1.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
Single (music)
–
45
rpm single record
2.
Garbage (band)
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Garbage is an American-Scottish alternative rock band formed in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1993. The group consists of Scottish musician Shirley Manson and American musicians Duke Erikson, Steve Marker, all four members are involved in songwriting and production. The band have counted worldwide album sales of over 17 million units, follow-up Version 2.0, released in 1998 after a year of production, had an equal commercial success, topping the UK Albums Chart and getting nominations for two Grammy Awards. Garbage followed this up by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond movie The World Is Not Enough, despite critical acclaim, Garbages 2001 third album Beautiful Garbage failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors. Garbage quietly disbanded amidst the production of fourth album Bleed Like Me, but regrouped to complete the album. The band cut short their concert tour in support of Bleed Like Me announcing a hiatus, emphasizing that they had not broken up. The hiatus was briefly interrupted in 2007, as Garbage recorded new tracks for greatest hits retrospective Absolute Garbage, Garbage ultimately regrouped in 2011, releasing Not Your Kind of People in 2012 and Strange Little Birds in 2016, via the bands own independent label, Stunvolume. Duke Erikson and Butch Vig had been in bands, including Spooner. In 1983, Vig and Marker founded Smart Studios in Madison, Spooner reunited in 1990 and released another record, but disbanded in 1993 as Vig and Markers career as producers gained strength. The remixes featured different instrumentation, and often highlighting new guitar hooks and this experience inspired the three men to form a band, where they wanted to take that remix sensibility and somehow translate it into all of the possibilities of a band setup. Initial sessions with Vig on vocals, along with the members past work with all-male groups, Marker was watching 120 Minutes when he saw the music video for Angelfishs Suffocate Me. He showed the video to Erikson and Vig while their manager Shannon OShea tracked down the bands singer, when Manson was contacted, she did not know who Vig was and was urged to check the credits on Nevermind, the popular Nirvana album which Vig produced. On April 8,1994, Manson met Erikson, Marker, later that evening Vig was informed of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobains suicide. Garbage was put on hold until Angelfish was finished touring North America in support of Live, Erikson, Marker, and Vig attended the Metro Chicago date, and Manson was invited to Madison to audition for the band. The audition did not go well, but Manson socialized with the men while there, Angelfish disbanded at the end of the Live tour. Manson called OShea and asked to again, feeling that it could work out. The first songs were versions of the songs Stupid Girl, Queer and Vow. Manson had never written a song prior to this session, nevertheless, lyrics were penned at a cabin in the north woods of Wisconsin while the songs were recorded at Smart Studios
Garbage (band)
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Garbage performing live during the
Not Your Kind of People tour in March 2013.
Garbage (band)
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Butch Vig had built a reputation as a rock producer before deciding to form Garbage.
Garbage (band)
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Garbage's first four albums were recorded at the now-closed
Smart Studios in
Madison, Wisconsin.
Garbage (band)
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Shirley Manson performing live at Voodoo Festival 2002
3.
Bleed Like Me
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Bleed Like Me is the fourth studio album by American-Scottish alternative rock band Garbage. It was released on April 11,2005 by A&E Records, the group chose a straight rock sound reminiscent of Garbages live performances instead of the electronica that permeated the previous album, Beautiful Garbage. The first recording sessions for Bleed Like Me took place in March 2003, as Garbage struggled to create the album, the band quietly split for four months starting October 2003. They reunited under producer John King in Los Angeles, and following a guest appearance by Dave Grohl on Bad Boyfriend, Garbage recruited drummer Matt Walker and bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen for new recording sessions, and completed the album by the end of 2004. Before the tour started, the band spent two weeks in Smart Studios—their recording studio in Madison, Wisconsin—to write new material for their upcoming album. Upon completion of the tour in December 2002, the group some time off, Shirley Manson returned to her native Scotland, while Butch Vig completed production work on albums by AFI. The band regrouped in February 2003 to perform Pride at a MusiCares tribute to U2 frontman Bono, immediately after the event, they returned to Madison to continue working on their follow-up record. On the first day in the studio, Garbage composed a new track, Right Between the Eyes, other tracks written during the early sessions were Hangin with the Bitches and Never Be Free. Vig said that the start made the band feel optimistic and gave the impression that the album would be completed as rapidly as in six months. Recording for the album was halted during the summer when Manson underwent surgery to remove a cyst on her vocal cord. On September 10, a backhoe careened into the walls of Smart Studios. Both Garbage and the band Paris, Texas had been working on their albums, the sessions were permeated by passive-aggressive tensions and an overall lack of artistic focus. According to Vig, there were a lot of personal arguments, Manson suffered writers block and had trouble writing lyrics, and Vig did not like the way the songs sounded. The drummer said that the group frequently argued during production, Duke Erikson said that nobody could agree about the musics direction, and the band was on the verge of breaking up. He said, when you lose that common bond of the music, eventually, the group suffered a complete and utter band meltdown in October, leading the band members splitting and taking a break from the sessions. Vig left the studio and returned to Los Angeles, over the Christmas period, he encountered excited Garbage fans eager to hear about the albums progress. Not wanting to disappoint them, he disclosed some song titles to them, after this encounter he realised that the band still had a future. During the break, Vig met Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters in a party, at the beginning of 2004, the band decided to try to salvage the album, taking their managements suggestion to work with an external producer for the first time
Bleed Like Me
–
The band credited the participation of
Dave Grohl, who played drums in "Bad Boyfriend", as a motivator in getting the album finished.
Bleed Like Me
–
Bleed Like Me
Bleed Like Me
–
Garbage performing in
Copenhagen, 2005
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
A-side and B-side
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Victor 17929A and 17929B.
A-side and B-side
5.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
CD single
–
Hansons "
Give a Little " as promo-CD-single.
6.
Smart Studios
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Smart Studios was a recording studio located in Madison, Wisconsin. It was set up in 1983 by Butch Vig and Steve Marker to produce local bands, the studio produced bands such as Killdozer, The Smashing Pumpkins, L7, Tad and Nirvana. After initial production and remix successes, the became the focus of operations for Vig and Markers own group, Garbage. The studio survived various mishaps, including flooding, and in 2003, on May 1,2010, the studio closed its doors because of financial difficulties. In 2012, the Wisconsin Historical Museum assembled an exhibit on the studio, Smart Sounds, Alt Music, in September 2013, producer and musician Brian Liston re-opened the former Smart Studios facility as Clutch Sound
Smart Studios
–
Smart Studios
7.
Madison, Wisconsin
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Madison is the capital of the U. S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. As of July 1,2015, Madisons estimated population of 248,951 made it the second largest city in Wisconsin, after Milwaukee, and the 84th largest in the United States. The city forms the core of the United States Census Bureaus Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa, Green, the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Areas 2010 population was 568,593. When the Wisconsin Territory was created in 1836 the territorial legislature convened in Belmont, One of the legislatures tasks was to select a permanent location for the territorys capital. Doty lobbied aggressively for Madison as the new capital, offering buffalo robes to the freezing legislators and he had James Slaughter plat two cities in the area, Madison and The City of Four Lakes, near present-day Middleton. Doty named the city Madison for James Madison, the fourth President of the U. S. who had died on June 28,1836 and he named the streets for the other 39 signers of the U. S. Constitution. Being named for the founding father James Madison, who had just died. The cornerstone for the Wisconsin capitol was laid in 1837, on October 9,1839, Kintzing Prichett registered the plat of Madison at the registrars office of the then-territorial Dane County. Madison was incorporated as a village in 1846, with a population of 626, when Wisconsin became a state in 1848, Madison remained the capital, and the following year it became the site of the University of Wisconsin. The Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad connected to Madison in 1854, Madison incorporated as a city in 1856, with a population of 6,863, leaving the unincorporated remainder as a separate Town of Madison. The original capitol was replaced in 1863 and the capitol burned in 1904. The current capitol was built between 1906 and 1917, during the Civil War, Madison served as a center of the Union Army in Wisconsin. Camp Randall, on the west side of Madison, was built and used as a camp, a military hospital. After the war ended, the Camp Randall site was absorbed into the University of Wisconsin, in 2004 the last vestige of active military training on the site was removed when the stadium renovation replaced a firing range used for ROTC training. The City of Madison continued annexations from the Town of Madison almost from the date of the citys incorporation, Madison is located in the center of Dane County in south-central Wisconsin,77 miles west of Milwaukee and 122 miles northwest of Chicago. The city completely surrounds the smaller Town of Madison, the City of Monona, Madison shares borders with its largest suburb, Sun Prairie, and three other suburbs, Middleton, McFarland and Fitchburg. The citys boundaries also approach the city of Verona, and the villages of Cottage Grove, DeForest, and Waunakee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 94.03 square miles
Madison, Wisconsin
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Madison, Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
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View of Madison from the Water Cure, South Side of Lake Monona, 1855
Madison, Wisconsin
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View of downtown and Capitol from Washington Street, 1865
Madison, Wisconsin
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View from Capitol dome taken between 1880 and 1899
8.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative rock
–
One of the first popular alternative rock bands,
R.E.M. relied on
college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative rock
–
Kim Gordon and
Thurston Moore of
Sonic Youth
Alternative rock
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Robert Smith of
The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative,
gothic rock, and
college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative rock
–
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and
Krist Novoselic with
Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
9.
Post-grunge
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Post-grunge is a style of rock music that began in the 1990s and is considered a subgenre of alternative rock and hard rock. Originally, post-grunge was an informal and even pejorative label used to describe bands that emulated the sound of Nirvana and Pearl Jam, such as Bush, Candlebox. In the late 1990s, post-grunge morphed into a clearly defined style that married the sound. Post-grunge rose to prominence in the 1990s and continued to remain popular in the 2000s, Post-grunge bands such as Foo Fighters, Puddle of Mudd, Staind, Nickelback, Creed and Matchbox Twenty all achieved mainstream success. During the 1990s, a post-grunge sound emerged which emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly its thick, distorted guitars, Post-grunge music tends to be in mid-tempo and is noted for having a polished, radio-ready production. Post-grunge tends to feature melodies and song structures that are common in pop music, sometimes post-grunge music features both an electric guitar and an acoustic guitar playing simultaneously. Post-grunge lyrics also tend to be about such as relationships, romance. According to Geffen, grunges frontmen posed with their addictions, post-grunges songwriters sought redemption for them, according to Geffen, artists such as Alanis Morissette, No Doubt and Sarah McLachlan all crystallized the songwriting strategy that would form the emotional core of the post-grunge moment. Post-grunge tends to have quality that is higher and cleaner than the quality in grunge. When grunge became a mainstream genre because of such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam. According to Tim Grierson of About, during the late 1990s, post-grunge morphed, becoming a derivative of grunge that combined characteristics of grunge with a more commercially accessible tone. During this time, post-grunge bands such as Creed and Nickelback emerged, Grierson wrote, Creed and Nickelback espoused a more conventional, almost conservative worldview built around the comforts of community and romantic relationships. Grierson also wrote, Post-grunge was a musical style, but bands like Nirvana. Post-grunge, by comparison, seemed to exist in order to court that very audience, in late 1992, Cobain was photographed in a T-shirt with Grunge is Dead printed on its front and the genres decline started to be widely discussed. The death of Cobain in 1994, as well as Pearl Jams touring problems, problems of addiction for Layne Staley of Alice in Chains led to the band cancelling scheduled dates in 1995. When grunge was mainstream, major labels began signing and promoting bands emulating the genre. In spite of the fact that such as Bush and Candlebox have been categorized as grunge. Collective Soul and Live are two other bands categorized as post-grunge that emerged along with Bush and Candlebox and its song Far Behind peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100
Post-grunge
–
Foo Fighters performing an acoustic show in 2007
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
Songwriter
–
Songwriter and singer
Chris de Burgh.
11.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
12.
Shut Your Mouth (Garbage song)
–
Shut Your Mouth is a 2001 alternative rock song by Garbage, written and recorded for their third studio album Beautiful Garbage. Shut Your Mouth was the opener, it was also released as its fourth. In 2007, Shut Your Mouth was remastered and included on Garbages greatest hits album Absolute Garbage, Shut Your Mouth was written and recorded at Garbages own Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin during the year-long sessions that culminated in their third album Beautiful Garbage. Session musician Daniel Shulman worked on Shut Your Mouth during the first of his two visits to Smart Studios to work on the album and he quickly laid down a riff for the chorus which used a lot of common tones throughout the chord progressions of the song. However, Shulman spent a time working on a funky. All the bass parts on Shut Your Mouth were performed on a Music Man Sabre bass. Butch Vig recorded a funk jam for the middle of the song on a Drum Workshop kit, he then cut and pasted random beats using Pro Tools editing software to create a jarring percussive effect. The majority of the work on Beautiful Garbage was to analog tracked through a Trident A Range mixing console, then fed into Pro Tools for recording overdubs. The bands engineer, Billy Bush would then print a stereo mix of the ProTools tracks to two-inch tape, Shirley Manson, In a general sense, its about keeping your own counsel. There are so many opinions out there and misinformation and everybodys got their own agenda, take a split second to think before you leap. Which, of course, I never do, on October 10,2001, Shut Your Mouth was debuted live by Garbage in Notre Dame, Indiana, during the bands first support slot on U2s Elevation Tour. The song was performed at almost every show on the Beautiful Garbage tour, at one Osaka, Japan performance in February 2002, Garbage replaced the verse riff with one from AC/DCs Back in Black. On April 8,2002, Shut Your Mouth was announced as the single from Beautiful Garbage by Shirley Manson herself. The show was scheduled to air in June, when Mushroom Records UK had planned to release Shut Your Mouth across Europe to coincide with Garbages booked Glastonbury performance and European tour. After the failure of third single, Breaking Up the Girl. PIAS Recordings released Shut Your Mouth in Germany on June 24 to coincide with the bands German tour dates, the single was released a CD maxi featuring b-side Happiness Pt.2 and two live tracks, Wild Horses and Only Happy When it Rains. PIAS then issued the single in other European territories from July 8, awards, and completed two pre-records for both Top Of The Pops and Popworld to be broadcast nearer the release date. Manson also appeared on breakast show RI, SE to discuss the song, while Mushroom ran print ads for the single in Kerrang. rejecting the artwork used for the single in Europe, Mushroom commissioned a new photoshoot so that the single cover would feature Mansons image
Shut Your Mouth (Garbage song)
–
UK CD singles and collector's wallet.
Shut Your Mouth (Garbage song)
–
"Shut Your Mouth"
Shut Your Mouth (Garbage song)
–
Garbage in the first version of the
animated "Shut Your Mouth" video.
13.
Bleed Like Me (song)
–
Bleed Like Me is a song by American alternative rock band Garbage. It was released as a single from their fourth album, Bleed Like Me. Following on from the Billboard Hot 100 success of lead single Why Do You Love Me, in 2007, Bleed Like Me was remastered and included on Garbages greatest hits album Absolute Garbage. Bleed Like Me was written in 2004 at Smart Studios in Madison and it was one of the first songs the band wrote after reforming from a temporary three-month split in October 2003, with singer Shirley Manson overcoming writers block to write the lyrics to the track. The song begun with Butch Vig creating both the acoustic riff that opens the track and title, Butch Vig, Musically its very simple, its basically this little hypnotic riff on the acoustic guitar and it builds a little bit, but the song never gets too big musically. Really its all about her vocals and she said I want to sound like a girls choir and were like Cool, lets just do it now. She went in singing You should see my scars and it just floored me, still when I hear that the hairs on the back of my neck go up. Its really an amazing moment on the record, Manson said that the main theme of the song was about how everybodys got a story to tell, and theyve all got their own burden to carry around. Whether its really an issue or whether its really private it shapes you as a person. I think were all guilty of believing that our problems are more important than somebody elses, name-checking a number of her childhood friends, as well as J. T. LeRoy in the lyrics, Shirley recalled, Its about a search for empathy. We can forget so easily that people are the same regardless of their sexuality, religion, colour, Manson followed this up, Regardless of the differences between people – their colour, creed, sexuality or how they behave and express themselves – essentially we are exactly the same. Its about how when you are dealing with people you have to remember that they are all carrying with them their own baggage. On March 28,2005, Garbage performed the track on Canal+ Album de la semaine before debuting the song live on stage at the Paris Olympia the following day. On March 28, Garbage performed the single Why Do You Love Me on Top of the Pops, Napster Live and CD, UK, on May 8, the promo video for Bleed Like Me was added by Fuse, and the following week by MTVU and VH1. On May 12, Garbage perform Bleed Like Me on the Late Show with David Letterman, and complete their North American club tour on May 14 in Baltimore. Garbage returned to North America to tour the Bleed Like Me single, on July 28 the band perform Bleed Like Me on The Tonight Show. Remixes of Bleed Like Me by Eric Kupper debuts on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart and on September 18 reaches the top 10, on May 22,2007 it was officially confirmed that Bleed Like Me was to be included on the bands greatest hits album Absolute Garbage. The music video for Bleed Like Me was filmed on April 11 in the disused Linda Vista Hospital in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, during the filming, CNN interviewed the band and broadcast behind-the-scenes footage of the video
Bleed Like Me (song)
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"Bleed Like Me"
Bleed Like Me (song)
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Garbage in character in the "Bleed Like Me" video.
14.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
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From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
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Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
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YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
15.
Beautiful Garbage
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Beautiful Garbage is the third studio album by American-Scottish alternative rock band Garbage, released on September 27,2001 by Mushroom Records. The album is marked by expanding on the variety, with stronger melodies, more direct lyrics, and sounds that mix rock with electronica, new wave, hip hop. The albums title is directly from a lyric in the song Celebrity Skin by Hole. It was named one of Rolling Stones Top 10 Albums of the Year, the origins of Beautiful Garbage came from a three-day September 1999 recording session during Garbages world tour in support of their second album Version 2.0. The sessions resulted in Silence Is Golden and Til the Day I Die, both songs were loose and organic, contrasting the very dense layered production that featured on Version 2.0. Silence Is Golden in particular had been written with an odd structure for a Garbage song, Garbage began writing and recording the album at their own Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin in April of that year. Garbage acknowledged the broad span of sounds and styles, which included Prince, The Rolling Stones, Blondie, and Phil Spector. Drummer Butch Vig stated that the album is a simpler record than Version 2.0, All of the songs sort of came from us playing live downstairs with guitar, bass. That was the conscious decision we made – to make the songs simpler. Some of the songs are still layered in spots, compared to the last record, as far as sounds go, its basically drums, bass, some heavy guitars and Shirley singing. Erikson agreed that an organic sound and simplistic approach with respect to production is embodied by the final mix of the album. A lot of songs took shape in just a few hours as opposed to a few months with the last record. Some of the songs took a long time. But a lot of them happened very quickly, Silence Is Golden we recorded basically in three days and it was done. So Like a Rose, for the most part, was recorded in three hours, I think we spent a lot of time just trying to resist adding stuff to. Because that was our tendency on the two records. ”On the lyrical content of the songs, Vig remarked that arent specifically responses to the industry. So they work on multiple levels, Garbage decided the best way to start writing the album was to set up their recording equipment, guitars, keyboards, drum kit and a sampler and jam as a group. The band felt that it was foremost that the new songs worked on a level with Mansons vocals. The initial sessions ultimately led to around 32 song ideas to develop further, Smart Studios had upgraded their mixing console to a Trident A-Range model, which the band used extensively
Beautiful Garbage
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Beautiful Garbage
Beautiful Garbage
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The international special edition "rose"-pack Beautiful Garbage CD format.
16.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard logo
17.
Special (Garbage song)
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Special is an alternative rock song written, performed and produced by Garbage, and was the third international single to be released from the bands platinum second album Version 2.0. Special gained much attention in the press upon the 1998 release of Version 2.0. A moderate hit in the United Kingdom and Australia in October 1998, the sci-fi inspired music video for Special also received nominations from music industry award panels, winning a D&AD Award, a MTV Video Music Award, and a VH1 Visionary Video award. In 2007, Special was remastered and included on Garbages greatest hits album Absolute Garbage, Garbage began writing their second album, which would go under the working title of Sad Alcoholic Clowns, in March 1997 in the bands label-head Jerry Mosss Friday Harbor, Washington, vacation house. The group demoed and made rough outlines for new songs, of which Special, was one of, Garbage recorded all of their work for the second album through a 48-track digital system digitally, direct to hard drives utilizing a 24bit Pro Tools rig. The guitar solo intro was performed on a 12-string Rickenbacker guitar, at the end of the first chorus, Garbage recorded a multi-tracked harmony vocal from Manson. While experimenting with various phrasing over the outro to Special, group vocalist Shirley Manson ad-libbed We were the talk of the town from the refrain of The Pretenders song Talk of The Town. The band were keen to keep the lyric, and to circumvent any legal problems. Manson was reluctant to let people think that Special was simply a paean to Hynde, Manson, Ultimately its about those feelings of betrayal you have for people when you set your sights too high and expect too much and how that can lead to disappointment in the end. Garbage completed recording, producing and mixing of their album in mid-February 1998. Special was track listed as the fifth song. Garbage debuted Special live on May 15,1998 at a concert at Ryans Ballroom in Combined Locks, Wisconsin, Special was A-listed at Radio One and XFM and B-listed at Virgin, and also made the playlists of 52 regional radio stations. Special was released by Mushroom Records UK in the UK on October 5 on three formats, the cassette single and first CD single contains B-side 13 × Forever, the CD also included a Brothers in Rhythm remix. The second CD single included a newly recorded version of Version 2.0 album track Medication. On October 12, Special charted at #15 in the UK Singles Chart, a week after the initial single release, Mushroom issued Special in a collectable 3 CD single format in blister pack packaging, featuring both B-sides and the Brothers in Rhythm remix of Special. The 3-inch CD format was deleted after one week on sale, the same week, Version 2.0 was certified platinum by the BPI for shipping over 300,000 units in the United Kingdom. Top Of The Pops broadcast the bands earlier pre-record of Special to mark its chart position, across in Europe, BMG issued Special on CD maxi and CD single formats in various territories from October 5. Special peaked at #54 on the Australian ARIA charts, and spent six weeks in the top 100.0 tour in Denver, Colorado on September 15
Special (Garbage song)
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American cover
Special (Garbage song)
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"Special"
Special (Garbage song)
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Shirley Manson in the "Special" video.
18.
When I Grow Up (Garbage song)
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When I Grow Up is a 1998 song written, recorded and produced by alternative rock band Garbage. The song was released as the international single to be taken from the bands multi-platinum second album Version 2.0 over the course of the following year. When I Grow Up proved to be a Top Ten hit for the band in both United Kingdom and Spain where the single charted very strongly. In North America, after initially impacting the bands core alternative fanbase, the song performed moderately well on the alternative and dance charts. When I Grow Up was remastered in 2007 for Garbages greatest hits album Absolute Garbage, when I Grow Up was written and recorded at Smart Studios during the 1997 sessions for Version 2.0. Bass on When I Grow Up was performed by Daniel Shulman, lyrically, Manson described When I Grow Up as being about that delirious state of wishing and hoping and dreaming for things, not giving up. Theres a great quote by Flaubert where he says, Sometimes the forces of the world hold us back for a while, but not for ever. And you can never hope to − and mocks those who feel that way, KISS FM also playlisted the Danny Tenaglia remix. The music video was placed on rotation by both MTV and The Box. Supported by the tour and airplay for the single, Version 2.0 climbed back into the top forty of the UK Album Chart, Mushroom Records issued When I Grow Up on January 25 as a 2×CD single set and a cassette single. The first CD and the cassette was backed with Cant Seem to Make You Mine, the second CD single included Tornado and the Rickedy Raw version of Special. After a week on sale, When I Grow Up debuted at No.28 on the Irish Singles Chart and this was the bands fifth UK top ten hit. On February 1, the fourth of a series of limited edition 3 CD Garbage singles, the same week, the resurgent Version 2.0 album hit #12. When I Grow Up ultimately spent seven weeks in the Top 75, when I Grow Up was released in North America as Garbage were at the end of a two-month arena tour around the United States opening for Alanis Morissette. A month prior, the Danny Tenaglia remixes had reached nightclubs around the country on import from Europe achieving Hot Dance Breakout status, when I Grow Up subsequently debuted on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart at #47. By the end of March, third Version 2.0 single Special had just taken off at Top 40 radio, and the song thereafter started climbing the Billboard Hot 100. Special had already peaked on the radio format at the end of January. On March 20, Garbage performed both Special and When I Grow Up on Saturday Night Live, Almo Sounds serviced When I Grow Up to alternative rock radio in the United States on April 12
When I Grow Up (Garbage song)
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"When I Grow Up"
19.
Audio mastering
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Mastering requires critical listening, however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Mastering is a gateway between production and consumption and, as such, it involves technical knowledge as well as specific aesthetics. Results still depend upon the accuracy of speaker monitors and the listening environment, mastering engineers may also need to apply corrective equalization and dynamic compression in order to optimise sound translation on all playback systems. It is standard practice to make a copy of a recording, known as a safety copy, in case the master is lost. In the earliest days of the industry, all phases of the recording and mastering process were entirely achieved by mechanical processes. The cutting head, driven by the energy transferred from the horn and these masters were usually made from either a soft metal alloy or from wax, this gave rise to the colloquial term waxing, referring to the cutting of a record. Until the introduction of recording, master recordings were almost always cut direct-to-disc. Only a small minority of recordings were mastered using previously recorded material sourced from other discs, in the late 1940s, the recording industry was revolutionized by the introduction of magnetic tape. Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, not until the end of World War II could the technology be found outside of Europe. The introduction of tape recording enabled master discs to be cut separately in time. From the 1950s until the advent of recording in the late 1970s. Once the studio recording on tape was complete, a final mix was prepared and dubbed down to the master tape. Prior to the cutting of the disc, the master tape was often subjected to further electronic treatment by a specialist mastering engineer. After the advent of tape it was found that, especially for pop recordings and this was done by making fine adjustments to the amplitude of sound at different frequency bands prior to the cutting of the master disc. Record mastering became a prized and skilled craft, and it was widely recognized that good mastering could make or break a commercial pop recording. As a result, the independent mastering studio was born, early independent mastering engineers included Doug Sax, Bob Ludwig, Bob Katz and Bernie Grundman and Denny Purcell. In large recording companies such as EMI, the process was usually controlled by specialist staff technicians who were conservative in their work practices. In the 1990s, electro-mechanical processes were largely superseded by digital technology, with digital recordings stored on disk drives or digital tape
Audio mastering
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Magnetic tape was commonly used to create master copies.
Audio mastering
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Optimum Digital Levels with respect to the Full Digital Scale (dBFSD)
Audio mastering
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A common mastering processor for
dynamic range compression
20.
Absolute Garbage
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Absolute Garbage is a greatest hits album by rock band Garbage, released on July 23,2007. The album was compiled and released by Geffens imprint Almo Sounds through Universal Music Enterprises back catalogue division in North America and it was released while Garbage were on hiatus following the bands one-off reformation to perform at a benefit concert early in the same year. Absolute Garbage was released on CD and a special edition two-CD set which included a disc of remixes. However, singer Shirley Manson revealed in 2012 that the compilation emerged from a demand by the bands UK label A&E Records in order to meet their quarterly requirements. When Garbage began to collate the material for Absolute Garbage, it transpired that the masters of their eponymous debut album had been lost. Neither of the record labels had them, and after further searching. Vig and audio engineer Billy Bush were able to track down an archived, despite the backups being far from an optimal situation, mastering engineer Emily Lazar at The Lodge in New York City was able to reverse engineer the missing songs from the damaged archive. Lazar used some alternate versions of the songs when completing the final master and her assistant, Joe LaPorta, mastered and edited the remixes for the special edition. Eschewing the Midwestern location of their Wisconsin-based Smart Studios, Garbage chose to record new material for the album in GrungeIsDead, Vigs California-located home recording studio. The band completed three songs during the sessions, including Betcha, Girls Talk Shit, and All the Good in This Life. Vig had created a new version of their song Bad Boyfriend, which had opened their Bleed Like Me album, when he had been updating his home studio the previous year. Keeping to the Garbage formula of incorporating non-musical sounds in their work, thinking that the compilation would benefit from the inclusion of a new remix, Vig presented his rework to Manson and Erikson who had been unaware of the new version. Both agreed that Bad Boyfriend should be included, but rather than solicit an outside producer, a rock version of Version 2. 0s Push It was completed by producer Chris Sheldon. Region 0 pressings of the DVD contained all 16 music videos to accompany the featured on the CD formats, with the exception of #1 Crush. Region 1 releases did not include the video for Tell Me Where It Hurts, Garbage later said that the album was released as a contractual obligation to Warner Music, This was the final straw that broke our backs, recalled Manson five years later. The record company we had sold to in the U. K. demanded that we release a greatest hits in order to meet their quarterly requirements. We were not in a position to stop it, as a result, they shoved this collection out with no promotion whatsoever. It was right there and then that we realized how crazy, Garbage remained on hiatus for a further three years until regrouping to record their fifth studio album, Not Your Kind of People, released in 2012
Absolute Garbage
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Absolute Garbage
Absolute Garbage
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Special edition cover
Absolute Garbage
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DVD edition cover
21.
Butch Vig
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After becoming well known as a producer, he formed and played drums with Garbage, who sold 17 million records over a ten-year period. Vig returned to producing full-time once Garbage went on hiatus in 2005, the band reconvened in 2010 to record material for their fifth album. In 2012, Vig ranked number nine in NMEs Top 50 Greatest Producers Ever, Butch Vig was born Bryan David Vig to Dr. DeVerne and Betty Vig, a music teacher, in Viroqua, Wisconsin. Vig has two siblings, Chris and Lisa, Vig acquired the nickname Butch as a child, due to the severe crew cut his father gave him. Vig studied piano for six years, after seeing The Who perform on The Smothers Brothers, he swapped his piano for a $60 drum kit. Moving to Madison, Vig enrolled at the University of Wisconsin to study film direction, while a student at the University of Wisconsin, Vig met his eventual Garbage bandmate Steve Marker. Vig contributed several electronic music pieces to low-budget films, including one song on Slumber Party Massacre. This soundtrack work stirred Vigs interest in the manipulation of sound, Vig joined a number of garage pop bands, including Eclipse, and in 1978 formed Spooner with Duke Erikson, Dave Benton, Jeff Walker and Joel Tappero. The following year, Vig helped Marker to build a studio in Markers basement. The self-producing was later described by Vig as kind of a trial by fire, in 1984, Vig and Marker founded Smart Studios in Madison, while still performing drums in Spooner at night and driving a taxi cab during the day. When Spooner lost momentum, Vig formed a band called First Person with Marker and Phil Davis, Fire Town quickly became Vigs priority, and after their first album were signed to Atlantic Records. Atlantic hired producer Michael Frondelli to work with Fire Town on their second album, while the sessions did not do well, and the resulting record sank, Vig learned a lot of production techniques from the process. Fire Town split, and Vig reformed Spooner for an album before Vigs production work became a full-time career for him. Vigs first high-profile production work was in 1991, when he produced albums by two bands, The Smashing Pumpkins Gish and Nirvanas Nevermind. Vig incorporated overdubs and vocal doubletracking, whereas Nirvanas previous album, kurt Cobain originally refused to double-track his vocals and guitars but Vig reportedly got him to comply by saying John Lennon double-tracked. Cobain would later criticize Vig for the slickness, although this might be due to Andy Wallaces mixing of the album. Cobain said that Butch Vig. recorded the album perfectly, in a 1993 MTV interview, Billy Corgan welcomed Vigs elaborate production on The Smashing Pumpkins Siamese Dream. This album met with commercial and critical reception, also breaking another indie band into the mainstream
Butch Vig
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Butch Vig in Madison's Smart Studios recording studio in 2010, recording the Muse song '
Neutron Star Collision '
22.
Shirley Manson
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Shirley Ann Manson is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and actress from Edinburgh, Scotland. She is the singer of the alternative rock band Garbage. For much of her international career Manson commuted between her home city of Edinburgh and the United States to record with Garbage, she now lives, Manson gained media attention for her forthright style, rebellious attitude, and distinctive voice. Mansons musical career began in her teens when she was approached to perform backing vocals, quickly she developed into a prominent member of the group and developed a formidable stage presence. Manson was approached by her bands record label with the idea of launching her as a solo artist, Garbage toured worldwide and sold 12 million records over ten years. Shirley Ann Manson was born to John Mitchell and Muriel Flora Manson in Edinburgh, Shirley was named after an aunt who was herself named after Charlotte Brontës novel Shirley. She was born two years between both older sister Lindy-Jayne and younger sister Sarah, and was brought up in the Comely Bank. She attended Broughton High School, Edinburgh, Mansons childhood education was informed by the Church of Scotland, until the age of 12, when she rebelled against organized religion. Mansons first public performance was in 1970, at age four, with her older sister, enrolled at Flora Stevenson Primary School, Manson received instruction in recorder, clarinet and fiddle, and learned ballet and piano from extramural classes at age seven. Manson was a member of Girlguiding UK throughout this period of her youth as a Brownie and a Guide, Manson attended the City of Edinburgh Music School, Manson had teenage ambitions to become an actress, but was rejected by the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Manson was eventually moved into stockrooms because of her attitude toward customers, Manson became well known throughout Edinburghs clubbing scene, and making use of free samples from Miss Selfridge, styled hair for a number of local bands. Manson also briefly modelled clothing for Jackie magazine, Mansons first musical experiences came from briefly singing with local Edinburgh acts The Wild Indians and performed backing vocals with Autumn 1984. While she was acting in her group, Manson was approached by Goodbye Mr. Mackenzies lead Martin Metcalfe to join his band, Mansons first release with the Mackenzies was a YTS release of Death of a Salesman in 1984. The group signed a major record deal with Capitol Records in 1987, and they released their first album Good Deeds and Dirty Rags. In 1990, the contract was transferred to Parlophone, another EMI label. Gary Kurfirst, who managed Talking Heads and Deborah Harry, bought the Mackenzies contract and issued their second album through his own label Radioactive, after another single failed to chart, the group were persuaded to leave Radioactive by their management. The Mackenzies continued to write material, Manson was also given the opportunity to lead vocals on a number of tracks planned for the bands third album. Although MCA had no desire to further their commitments to Goodbye Mr. Mansons contract obligated her to deliver at least one album and, at the option of Radioactive
Shirley Manson
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Manson performing as part of Garbage, 2012.
Shirley Manson
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Manson was born and raised in the city of
Edinburgh in central Scotland.
Shirley Manson
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Shirley Manson performing live with
Garbage during the band's 2012
Not Your Kind of People World Tour
Shirley Manson
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Shirley Manson donates £51,000 to Waverley Care on behalf of
M•A•C AIDS Fund.
23.
Synth
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
Synth
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Early
Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. (ca. 1970)
Synth
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Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine in 1769–1791 (replica in 2007–2009)
Synth
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Rudolph Koenig 's sound synthesizer in 1865: consists of
tuning forks,
electromagnets, and
Helmholtz resonators.
Synth
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The
Teleharmonium console (1897) and
Hammond organ (1934).
24.
Matt Walker (drummer)
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Matt Walker, born in May 1969, is a Chicago-based musician. He is known for drumming with Filter, The Smashing Pumpkins, Matt toured with Filter in support of the album, Short Bus until 1996. Filter toured with The Smashing Pumpkins in Europe and when Pumpkins drummer Jimmy Chamberlin was fired after a heroin overdose and he finished the Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness tour with the band and all of their dates up until the beginning of the Adore tour. Walker also recorded the song The End Is the Beginning Is the End with the band on the official Batman & Robin movie soundtrack, as well as several tracks on The Smashing Pumpkins Adore. He also worked with Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan on the soundtrack for the movie Ransom, in 1998, Walkers own band, Cupcakes, was signed to DreamWorks Records and subsequently left the Pumpkins to record the Cupcakes album. Walker was replaced by John Mellencamps drummer, Kenny Aronoff, for the Pumpkins Adore tour, Walker did, however, play with the Pumpkins again at their last show before their first break up, on December 2,2000. He played percussion on a version of the song Muzzle and drums on 1979. After Walker went on to collaborative efforts including Ashtar Command with former Filter member, Brian Liesegang, Matt co-created the band, Impossible Recording Machine with Jim Dinou. In 2002, Matt filled in for an ailing Butch Vig during Garbages European tour, in 2005, he played on Garbages album, Bleed Like Me, and also recorded and toured with Billy Corgan to promote the solo album, TheFutureEmbrace. Walker has played drums with Morrissey since 2006, and played on his albums, Years of Refusal, Walker was also a member of the band theMDR, who appeared on the 2007 MySpace/SPIN Smashing Pumpkins tribute album performing Signal to Noise, an unreleased Smashing Pumpkins song. He rejoined the Pumpkins on percussion during the Chicago dates of their 20th anniversary tour in November and December 2008, while on hiatus from Morrissey, Matt writes songs and performs under the name of1000faces with various singers and musicians. Walker performed with the Pumpkins again at a concert at the Metro in Chicago. As of 2014, Walker has been working closely with Billy Corgan to remix many of the due to appear on the upcoming Adore reissue. In a 2010 interview, Matt stated he uses all Zildjian cymbals and his drum kit varies on the material he is working on but has used a Gretsch USA Custom 6-piece kit. Walker has three children and is married to Char Walker and he lives in a Chicago suburb. Official website Matt Walker discography at Allmusic true-to-you. net – A Morrissey Zine
Matt Walker (drummer)
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Chicago 2014
25.
Justin Meldal-Johnsen
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Justin Meldal-Johnsen is an American producer, songwriter, bassist, multi-instrumentalist and musical director, best known for his work with Beck, Nine Inch Nails, M83 and Air. Meldal-Johnsen served as the touring bassist for Nine Inch Nails between 2008 and 2009, and was Becks longtime bassist and musical director, on-and-off, from 1996 until 2016. Meldal-Johnsen grew up in Los Angeles, obsessively listening to his parents records, like most budding musicians, he spent his time playing along to his favorite bands records and jamming in garages. His interests were wide, but centered on American post-punk and UK post-punk, goth, in 1987 he met Beck, and the two would form a lasting friendship and shared musical interests that would eventually culminate in Justin joining Becks touring band many years later. From 1988 to 1993, Meldal-Johnsen was in LA alternative rock bands Last Carousel and This Great Religion, in 1994, he joined the band Pet, which featured singer Lisa Papineau and guitarist Tyler Bates. Also in 1994, Meldal-Johnsen joined LA alt-noise band Medicine with Brad Laner, Laner and Meldal-Johnsen would continue to record and work together on projects such as Electric Company as well as Laners various solo albums in years to come. He recorded with Beck on albums such as Odelay, Mutations, Midnite Vultures, Sea Change, Guero and he had toured with Beck during all years since 1996 with the exception of 2005 and 2008. In 1998, he joined up with French band Air for their Moon Safari tour, in 2002, he helped to form the band Ima Robot, and On September 6,2003, Ima Robot released their first full-length album, the self-titled Ima Robot. In 2006, he briefly joined Gnarls Barkley, acting as the musical director and he was involved in just two performances before re-joining with Beck, The Coachella Festival and a secret show at The Roxy in Hollywood. In 2008, Meldal-Johnsen met with Trent Reznor and was invited to join the Nine Inch Nails touring band as bassist, guitarist, JMJ spent the majority of 2008 to 2009 in Nine Inch Nails on their Lights in the Sky, and NIN|JA / Wave Goodbye tours. In 2010, Beck asked Meldal-Johnsen back into the studio to contribute to a body of work to be divided amongst multiple eventual releases. During 2010, he resumed performing live with Beck and his first forays were exclusively co-productions, but beginning in 2009, he began to move forward as a full-fledged producer/co-writer/collaborator. This is seen most clearly with his production and writing on the acclaimed 2011 M83 album, Hurry Up, today, Meldal-Johnsen spends most of his time producing records, working largely from his studio in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California. In 2013, he produced Paramores self-titled fourth album, Crystal Fighters new album Cave Rave, as of Fall 2014, Meldal-Johnsen has worked with The Naked and Famous, School of Seven Bells, and The Raveonettes in between touring with Beck.323. Bass Player October 2008, pp. 26–35,86 Official website Justin Meldal-Johnsen at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Bassist January 2000 Interview with Bass Player February 2004 Photo
Justin Meldal-Johnsen
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Justin Meldal-Johnsen performing with
Nine Inch Nails in 2009
26.
Geffen Records
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Geffen Records is an American major record label, owned by Universal Music Group, which operates as one third of the Interscope Geffen A&M Records label. On March 23,2017, Billboard. com announced the label was relaunching with longtime A&R Neil Jacobson as President, Geffen Records was started in 1980 by music industry businessman David Geffen who, in the early 1970s, had founded Asylum Records. Geffen stepped down from Asylum in 1975, when he crossed over to film and was named a vice-president of Warner Bros and he was fired from Warner circa 1978, but remained locked in a 5-year contract, which prevented him from working elsewhere. He returned to work in 1980 and struck a deal with Warner Bros. Records to create Geffen Records, profits were split 50/50 between Geffen and the respective distributors. Geffen Records first artist was disco superstar Donna Summer, whose gold-selling album The Wanderer became the labels first release in 1980, the label followed it up with Double Fantasy by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. It was Lennons first new album since 1975, two weeks after it entered the charts, Lennon was murdered in New York City. As the 1980s progressed, Geffen would go on to have success with acts as Kylie Minogue, Enya, Quarterflash, Oxo, Asia, Wang Chung. This prompted Geffen to create a label, DGC Records in 1990. Geffen also distributed the first incarnation of Def American Recordings through Warner Bros. from 1988 to 1990, after a decade of operating through Warner, when its contract with the company expired, the label was sold to MCA Music Entertainment in 1990. The deal ultimately earned David Geffen an estimated US$800 million in stock, following the sale, Geffen Records operated as one of MCAs leading independently managed labels. Geffen Records would distribute releases on the new operations DreamWorks Records subsidiary, Universal Music Group acquired PolyGram in 1999, resulting in a corporate reorganization of labels. Geffen Records, along with A&M Records, was merged into Interscope Records. Although Geffen would continue to exist as a brand, it was downsized to fit into the expansion of Interscope. At the same time, international distribution of Interscope and Geffen releases switched to ex-PolyGram label Polydor Records, meanwhile, DreamWorks Records also folded, with artists such as Nelly Furtado, Lifehouse and Rufus Wainwright being absorbed by Geffen as well. During this time, DGC Records was also folded into Geffen, at the end of 2007, however, Geffen was absorbed further into Interscope, laying off sixty employees. In 2009, it was announced that Geffen Records had signed an agreement with the Holy See to produce an album of Marian songs, jimmy Iovine relaunched the Geffen imprint in 2011, moving its headquarters from California to New York City
Geffen Records
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Geffen Records
27.
WBMP (FM)
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WBMP – branded as 92.3 AMP Radio – is an American FM radio station licensed to New York City. Owned by CBS Radio, WBMP broadcasts a rhythmic-leaning CHR music format for the New York metropolitan area, the station was the flagship of The Howard Stern Show from November 1985 to December 2005, and The Opie and Anthony Show from April 2006 until March 2009. WBMP has studios located in the Hudson Square district of Manhattan, a Rock music format known as K-Rock airs on the HD2 channel and Radio Disney, a childrens music format, airs on the HD3 channel. The station, first using the call letters WMCA-FM, went on the air on December 25,1948 and it was co-owned with WMCA radio by former New York state senator Nathan Straus. FM radio was not a successful venture for Straus, and he decided to sell the FM station or close it down altogether. By the early 1970s, WHOM-FM had a Spanish-language easy listening format, WHOM and WHOM-FM, in the early 1970s, were sold to SJR Communications. On June 5,1975, WHOM-FM became WKTU, taking on an Adult Contemporary format and was positioned as soft rock and they were known as Mellow 92. They played current AC songs that crossed over to Top 40 as well as a mix of music from 1964 forward, for 1960s music the station played softer Beatles songs, Mamas and Papas, Spanky and Our Gang, Association, Fifth Dimension, among others. The station steered clear of AC only songs and standards vocalists as well as rock or uptempo R & B. Eventually the station evolved, re-positioned as mellow rock, dropped artists like the Carpenters, most R & B product, and added some softer songs from AOR artists. Unlike todays Adult contemporary music formats, WKTU, by early 1978, was only playing artists heard on Album-oriented rock stations, artists found primarily on Top 40 stations were no longer included. )WKTU was still called Mellow 92 at that point. The Mellow 92 continued until June 1978, meanwhile, station executive, David Rapaport, visited New Yorks Studio 54 discothèque on half a dozen occasions, and was very impressed with the crowds there. He got the idea that a station was needed, as several FM-based Top 40 stations were leaning disco in other markets. As a result, Rapaport purchased 200 disco records and brought them into the station, WKTU abruptly flipped to a disco-based rhythmic top 40 format with the tagline Disco 92 at 6 p. m. on July 24,1978. The same disc jockeys from the format were at first kept on. That fall, the rose from Worst to First, unseating long-time leader 770 WABC in the 18−30 age demographic. Air personalities of this era included Kenn Hayes, Randy Place, Paul Robinson, Trip Reeb, Mary Thomas, Dave Mallow, during the height of the disco craze, WKTU was the station to follow in New York. Initially, WKTU played mostly dance/disco and a few rhythm-friendly pop and rock songs, but by 1979, by then, WKTU was still regarded as a disco station, but could be more accurately described as rhythmic contemporary hit radio
WBMP (FM)
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WBMP
28.
WKQX (FM)
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WKQX – branded 101 WKQX – is a radio station serving the Chicago metropolitan area. The station is owned by Merlin Media, LLC and operated by Cumulus Media under a local marketing agreement announced in January 2014, a former NBC Radio owned-and-operated station, WKQX is best known for carrying a long-running alternative rock format from 1992 until 2011 as Q101. WKQX aired a rock music format that originated on the former WKQX-LP from 2012 until 2014. From 2001 to 2016, WKQXs studios were co-located with sister station WLUP in the Merchandise Mart and its transmitter is located atop the John Hancock Center. WKQX broadcasts two channels in the HD Radio format,101.1 FM was originally WMAQ-FM, co-owned by NBC with WMAQ. WMAQ-FM generally simulcast the AM station, eventually developing its own format, in 1974, WMAQ-FM changed call letters to WJOI, and adopted an adult contemporary format. In 1977, the station repositioned itself as WKQX, which played a rock format that was more adventurous than WDAI. The program director and midday host was Bob Pittman, who later created MTV and is now CEO of Clear Channel Communications, Bob Heymann served as assistant program director and morning drive host, and Bob King was the Music Director. Mitch Michaels did afternoon drive and Lorna Ozmon did nights and it broadcast commercial-free for the first two months of the format. The station was an success, debuting with a 3.9 AQH M-S6 AM to 12 M12 + share in the 1977 January–February Arbitron ratings. In the spring of 1977, Chicago gained another AOR station and this meant that there were four FM rock stations competing against each other. After almost two years of battling for ratings, both WDAI and WKQX coincidentally quit playing rock independently of one another at the end of 1978, WDAI became all disco and WKQX became an adult contemporary station. By the mid-1980s, the station had evolved into a Hot AC format, dropping the 1960s music by 1988, starting in 1987, NBC began a two-year-long divesture of their radio properties. Robert Murphy was the morning drive host on Q101, competing with the likes of WLUPs Jonathon Brandmeier. The stations slogan in the mid-late 1980s was Todays Music, by 1989, WKQX evolved into an adult Top 40 station, and by 1991, it had transitioned to a Modern AC format, preceding WTMX. Q101 continued to evolve, and on July 15,1992, program Director Bill Gamble used KROQ in Los Angeles as a model for the format change. Much of the input for the music came from the staff of the music research department at Q101. It was the research department, led by Mary Shuminus
WKQX (FM)
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Q101 logo
WKQX (FM)
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Logo for "i101" (c. 2012-2014)
29.
KNDD
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KNDD, also known as 107.7 The End, is an alternative rock radio station in Seattle, Washington. It is operated by Entercom Communications and its studios are located in the Metropolitan Park West tower between Downtown and South Lake Union in Seattle. The station broadcasts on 107.7 MHz with an ERP of 68,000 watts and transmits from a tower near Issaquah, the station began its life in 1962 as non-commercial KRAB, founded by Lorenzo Milam and eventually owned by the Jack Straw Memorial Foundation. KRAB broadcast a mix of Pacifica radio features, world music, jazz. But the station was also close to insolvency.1 MHz and 91.9 MHz. The owners of KRAB originally applied to time with KNHC. However, this action was seen by the district as a hostile take-over bid. Ultimately, the owners got a license for 90.7 MHz in Everett, kRABs legacy remains on the air at KSER. The 107.7 FM frequency then went dark for 11 months, the first commercial station signed on March 9,1985. It was known as KMGI, also known as Magic 108, the station was a gold-based Adult Contemporary station and had limited success for four years. But, under the ownership of Noble Broadcast Group, the station refocused as a Hot AC station in August 1989, KMGI brought together the morning team of Kelly and Alpha, who remained with the station throughout its days as I-107-7. All forms of AC tried on the station resulted in low ratings, at 3 p. m. on August 16,1991, KMGI began stunting with TV theme songs with different voices stating The End is coming during its commercial breaks and randomly between themes. A week later, on August 23, at 3 p. m. the station flipped to modern rock, the Ends first songs were Its The End of The World As We Know It by R. E. M. The station referred to its music as The Cutting Edge of Rock and this positioning statement borrowed directly from its San Diego/Tijuana sister station XETRA-FM. It was the Seattle markets 4th attempt at an alternative format. Other stations in the format at one time or another included KJET AM1590 and KYYX FM96.5, within six weeks of The Ends first broadcast, three albums by local artists — Ten by Pearl Jam, Nevermind by Nirvana and Badmotorfinger by Soundgarden — were released. These albums helped come to define the sound known as grunge, KNDD was also the first commercial station to play the band Weezer, when in June 1994, the station played Undone. In 1998, MTVs The Real World was taped in Seattle, for many years, the stations morning show was titled The Morning End, and was hosted by Andy Savage
KNDD
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KNDD
30.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
Seattle
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Downtown Seattle from
Queen Anne Hill
Seattle
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Seal
Seattle
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The
Battle of Seattle (1856)
Seattle
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Seattle's first
streetcar, at the corner of Occidental and Yesler, 1884. All of the buildings visible in this picture were destroyed by fire five years later.
