1.
Philip Dunne (writer)
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Philip Ives Dunne was a Hollywood screenwriter, film director and producer, who worked prolifically from 1932 until 1965. He spent the majority of his career at 20th Century Fox crafting well regarded romantic and historical dramas, Dunne was a leading Screen Writers Guild organizer and was politically active during the Hollywood Blacklist episode of the 1940s-1950s. He is best known for the films How Green Was My Valley, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, The Robe and The Agony, although a Roman Catholic, he attended Middlesex School and Harvard University. Immediately after graduation, he boarded a train for Hollywood and his first screenplay was Me and My Gal, released in 1932. His first credited screenplay was The Count of Monte Cristo, released in 1934, after working for various studios, he moved to 20th Century Fox in 1937, where he would remain for 25 years, scripting 36 films in total and directing 10. He also produced several of his later films, Dunne was a co-founder of the Screen Writers Guild and served as vice-president of its successor, the Writers Guild of America, from 1938 to 1940. He later served on the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts, from 1942 to 1945, Dunne was the Chief of Production for the Motion Picture Bureau, U. S. Office of War Information, Overseas Branch. Notably, he produced the non-fiction short The Town, directed by Josef von Sternberg, in 1947, he co-founded the Committee for the First Amendment to protest the House Un-American Activities Committees investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood. He appeared before HUAC with other Hollywood figures in a well publicized meeting in October 1947, Dunne married the former Amanda Duff on July 13,1939. They had three children, Miranda, Philippa, and Jessica, in 1980, he published his memoirs, Take Two, A Life in Movies and Politics. Dunne died of cancer on June 2,1992, in Malibu, California, Dunne received two Academy Award nominations for screenwriting, How Green Was My Valley and David and Bathsheba. Many notable directors worked with Dunnes screenplays, including Carol Reed, John Ford, Jacques Tourneur, Elia Kazan, Otto Preminger, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, in 1961, he directed Wild in the Country, starring Elvis Presley, from a screenplay by Clifford Odets. In 1962, he directed Lisa, based on the novel The Inspector by Jan de Hartog and featuring Stephen Boyd and Dolores Hart, which was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Picture - Drama. The 1992 film The Last of the Mohicans, directed by Michael Mann, in addition to screenwriting, Dunne wrote syndicated newspaper articles and was a contributor to The New Yorker and The Atlantic Monthly magazines. He also wrote a play, Mr. Dooleys America, based on his fathers humor. His books include Mr Dooley Remembers and Take Two, A Life in Movies and his short stories appeared in the New Yorker and his essays were regular features of Time Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, and the Harvard Review. He was a winner of the Laurel Award and the Valentine Davies Award, in 1947 he co-founded the Committee for the First Amendment with John Huston and William Wyler in response to hearings held by the House Un-American Activities Committee. Dunne was never subpoenaed or blacklisted himself, nor was he accused of any Communist Party affiliations
2.
Jerry Wald
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Jerry Wald was an American screenwriter and a producer of films and radio programs. Born Jerome Irving Wald to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, he had a brother and he began writing a radio column for the New York Evening Graphic, while studying at New York University. The Lusty Men, and Clash by Night, krasna and Wald dissolved their partnership because of interference from Howard Hughes, then head of RKO, in their productions. Wald went on to produce Peyton Place, An Affair to Remember, In Love and War, The Sound and the Fury, Sons and Lovers, Return to Peyton Place and he also produced the Academy Awards telecast twice, the ceremonies for 1957 and 1958. He received four Academy Award nominations as producer of the nominees for Best Picture, Mildred Pierce, Johnny Belinda, Peyton Place and Sons. Although he never won a competitive Academy Award, he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1949, Wald is often cited as the real-life inspiration for the character Sammy Glick in the novel What Makes Sammy Run by Budd Schulberg. Jerry Wald, was a close friend to Joan Crawford in the forties, offering her many parts often considered to be the of career including Mildred Pierce. He convinced director Michael Curtis that she could do the picture and that she would succeed in the role, after her career at Warners fizzled out slowly even though she wished to remain with Warners, after years of reinventing herself, she bought out her contract. Afterwards, she bought the rights to a screenplay called Sudden Fear which brought her a third Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in 1953. Jerry Wald remains as a producer and after the movies he made with Joan Crawford. Wald married Constance Emily Connie Polan on December 25,1941, Wald died, aged 50, at his home in Beverly Hills, California from a heart attack. His widow, Connie Wald, was a California socialite and hostess, Jerry Wald at the Internet Movie Database Jerry Wald at Find a Grave
3.
Clifford Odets
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Clifford Odets was an American playwright, screenwriter, and director. Odets was widely seen as successor to Nobel Prize-winning playwright Eugene ONeill as ONeill began to retire from Broadways commercial pressures, from early 1935 on, Odets socially relevant dramas proved extremely influential, particularly for the remainder of the Great Depression. Odets works inspired the next generations of playwrights, including Arthur Miller, Paddy Chayefsky, Neil Simon, David Mamet. After the production of his play Clash by Night in the 1941-42 season, Odets focused his energies on film projects and he began to be eclipsed by such playwrights as Miller, Tennessee Williams and, in 1950, William Inge. At the time of his death in 1963, Odets was serving as script writer and script supervisor on The Richard Boone Show, born of a plan for televised repertory theater. Though many obituaries lamented his work in Hollywood and considered him someone who had not lived up to his promise, director Elia Kazan understood it differently. The tragedy of our times in the theatre is the tragedy of Clifford Odets, Kazan began and his plan, he said, was to. Come back to New York and get plays on, they’d be, he assured me, the best plays of his life. Cliff wasnt shot. The mind and talent were alive in the man, Odets was born in Philadelphia to Louis Odets and Pearl Geisinger, Russian- and Romanian-Jewish immigrants, and was raised in Philadelphia and the Bronx, New York. He dropped out of school after two years to become an actor. In 1931, he became a member of the Group Theatre. This technique was based on the system devised by the Russian actor and director Constantin Stanislavski and it was further developed by Group Theatre director Lee Strasberg and became known as The Method or Method Acting. Odets eventually became the Groups primary playwright, Odets pursued acting with great passion and ingenuity. At the age of 19 he struck out on his own, under this moniker he procured bookings as a radio elocutionist. He moved away from his parents, to Greenwich Village, where he acted with the Poets Theatre under the direction of Village legend Harry Kemp. Odets claimed to have become Americas first real disc jockey at about time, at radio station WBNY. In this capacity he saw the 1926 Broadway production of Seán OCaseys Juno, OCaseys work would prove to be a powerful influence on Odets as a playwright. The young Odets spent several summers as a counselor at camps in the Catskills
4.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
5.
Hope Lange
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Hope Elise Ross Lange was an American film, stage, and television actress. Lange was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Selena Cross in the 1957 film Peyton Place. In 1969 and 1970, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Carolyn Muir in the sitcom The Ghost & Mrs. Muir, Lange was born into a theatrical family in Redding, Connecticut. Her father, John George Lange, was a cellist and the arranger for Florenz Ziegfeld and conductor for Henry Cohen, her mother. They had three daughters, Minelda, Joy, and Hope, and a son, David, John worked in New York City and the family moved to Greenwich Village when Hope was a young child. Lange sang with other children in the play Life, Laughter and Tears, at age 9, Lange had a speaking part in the award-winning Broadway play The Patriots, which opened in January 1943. John Lange died in September 1942 but the family stayed in New York City, Minette ran a restaurant on Macdougal Street near Washington Square Park from 1944 to 1956. The name was Minettes of Washington Square, although some sources confuse it with Minetta Tavern, the entire family worked in the restaurant, the oldest daughter, Minelda, ran the cash register while Joy and Hope waited on tables. While attending high school, Lange studied dance, modeled, and she sometimes walked the dog of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who had a nearby apartment. When her photo appeared in the newspaper, she received an offer to work as a New York City advertising model and she appeared on the June 1949 cover of Radio-Electronics magazine wearing the Man from Mars Radio Hat. This portable radio built into a helmet was a sensation in 1949. Lange attended college for two years at Reed College in Oregon and at Barmore Junior College in New York and she met her first husband, Don Murray, at Barmore. She began working in television in the 1950s with appearances on Kraft Television Theatre, Lange came to prominence in her first film role in Bus Stop with Marilyn Monroe and Don Murray, whom she married on April 14,1956. Murray later said that Monroe grew jealous of another blonde being hired for the movie, as a result of favorable reviews, Lange landed a major role in the then-risqué1957 film Peyton Place. Her strong performance earned her a nomination for a Golden Globe Award and she would become a rather well-recognized supporting actress of ingénue roles. Lange later said that she became somewhat typecast in her film appearances. She went on to appear in Nicholas Rays 1957 film, The True Story of Jesse James as James wife and she appeared in The Young Lions alongside Montgomery Clift. She starred as the wife of Jeffrey Hunters character in Anton Myrers wartime drama In Love and these roles eventually led to Lange earning top billing in 1959s The Best of Everything, with Suzy Parker and Joan Crawford
6.
Tuesday Weld
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Tuesday Weld is an American actress. She began acting when she was a child, and progressed to mature roles in the late 1950s and she won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Female Newcomer in 1960. Over the following decade she established a career playing dramatic roles in films, goodbar, an Emmy Award for The Winter of Our Discontent, and a BAFTA for Once Upon a Time in America. Since the late 1980s, her appearances have been infrequent. Weld was born Susan Ker Weld in New York City and her father, Lathrop Motley Weld, was a member of the Weld family of Massachusetts, he died in 1947, shortly before his daughters fourth birthday. Her mother, Yosene Balfour Ker, daughter of the artist and Life illustrator William Balfour Ker, was Lathrop Welds fourth, Susan Ker Weld was one of three siblings, the other two being Sarah King Weld and David Balfour Weld. Weld had her name changed to Tuesday Weld on October 9,1959. Left in financial difficulty by her husbands death, Welds mother put Susan to work as a model to support the family. As the young actress told Life in 1971, My fathers family came from Tuxedo Park, Mama was an orphan who had come here from London, but so far as my father’s family was concerned, she was strictly from the gutter. I have to give Mama credit—she refused to give us up… So I became the supporter of the family, I was expected to make up for everything that had ever gone wrong in Mama’s life. She became obsessed with me, pouring out her pent-up love—her alleged love—on me, Mama still thinks I owe everything to her. Using Welds résumé from modeling, her mother secured her an agent, Tuesday Weld made her acting debut on television at the age of 12, and her feature film debut that year in a bit role in the 1956 Alfred Hitchcock crime drama The Wrong Man. The pressures of her career resulted in a breakdown at age 9, alcoholism by age 12. Also in 1956, Weld played the lead in Rock, Rock, Rock, in the film, Connie Francis performed the vocals for Welds singing parts. She was put under contract to Twentieth Century-Fox and appeared in feature films, in 1960, she appeared as Joy, a free-spirited university student in High Time, starring Bing Crosby and Fabian Forte. She sang a song to Fabian in the season opener of NBCs The Dinah Shore Chevy Show on October 9,1960. Four weeks later, on November 13, Weld returned to the network as a guest star in NBCs The Tab Hunter Show. On November 12,1961, she played a singer, Cherie, in the episode of ABCs television series Bus Stop, with Marilyn Maxwell
7.
Millie Perkins
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Millie Perkins is an American film and television actress best known for her debut film role as Anne Frank in The Diary of Anne Frank. Born in Passaic, New Jersey, Millie grew up in Fair Lawn and her father was a merchant marine captain. In 1958, she was pursued, and then selected, to appear in her first film. Perkins had never studied nor sought to be an actress, but George Stevens saw her in Glucks photo and on the covers of several magazines and tried to convince her to read for the part. Finally, she flew to Hollywood for a screen test and, with much fanfare, Perkins received almost universally excellent reviews for her portrayal of Anne although the film was a notorious commercial flop. After her work with George Stevens, Perkins was placed under contract to 20th Century Fox, George Stevens would later state, Millie did not fit in. She was 10 years too early, with Millie Perkins died recently, a letter from Perkins herself resulted in a January 1979 retraction by Kleiner, although the columnist maintained, almost everyone in Hollywood believes that died. She played the mother of Charlie Sheens character in the 1987 movie Wall Street and she was also cast as Andy Garcías mother in The Lost City. Perkins made her debut in 1961 as a guest star on Wagon Train. She portrayed character Glenda Vandervere in Murder She Wrote Murder by Appointment Only, on April 15,1960, she married actor Dean Stockwell. They divorced on July 30,1962 and she later married writer and director Robert Thom, who wrote the script for the popular 1968 movie Wild in the Streets, in which she appeared. Perkins and Thom had been separated for some time when Thom died in 1979 and this, unlike the complete film listing above, includes only series in which Perkins had a recurring role. Knots Landing A. D. Elvis, as Gladys Presley Any Day Now The Young and the Restless, as Rebecca Kaplan Millie Perkins at the Internet Movie Database Biography of Millie Perkins at Yahoo Movies
8.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
9.
Memphis, Tennessee
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Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf, Memphis had a population of 653,450 in 2013, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee. It is the largest city on the Mississippi River, the third largest in the greater Southeastern United States, the greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2014 population of 1,317,314. This makes Memphis the second-largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed by metropolitan Nashville, Memphis is the youngest of Tennessees major cities, founded in 1819 as a planned city by a group of wealthy Americans including judge John Overton and future president Andrew Jackson. A resident of Memphis is referred to as a Memphian, and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as Memphis and the Mid-South. Occupying a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis has been a location for human settlement by varying cultures over thousands of years. The historic Chickasaw Indian tribe, believed to be their descendants, French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto would encounter the Chickasaw in that area, in the 16th century. J. D. L. Chickasaw Bluffs, located on the Mississippi River at the present day location of Memphis, spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws. The United States gained the right to navigate the Mississippi River, the Spanish dismantled the fort, shipping its lumber and iron to their locations in Arkansas. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, by this time, the Spanish had departed. The forts ruins went unnoticed twenty years later when Memphis was laid out as a city, the city of Memphis was founded on May 22,1819 by John Overton, James Winchester and Andrew Jackson. They named it after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River, Memphis developed as a trade and transportation center in the 19th century because of its flood-free location high above the Mississippi River. Located in the delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations. The cotton economy of the antebellum South depended on the labor of large numbers of African-American slaves. Through the early 19th century, one million slaves were transported from the Upper South, Many were transported by steamboats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This gave planters and cotton brokers access to the Atlantic Coast for shipping cotton to England, the citys demographics changed dramatically in the 1850s and 1860s under waves of immigration and domestic migration. Due to increased immigration since the 1840s and the Great Famine, ethnic Irish made up 9.9 percent of the population in 1850, but 23.2 percent in 1860, when the total population was 22,623. They had encountered considerable discrimination in the city but by 1860 and they also gained many elected and patronage positions in the Democratic Party city government, and an Irish man was elected as mayor before the Civil War
10.
Rafer Johnson
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Rafer Lewis Johnson is an American former decathlete and film actor. He was the 1960 Olympic gold medalist, after getting a silver in 1956 and he was also the flag bearer at the 1960 Olympics and lit the Olympic Flame when the Olympics came to Los Angeles in 1984. In 1968, he, football player Rosey Grier and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy, after the Olympics he turned his celebrity into acting, sportscasting and public service, and was instrumental in creating the California Special Olympics. Johnson was born in Hillsboro, Texas, but the family moved to Kingsburg, California, for a while, they were the only black family in the town. A versatile athlete, he played on Kingsburg High Schools football, baseball and basketball teams and he was also elected class president in both junior high and high school. At 16, he attracted to the decathlon after seeing double Olympic champion Bob Mathias. He told his coach, I could have beaten most of those guys and he competed in his first meet in 1954 as a freshman at the University of California, Los Angeles. His progress in the event was impressive, he broke the record in his fourth competition. He pledged Pi Lambda Phi fraternity, Americas first nondiscriminatory fraternity, in 1955, in Mexico City, he won the title at the Pan American Games. Johnson qualified for both the decathlon and the long jump events for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, however, he was hampered by an injury and forfeited his place in the long jump. Despite this handicap, he managed to take place in the decathlon behind compatriot Milt Campbell. It would turn out to be his last defeat in the event, due to injury, Johnson missed the 1957 and 1959 seasons, but he broke the world record in 1958 and 1960. The crown to his career came at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and his most serious rival was Yang Chuan-Kwang of Taiwan. Yang also studied at UCLA, the two trained together under UCLA track coach Elvin C, ducky Drake and had become friends. In the decathlon, the swung back and forth between them. Finally, after nine events, Johnson led Yang by a margin, but Yang was known to be better in the final event. With this victory, Johnson ended his athletic career, at UCLA, Johnson also played basketball under legendary coach John Wooden and was a starter on the 1959–60 mens basketball team. Wooden considered Johnson a great player, but sometimes regretted holding back his teams early in his coaching career, remarking
11.
John Ireland (actor)
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John Benjamin Ireland was a Canadian actor and film director. Ireland was born John Benjamin Ireland in Vancouver, British Columbia on January 30,1914 and he lived in New York City from a very early age. Irelands formal education ended at the 7th grade, and he worked to help his family make ends meet and his mother remarried and had three other children, a daughter Kathryn, a son named Tommy, and another son Michael. Ireland never knew for sure where his last name came from, one of his jobs was in a water carnival where he wrestled a dead octopus. His discovery of acting was by accident, but he fell in love with it, tall and lean, he appeared on Broadway and toured in Shakespeare in the late 1930s and early 1940s before entering film in the mid-1940s. Ireland made his screen-debut as Private Windy, the thoughtful letter-writing GI and this was followed by Wake Up and Dream in 1946. A supporting actor in several notable Westerns including John Fords My Darling Clementine, having a lead in small noirs like Railroaded. He received an undisclosed but substantial cash settlement. K and he had a large supporting part in 55 Days at Peking under Charlton Heston. In 1959, Ireland appeared as Chris Slade, with Karl Swenson as Ansel Torgin, in the episode The Fight Back of the NBC western series, Riverboat. In the storyline, Tom Fowler, the boss of the river town of Hampton near Vicksburg, Mississippi. In a dispute over a wedding held on the Enterprise, a lynch-mob led by Fowler comes after series lead-character Grey Holden, Karl Swenson also was cast in this episode. In 1960, Ireland starred as Winch in the CBS western series, in 1962, he portrayed the character Frank Trask in the episode Incident of the Portrait on CBSs Rawhide. From 1960–1962, he starred in the British television series The Cheaters, playing John Hunter, a claims investigator for an insurance company who tracked down cases of fraud. By the mid-1960s, he was seen as the star of B-movies such as I Saw What You Did, In 1965, he played role of Jed Colby and this was the last season for Rawhide. In 1967, he appeared on Bonanza with Michael Landon in the episode Judgement at Red Creek, a few years later he again appeared with Landon on Little House on the Prairie as a drunk who saves Carrie Ingalls, who had fallen down an abandoned mine shaft. Ireland was seen in Italian productions like The House of the Seven Corpses, Salon Kitty and he did, however, also appear in big-budget fare such as The Adventurers, also as a police lieutenant in the Robert Mitchum private-eye story Farewell, My Lovely. He was seen in the War of the Worlds episode Eye for an Eye in 1988, Ireland regularly returned to the stage throughout his career and co-directed two features in the 1950s, the acclaimed Western drama Hannah Lee and the carjacking B-movie The Fast and the Furious. Occasionally Irelands name was mentioned in tabloids of the times, in connection with younger starlets, namely Natalie Wood, Barbara Payton
12.
Gary Lockwood
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Gary Lockwood is an American actor. He is known for his roles as astronaut Frank Poole in the film 2001, A Space Odyssey and he played numerous guest television roles from the early 1960s into the mid 1990s, a regular supporting role in Follow the Sun, and the title role of The Lieutenant. He is of partial Polish descent, lockwoods uncle, Mike Yurosek, is credited with creating the baby carrot. Lockwood attended the University of California at Los Angeles on a scholarship to play quarterback. Lockwood was married to actress Stefanie Powers in the 1960s and Denise DuBarry in the 1980s, Lockwood was a film stuntman, and a stand-in for Anthony Perkins prior to his acting début in 1959 in an uncredited bit role in Warlock. Lockwoods two series came early in his career, and each lasted only a single season, ABCs Hawaii-set Follow the Sun cast him in support of Brett Halsey and Barry Coe, who played adventurous magazine writers based in Honolulu. Lockwood was Eric Jason, who did the legwork for their articles, in the story, Eric Jason was said to have been born on December 7,1941, but Lockwood was actually born nearly five years earlier. Another series regular was Gigi Perreau, who played the writers secretary, Lockwood had earlier played a soldier with a crush on Mary Stone on the ABC sitcom, The Donna Reed Show. The 26-week series, which starred Marilyn Maxwell as the owner of a diner in fictitious Sunrise, Colorado and he would star again with Weld in his film debut, 1961s Wild in the Country, with Elvis Presley. Thereafter, Lockwood starred with Jeff Bridges in the acclaimed My Daddy Can Beat Your Daddy episode of CBSs anthology series, in 1959, he played an uncredited police officer in Perry Mason in The Case of the Romantic Rogue. In 1962, Lockwood appeared on Perry Mason as the character in The Case of the Playboy Pugilist. In 1963, Lockwood co-starred with Elvis Presley in the musical-comedy film It Happened at the Worlds Fair, in 1963-1964, Lockwood starred as a young U. S. Marine second lieutenant named William T. Rice in the NBC series The Lieutenant. This drama, about the peacetime Marines, was produced by the creators of Star Trek, the series co-starred Robert Vaughn as Lieutenant Rices immediate superior, Captain Raymond Rambridge. Despite moderately good reviews, The Lieutenants Saturday night time slot, opposite CBS Jackie Gleasons American Scene Magazine, caused its cancellation after 29 episodes. In 1964, Lockwood guest-starred as Major Gus Denver in the first season of 12 OClock High, in episode 9, Appointment at Liege and he also guest-starred as Lt. Josh McGraw in season 2, episode 4, The Idolator of 12 OClock High. Shortly afterwards, Lockwood starred in another NBC television series The Kraft Mystery Theater in an episode titled Connerys Hands. In 1966, Lockwood guest starred as Clint Bethard in the episode Reunion of ABCs The Legend of Jesse James, starring Christopher Jones in the title role of Jesse James. That same year, Lockwood appeared as Danny Hamil on the episode Day of Thunder of the NBC drama The Long, Hot Summer and he appeared twice in 1966 as Jim Stark in the two-part episode The Raid of CBS Gunsmoke with James Arness
13.
Pat Buttram
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Maxwell Emmett Pat Buttram was an American actor, known for playing the sidekick of Gene Autry and for playing the character of Mr. Haney in the television series Green Acres. He had a voice which, in his own words. Buttram was born in Addison in Winston County, Alabama, to Wilson McDaniel Buttram, a Methodist minister and he had an older brother, Augustus McDaniel Buttram, and five other elder siblings. When Pat Buttram was an old, his father was transferred to Nauvoo. Buttram graduated from Mortimer Jordan High School, which was located in Morris, Alabama. Buttram performed in plays and on a local radio station, before he became a regular on the National Barn Dance in Chicago. He also had his own program on CBS, Buttram went to Hollywood in the 1940s and became a sidekick to Roy Rogers. However, since Rogers already had two regulars, Buttram was soon dropped and he was then picked by Gene Autry, recently returned from his World War II service in the Army Air Force, to work with him. Buttram would co-star with Gene Autry in more than 40 films, buttrams first Autry film was Strawberry Roan in 1948. In the late 1940s, Buttram joined Autry on his show, Melody Ranch. During the first television season, Buttram went by Pat or Patrick, from the second season forward, he used his own name. Buttram guest starred on three episodes of Walter Brennans ABC sitcom, The Real McCoys, including the role of Cousin Carl in the episode Back to West Virginny. In the story line, Amos, Luke, and Kate McCoy return to Smokey Corners, West Virginia, for the 100th birthday gathering of Grandma McCoy, henry Jones guest starred in this segment as Jed McCoy. Buttram is remembered for his role as Mr. Haney in the 1965–1971 CBS television comedy Green Acres and he had a recurring role as the voice of Cactus Jake on Garfield and Friends. One of his last roles was a cameo in Back to the Future Part III and his final voice-over was A Goofy Movie, released a year after his death. In 1936, Buttram married Dorothy McFadden, the couple adopted a daughter but divorced in 1946. In 1952, he married actress Sheila Ryan, the marriage ended with her death in 1975 and they had a daughter named Kathrine born in 1954. Buttram retired from acting in 1980 and made his home in his native Winston County, however, he soon returned to California, where he made frequent personal appearances
14.
Jason Robards Sr.
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Most of his final roles were in television. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois and he trained at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He was billed simply as Jason Robards through most of his career, contemporary actors Jason Robards III and Sam Robards are Jason Sr. s grandsons. Robards film career lasted from 1921 through 1961 and his Broadway credits include the musical Turn To The Right. Robards best known role was John Marvin in the long-running hit Lightnin. Robards connection to the part caused his son to him to the character of James Tyrone in Long Days Journey Into Night. In the play, Tyrone is an actor whose career is limited by his identification with a single part, Jason Jr. would later say One of the most damaging things for me, I realize now, was playing a drunk in the play Long Days Journey Into Night. In the play, the father is a failed artist. It was only years of analysis I realized I was acting out events in my own life on stage. In one of his appearances, Robards played Judge Hesby in the 1958 episode Dead Reckoning of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, Colt.45. Others in the guest cast were Richard Webb and Lee Van Cleef as Rocky Norton and Devery, the Robardses, father and son, acted on stage together only once, in Budd Schulbergs The Disenchanted, a play inspired by the story of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Jason Jr. won his only Tony Award for his performance, Robards Sr. died, aged 70, in Sherman Oaks, California, of a heart attack. Jason Robards Sr. at the Internet Movie Database Jason Robards Sr. at the Internet Broadway Database Jason Robards Sr. – Rotten Tomatoes TV. com – Jason Robards, Senior
15.
Simone Signoret
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Simone Signoret was a French cinema actress often hailed as one of Frances greatest film stars. She became the first French person to win an Academy Award, in her lifetime she also received two Césars, three BAFTAs, an Emmy, a Cannes Film Festival Award, the Silver Bear for Best Actress awards, a NBR Award and a Golden Globe nomination. Signoret was born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker in Wiesbaden, Germany, to André and Georgette Kaminker and her mother, Georgette, from whom she acquired her stage name, was a French Catholic. Signoret grew up in Paris in an atmosphere and studied English, German. During the German occupation of France, Signoret mixed with an group of writers and actors who met at a café in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés quarter. By this time, she had developed an interest in acting and was encouraged by her friends, including her lover, Daniel Gélin and she took her mothers maiden name for the screen to help hide her Jewish roots. Signorets sensual features and earthy nature led to type-casting and she was seen in roles as a prostitute. She won considerable attention in La Ronde, a film which was banned briefly in New York as immoral and she won further acclaim, including an acting award from the British Film Academy, for her portrayal of another prostitute in Jacques Beckers Casque dor. She appeared in notable films in France during the 1950s, including Thérèse Raquin, directed by Marcel Carné, Les Diaboliques. In 1958, Signoret acted in the English independent film, Room at the Top, which won her numerous awards including the Best Female Performance Prize at Cannes and the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was the only French cinema actress to receive an Oscar until Juliette Binoche in 1997 and Marion Cotillard in 2008, and she was offered films in Hollywood, but turned them down, continuing to work in France and England—notably opposite Laurence Olivier in Term of Trial —until 1965. In 1962, Signoret translated Lillian Hellmans play The Little Foxes into French for a production in Paris that ran for six months at the Theatre Sarah-Bernhardt and she played the Regina role as well. Hellman was displeased with the production, although the translation was approved by scholars selected by Hellman, Signorets memoirs, Nostalgia Isnt What It Used To Be, were published in 1978. She also wrote a novel, Adieu Volodya, published in 1985, Signoret first married filmmaker Yves Allégret, with whom she had a daughter Catherine Allégret, herself an actress. Her second marriage was to the Italian-born French actor Yves Montand in 1951, Signoret died of pancreatic cancer in Autheuil-Authouillet, France, aged 64. She was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris and Yves Montand was later buried next to her, the play charted the deteriorating relationship between Signoret and Marilyn Monroe during the filming of Lets Make Love. Unable to achieve the recognition of Oscar-winning Signoret, Monroe begins an affair with Signorets husband, singer Nina Simone took her last name from Simone Signoret
16.
Napa Valley AVA
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Napa Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Napa County, California, United States. Napa Valley is considered one of the wine regions in the world. Records of commercial production in the region date back to the nineteenth century. The combination of Mediterranean climate, geography and geology of the region are conducive to growing quality wine grapes, John Patchett established the Napa Valleys first commercial vineyard in 1858. In 1861 Charles Krug established another of Napa Valleys first commercial wineries in St. Helena, Napa Valley is now a major enotourism destination. The valley floor is flanked by the Mayacamas Mountain Range on the western and northern sides the Vaca Mountains on the eastern side, several smaller valleys exist within these two ranges. The floor of the valley gradually rises from sea level at the southern end to 362 feet above sea level at the northern end in Calistoga at the foot of Mount Saint Helena. The Oakville and Rutherford American Viticultural Areas lie within an area known as the Rutherford Bench in the center of the valley floor. Several of the hills that emerge from the middle of the valley floor near Yountville are indicators of the regions volcanic past. Several mesoclimates exist within the due to various weather and geographical influences. The open southern end of the floor is cooler during the growing season due to the proximity of San Pablo Bay while the sheltered, closed northern end is often much warmer. The eastern side of the valley tends to be more arid because winter storms tend to much more precipitation on the western mountains. Early pioneer and settler George C, Yount is generally credited to have been the first to grow grapes in the Napa Valley. In 1864, on the marriage of one of his granddaughters to Thomas Rutherford, Yount gave the couple around 1,000 acres of land, commercial production started in 1858, with John Patchett selling wine for $2 per gallon. His wine cellar, built in 1859, narrowly predates that established in 1861 in St. Helena by Charles Krug, captain Gustave Niebaum established Inglenook Winery in 1879 near the village of Rutherford. This was the first Bordeaux style winery in the USA, Inglenook wines won gold medals at the 1889 Worlds Fair in Paris. In 1868 H. W. Crabb bought land near Oakville close to the Napa River, Crabb established a vineyard and winery named To Kalon, and by 1877 had planted 130 acres and was producing 50,000 US gallons of wine per year. Crabb experimented with over 400 grape varieties to find the types best suited for the area, by the end of the nineteenth century there were more than one hundred and forty wineries in the area
17.
Shenandoah Valley
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The Shenandoah Valley /ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə/ is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The cultural region covers a area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west. It is physiographically located within the Ridge and Valley province and is a portion of the Great Appalachian Valley, named for the river that stretches much of its length, the Shenandoah Valley encompasses eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia. It has been described as being derived from the Anglicization of Native American terms, resulting in such as Gerando, Gerundo, Genantua. The meaning of words is of some question. Schin-han-dowi, the River Through the Spruces, On-an-da-goa, the River of High Mountains or Silver-Water, the most popular, romanticized belief is that the name comes from a Native American expression for Beautiful Daughter of the Stars. Another legend relates that the name is derived from the name of the Iroquoian chief Sherando, Opechancanough liked the interior country so much that he sent his son Sheewa-a-nee from the Tidewater with a large party to colonize the valley. Sheewa-a-nee drove Sherando back to his former territory near the Great Lakes, according to this account, descendants of Sheewanees party became the Shawnee. According to tradition, another branch of Iroquoians, the Senedo and they were exterminated by Southern Indians before the arrival of white settlers. Another story dates to the American Revolutionary War, throughout the war, Chief Skenandoa of the Oneida, an Iroquois nation based in New York, persuaded many of the tribe to side with the colonials against the British. Four Iroquois nations became British allies, and caused many fatalities, Skenandoa led 250 warriors against the British and Iroquois allies. According to Oneida oral tradition, during the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge. The Oneida delivered bushels of dry corn to the troops to them survive. Polly Cooper, an Oneida woman, stayed some time with the troops to them how to cook the corn properly. General Washington gave her a shawl in thanks, which is displayed at Shako, wi, many Oneida believe that after the war, George Washington named the Shenandoah River and valley after his ally. Despite the valleys potential for productive farmland, colonial settlement from the east was delayed by the barrier of the Blue Ridge Mountains. These were crossed by explorers John Lederer at Manassas Gap in 1671, Batts and Fallam the same year, the Swiss Franz Ludwig Michel and Christoph von Graffenried explored and mapped the Valley in 1706 and 1712, respectively. Von Graffenried reported that the Indians of Senantona had been alarmed by news of the recent Tuscarora War in North Carolina, governor Alexander Spotswoods legendary Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition of 1716 crossed the Blue Ridge at Swift Run Gap and reached the river at Elkton, Virginia
18.
Napa River
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The Napa River, approximately 55 miles long, is a river in the U. S. state of California. It drains a famous wine-growing region, called the Napa Valley, milliken Creek and Mt. Veeder watersheds are a few of its many tributaries. The mouth is at Vallejo where the inter-tidal zone of fresh, the Napa River rises in northwestern Napa County just south of the summit of Mt. St. Helena in the Mayacamas Mountains of the California Coast Ranges. The source begins as seasonal Kimball Canyon Creek in Robert Louis Stevenson State Park at an elevation of 3,745 feet which descends the slope of Mt. St. Helena to Kimball Canyon Dam. It flows south for 4 miles, entering the head of the slender Napa Valley north of Calistoga, in the valley, it flows southeast past Calistoga, St Helena, Rutherford, Oakville and through Napa, its head of navigation. Downstream from Napa, it forms an estuary, entering Mare Island Strait. It discharges into San Pablo Bay through the Napa Sonoma Marsh, the Napa River watershed encompasses approximately 426 square miles. Larger tributaries, such as Dry, Conn, and Soda creeks, several large dams were built between 1924 and 1959 on major eastside tributaries and the northern headwaters of the Napa River. In addition, many smaller dams can be throughout the watershed. These numerous dams are barriers to salmon and steelhead seeking their historic spawning grounds. The river also supports a diversity of fishes and recovering salmonid populations, especially chinook salmon. In 2003 the Napa County Resource Conservation District began an ongoing monitoring program. The Chinook run begins in late October through January, the Napa River basin is estimated to have historically supported a spawning run of 6, 000–8,000 steelhead, and as many as 2, 000–4,000 coho salmon. By the late 1960s, coho salmon were extirpated from the watershed, flow reductions in key rearing streams have reduced food availability for juvenile steelhead, causing reduced growth and survival. Recently, a salmon was caught in the river. In addition, a fourth species, sockeye salmon, was also identified in the Napa River. Because of this diversity the Napa River has been prioritized for special protection, white sturgeon and many other native and non-native fishes currently utilize the Napa River watershed. The California golden beaver was historically extant, recently beaver have recolonized the Napa River and have been documented in Napa as well as near Rutherford and Oak Knoll
19.
Calistoga, California
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Calistoga is a city in Napa County, California, United States. During the 2010 census, the population was 5,155, the Upper Napa Valley was once the home of a significant population of Indigenous People, called the Wappo during the Spanish colonial era of the late 18th century. With abundant oak trees providing acorns as a staple and the natural hot springs as a healing ground Calistoga was the site of several villages. Following Mexican Independence, mission properties were secularized and disposed of by the Mexican government with much of the Napa Valley being partitioned into large ranchos in the 1830s and 1840s, the first Anglo settlers began arriving in the 1840s, with several taking up lands in the Calistoga area. Samuel Brannan was the leader of a settlement expedition on the ship Brooklyn landing in Yerba Buena in 1846 and he published San Franciscos first English language newspaper, the California Star. Following the discovery of gold in Coloma, Brannan pursued many business ventures, fascinated by Calistoga’s natural hot springs, Brannan purchased more than 2,000 acres with the intent to develop a spa reminiscent of Saratoga Springs in New York. He is said to have intended to say Ill make this place the Saratoga of California and his Hot Springs Resort surrounding Mt Lincoln with the Spa/Hotel located at what is now Indian Springs Resort, opened to Californias rich and famous in 1862. In 1868 Brannans Napa Valley Railroad Companys track was completed to Calistoga and this provided an easier travel option for ferry passengers making the journey from San Francisco. With the addition of service, Calistoga became not only a destination, but also the transportation hub for the upper valley. A 6-meter diorama of this early Calistoga can be seen in the Sharpsteen Museum, calistogas economy was based on mining agriculture and tourism. One of the visitors was Robert Louis Stevenson. Yet to write his novels, he had just married Fanny Vandegrift in San Francisco in May 1880. Desiring to stay in the area, they moved from the hotel to a cabin at the nearby Silverado Mine on Mount Saint Helena. While working on other stories Stevenson kept a journal which became the Silverado Squatters describing many local features, residents, Calistoga made national headlines in 1881 when Anson Tichenor claimed that he had invented a way to extract gold from the waters of the hot springs. Tichenors invention was soon proved to be a fraud, in 1920, Giuseppe Musante, a soda fountain and candy store owner in Calistoga, was drilling for a cold water well at the Railway Exchange when he tapped into a hot water source. In 1924 he set up a line and began selling Calistoga Sparkling Mineral Water. The company became a player in the bottled water business after Elwood Sprenger bought the small bottling plant in 1970 known today as Calistoga Water Company. Calistoga was named a Distinctive Destination by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2001, scenes from the Disney movie Bedtime Stories starring Adam Sandler were filmed in Calistoga in June 2008
20.
Charro!
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Charro. is a 1969 American western film starring Elvis Presley shot on location at Apacheland Movie Ranch and Old Tucson Studios in Arizona. It was his role that did not feature him singing on-screen. It also features a bearded Presley for the first and last time in any of his films, the film was adaptated into a novel written by Harry Whittington. The film co-starred Ina Balin, Victor French, Barbara Werle and it was also the only Presley film released to theaters by National General Pictures. The film made a profit but was not a runaway success, Jess later sees Billy Roy Hackett, Vinces younger brother, summoning Vince and the other members of the gang into the saloon. Jess, realizing he was set up, orders the bar patrons to leave as an out later ensues. After making a break for the door Jess is later stopped by another member, Gunner. Ordering his men to subdue Jess on the ground, Vince takes a branding iron, taking Jess horse, Vince and the gang later leave Jess and take off. Jess does manage to capture a horse in the desert. The gangs motive is to force a ransom from the town they stole the cannon from, only Wade can save the people from his former gang. The role of Jess Wade was originally turned down by Clint Eastwood, the budget for the movie was estimated at $1.5 million. Working titles for the film included Jack Valentine, Johnny Hang, the original opening scene, which was to feature female nudity, was dropped in favor of a more gentle bar scene. The story of Charro, which was written by Frederick Louis Fox, Harry Whittington based his novel Charro on the Foxs story, and included the scenes that Warren deemed to violent for the film. A scene which featured Ina Balin nude climbing from a bath was also removed, location scenes were shot at Apache Junction and the Apacheland Movie Ranch in Arizona. The film, although a hit, was not received as well as Presleys previous films, fans were put off by the lack of songs, and critics were generally unimpressed with the film as a whole. Despite this, the made a good profit and Presley received $850,000 for his work. During the special, Presley erroneously states that he had made twenty nine pictures up to that time, the actual tally was twenty eight at taping. Charro would be the twenty ninth, at the time the special was aired in December, Presley had completed his thirtieth film, The Trouble with Girls
21.
Blue Hawaii
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Blue Hawaii is a 1961 American musical romantic comedy film set in the state of Hawaii and starring Elvis Presley. The screenplay by Hal Kanter was nominated by the Writers Guild of America in 1962 in the category of Best Written American Musical, the film won a fourth place prize Laurel Award in the category of Top Musical of 1961. Chadwick Gates has just gotten out of the Army, and is happy to be back in Hawaii with his surfboard, his beach buddies, girls. in 1962 and Paradise, Hawaiian Style in 1965. Wallis was keen to put Presley into a film that showed how the army affected a man, actress Juliet Prowse, who had starred with Presley in GI Blues, was approached to be his love interest again. However, after her demands were put forward, Paramount decided to drop her as a candidate for the role. Presley was apparently so pale before shooting that Wallis personally recommended a brand of tanning lamp to darken his skin, the film was announced in the fall of 1960 as Hawaii Beach Boy. At the time, film producer Walter Mirisch had a similar titled film in production, Hawaii, Presley arrived in Hawaii on March 18,1961, to prepare for a charity concert that he was performing on March 25 to raise funds for the Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor. He arrived at the studio on March 21 to start the recording of the films soundtrack. Following location filming, the returned to the Paramount lot to finish other scenes for the film. Presley would relax during filming by giving karate demonstrations with his friend and employee, Red West, Wallis warned the female stars of the film to avoid parties hosted by Presley because they were turning up for shooting looking tired. Producer Hal Wallis would use the box office returns from Blue Hawaii to finance an upcoming Wallis film, 1964s Becket, starring Richard Burton, Presley was 26 at the time this film was released, and a not yet 36-year-old Angela Lansbury played his characters mother. Lansbury would later comment that her appearance here was one of the worst in her career, nancy Walters, who was cast as the older school teacher was, in reality, only 18 months older than Presley. Much of the film was shot on location at the Coco Palms Resort on the east coast of Kauai, the resort has been abandoned since Hurricane Iniki in 1992. In actuality, Kahala is located on the side of Diamond Head from Waikiki. There were several scenes filmed in and around the famous Waikiki Beach, including the driving scenes. The Blue Hawaii soundtrack album was on the Billboard Pop Albums chart for 79 weeks and it has been certified by the RIAA for sales of three million copies in the U. S. The Blue Hawaii soundtrack album was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1961 in the category of Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from a Motion Picture or Television
22.
Colonel Tom Parker
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Thomas Andrew Colonel Tom Parker was a Dutch-born American talent manager, best known as the manager of Elvis Presley. His management of Presley defined the role of masterminding talent management, Parkers healthy compensation has led some to question whether it came at the detriment of his client. While other managers took compensation in the range of 10–15 percent of earnings, Presley said of Parker, I dont think Id have ever been very big if it wasnt for him. For many years, Parker falsely claimed to have born in the United States. Parker was born in Breda, Netherlands, the seventh of 11 children in a Catholic family, as a boy, he worked as a barker at carnivals in his hometown, learning many of the skills that he would require in later life while working in the entertainment industry. At age 15, Parker moved to Rotterdam, gaining employment on the boats in the port town, at age 17, he first displayed signs of wanting to run away to America to make his fortune. A year later, with money to sustain him for a short period. During his first visit there, he traveled with a Chautauqua educative tent show, before returning briefly to the Netherlands. Alanna Nash would later write in The Colonel, her biography of him, Parker returned to America at age 20, finding work with carnivals due to his previous experience in the Netherlands. He enlisted in the United States Army, taking the name Tom Parker from the officer who interviewed him and he served two years in the 64th Coast Artillery, at Fort Shafter in Hawaii, and shortly afterwards re-enlisted at Fort Barrancas, Florida. Although Parker had served honorably before, he went AWOL this time and was charged with desertion. He was punished with solitary confinement, from which he emerged with a psychosis that led to two months in a hospital, and he was discharged from the Army due to his mental condition. Following his discharge, Parker worked at a number of jobs, including food concessions and he began to build up a list of contacts that would prove valuable in later years. In 1935, Parker married 27-year-old Marie Francis Mott and they struggled to survive through the Great Depression, working short cons and traveling the country seeking work. Parker would later claim that at times they had had to live on as little as $1 a week, Parker first became involved in the music industry as a music promoter in 1938, working with popular singer Gene Austin. Despite having sold over 86 million records since 1924 and earning over $17 million and he had wasted much of his fortune on partying, cars, mansions, and women, and his popularity had been eclipsed by new singers such as Bing Crosby. Parker, charged with the task of promoting the star, found the transition to be a smooth one, using much of his carny experience to sell tickets. He was a good promoter, but he had his sights set on management
23.
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
24.
Rudd Weatherwax
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Ruddell Bird Rudd Weatherwax was an American actor and animal trainer and breeder. He and his brother Frank are best remembered for training dogs for motion pictures and their collie, Pal, became the original Lassie, handled by Rudd for the 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film Lassie Come Home. He also handled the dogs for the Lassie television series ran from 1954 to 1974. After his death, his son, Robert, took over the training of the animals Weatherwax was also responsible for training the official New York Mets’ team mascot in the 1960s, a beagle named Homer. Weatherwax was born in Engle, New Mexico Territory, the son of Anna Elisa, Pal became a movie star through a weather-related event. Their fancy collie was still in training, so MGM hired Pal as a stand-in for the river scene, although the work was actually considered complicated for an animal actor, the dog performed exceptionally well. According to legend, after seeing the first prints, the head of MGM, mayer, stated that Pal had entered the water, but Lassie had come out, and a new star was born. Weatherwax was posthumously inducted into the New Mexico Entertainment Hall of Fame in 2012 and he had two sons, Jackie and Bob. He was the uncle of Ken Weatherwax, who played Pugsley Addams in The Addams Family television series, Rudd Weatherwax at the Internet Movie Database Rudd Weatherwax at Find a Grave
25.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
26.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
27.
Ballad
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A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas
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LP record
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The LP is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm, a 12 or 10 inch diameter, and use of the microgroove groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, the new product was a 12- or 10-inch fine-grooved disc made of vinyl and played with a smaller-tipped microgroove stylus at a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for more than 20 minutes, although the LP was suited to classical music because of its extended continuous playing time, it also allowed a collection of ten or more pop music recordings to be put on a single disc. The use of the word album persisted for the one-disc LP equivalent, the prototype of the LP was the soundtrack disc used by the Vitaphone motion picture sound system, developed by Western Electric and introduced in 1926. For soundtrack purposes, the less than five minutes of playing time of side of a conventional 12-inch 78 rpm disc was not acceptable. The sound had to play continuously for at least 11 minutes, long enough to accompany a full 1, the disc diameter was increased to 16 inches and the speed was reduced to 33 1⁄3 revolutions per minute. Unlike their smaller LP descendants, they were made with the same large standard groove used by 78s, unlike conventional records, the groove started at the inside of the recorded area near the label and proceeded outward toward the edge. Like 78s, early soundtrack discs were pressed in an abrasive shellac compound, syndicated radio programming was distributed on 78 rpm discs beginning in 1928. The desirability of a longer continuous playing time soon led to the adoption of the Vitaphone soundtrack disc format, 16-inch 33 1⁄3 rpm discs playing about 15 minutes per side were used for most of these electrical transcriptions beginning about 1930. Transcriptions were variously recorded inside out like soundtrack discs or with an outside start, some transcriptions were recorded with a vertically modulated hill and dale groove. This was found to allow deeper bass and also an extension of the frequency response. Neither of these was necessarily an advantage in practice because of the limitations of AM broadcasting. Today we can enjoy the benefits of those higher-fidelity recordings, even if the radio audiences could not. Initially, transcription discs were pressed only in shellac, but by 1932 pressings in RCA Victors vinyl-based Victrolac were appearing, by the late 1930s, vinyl was standard for nearly all kinds of pressed discs except ordinary commercial 78s, which continued to be made of shellac. Use of the LPs microgroove standard began in the late 1950s, the King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood Ones The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992. RCA Victor introduced a version of a long-playing record for home use in September 1931. These Program Transcription discs, as Victor called them, played at 33 1⁄3 rpm and used a somewhat finer and they were to be played with a special Chromium Orange chrome-plated steel needle
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Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
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Soundtrack
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In movie industry terminology usage, a sound track is an audio recording created or used in film production or post-production. Initially the dialogue, sound effects, and music in a film each has its own track, and these are mixed together to make what is called the composite track. A dubbing track is later created when films are dubbed into another language. This is also known as a M & E track containing all sound elements minus dialogue which is supplied by the foreign distributor in the native language of its territory. The contraction soundtrack came into public consciousness with the advent of so-called soundtrack albums in the late 1940s and these phrases were soon shortened to just original motion picture soundtrack. More accurately, such recordings are made from a music track, because they usually consist of the isolated music from a film, not the composite track with dialogue. The soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first commercially issued film soundtrack. It was released by RCA Victor Records on multiple 78 RPM discs in January 1938 as Songs from Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues. The first live-action musical film to have a commercially issued soundtrack album was MGM’s 1946 film biography of Show Boat composer Jerome Kern, the album was originally issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. Only eight selections from the film were included in this first edition of the album, in order to fit the songs onto the record sides the musical material needed editing and manipulation. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very dry, otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy, the phrase is also sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct in some instances to call a soundtrack a cast recording it is never correct to call a cast recording a soundtrack, contributing to the vagueness of the term are projects such as The Sound of Music Live. Which was filmed live on the set for an NBC holiday season special first broadcast in 2013, film score albums did not really become popular until the LP era, although a few were issued in 78-rpm albums. Like the 1967 re-release of the film, this version of the score was artificially enhanced for stereo, in recent years, Rhino Records has released a 2-CD set of the complete Gone With the Wind score, restored to its original mono sound. One of the film scores of all time was John Williams music from the movie Star Wars. Many film score albums go out-of-print after the films finish their theatrical runs, in a few rare instances an entire film dialogue track was issued on records. The 1968 Franco Zeffirelli film of Romeo and Juliet was issued as a 4-LP set, as a single LP with musical and dialogue excerpts, and as an album containing only the films musical score
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Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
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A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
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Surrender (Elvis Presley song)
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Surrender is a #1 song recorded by Elvis Presley and published by Elvis Presley Music in 1961. It is an adaptation by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman of the music of a 1902 Neapolitan ballad by Giambattista and it hit number one in the US and UK in 1961 and eventually became one of the best selling singles of all time. This was one of 25 songs Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman wrote for Presley and it has been recorded by many other artists. Elvis Presley - vocals The Jordanaires - backing vocals Scotty Moore - electric guitar Hank Garland - acoustic guitar Bob Moore - double bass D. J
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Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
