1.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
2.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
3.
Cobar
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Cobar is a town in central western New South Wales, Australia. The town is 712 km northwest of the capital, Sydney. It is at the crossroads of the Kidman Way and Barrier Highway, the town and the local government area, the Cobar Shire, are on the eastern edge of the outback. At the 2011 census, the town of Cobar had a population of 3,817, the Shire has an area of 44,065 square kilometres —about two-thirds the size of Tasmania. The name Cobar is derived from the Aboriginal Ngiyampaa word for copper, Kuparr, Gubarr or Cuburra, meaning red earth or burnt earth, the name also represents an Aboriginal attempt to pronounce the word copper. Some of the most significant Aboriginal rock art in NSW is found within the Cobar Shire, the indigenous Ngiyampaa/Wangaapuwan traditions of this diverse bio-region are best represented in the rock art of Mount Grenfell,40 km west of Cobar. Over 1,300 depictions of humans and animals, as well as hand stencils are found at this site, pastoralists began to settle the area in the mid-1860s. This led to settlements being founded with Australias European and Asian gold rush immigrant arrivals, the Great Cobar Copper Mining Company Limited was established in 1878. It and subsequent companies operated a number of light railways carrying ore and similar material, Cobar and many mining outskirts accommodated the miners who travelled to the area in the late 1880s. The overwhelming majority of these were of Cornish Australian stock at the time, at its peak, Cobar had a population on 10,000 and its own stock exchange. Copper mining was intermittent until 1965 when full-time operations resumed, in the 1980s, Gold, silver, lead and zinc were discovered in the area, which led to a further population increase. The towns current positive economic development is due to the affluence of the mining boom, three important mining belts are operational in the Cobar area, the Cobar belt, the Canbelego belt and the Girilambone belt. Visits to mine sites may be arranged through the Cobar Heritage, the Festival of the Miners Ghost, held during the last weekend in October, is a festival celebrating the spirits of the old miners. The Cobar economy relies heavily on trade with the mines and their employees. During 2008, after a fall of 75% in world prices, one local mine cut 540 of its 655 jobs. Over the course of that year Cobars workforce reduced by 10%, the town has increasing benefit from being the seat of the local government area. Cobar has two schools, a high school, an activities youth centre and a 31-bed hospital for acute care. Cobar has a climate with hot summers and cool winters
4.
Bourke, New South Wales
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Bourke is a town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia. The administrative centre and largest town in Bourke Shire, Bourke is approximately 800 kilometres north-west of the capital, Sydney. At the 2011 census, Bourke had a population of 2,047, the location of the current township of Bourke on a bend in the Darling River is the traditional country of the Ngemba people. The first white explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling and it was not until the mid-1800s following a visit by colonial surveyor and explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell in 1835 that settlement of the area began. Following tensions with the local people Mitchell built a stockade to protect his men. This first crude structure became the foundation for a community with a small number of agricultural. Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke would host a Cobb & Co, a small Afghan mosque that dates back to the 1900s can be found within Bourke cemetery. As trade moved away from transport routes, Bourkes hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the states north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today. Bourkes traditional owners endured a similar fate to indigenous people across Australia, dispossessed of their traditional country and in occasional conflict with white settlers, they battled a loss of land and culture and were hit hard by European disease. While the population of the local Ngemba and Barkindji people around the town of Bourke had dwindled by the late 19th century, others found employment on local stations working with stock and found their skill as trackers in high demand. The majority of settlers were Wangkumara people from the Tibooburra region. In 1962 local high jumper Percy Hobson became the first Aboriginal athlete to win a Commonwealth Games gold medal for Australia in Perth, tall Hobson jumped 13 inches above his height to win the event with a leap of 6 ft.11 inches. While Hobson was urged by athletics administrators ‘not to broadcast his ancestry’, he was celebrated on his return to Bourke, cathy Freeman was the next Aboriginal athlete to claim a Commonwealth Gold in Auckland in 1990. In Bourke today there are 21 different recognised indigenous language groups including Ngemba, Barkindji, Wangkumara, Bourke has a hot semi-arid climate with mild amount of rainfall throughout the year. On 4 January 1903, Bourke recorded a temperature of 49
5.
Lands administrative divisions of Australia
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Many property titles in Australia are listed as being in the parish and county. Parts of South Australia and Western Australia were similarly divided into counties, however South Australia has subdivisions of hundreds instead of parishes, along with the Northern Territory, which was part of South Australia when the hundreds were proclaimed. There were also formerly hundreds in Tasmania, Counties in Australia have no administrative or political function, unlike those in England, the United States or Canada. Australia instead uses local government areas, including shires, districts, councils and municipalities according to the state, below these are groups of land parcels known as deposited plans, registered plans or title plans. Queensland has registered plans, New South Wales and Western Australia have deposited plans, within these are individual land parcels such as lots, in total there are estimated to be about 10.2 million of these in Australia. Counties were used since the earliest British settlement in Australia, with the County of Cumberland proclaimed by Captain Phillip on 4 June 1788, in 1804 Governor King divided Van Diemens Land into two counties, Buckingham in the south and Cornwall in the north. The parishes date to the surveys conducted after 1825, with the given to Governor Brisbane on 23 Jun 1825 to divide the colony into counties, hundreds. At this time there were five counties already proclaimed in New South Wales, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Camden, Argyle, Counties were established soon after the foundation of other Australian colonies. Many of the counties have English names, often the names of counties in England, such as Devon, Dorset, Cornwall, less frequently, some have Aboriginal names such as the County of Yungnulgra in New South Wales, and County of Croajingolong in Victoria. Legal cases referenced counties, and many records for Australia in the 19th century list the county and parish for location of birth, deaths. Counties and parishes are still referenced in property law, and in industrial relations instruments, for example in a New South Wales award. Similar award examples exist in the states and territories that have been subdivided into counties. The County of Yancowinna is also the part of New South Wales which is in a different time zone to the rest of the state. Counties are also used on paperwork for mortgage securities in banks, Parishes and counties are also mentioned in definitions of electoral districts. Counties have since gone out of use in Australia, and are used or even known by most of the population today. The counties which contain the cities have millions of people, while those in remote areas have a very small population. The County of Adelaide, for instance, has a population than all the other counties in South Australia combined. Wangaratta, for instance, is located at the junction of the Ovens and King rivers, some of the county names live on by being the same name of present-day local government areas, general region names, towns or establishments in the area
6.
Inland port
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An inland port is a port on an inland waterway, such as a river, lake, or canal, which may or may not be connected to the ocean. The term inland port is used to refer to a dry port. This article only covers ports under the first definition, the list includes familiar ports such as St. Louis, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, and Memphis. A dense network of waterways including ports exists also in Europe, as well as in China. Saint Lawrence Seaway distances from Seaway Handbook, united States ranking from American Association of Port Authorities. Upper Mississippi River distances from U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, lower Mississippi River distances from U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Ohio River distances from U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, missouri River distances from U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Some ports were part of the Dubai Ports World controversy
7.
Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
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Lieutenant Colonel Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, surveyor and explorer of south-eastern Australia, was born at Grangemouth in Stirlingshire, Scotland. In 1827 he took up an appointment as Assistant Surveyor General of New South Wales, the following year he became Surveyor General and remained in this position until his death. Mitchell was knighted in 1839 for his contribution to the surveying of Australia, born in Scotland on 15 June 1792, he was son of John Mitchell of Carron Works and was brought up from childhood by his uncle, Thomas Livingstone of Parkhall, Stirlingshire. On the death of his uncle, he joined the British army in Portugal as a volunteer, on 24 June 1811, at the age of nineteen, he received his first commission as 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st Battalion 95th Rifles. Utilising his skills as a draughtsman of outstanding ability, he was employed in the Quartermaster-General’s department under Sir George Murray. He was present at the storming of the fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajos and San Sebastian as well as the battles of Salamanca, subsequently, he would receive the Military General Service Medal with bars for each of these engagements. Lieutenant Mitchell, was selected as a well qualified in every respect to aid in the accomplishment of the undertaking. But in the summer of 1819 the continuance of the disbursements made by Government for the undertaking became doubtful, so he was called home. He then devoted himself to the part of his task, which was that of making finished drawings from the materials compiled by himself. But with the cessation of the Government allowances he had to stop this work, on 10 June 1818, during his posting in Spain and Portugal, he married Mary Blunt in Lisbon and gained promotion to a company in the 54th Regiment. With the reductions in the establishment of the country which followed the withdrawing of the Army of Occupation from France. It was not until a lapse of several years, whilst Mitchell was in London between 1838 –1840, that the work was completed, the finished drawings were published, by the London geographer James Wyld, in 1841. Of almost unimpeachable accuracy, it is the source for the topography of the war. In 1827, with the support of Sir George Murray, Mitchell became Assistant Surveyor General of New South Wales with the right to succeed John Oxley, Oxley died the following year, and on 27 May 1828, Mitchell became Surveyor General. In this post he did much to improve the quality and accuracy of surveying – a vital task in a colony where huge tracts of land were being opened up and sold to new settlers. One of the first roads surveyed under his leadership was the Great North Road, the Great South Road, also convict-built, linked Sydney and Goulburn. As Surveyor General, Mitchell also completed maps and plans of Sydney, including Darling Point, Point Piper, the city, in 1834 he was commissioned to survey a map of the Nineteen Counties. The map he produced was done with skill and accuracy that he was awarded a knighthood
8.
Wentworth, New South Wales
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Wentworth is a small border town in the far south west of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It lies at the confluence of Australias two most important rivers, the Darling and the Murray, the forming the border with the state of Victoria to the south. The border with the state of South Australia lies approximately 100 kilometres to the west, the town of Wentworth is in the local government area of the same name. Named after the explorer and politician William Charles Wentworth, the town is 34 kilometres to the west of the Victorian regional city of Mildura. The famous mining city of Broken Hill is 266 kilometres to the north along the Silver City Highway, moorna Post Office opened on 22 February 1855 and was renamed Wentworth in 1860. In 1876 Wentworth township was described in the terms, Wentworth is situated on the Darling, about half a mile from the junction. The township is built on rising ground, and, save in very exceptional seasons, is out of reach of flood waters. The population is between 400 and 500, the place appears prosperous and progressive. The trade up the Darling River, and the supply of stores to the stations in the vicinity, Wentworth possesses a custom-house – a hideous little building resembling a watch-house, and as great an eyesore as the cause of its establishment is an inconvenience and annoyance to trade. The other public buildings are a post and telegraph office, for Wentworth is on the telegraph line to Adelaide, and a court-house and offices. There is a resident police magistrate, Mr. Richardson, the two churches in Wentworth are buildings creditable to the town. The Roman Catholic Church is a structure, the Protestant Church an edifice of brick. There are three or four stores of considerable size, and several hotels, the Australian Joint Stock Bank has a branch here. The river, which, opposite the town is about the width of the Murray at Echuca, is crossed by a punt, during the late 1800s Wentworth was an important river port, however, like many such towns, its significance faded with the development of the railways. In 1902, the people of Wentworth were lobbying for a railway from Mildura to be built, the town has been flooded many times by the two rivers. The most significant was in 1956, when rivers flooded simultaneously. Local farmers, supplemented by the army and navy, worked for months to build levee banks to hold the water out of the town, Wentworth is now an important tourist outback destination and provides a welcome break for those travelling to or from Broken Hill. Wentworth was a destination for pokie tour bus rides from Adelaide
9.
Echuca
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Echuca Echuca is a town located on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia. The border town of Moama is adjacent on the side of the Murray River in New South Wales. Echuca is the centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe. As of the 2011 census, Echuca had a population of 13,708, the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was estimated be 20,365 at June 2015. Echuca, an Aboriginal name meaning Meeting of the Waters, is indicative of the rivers have played in the towns existence. Echuca is situated close to the junction of the Goulburn, Campaspe and its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century. Echuca was founded by one of the most enterprising characters of the colonial days. In 1850 he bought a small punt which operated across the Murray River near the Campaspe junction, the relatively small settlement known as Hopwoods Ferry became Echuca as the town grew. The Post Office known as Hopwoods Punt opened around 1854 and was renamed Echuca on 1 January 1855, while the settlers at Echuca treated the local Aborigines with relative kindness, their way of life was irrevocably changed by their relationship with the Europeans. Having already been decimated by smallpox in the late 1820s, the 1850s saw many Aborigines developed a taste for European luxuries such as bread, tobacco, by the 1870s Echuca had risen to prominence as Australias largest inland port. Being the point of shortest distance between the Murray River and the city of Melbourne, Echuca was both a key river port and railway junction. Steam-driven paddleboats would arrive at the 400-metre long redgum Echuca Wharf, wool, wheat, other grains, livestock and timber were the most common cargoes. The wharf has been listed as a Heritage Place on the Australian National Heritage List. This industrial boom led to an expanding population, at one stage in excess of 15,000. An iron bridge was constructed over the Murray River in 1878 by the NSW Railways Department, an economic depression and the collapse of several banks virtually ended Echucas role as a major economic centre, and her population began to disperse. Echuca is the centre for the Shire of Campaspe Local Government Area. At state level, Echuca is represented by the Electoral district of Murray Plains, at federal level, Echuca is represented by the Division of Murray. The main industry in Echuca is tourism, tourism earns about $250 million a year for the Echuca economy
10.
Mannum
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Mannum is a historic town on the west bank of the Murray River in South Australia,84 kilometres east of Adelaide. At the 2011 census, Mannum had a population of 2,164, Mannum is the seat of the Mid Murray Council, and is situated in both the State Electoral District of Schubert and the federal Division of Barker. The Aboriginal inhabitants and traditional owners of the vicinity now called Mannum were the Nganguruku, in 1830 the Sturt expedition passed through the area by boat. They noted that the thriving Indigenous population were very keen fisherfolk, the first European settlement in the area was in 1840. The first ship built on the Murray River was launched at Mannum by William Randell in 1852, a shipbuilding industry continued in Mannum until into the 20th century. William Randell is memorialised by the preservation of the boiler the Paddle Wheeler and his dry dock held the Marion, an 1897 built paddle wheeler, managed by the National Trust of Australia as a museum. The Marion left active service in 1950 and spent until 1963 as a boarding house, the Marion was recomissioned in 1994 and currently operates as a daytrip and overnight cruising vessel along the Murray. A number of manufacturing industries were established in the town. The largest heavy manufacturing company was David Shearer who made farm equipment, Mannum apparently has the distinction of having lost more men per head of population in both World Wars than any other town in South Australia. The song references Mannum, Shearers, Riverboats and the Murray River, the largest ship operating on the Murray is the PS Murray Princess, a passenger stern-wheel paddle boat based at Mannum offering weekly cruises. The restored historic paddle steamer PS Marion is also based at Mannum, before restoration, it was a static display in a drydock for many years. Mannum is also a base for houseboats available for hire. Because of its position on the Murray River, in 1954 the Mannum-Adelaide pipeline was built to help provide Adelaide with a water supply. Today, Mannum is a township and a popular tourist destination. The population of Mannum and the area grows to about 10,000 when semi-residents and tourists are taken into consideration. The town has three hotels, a Foodland supermarket and many specialty shops, the town has an Australian Football team competing in the River Murray Football League, nicknamed the Roos. The Mannum Rowing Club was founded in 1910, the club is located on River Lane on the banks of the Murray in Mannum. The club hosts the annual Mannum Regatta and the Arnold Cup, Mannum hosts a number of other sports during the year, most notably netball in the winter months, and cricket and tennis in the summer months. The local Community Complex hosts many various sports, including basketball, squash, various martial arts and it contains a gym
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Media related to Wilcannia, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons