy in a re-enactment of the JFK assassination. Waters later said on The Graham Norton Show, that the scenes were filmed on his parents home street to the neighbors disgust, as it was shortly after the real assassination had occurred. In the 1975 comedy film Rocky Horror Picture Show, Tim Currys character Dr. Frankenfurter is dressed in a similar to Onassis when the main characters first come up to his lab. The 1978 film The Greek Tycoon is a portrayal of the story of Kennedy-Onassis and her second husband. The Kennedy-Onassis character, named Liz Cassidy, is portrayed by Jacqueline Bisset, bissets clothes were designed by Halston, who was also designing for Onassis at the time. Bouvier was Jacqueline Kennedys maiden name, the role of Onassis-Kennedy is played by actress Rhoda Griffis, in what is regarded as her breakout role. In the 1992 film Ruby, Mary Chris Wall plays Kennedy In the 1996 film First Wives Club, in the 1997 movie The House of Yes, actress Parker Posey played a main character who referred to herself as Jackie O. due to her obsession with the First Lady. In the 2000 film Thirteen Days, Stephanie Romanov plays Kennedy In the 2001 film Riding in Cars with Boys Brittany Murphys character tells Sara Gilberts character she looks like Onassis. The 2002 science fiction film Timequest explores what happens to Kennedy after the assassination is prevented, Jacqueline Kennedy, played by, is one of the main leading roles in this film. In the 2003 film Americas Prince, The John F. Kennedy Jr. S, tracy also mentioned her as the first lady because the movie took place at the time of her husbands presidency. Cristine Rose in The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald, 2-part TV film) Jaclyn Smith in Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Jennifer Dale in Hoover vs and she will reprise her role again in a sequel called After Camelot. This scene is depicted in the 1968 film version, but the identity of the Kennedys is not made clear, in Kurt Vonneguts Galápagos, Onassis is one of several celebrity guests who abandon the cruise before it leaves port. The following are books in which Onassis is referenced biographically, Andersen, as We Remember Her, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the Words of Her Family and Friends. Bowles, Hamish, Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. Mellon, Rachel Lambert & The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Jacqueline Kennedy, The White House Years. CS1 maint, Uses authors parameter Branch, Shelly Branch, Callaway, an Inspired Guide to Distinctive Living
