1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
–
Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
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Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
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Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
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Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
3.
Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada
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Universities Canada is an organization that represents Canadas colleges and universities. It is a non profit organization that coordinates university policies, guidance. Formed in 1911, as the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, it represents 97 public and private not-for-profit Canadian Universities and it provides member services in public policy and advocacy, communications, research and information-sharing, and scholarships and international programs. In April 2015, the organization renamed itself Universities Canada, Universities Canada is not a national accreditation body. Membership in the association requires universities to meet strict criteria and adhere to set principles of institutional quality assurance that must be reaffirmed every five years and this reinforces the recognition of a Canadian university degree around the world as a high-quality academic achievement. The association produces a number of publications, such as University Affairs magazine, the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canadas Arms, Supporters and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on May 10,2004. On 25 October 2011, the AUCC announced a new Statement on Academic Freedom which was adopted unanimously by the membership at its centennial meeting, Universities Canada works in an advocacy role with governments to promote higher education and awareness of the contributions Canadas universities make to the country. Its priorities are increasing funding for operating and capital costs, research. It is also involved in the copyright reform process. The association is active in managing government-funded international partnership programs. In partnership with Community Foundations of Canada and Rideau Hall Foundation, u15 Group of Canadian Research Universities Association of Commonwealth Universities Official website
Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada
–
Arms of the AUCC
4.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
–
The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
Association of Commonwealth Universities
–
Logo of the ACU
5.
Canadian Interuniversity Sport
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U Sports is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports. The name until October 20,2016 was Canadian Interuniversity Sport, on that date, the organization rebranded as U Sports. The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955, composed only of universities from Ontario, with the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s, calls for a new, national governing body for university sport accelerated. Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer, in the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary, autonomous, educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast. In 1978, the CIAU changed its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, according to the organization, the name change to U Sports came about in part due to a desire for a brand that was instantly recognizable and identical in both French and English. The rebrand was accompanied by a new approach to presentation of Canadian University sports, its teams, and its players. The new, singular logo and name came with a new website to better present stories taking place throughout the athletics programs U Sports governs, bolstered by a new approach to social media. Source, On October 20,2016, CIS announced that it would be changing its name to U Sports, accompanied by a new logo, the name was chosen in part to better represent Canada as a bilingual nation with a united name as opposed to separate acronyms. The new name and look are also intended to increase the marketability of Canadian University sports through a more marketable presentation, signifying a major shift in the presentation of Canadian University sports, U Sports aims to better engage with Canadian sports fans and present the athletes it governs. The U Sports member institutions offer athletic scholarships known as Athletic Financial Awards, the AFAs are capped and may not exceed the value of the tuition and compulsory fees for the student-athlete. The University of Windsor has an Adopt-A-Lancer program, for example, U Sports has no regulations regarding how much each school can provide to teams through private support. The Université Lavals Rouge et Or football team, winner of seven the last 12 Vanier Cups, is so successful with fund raising, Hockey players who play in the CHL are ineligible for NCAA athletic scholarships, although many attend a CHL training camp. However, they can stay a max of 48 hours. Source, There are 56 member Universities in U Sports, the 56 member universities of U Sports are currently organized into the four following regional associations. In some of these sports, these associations are sometimes referred to as conferences, CWUAA has two divisions, Pioneer and Explorer, while the OUA has four, North, East, Central, and West. As of the 2016-2017 U Sports season,47 of the 56 member institutions have both mens and womens basketball teams, the U Sports mens and womens basketball teams are organized in the following way,27 of the 56 member schools participated in the 2016 CIS football season. The U Sports football teams are organized in the way, As of the 2017–18 academic year
Canadian Interuniversity Sport
–
Canadian Interuniversity Sport Sport interuniversitaire canadien
6.
Fields Institute
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The institute is named for University of Toronto mathematician John Charles Fields, founder of the Fields Medal. It was established in 1992, and was based at the University of Waterloo before relocating to Toronto in 1995. As a centre for mathematical activity, the institute brings together mathematicians from Canada and it also holds monthly meetings on mathematics education, attended by participants from secondary school boards, university mathematics departments and the private sector. The institute occupies a building at the university that was conceived and constructed for its activities. It accommodates up to 66 visitors and their staff, providing office spaces. The Fields Institute Monographs features the work of the institute. CRM-Fields-PIMS prize Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences
Fields Institute
–
The exterior of the Fields Institute
Fields Institute
–
Colleges
7.
Ontario University Athletics
–
This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States. OUA, which covers Ontario, is one of four such bodies that are members of the governing body for university athletics. OUA came into being in 1997 with the merger of the Ontario Universities Athletics Association, the first formal organization of intercollegiate athletics in Canada took place in 1906 with the formation of the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union. This organization had four members, Ottawa College, Trinity College, McMaster College. As the years passed, the CIAU expanded until in 1954 the union had nineteen members, in 1954, the administration of the CIAU was becoming somewhat unwieldy. It was also felt that the name Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union was not truly appropriate since intercollegiate athletic associations were also in existence in other parts of the country. The original members of the O-QAA had been joined by the Assumption College and were joined in 1961 by Waterloo and 1968 by Carleton University, in 1968, the O-QAA was divided into Eastern and Western Divisions in order to facilitate the scheduling of events. The 1960s also saw the creation of Canadas first national governing body for university athletics, in 1971, the Quebec-based universities in the O-QAA withdrew from the Association. Laval, McGill and Montreal elected to pursue their future athletic endeavours in the newly formed Quebec Universities Athletic Association, in the resulting reorganization meetings, the remaining members of the O-QAA voted to change their name to the OUAA. Invitations were extended to all Ontario universities to participate in the reorganization meeting, as part of the reorganization, it was decided that all the trophies, records, etc. of the O-QAA would remain with and be recognized by the OUAA. The Ontario Womens Interuniversity Athletic Association was founded in 1971, which provided competition for women students in the universities of Ontario. The OWIAA was unique in North America in both its longevity and singleness of purpose and this coalition was the only association for womens athletics to have survived through 60 years of commitment to women athletes in Ontario universities. The Royal Military College of Kingston was admitted to the OUAA in 1973, also in 1973, Waterloo Lutheran University changed its name to Wilfrid Laurier University. The continuing evolution of the OUAA saw three Quebec-based universities receive playing privileges in the OUAA football league in 1974, in 1978, the CIAU changed its name to Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union. In 1980, football was reorganized so that the teams of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference- West Division would form the new OUAA Football League, the OQIFC East teams, Ottawa, Carleton and Queens would join the three Quebec schools in the new OQIFC. In 1987, the OUAA awarded playing privileges in hockey to three Quebec schools, McGill, Concordia and Trois Rivieres, nipissing University was admitted in 1993 with full membership. July 1,1997 marked a new era of university sport in Ontario, both the OUAA and the OWIAA amalgamated to form one association, Ontario University Athletics. In November,1997 the OUA hired the organization’s first Executive Director. The “new” OUA office opened on September 1,1998 in Hamilton
Ontario University Athletics
–
2012 men's hockey playoffs,
Windsor Lancers vs.
York Lions at
Windsor Arena (February 16, 2012).
Ontario University Athletics
–
Ontario University Athletics (OUA)
Ontario University Athletics
–
The
Ottawa Gee Gees taking on the
Windsor Lancers at the 2013
Wilson Cup semi final.
8.
Canadian University Press
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Canadian University Press is a non-profit co-operative and newswire service owned by more than 50 student newspapers at post-secondary schools in Canada. Founded in 1938, CUP is the oldest student newswire service in the world, many successful Canadian journalists got their starts in CUP and its member papers. CUP began as a syndication services that facilitated transnational story-sharing and this newswire continued as a private function until 2010 when it was turned into a competitive source for campus news in the form of an online public wire at cupwire. ca. CUPs head office is in Toronto, prior to April 1995, the head office was located in Ottawa. In Ottawa, CUP ran a company, called Common Printing Group, which was owned jointly with the National Union of Students. A national conference, which doubles as a general meeting, is held once a year in a different city. Each member paper exercises one vote at conferences, each region has an annual event subsidy which can be used to host events within the region, or jointly with other regions. This usually takes the form of conferences held in the spring. January 2011 will mark CUPs first fully bilingual national conference, in Montreal, hosted in part by the McGill Daily and Le Delit. The current structure for CUP, of a permanent newswire offered to Canadian University newspapers including the president, was established at CUP22 in Quebec City in 1959. Prior to this date the service was looser and more oriented towards an exchange of clippings between the papers, one of the delegates at CUP22 was future Canadian Prime Minister, Joe Clark, representing the University of Alberta paper, The Gateway. CUP is divided into six regions, WRCUP, PNCUP, ORCUP, CUPbeq, ARCUP, other acronyms for regions include CUPberta, and CCUP. Member papers contribute articles to the CUP wire, which runs stories authored by CUP staff. There are news, features, opinions, arts, sports, after stories are edited by the national bureau chief, they are made available on the wire for publication in CUP member papers. CUP formerly owned a multi-market ad placement agency, Canadian University Press Media Services Limited, Campus Plus declared bankruptcy in 2013. Until 2007, CUP was the member of the John H. McDonald Journalism Foundation, a charity named after CUPs first president, though the charity has been folded, it lives on through the yearly John H. Now and in recent years, the bureau chief has also served as CUPs vice-president
Canadian University Press
–
Canadian University Press logo
9.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
10.
Canadian dollar
–
The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
Canadian dollar
–
$5 gold Canadian coin from 1914. Reverse side shown depicting a shield with the arms of the Dominion of Canada. The coin weighs 8.36 grams and is 90% gold giving it 7.524 grams of gold. It has a diameter of 21.59 mm and a thickness of 1.82 mm at the rim.
Canadian dollar
–
2011
Polymer notes (Frontier Series)
Canadian dollar
–
$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898.
Canadian dollar
–
Bank of Montreal, 10 dollars (1935) First note printed for the series.
11.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
12.
Waterloo, Ontario
–
Waterloo is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the city of Kitchener, Kitchener and Waterloo are often jointly referred to as Kitchener-Waterloo, KW, the Twin Cities or the Tri-City. Years ago, there had been attempts to combine the two cities into one but they were not successful. After 1973, when the Regional government was formed, there was less motivation to do so, at the time of the 2016 census, the population of Waterloo was 104,986. Waterloo started on land that was part of a parcel of 675,000 acres assigned in 1784 to the Iroquois alliance that made up the League of Six Nations. The rare gift of land from Britain to indigenous people took place to compensate for wartime alliance during the American Revolution, almost immediately—and with much controversy—the native groups began to sell some of the land. Between 1796 and 1798,93,000 acres were sold through a Crown Grant to Richard Beasley, the first wave of immigrants to the area comprised Mennonites from Pennsylvania. They bought deeds to land parcels from Beasley and began moving into the area in 1804, the following year, a group of 26 Mennonites pooled resources to purchase all of the unsold land from Beasley and to discharge the mortgage held by the Six Nations Indians. The Tract included most of Block 2 of the previous Grand River Indian Lands, many of the first farms were least four hundred acres in size. The payment to Beasly, in cash, arrived from Pennsylvania in kegs, the Mennonites divided the land into smaller lots, two lots owned by Abraham Erb became the central core of Waterloo. Erb, often called the founder of Waterloo, had come to Waterloo County in 1806 from Franklin County and he bought 900 acres of bush land in 1806 from the German Company and founded a sawmill and grist mill, these the focal point of the area. The grist mill operated continuously for 111 years, other early settlers of what would become Waterloo included Samuel and Elia Schneider who arrived in 1816. Until about 1820, settlements such as this were quite small, in 1816 the new township was named after Waterloo, Belgium, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, which had ended the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. After that war, the new township became a destination for German immigrants. By the 1840s, German settlers had overtaken the Mennonites as the dominant segment of the population, many Germans settled in the small hamlet to the southeast of Waterloo. In their honour, the village was named Berlin in 1833, the Smiths Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 describes Waterloo as follows. Contains about 200 inhabitants, principally Germans, who have a Lutheran meeting-house, professions and Trades, —One grist and saw mill, one distillery, two stores, two taverns, two blacksmiths. Berlin was chosen as the site of the seat for the County of Waterloo in 1853, Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876 and the City of Waterloo in 1948
Waterloo, Ontario
–
Uptown Waterloo, looking south down King Street.
Waterloo, Ontario
–
Waterloo City Hall
Waterloo, Ontario
–
King Street South in the heart of Uptown Waterloo.
Waterloo, Ontario
–
Uptown looking Northwest from the Uptown Parkade. Landmarks visible include the Marsland Centre on the extreme left and Waterloo City Hall on the extreme right.
13.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
–
Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
–
Flag
Ontario
–
Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
–
The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
14.
Purple (color)
–
Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a color with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite color made by combining red. According to surveys In Europe and the U. S. purple is the color most often associated with royalty, magic, mystery, when combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity and seduction. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates, it became the color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Similarly in Japan, the color is associated with the Emperor. The first recorded use of the purple in the English language was in the year 975 AD. In heraldry, the word purpure is used for purple, in the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet, violet is closer to blue, and is usually less saturated than purple. While the two look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. There is no such thing as the wavelength of purple light, monochromatic violet light cannot be produced by the red-green-blue color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. This means that when light strikes the eye, the S-cone should be stimulated strongly. The resulting color has the same hue as pure violet, however, one curious psychophysical difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase in luminance. Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue, the same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the Bezold–Brücke shift, while the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as Tyrian purple ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, in France, purple is defined as a dark red, inclined toward violet. The color called purple by the French, pourpre, contains red and half the amount of blue of the color called purple in the United States. In German, this color is sometimes called Purpurrot to avoid confusion, Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC, as early as the 15th century BC the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia, were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex
Purple (color)
–
Purple is the color of royalty. A ticket for the coronation of
Elizabeth II (1953)
Purple (color)
–
Purple
Purple (color)
–
In Catholicism purple is a
liturgical color representing piety
Purple (color)
–
Purple has become a popular color for
neckties; it is less aggressive than red, but more active than blue.
15.
Gold (color)
–
Gold, also called golden, is one of a variety of yellow-orange color blends used to give the impression of the color of the element gold. The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden to distinguish it from the metallic gold. The use of gold as a term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color metallic gold. The first recorded use of golden as a name in English was in 1300 to refer to the element gold. Metallic gold, such as in paint, is often called goldtone or gold-tone, in heraldry, the French word or is used. In model building, the gold is different from brass. A shiny or metallic silvertone object can be painted with transparent yellow to obtain goldtone, at right is displayed a representation of the color metallic gold which is a simulation of the color of the actual metallic element gold itself—gold shade. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the color metallic gold as A light olive-brown to dark yellow, or a moderate, of course, the visual sensation usually associated with the metal gold is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the materials reflective brightness varying with the surfaces angle to the light source. Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold was used for rendering gold in paintings, Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look. Old gold is a yellow, which varies from heavy olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow. The widely accepted color old gold is on the rather than the lighter side of this range. The first recorded use of old gold as a name in English was in the early 19th century. The Delta Sigma Pi fraternity, founded in November 7,1907, official colors are designated royal purple, the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternitys colors are garnet and old gold. Old gold is one of two colors of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, maroon and old gold are the colors of Texas State Universitys intercollegiate sports teams. Old Gold and black are the colors of Purdue University Boilermakers intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets wear white and old gold, the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, UCF Knights, and Vanderbilt Commodores wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Saints list their official team colors as black, old gold, Golden yellow is the color halfway between amber and yellow on the RGB color wheel
Gold (color)
–
Gold (golden)
Gold (color)
–
Gold
Gold (color)
–
The mask of
Tutankhamun is made of gold.
Gold (color)
–
Golden
Dome in
Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
16.
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
–
The Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks is the name used by the varsity sports teams of Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The universitys varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport and, the football program has become one of the best in the conference, recently winning a Vanier Cup national championship in 2005 to go along with their previous title in 1991. Since 2003, the team has not finished lower than fourth in the ten-team OUA conference under the guidance of head coach Gary Jeffries. The Golden Hawk Cheerleaders have been ranked in the top five squads in the nation at least 8 times in the past 10 years, winning 6 national titles in 2007,2008,2009,2010, and 2011. Most recently the team brought home first place at the 2013 University Nationals Competition managing to outscore teams from all other divisions, in addition to the programs primarily competitive focus, the team can also be found cheering sidelines at football games, and both mens and womens basketball games. The womens varsity hockey team have become successful, winning their first OUA championship in their 1998–1999 season. They also won Nationals in 2004–2005, the team has also won seven Yates Cup conference championships, most recently in 2004 and 2005. Their head coach during that time was Gary Jeffries, who became the head coach midway through the 2002 campaign before being named the full-time head coach for the 2003 season. Overall, he had compiled a regular season record of 58 wins and 22 losses as well as leading them to their 2005 Vanier Cup victory, the Golden Hawks have had one Hec Crighton Trophy winner, Bill Kubas, a former quarterback who won the award in 1994. The program was one of the strongest in the OUA, as they had finished in the top three in the ten-team conference from 2003-2009 as long as Jeffries had been the full-time head coach. The team completed two unbeaten seasons in 2004 and 2005, and one completely unbeaten season in the latter after going 12-0. The Golden Hawks had seven seasons of at least six wins between 2003 and 2009, but had back-to-back.500 seasons in 2010 and 2011. While the team had a four win season in 2010, it should be noted that they forfeited a game won against the Toronto Varsity Blues for using an ineligible player. The Golden Hawks finished with a record in 2012 for the first time since Jeffries had taken over as head coach in 2002. Jeffries announced his resignation as the manager of operations and head coach on November 1,2012. Former Mustangs quarterback Michael Faulds was hired as the head coach on January 8,2013. In Faulds first season in 2013, the Golden Hawks missed the playoffs for the first time since 2002, but rebounded with a sixth-place finish and playoff berth in 2014
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
–
Laurier's goalie, 2013 preseason.
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
–
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
–
Lining up for a faceoff, 2013 preseason.
17.
University
–
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
University
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
University
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
University
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
University
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
18.
Brantford
–
Brantford is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River. It is the seat of Brant County, but it is politically separate with a government independent of the county, Brantford is sometimes known as the Telephone City, former city resident Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone at his fathers home, the Bell Homestead. In 1876 he conducted the first long-distance telephone call, making it from Brantford to Paris, Brantford is also the birthplace of hockey player Wayne Gretzky, comedian Phil Hartman, as well as Group of Seven member Lawren Harris. Brantford is named after Joseph Brant, an important Mohawk chief during the American Revolutionary War and later, many of his and other First Nations citizens live on the neighbouring reserve of Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, the most populous reserve in Canada. This town, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade, in 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Six Nations Indians of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract. The original Mohawk settlement was on the edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brants crossing of the river gave the name to the area. By 1847, European settlers began to further up the river at a ford in the Grand River. The Mohawk Chapel, built in the original Mohawk settlement, is Ontarios oldest Protestant church, Brantford was incorporated as a city in 1877. The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book At The Forks of The Grand, decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools, a number of historic monuments have been erected within the city marking those events and Brantfords contributions to the Commonwealths defense of the realm. Her Majestys Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is located in Brantford and is an important reminder of the agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. After the American Revolution, in 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimond granted the Six Nations their land treaty which was six miles on side of the river from the mouth to the source. Joseph Brant led a group of Six Nations members to new settlement called the Mohawk Village, the Mohawk Chapel was built in 1785 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British. In 1904 the Mohawk Chapel received Royal status for the alliance between the British and Six Nations. He developed early improvements to it in 1876, as part of the invention and development of the telephone, Canadas first telephone factory was built here, and the city was called Brantford, The Telephone City. These buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada, included in the list of demolitions were one of Ontarios first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada, now Bell Canada
Brantford
–
Brantford
Brantford
–
Brant County Courthouse in Brantford
Brantford
Brantford
–
Brantford campus of
Nipissing University
19.
Kitchener, Ontario
–
The City of Kitchener /ˈkɪtʃᵻnər/ is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. Located approximately 100 km west of Toronto, Kitchener is the seat of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo and it was the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916, both in Waterloo County, Ontario. The city is adjacent to the cities of Cambridge to the south. Kitchener, Ontario and Waterloo, Ontario are twin cities often referred to jointly as Kitchener-Waterloo, including Cambridge, the three cities are known as the Tri-Cities. All are part of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo created in 1973, the City of Kitchener covers an area of 136.86 square kilometres and had a population of 233,222 at the time of the 2016 Census. Kitchener is located in Southwestern Ontario, in the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and this geological and climatic region has wet-climate soils and deciduous forests. Located in the Grand River Valley, the area is generally above 300m in elevation, Kitchener is the largest city situated within the Grand River watershed, and the largest city on the Haldimand Tract. Just to the west of the city is Baden Hill, in Wilmot Township and this glacial kame remnant formation is the highest elevation for many miles around. The settlements first name, Sandhills, is a description of the higher points of the moraine. Kitchener has a continental climate of the warm summer subtype, there are large seasonal differences, usually warm and humid summers. Winter-like conditions generally last from the mid-December until mid-March, while summer temperatures occur between mid-May to close to the end of September. March 2012 went down in the books for Kitchener – between 16 and 22 March, temperatures ranged from 21.4 °C to 27.0 °C —7 record highs in a row. 19 March high of 24 °C is one of the highest winter temperatures ever recorded, temperatures during the year can exceed 30 °C in the summer and drop below −20 °C in the winter several times a year, but prolonged periods of extreme temperatures are rare. The frost-free period for Kitchener averages about 147 frost-free days a year, snowfall averages 160 centimetres per year, high but not nearly as areas more directly affected by lake effect snow. The highest temperature recorded in Kitchener was 38.3 °C on August 6 &7,1918. The coldest temperature recorded was −34.1 °C on February 16,2015. From 1796 and 1798, the Six Nations sold 38,000 hectares of land to a Loyalist by the name of Colonel Richard Beasley. The portion of land that Beasley had purchased was remote but it was of great interest to German Mennonite farming families from Pennsylvania and they wanted to live in an area that would allow them to practice their beliefs without persecution
Kitchener, Ontario
–
View of Downtown Kitchener
Kitchener, Ontario
–
Queen Street South looking North to King Street.
Kitchener, Ontario
–
Benton and Frederick Streets (the name changes at the intersection with King Street in the foreground) form one of the most important corridors for traffic and public transit routes entering
Downtown Kitchener.
Kitchener, Ontario
–
Former Lang Tannery building, now used as hub for digital media companies
20.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
21.
Chongqing
–
Chongqing, formerly transliterated as Chungking, is a major city in Southwest China and one of the Five national central cities in China. Administratively, it is one of Chinas four direct-controlled municipalities, the municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan Province. Chongqings population as of 2015 is just over 30 million with a population of 18.38 million. The official abbreviation of the city, Yu, was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 and this abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River. Chongqing was also a Sichuan province municipality during the Republic of China administration, Chongqing has a significant history and culture and serves as the economic centre of the upstream Yangtze basin. It is a manufacturing centre and transportation hub, a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of Chinas 13 emerging megacities. Tradition associates Chongqing with the State of Ba, the Ba people supposedly established Chongqing during the Spring and Autumn period after moving from their first capital Yicheng in Hubei under pressure from Chu. This new capital was first named Jiangzhou, in 316 BC, however, the state of Ba was conquered by the State of Qin. Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huangs rule during the Qin Dynasty, the successor of the Qin State, and under the control of Han Dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Southern and Northern Dynasties to Chu Prefecture, then in 581 AD to Yu Prefecture, the name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, and the city centre where the old town stood is also called Yuzhong. It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song Dynasty described his crowning as king, in his honour, Yu Prefecture was therefore renamed Chongqing subprefecture marking the occasion of his enthronement. In 1362, Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebelling leader, established the Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time, in 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established by She Chongming with Chongqing as its capital. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing Dynasty, immigration to Chongqing, in 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing. The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, the French, German, US and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing in 1896–1904. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-sheks provisional capital, the city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell, the Japanese Air Force heavily bombed it. Due to its mountainous environment, many people were saved from the bombing, due to the bravery, contributions and sacrifices made by the local people during World War II, Chongqing became known as the City of Heroes. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China to Chongqing during the war, in late November 1949 the Nationalist KMT government fled the city
Chongqing
–
Clockwise from top:
Jiefangbei CBD Skyline, The Temple of the White Emperor,
E'gongyan Bridge,
Qutang Gorge, and the
Great Hall of the People.
Chongqing
–
A street scene in Chongqing, c. 1944
Chongqing
–
A night view of Chongqing Central Business District from across the Yangtze river
Chongqing
–
View of Chongqing from hills across the
Yangtze river
22.
Wilfrid Laurier
–
Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier GCMG, PC, KC, known as Wilfrid Laurier, was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, in office from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911. Canadas first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the countrys greatest statesmen and he is well known for his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada. His vision for Canada was a land of liberty and decentralized federalism. He also argued for an English-French partnership in Canada, I have had before me as a pillar of fire, he said, a policy of true Canadianism, of moderation, of reconciliation. He passionately defended individual liberty, Canada is free and freedom is its nationality, a 2011 Macleans historical ranking of the Prime Ministers placed Laurier first. Laurier holds a number of records, he holds the record for the most consecutive federal elections won, in addition, his nearly 45 years of service in the House of Commons is a record for that house. At 31 years,8 months, Laurier was the leader of a major Canadian political party. Finally, he is the fourth-longest serving Prime Minister of Canada, behind King, John A. Macdonald, Lauriers portrait is displayed on the Canadian five-dollar bill. The second child of Carolus Laurier and Marcelle Martineau, Wilfrid Laurier was born in Saint-Lin, Canada East, Laurier was among the seventh generation of his family in Canada. His ancestor François Cottineau, dit Champlaurier, came to Canada from Saint-Claud and he grew up in a family where politics was a staple of talk and debate. His father, a man having liberal ideas, enjoyed a certain degree of prestige about town. In addition to being a farmer and surveyor, he also occupied such sought-after positions as mayor, justice of the peace, militia lieutenant, at the age of 11, Wilfrid left home to study in New Glasgow, a neighbouring village largely inhabited by immigrants from Scotland. Over the next two years, he familiarized himself with the mentality, language and culture of British people, Laurier attended the Collège de LAssomption and graduated in law from McGill University in 1864. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1874 election, chosen as leader of the federal Liberal Party in 1887, he gradually built up his partys strength through his personal following both in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. The growing alienation of French-Canadians from the Conservative Party due to its links with anti-French and these factors, combined with the collapse of the Conservative Party of Quebec, gave Laurier an opportunity to build a stronghold in French Canada and among Catholics across Canada. Catholic priests in Quebec repeatedly warned their parishioners not to vote for Liberals and their slogan was le ciel est bleu, lenfer est rouge. Laurier led Canada during a period of growth, industrialization and immigration. His long career straddles a period of political and economic change
Wilfrid Laurier
–
The Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier
GCMG PC KC
Wilfrid Laurier
–
Bedroom at Sir Wilfrid Laurier National Historic Site,
Saint-Lin-Laurentides,
Quebec
Wilfrid Laurier
–
Laurier in 1869
Wilfrid Laurier
–
Sir Wilfrid Laurier with Zoé, Lady Laurier in 1907
23.
Prime Minister of Canada
–
Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
Prime Minister of Canada
–
Incumbent
Justin Trudeau since November 4, 2015
Prime Minister of Canada
Prime Minister of Canada
–
Sir
John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)
Prime Minister of Canada
–
Canada's Prime Ministers during its first century.
24.
Graduate student
–
A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree with a high grade point average. The distinction between schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees. Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession, many universities award graduate degrees, a graduate school is not necessarily a separate institution. Those attending graduate schools are called students, or often in British English as postgraduate students and, colloquially, postgraduates. Degrees awarded to students include masters degrees, doctoral degrees. Producing original research is a significant component of graduate studies in the humanities, sciences and this research typically leads to the writing and defense of a thesis or dissertation. In graduate programs that are oriented towards professional training, the degrees may consist solely of coursework, the term graduate school is primarily North American. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is common for graduate students to take coursework outside their specific field of study at graduate or graduate entry level. Some institutions designate separate graduate versus undergraduate staff and denote other divisions, Graduate degrees in Brazil are called postgraduate degrees, and can be taken only after an undergraduate education has been concluded. Lato sensu graduate degrees, degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area, sometimes it can be used to describe a specialization level between a masters degree and a MBA. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time, stricto sensu graduate degrees, degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career. Usually serves as qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a degree, meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program. Doctors / PhD, 3–4 years for completion, usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. In Canada, the Schools and Faculties of Graduate Studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures and its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to a conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding. Admission to a masters program generally requires a degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from B+ and higher. Some schools require samples of the writing as well as a research proposal
Graduate student
–
A doctoral graduate (
PhD) of
Chulalongkorn University in
Thailand, dressed in an
academic gown for her
graduation ceremony.
25.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
–
Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
26.
Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
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Waterloo Lutheran Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada affiliated with the nondenominational Wilfrid Laurier University, located in Waterloo, Ontario. In 1911, the Waterloo Lutheran Seminary of Canada opened its doors to students, in 1914 the Seminary developed non-theological courses under the name of the Waterloo College School. In 1924 the Waterloo College of Arts was established, offering post-secondary three-year programs, in 1925 the Faculty of Arts, under the name of Waterloo College, affiliated with the University of Western Ontario. The University of Waterloo was originally conceived in 1955 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties, in 1960, Waterloo College ended its affiliation with Western and became a university in its own right, Waterloo Lutheran University. As a church-affiliated institution, Waterloo Lutheran was ineligible for funding from the province. On November 1,1973, Waterloo Lutheran University dropped its affiliation and became a public institution. Today Wilfrid Laurier University emphasizes liberal arts while the public institution, University of Waterloo emphasises science. Waterloo Lutheran Seminary continues to operate in affiliation with the University, pastoral Counselling is the largest MTS program and prepares people to work in counselling agencies and churches. Individuals studying for the ministry of the ELCIC can also pursue the MTS. A non-credit Certificate in Theological Studies is also available, Spiritual Care & Psychotherapy is a unique form of therapy which uses spiritual resources as well as psychological understanding for healing and growth. It is provided by health professionals with in-depth spiritual, religious. Graduates of the Spiritual Care & Psychotherapy programs serve throughout society in counselling centres, social agencies, hospitals, schools, churches and synagogues. Drawing on spiritual and religious resources, chaplains and counsellors assist persons who are struggling with depression, grief, marital and family conflict, substance abuse and they also work with those persons who are seeking something more from their lives. In addition, the serves the community in which it is located in. The Delton Glebe Counselling Centre is a multi-faith agency committed to strengthening emotional and spiritual well-being, WLS also offers a lecture series open to the community and continuing education programs. The school is a member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States, official website Delton Glebe Counselling Centre ATS profile for Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
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Waterloo Lutheran Seminary.
Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
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This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
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Colleges
27.
University of Western Ontario
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The University of Western Ontario, corporately branded as Western University, is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. The university was founded on 7 March 1878 by Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron as The Western University of London Ontario and it incorporated Huron University College, which had been founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908. According to the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings, the university ranked 201–300 in the world, the 2016 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 198th in the world, making it ninth in Canada. Several of Westerns programs were ranked in individual rankings. Westerns co-educational student body of over 24,000 represents 107 countries and Western scholars have established research and education collaborations, there are more than 306,000 alumni who are active internationally, living and working around the globe. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, Nobel Laureates, Rhodes Scholars, Westerns varsity teams, known as the Western Mustangs, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. It incorporated Huron University College, which had founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the first of these students graduated in 1883. The Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908, in 1916, the universitys current site was purchased from the Kingsmill family. A third plaque lists those who served with the No.10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, in 1923, the university was renamed The University of Western Ontario. The first two buildings constructed by architect John Moore and Co. at the new site were the Arts Building, classes on the universitys present site began in 1924. The University College tower, one of the most universitys distinctive features, was named the Middlesex Memorial Tower in honour of the men from Middlesex County who fought in World War I. Before the end of the affiliation, Assumption College was one of the largest colleges associated with the University, St. Peters College seminary of London, Ontario was later became affiliated with Western in 1939, and it became Kings College, an arts college. Today, Kings, Huron and Brescia colleges are all still affiliates of Western,10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, the unit raised and equipped by UWO. Although enrollment was small for many years, the university began to grow after World War II. In 2012, the university rebranded itself as Western University, the universitys legal name, however, remains The University of Western Ontario. The University of Western Ontario is in the city of London, Ontario, the majority of the campus is surrounded by residential neighbourhoods, with the Thames River bisecting the campus eastern portion
University of Western Ontario
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Coat of Arms of the University of Western Ontario
University of Western Ontario
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Fall Colours at Western
University of Western Ontario
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The former Richard Ivey School of Business
University of Western Ontario
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Conron Hall
28.
Carnegie library
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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival
Carnegie library
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Carnegie portrait (detail) in the
National Portrait Gallery.
Carnegie library
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Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy as golden shower. Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903
Carnegie library
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The world's first Carnegie library, in Dunfermline
Carnegie library
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Carnegie's library motto over the entrance of
Edinburgh 's
Central Library.
29.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. Along with QS World University Rankings and THE World University Rankings and this Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published yearly rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
College and university rankings
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Top 40 "National Universities" according to U.S. News & World Report, 2007
30.
David Johnston
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David Lloyd Johnston CC CMM COM CD FRSC FRCPSC is a Canadian academic, author, and statesman who is the current Governor General of Canada, the 28th since Canadian Confederation. Johnston was born and raised in Ontario, studying there before enrolling at Harvard University and later Cambridge and he was in 2010 appointed as governor general by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of then Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper, to replace Michaëlle Jean as viceroy. At the time, Johnston was predominantly praised as a choice for the Queens representative. As governor general, Johnston is entitled to be styled His Excellency while in office and The Right Honourable for the duration of his viceregal tenure, given current practice, he will be sworn into the Queens Privy Council for Canada when his term as the Queens representative ends. Johnston was born on June 28,1941 in Sudbury, Ontario, to Lloyd Johnston, the owner of a hardware store and he attended Sault Collegiate Institute in nearby Sault Ste. In 1970, Segal wrote the best-selling novel Love Story, basing a character in the book—Davey, Johnston suffered three concussions from playing football and hockey, he was told by his doctor to either wear a helmet or stop playing hockey. Johnston later attended the University of Cambridge, obtaining a Bachelor of Laws with honours in 1965, during that period, Johnston married his high school sweetheart, Sharon, with whom he has five daughters. Johnston has had an academic career, during which he came to specialise in securities regulation, corporation law, public policy. Johnston stepped down in 1994 as principal of McGill to remain at the university only as a law professor until he was in 1999 installed as the fifth President of the University of Waterloo. At that time, the couple acquired a home in Heidelberg, Ontario and he also moderated the provincial leaders debate featuring David Peterson, Bob Rae, and Larry Grossman, in the run up to the Ontario general election in 1987. He also sat on the Ontario governments Task Force on Management of Large Scale Information and Information Technology Projects and he is the only non-American citizen to chair the Harvard Board of Overseers. Johnston completed his report on January 11,2008, listing seventeen questions of interest for further investigation, Johnstons role as special adviser was parodied by Roger Abbott on the January 11,2008, airing of Air Farce Live. For this corporate, government, charitable, and academic work, Johnston was in 1988 appointed to the Order of Canada as an Officer and he has also published numerous books on law, chapters in other volumes, magazine articles, and aided in writing legislation. And sat as the co-chair of the Montreal No Committee during the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence, at the time, Harper said of Johnston that he represents the best of Canada, he represents hard work, dedication, public service and humility. I am confident he will continue to embody these traits in his new role as the Crown representative in Canada. Johnston himself said in a conference that he and his wife had always been dedicated to service and vowed to, while in office, defend Canadian heritage. Also on the short list were other distinguished Canadians, including John de Chastelain, the appointment was widely praised, its announcement garnering positive words from individuals like former University of Toronto president Robert Prichard and columnist Andrew Coyne. Opposition Leader Michael Ignatieff stated, David Johnston’s dedication to learning, combined with his legal expertise and constitutional knowledge makes him an ideal choice for Governor General
David Johnston
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Johnston in front of Brubacher House
David Johnston
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Johnston, then President of the
University of Waterloo, introducing
Justin Trudeau as a speaker at the university, March 2006
David Johnston
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Johnston at the University of Waterloo, 2010
David Johnston
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Balmoral Castle, where Johnston met with Queen Elizabeth II prior to his installation as governor general
31.
University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept
University of Waterloo
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Constructed in 1958, the Douglas Wright Engineering Building is the oldest building that was erected for use by the university.
University of Waterloo
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University of Waterloo
University of Waterloo
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The Dana Porter Library holds the university's main collection for humanities and social science.
University of Waterloo
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The Mackenzie King Village residences, constructed in 2002, are the latest set of residences constructed by the university.
32.
University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction among medium-sized universities in Canada by The Globe and Mail. It has held these rankings with its reputation, innovative research-intensive programs, according to Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the universitys Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canadas highest research index. The University of Guelph has also been ranked 50th by Times Higher Education in their list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old, the university has a key focus on life science and has ranked 76-100 in the world by ARWU. The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 39 Canada Research Chair positions in the areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, the Macdonald Institute was established in 1903 to house womens home economics programs, nature studies, and some domestic art and science. It was named after its financier, Sir William Macdonald, who worked to promote domestic sciences in rural Canada, the Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto in 1862, was moved to Guelph in 1922. Famous economist John Kenneth Galbraith was an undergraduate at the college, the Ontario Legislature amalgamated the three colleges into the single body of the University of Guelph on May 8,1964. The University of Guelph Act also brought about the Board of Governors to oversee operations and financial management. The non-denominational graduate and undergraduate institution was, and remains known especially for the agricultural, the Macdonald Institute would also be renamed the College of Family and Consumer Studies during the split. After this split, the University of Guelph started reorganizing into its present-day form, the College of Physical Science would be married to the OACs School of Engineering in 1989, creating the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences. The College of Social Science and the College of Family and Consumer Studies were joined to create the College of Social, finally, the College of Management and Economics would be established from the segregation of offered business, management and economic degrees and courses in 2006. The university is named after the city, Guelph comes from the Italian Guelfo and the Bavarian-Germanic Welf also known as Guelf. The main university campus spans 412 hectares, including the 165-hectare University of Guelph Arboretum, the campus also has a number of notable midcentury modernist buildings, mostly in the Brutalism style, which were constructed in the 1960s as part of the schools expansion plan. Complexes such as the MacKinnon arts building and the McLaughlin library, overseen by architect Josep Lluis Sert, the campus is well-populated with trees which line the main walkways, many of which are paved with red clay brick. Campus safety is provided by the University of Guelph Campus Community Police, First Response Team, at one time, courses were offered in English in Guelph, Kemptville and Ridgetown, and in French at Campus dAlfred near Ottawa. In 2014, the University of Guelph announced that academic programmes at the Alfred, in early 2017, the University of Guelph web site clearly indicated that this institution was no longer offering programs at either location
University of Guelph
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The Johnston Clock Tower at the main campus
University of Guelph
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University of Guelph
University of Guelph
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Engineering building
University of Guelph
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Atrium in science complex
33.
The Cord
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The Cord is a student newspaper at Wilfrid Laurier University. Founded in 1926, it features stories about current events on campus, the papers website compiles all the content from the print edition as well as web-exclusive content. The Cord publishes every Wednesday of the fall and winter semester, the Cord is a member of the Canadian University Press. It is one of several produced by Wilfrid Laurier University Student Publications. The Cord currently features the following sections in print, News, Sports, Arts & Life, Features, Opinion, classifieds, the papers local content has expanded in recent years to cover regional news including elections and other events in the Waterloo community. The Cord also publishes online videos and multimedia sequences for the student community, additionally, the website is updated on a frequent basis with news happening between the weekly print issue. In 2011, The Cord made the decision to remove its World section from print due to a lack of student reader interest, in 2014, The Cord began removing the National section from print, only writing about national stories when relevant. In 2015, In-Depth was merged with Features to get rid of the associated with light-hearted feature pieces. Changes continued as The Cord was forced to compete with other papers, Campus and Local merged to create one strong news section and the online content grew two-fold while the print product decreased to a maximum of 16 pages. The Cord has been applauded by many in the industry for its commitment to professionalism as well as its clean. In 2010 and 2011, The Cord received second place honours by the Canadian Community News Association awards for Best Campus Newspaper, the Cord also won the award for Best Campus Photography. The win marked The Cords first Johnny win in five years. In 2012, The Cord received third place honours by the Canadian Community News Association awards for Best Campus News Story, the Cord also won the award for Best Campus Photography. At the 2013 Canadian University Press national conference, The Cord won two awards, kevin Campbell won the Johnny Award for Best Sports Writing, and Taylor Gayowsky won the Johnny Award for Best Graphic. That year, The Cord also received recognition in three categories by the Canadian Community News Association awards and they received second place honours for Best Campus Newspaper, and third place honours for Best Campus Photography and Best Campus Feature Story. In 2014, The Cord won the award for Best Campus Photography from the Canadian Community News Association awards, at the 2015 Canadian University Press national conference, Campus News Editor Shelby Blackley won the Johnny award for Best Sports Writing. At the 2016 Canadian University Press national conference, Photo Editor Will Huang won the Johnny for Student Photojournalist of the Year. He and Lena Yang, the Creative Director of The Cord, also won Flash File 2, in 2016, The Cord won Outstanding Campus Newspaper and Best Website from the Canadian Community News Association awards
The Cord
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The Cord's website as of September 26, 2014
34.
Laurier Brantford
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Laurier Brantford is a satellite campus of Wilfrid Laurier University located in Brantford, Ontario. The main campus of the University is in Waterloo, Ontario, Laurier Brantford opened its doors in 1999 with a total of only 39 students in its inaugural year. By January 2015, there were 2,625 full-time students, more specifically, Nipissing University had announced on November 16,2014 that it would wind down its operations in the city in the wake of changes to funding for education programs. As of November 10,2015, there were 622 such Laurier/Nipissing students, no new students were admitted for the 2015-16 academic year and the partnership will officially end once the last cohort of current students completes the program in 2019. Because of that change, Laurier Brantford was expecting about 125 fewer students to be on campus in September 2015, still, the University was anticipating long-term growth in that city.1 per cent over the previous year. Lauriers main building is the Carnegie building on George Street, the campus has since expanded and has several academic and residence buildings. As of the 2015-2016 academic year, Laurier Brantford had six residence communities, Expositor Building, Grand River Hall, Post House, Wilkes House, Lawyers Hall, Laurier Brantfords curriculum is offered by two arts faculties, based on changes that were made starting July 1,2013. Human and Social Sciences includes courses in Criminology, Game Design and Development, Health Studies, Leadership, Policing and Psychology. To graduate from this program, students must complete Modernity and the Contemporary World, Modernity, Critique and Resistance, Academic Literacy, Social Sciences and Academic Literacy, Students have the opportunity to pursue a number of combination Honours degrees. A significant challenge faced by any university starting a new location is to create a new library that is as useful as the one on their main campus. That can take years, especially when the enrolment at the new campus is still quite low. Laurier Brantford has yet to meet that goal but it has established a partnership with the public library, the library also provides access to a system that contains the combined catalogues of the universities of Laurier, Guelph and Waterloo that are accessible to both students and the public. The materials are sent electronically or by deliveries made regularly to the library, the university also opened a digital learning commons in Grand River Hall in early 2014. The universitys two librarians moved there from their previous office in the neighbouring Brantford Public Library, however, no current plan has been announced for the creation of a dedicated library, exclusively for Laurier students in Brantford. The Students Union is funded by student fees, and all students are automatically members of the Students Union. Their mission is to enhance the student experience at Wilfrid University by providing innovative resources and effective representation within a safe. The Wilfrid Laurier University Students Union Clubs and Associations department supports over 130 clubs, Clubs and Associations supports all clubs by offering resources and financial support as well as acting as a liaison to the Students Union and Wilfrid Laurier University administration
Laurier Brantford
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Laurier Brantford's Odeon Building (in foreground) on Market Street in downtown Brantford, Ontario.
Laurier Brantford
–
This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)
35.
Milton, Ontario
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Milton is a town in Southern Ontario, Canada, and part of the Halton Region in the Greater Toronto Area. Between 2001 and 2011 Milton was the fastest growing municipality in Canada, with a 71. 4% increase in population in 2006, in 2016, Miltons census population was 110,128 with an estimated growth to 228,000 by 2031. Milton is located 40 km west of Downtown Toronto on Highway 401, Milton is on the edge of the Niagara Escarpment, a UNESCO world biosphere reserve and the Bruce Trail. The town took root out of a settlement by Jasper Martin along the Sixteen Mile Creek, Martin immigrated from Newcastle, England with his wife Sarah and two sons on May 17,1818. Martin was granted 100 acres of land, from the Crown in 1820, designated Lot 14, Concession 2, Township of Trafalgar, Halton County, Martin later built a grist mill along the creek and created a pond, known as Mill Pond, to power his mill. The mill became the centre of settlement for others as they settled in the region, in 1837 the area had a population of approximately 100 people and was named Milton after the English poet John Milton. The town, as it is today, soon became known as Milton. The two principal property owners of the town were the Martins and the Fosters. The current site of Miltons town hall was donated from Mr. Hugh Foster, by 1855, the United Counties of Halton and Wentworth separated and Halton became a county. Its council consisted of members representing the townships of Esquesing, Nassagaweya, Trafalgar and Nelson, along with Acton, Georgetown, Milton, Burlington, Milton was then named as the county town, a decision that certainly created a lot of local controversy. The people in Oakville were very upset because Oakville was a place with a railway. Milton didn’t even have a railway, according to historian John McDonald, for 25 years there was this great rivalry. Every time county council tried to pass something to improve the Milton area, the Oakville councillors would often balk at it. A man named Hugh Foster donated four acres of land to the county to construct its administration building in Milton, Milton was incorporated into a town in 1857, after being chosen as county seat for Halton. In 1974, the present municipal structure was created when the Regional Municipality of Halton replaced Halton County, with the addition of the Niagara Escarpment lands, tourism, recreation, and heritage conservation have increased in importance. The Halton Region Museum which has a number of historic agricultural buildings. Five large parks operated by Conservation Halton reside in the town and it is also home to Maplehurst Correctional Complex, the Vanier Centre for Women and one of two criminal courthouses serving Halton Region. In 2015, the numbers on all signs entering Milton increased to 100,000 based on official estimates by Town planners
Milton, Ontario
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Milton from escarpment
Milton, Ontario
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Logo
Milton, Ontario
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Main St. Downtown Milton
Milton, Ontario
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Milton, seen from the
International Space Station, in late winter. This photograph was taken by astronaut
Chris Hadfield, who grew up in Milton and is the namesake of Chris Hadfield Public School.
36.
Milton Velodrome
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The Mattamy National Cycling Centre is a track cycling facility in Milton, Ontario, Canada built for the 2015 Pan American Games. During the Pan Am and Parapan Am Games the venue was known as the Cisco Milton Pan Am / Parapan Am Velodrome. The velodrome is the first-ever UCI-regulated, class 1 indoor velodrome in Canada and it features a 250-metre timber track with two 42-degree angle banks. During the games the velodrome will have 2,500 seats, after the games the velodrome will be the home of Cycling Canada’s national track cycling program, with the seating being reduced to 1,500. The facility was scheduled to be built at Mohawk College in Hamilton. In October 2011, Milton council was six weeks by organizers to sign a binding agreement. “We only have six weeks for binding agreement, that’s not enough time for public feedback and that makes me nervous, ” said Ward 8 Councillor Zeeshan Hamid. On January 31,2012 Milton town council voted in favour of building the velodrome in their town, the facility will cost a total of $56 million to build. Milton will pay 44 percent of the cost to build the velodrome, which come from the town itself. The rest will come from the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games, “There’s a lot of suppositions, ” said Councillor Rick Malboeuf. “This could happen, that could happen, the business plan doesn’t make sense. ”Malboeuf is convinced history will repeat itself in Milton. Communities such as Hamilton and Vaughan passed on the Pan Am velodrome, it’s such a highly specialized sport. Where are the participants and events going to come from after the games are over. Just like the other venues like Montreal, this one will sit empty. ”As to his constituents, he said, “Twenty to one and they want to know why we’re worried about a velodrome when we don’t even have a hospital. But it’s going to get done, i’m still not going to vote for it. ”In June 2013 Milton Mayor Gord Krantz said “We are committed. Some of us may not like how this has evolved, but we are at least in my opinion, at the point of no return. ”He said, down the road, he hopes he can hold Malboeuf accountable to his words that he be the first to stand up and say he was wrong should the project turn out to be a success. He’s a man of his word and I believe he’ll say he’s wrong, the Town’s portion of $3. 6M has been re-directed from the budget for the Sherwood Community Centre which would have opened in 2015/2016. By legislation, recreation development funds are available for use on recreational facilities
Milton Velodrome
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Mattamy National Cycling Centre under construction in Milton, Ontario, Canada
Milton Velodrome
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Mattamy National Cycling Centre
37.
2015 Pan American Games
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The games were held from July 10 to 26,2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, preliminary rounds in certain events began on July 7,2015. These were the third Pan American games hosted by Canada, the Games were held at venues in Toronto and seventeen other Golden Horseshoe communities. The Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games were organized by the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games. The Games hosted 6,132 athletes representing 41 National Olympic Committees in the Americas, marking the largest multi-sport event hosted in Canada, a record of 45% of competitors were women, the most ever for any multi-sport event. 364 events were contested in 36 sports, which included the 28 sports contested at the 2016 Summer Olympics, canoe slalom and golf made their Pan American Games debut, as well as womens competitions in baseball, C-1 canoe and rugby sevens. The Canadian Olympic Committee chose Toronto and the region as the Canadian candidate. No other Canadian city was given a chance to bid in a domestic race, Torontos interest in bidding came after failing to land the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta and Beijing respectively. On February 23,2009, Toronto City Council and Hamilton City Council approved the bid, the official bid book document was submitted to the Pan American Sports Organization on May 27,2009. PASO made a visit to Toronto between August 30 and 31,2009. The team analysed the candidate city features and provided its feedback back to voting members of PASO, the evaluation committee was headed by Julio Maglione, a member of the IOC representing Uruguay and the head of Fédération Internationale de Natation, the international swimming federation. After the visit Maglione said, Toronto has all the conditions to play host to the Pan American Games. Toronto won the bidding process to host the Pan and Parapan American Games by a vote of the Pan American Sports Organization on November 6,2009, at the PASO Session held in Guadalajara, the result was announced by PASO President Mario Vázquez Raña. Toronto faced two other finalists shortlisted Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia, Toronto earned 33 votes, while contesting candidate cities Lima and Bogotá received 11 and 7 votes, respectively. The 2015 Pan American Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and temporary facilities, after the Games, some of the new facilities will be reused in their games time form, while others will be resized. A total of 30 competition venues across 14 municipalities were used for competition, ten of these venues were newly built, while fifteen were renovated to stage the games. Toronto was one of the most populous cities in history to hold the Pan American Games, in July, Toronto has an average mean temperature of 22.3 °C and afternoon maximum average of 26. Torontos elevation is 112 m above sea level, the opening and closing ceremonies were held at Pan-Am Ceremonies Venue, or simply Pan-Am Dome, due to sponsorship rules. Some of the venues in the Toronto area included Exhibition Stadium, the Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields, the Exhibition Centre
2015 Pan American Games
–
Toronto was selected by the
Canadian Olympic Committee as the official bid city from Canada for the 2015 Pan American Games
2015 Pan American Games
–
XVII Pan American Games
2015 Pan American Games
–
Pan Am Dome hosted the opening and closing ceremonies.
2015 Pan American Games
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Exhibition Stadium staged the
rugby sevens competition
38.
Yates Cup
–
The Yates Cup is a Canadian sports trophy, presented annually to the winner of the Ontario University Athletics football conference of U Sports. It is the oldest still-existing football trophy in North America, dating back to 1898, the Yates Cup was donated by Dr. Henry Brydges Yates of McGill University. Since 1971, it is awarded to the OUA football champion, the winner of the Yates Cup goes on to play in either the Uteck Bowl or the Mitchell Bowl, depending on annual rotations. Asteroid YatesCup is named after the Yates Cup,1979 - Western Ontario Mustangs In 1980, the Cup returned to a single winner when the Eastern Division formed the independent OQIFC
Yates Cup
–
Yates Cup on display November 2013
39.
Acadia University
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Acadia University is a predominantly undergraduate university located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada with some graduate programs at the masters level and one at the doctoral level. The enabling legislation consists of Acadia University Act and the Amended Acadia University Act 2000, the Wolfville Campus houses Acadia University Archives and the Acadia University Art Gallery. Acadia offers over 200 degree combinations in the Faculties of Arts, Pure and Applied Science, Professional Studies, the student-faculty ratio is 15,1 and the average class size is 28. Open Acadia offers correspondence and distance education courses, Acadia began as an extension of Horton Academy, which was founded in Horton, Nova Scotia, by Baptists from Nova Scotia and Queens College. The College was later named Acadia College, Acadia University, established at Wolfville, Nova Scotia in 1838 has a strong Baptist religious affiliation. It was designed to prepare men for the ministry and to education for lay members. The two major Universities of the day in Nova Scotia were heavily controlled by Denominational structures, kings College was an Anglican School and Dalhousie University, which was originally non-denominational, had placed itself under the control and direction of the Church of Scotland. In 1838, the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society founded Queens College, the College began with 21 students in January 1839. The name Queens College was denied to the Baptist school, so it was renamed Acadia College in 1841, Acadia College awarded its first degrees in 1843 and became Acadia University in 1891, established by the Acadia University Act. The Granville Street Baptist Church was an instrumental and determining factor in the founding of the University and it has played a supporting role throughout its history, and shares much of the credit for its survival and development. Many individuals who have significant contributions to Acadia University, including the first president John Pryor, were members of the First Baptist Church Halifax congregation. Similarly, the adjacent Wolfville United Baptist Church plays a significant role in the life of the university and this was unique at the time, and a direct result of Baptists being denied entry into other schools that required religious tests of their students and staff. In 1851, the power of appointing governors was transferred from the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, charles Osborne Wickenden, and J. C. Dumaresq designed the Central Building, Acadia College, 1878–79. Clara Belle Marshall, from Mount Hanley, Nova Scotia, became the first woman to graduate from Acadia University in 1879, in 1891, there were changes in the Act of Incorporation. Andrew R. Today, Horton Hall is the home of the Department of Psychology and Research, Emmerson Hall, built in 1913, is particularly interesting for the variety of building stones used. In 1967 Emmerson Hall was converted to classrooms and offices for the School of Education and it is a registered Heritage Property. Unveiled on 16 August 1963, a wooden and metal organ in Manning Chapel, Acadia University, is dedicated to Acadia Universitys war dead of the First and Second World Wars, the denomination maintains nine seats on the Universitys Board of Governors. On 4 January 2008, Dr. Gail Dinter-Gottlieb decided to step down as President and her resignation was effective 29 February 2008
Acadia University
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University Hall at Acadia University
Acadia University
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Acadia University
Acadia University
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Emmerson Hall, Acadia University, was originally built 1913 as Emerson Memorial Library and shows strong Beaux Arts influences. It was erected to honour the memory of the Reverend R. H. Emmerson (1826–1857), father of the former premier of New Brunswick,
H. R. Emmerson.
40.
University of Saskatchewan Huskies
–
The University of Saskatchewan began in 1907 and has operated teams that compete with others since 1911. The University of Saskatchewan is a member of the Canada West Regional Association, the Huskie Athletics program is administered at the University of Saskatchewan by the College of Kinesiology. At various times in its history, Huskie Athletics has offered teams in 24 different sports, both the football and soccer teams play their home games at Griffiths Stadium. The mission of Huskie Athletics is to provide elite interuniversity sport opportunities for students as part of their educational experience, the Huskie Athletics program is restricted by limited resources. The Huskies are year after one of the top sport schools in Canada. The football team is recognized as one of the best programs in U Sports, the football team has won the Vanier Cup as National Champions on 3 occasions and have been runners up on 6 occasions since 1989. The mens volleyball has been champions on four occasions, in 1979,1988,1999. They continue to have a team each year. The U of S Huskies have also achieved success in mens and womens basketball. The most successful Huskie team is the Mens and Womens Track, combined they have won the Canada West conference championship 38 times and the national championships 12 times. Most of these championships were won under the leadership of Lyle Sanderson, note, The Huskies no longer participate in Field Hockey or Swimming and Diving. For more information see Saskatchewan Huskies football The football program at the University of Saskatchewan is one of the more successful programs and they have captured 18 Canada West championships, appeared in 9 Vanier Cup games, winning 3 of them. They play their games at Griffiths Stadium and have hosted playoff games. The University of Saskatchewan men’s hockey team played their first season in 1909-1910, the current program consists of former major junior and junior A hockey players from across Canada. The Huskies play their games at Rutherford Arena, the second oldest arena in Canada. The Huskies won their ninth Canada West Championship during the in 2015-2016 season, in 2017, the Huskies lost the University Cup final by a score of 5-3 to the University of New Brunswick. In 1983, the Huskies won their only University Cup, the Huskies have a prestigious list of alumni who have played in the National Hockey League. Among those included are Mike Babcock, the current coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs, and Todd McLellan, in 2017, Huskie’s goaltender Jordan Cooke made history by becoming the first active U Sports player to be named to Team Canada’s Spengler Cup roster
University of Saskatchewan Huskies
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University of Saskatchewan Huskie plaque
University of Saskatchewan Huskies
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Saskatchewan Huskies
41.
Vanier Cup
–
The Vanier Cup is the championship of U Sports football and the name of the trophy awarded to the victorious team. It is currently played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. It is named after Georges Vanier, the former Governor General of Canada and was first awarded in 1965 to the winner of an event contested between two teams that were selected by a panel. In 1967, the trophy was declared the official CIAU National Football Championship, from its creation until 1982, it was known as the Canadian College Bowl. The game typically occurs in late November, although it is played in December. The Laval Rouge et Or have won the most Vanier Cups, seventeen teams have won the Vanier Cup, while three others have played for the championship but never won. There are seven teams that have never appeared in the championship game. The 52nd Vanier Cup was played on November 26,2016 at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, the Laval Rouge et Or defeated the Calgary Dinos 31–26 to win their ninth championship. The Vanier Cup was created in 1965 as the trophy of the Canadian College Bowl. For the first two years of competition, the Canadian College Bowl was an event, with a national panel selecting two teams to play, similar to other U. S. collegiate bowl games. The Vanier Cup was played in Toronto, Ontario, from its inception in 1965 through 2003, however, after the CIS opened the game to host conference bids in 2001, the possibility arose to have games held outside Toronto. As of 2016,41 of the 52 Vanier Cups have been played in Toronto, four in Hamilton, four in Québec City, one in Saskatoon, one in Vancouver, no games have been staged in the Atlantic region. Four times, the game has played in the same city and during the same weekend as the Grey Cup,1973,2007 and 2012 in Toronto. The Vanier Cup is played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl, the Uteck and Mitchell Bowls, in turn, are contested by the Loney Bowl, Hardy Cup, Dunsmore Cup, and Yates Cup champions. The Vanier Cups most valuable player is awarded the Ted Morris Memorial Trophy and it was first awarded at the first championship in 1965 and named in honour of Teddy Morris, who died the same year. Morris, a Hall of Fame former Toronto Argonauts player and coach, was an organizer of the first bowl, the Bruce Coulter Award was first awarded in 1992 and is dependent on what position the winner of the Ted Morris Trophy played. If the winner is from the offence, then the Bruce Coulter Award winner will be the most outstanding defensive player or vice versa and it was named after Bruce Coulter, long-time Head Coach at Bishops University and former offensive and defensive player with the Montreal Alouettes in the 1950s. Coulter was inducted as a builder in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1997, the Vanier Cup final game is regularly broadcast nationally
Vanier Cup
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Vanier Cup on display Sept. 2012.
Vanier Cup
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From left to right, The Ted Morris Trophy, Vanier Cup and Bruce Coulter Trophy at the 2009 Vanier Cup at
PEPS Stadium in
Quebec City.
Vanier Cup
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The Vanier Cup raised in
1990 by the
Saskatchewan Huskies following their win over
Saint Mary's.
Vanier Cup
–
The
Laurier Golden Hawks won the
2005 Vanier Cup, defeating
Saskatchewan 24–23.
42.
Fieldturf
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FieldTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. It is manufactured and installed by FieldTurf Tarkett, a division of French company Tarkett Inc. headquartered in Calhoun, Georgia, in the late 1990s, the artificial surface changed the industry with a design intended to replicate real grass. The new system quickly began taking market share from AstroTurf, and is now the leader in the industry, the surface is composed of monofilament polyethylene blend fibers tufted into a polypropylene backing. The infill is composed of a layer of silica sand, a middle layer which is a mixture of sand and cryogenic rubber. The fibers are meant to replicate blades of grass, while the acts as a cushion. This cushion is intended to improve safety when compared to earlier artificial surfaces and allows players to plant, each square foot of turf contains approximately 3 kg of sand and 1.5 kg of cryogenic rubber. FieldTurf does not use shock absorbency pads below its infill, the backing of the turf is a combination of woven and non-woven polypropylene. These materials are permeable and allow water to drain through the backing itself, jean Prévost bought the patent of the FieldTurf product in 1988 and originally named his Montreal-based company SynTenni Co. a name which would eventually be dropped in favor of FieldTurf Inc. In 1995, John Gilman, a former Canadian Football League player and coach, in 1997, FieldTurf made its first major installation for a professional team, at the training facility for the English Premierships Middlesbrough F. C. As of 2012, FieldTurf has installed over 7000 athletic fields, in 2005, French flooring manufacturer and minority shareholder Tarkett increased its share in FieldTurf, which led to the integration of the two companies. FieldTurf is now a part of the Tarkett Sports division, part of the holding company Tarkett SA, the FieldTurf head corporate office is located in Calhoun, Georgia. In May 2010, FieldTurf acquired EasyTurf of San Diego, California, by late 2016, press reports were describing the companys product as defective. A number of agencies in New Jersey had joined together to file a lawsuit against the firm. The suits allege that the DuraSpine product it sold was inferior, internal company documents showed the company knew its sales claims were false. There is evidence showing higher player injury on artificial turf, in a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the American Journal of Sports Medicine, Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009. the injury rate of knee sprains as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a significantly higher than on grass. There are conflicting studies of the safety of FieldTurf, a five-year study funded by FieldTurf and published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine found that injury rates for high school sports were similar on natural grass and synthetic turf
Fieldturf
–
FieldTurf at
James Madison University 's
Bridgeforth Stadium in May 2007
43.
Olympic-size swimming pool
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An Olympic-size swimming pool is the type of swimming pool used in the Olympic Games, where the race course is 50 metres in length. This is typically referred to as course, distinguishing it from short course which applies to competitions in pools that are 25 metres in length. If touch panels are used in competition, then the distance between touch panels should be either 25 or 50 metres to qualify for FINA recognition and this means that Olympic pools are generally oversized, to accommodate touch panels used in competition. An Olympic-size swimming pool is used as a unit of volume. It is not a definition, as there is no official limit on the depth of an Olympic pool. The value has an order of magnitude of 1 megaliter, FINA specifications for an Olympic-size pool are as follows, There must be two spaces 2.5 m wide outside lanes 1 and 8. The length of 50 metres must be between the pads at the end of each lane, if they are used. If starting blocks are used, then there must be a depth of 1.35 metres from between 1.0 metre from the end of the pool to at least 6.0 metres from the end of the pool. At all other points, the depth is 1.0 metre. If the pool is used for Olympic Games or World Championships, at FINAs 2009 Congress, rules were approved for 10-lane courses for competition, as an alternative to the more traditional 8-lane course. Sport venue List of Olympic-size swimming pools in the United Kingdom List of Olympic-size swimming pools in Ireland List of largest swimming pools
Olympic-size swimming pool
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Olympic size swimming pool at
Aquatic Palace,
Baku,
Azarbaijan
Olympic-size swimming pool
–
Olympic size swimming pool, Aquatic Palace, Baku
Olympic-size swimming pool
–
Olympic sized swimming pool, used for
Baku 2015 European Games
44.
Alpha Epsilon Pi
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Alpha Epsilon Pi is a college fraternity founded at New York University in 1913 by Charles C. The fraternity has more than 186 active chapters across the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Austria, Australia, and Israel, and has initiated more than 102,000 members. Although the fraternity is based upon Jewish principles, it is non-discriminatory and is open to all who are willing to espouse its purpose, Alpha Epsilon Pi was founded in 1913 under the Washington Square Arch at New York University by Charles C. These men are known as the Immortal 11 and their first pledge was Samuel L. Epstein. Moskowitz had just transferred to New York Universitys School of Commerce from the City College of New York, several fraternities at the School of Commerce expressed interest in him and one gave him a bid. The name of that fraternity is unknown, when Charles asked if his close Jewish friends could join as well, he was told that the invitation was for him alone. At this point, the group of 11 men began meeting regularly in a German rathskeller called Haans Ladies and Gentlemens Restaurant, Cafe, official school recognition of AEPi was granted on November 7. The founding members always intended for AEPi to be a national fraternity, long before the second chapter, the NYU group was designated Alpha Chapter. In 1917, the local fraternity Phi Tau at Cornell University became the Beta Chapter of AEPi, counting the Beta Chapter only fifty-two men had been initiated by April 6,1917, the date the United States formally declared war on Germany and her allies. Almost every undergraduate and alumnus answered the call of the causing the fraternity to become nearly inactive during the war years. In the years between the wars, Alpha Epsilon Pi had grown to twenty-eight chapters. But tough times were known to be forthcoming at the 1941 convention, expansion remained dormant throughout World War II. In 1940, Sigma Omega Psi joined Alpha Epsilon Pi adding three chapters, as did Sigma Tau Phi in 1947, the next two decades were a time of steady growth and prestige for Alpha Epsilon Pi, as well as other fraternities. Expansion was occurring at a rate for the Greek system as a whole. However, with the onset of fighting in Vietnam in the early 1960s, liberal student bodies revolted against authority and the Greek system, which was seen as a conservative, elitist group. Membership plummeted and nearly half the roll was lost. It almost looked as if it might have been the end for Alpha Epsilon Pi, however the fraternity was able to reverse the trend and stabilize following the Vietnam War. Reconnecting with its Jewish heritage, the men of Alpha Epsilon Pi refused to say die, in 2009, AEPi became the first fraternity to establish a chapter in Israel at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya
Alpha Epsilon Pi
–
The AEPi house at the University of Maryland, College Park
Alpha Epsilon Pi
45.
Kappa Sigma
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Kappa Sigma, commonly nicknamed Kappa Sig or K-Sig, is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at the University of Virginia in 1869. Kappa Sigma is one of the five largest international fraternites with currently 318 active chapters and its endowment fund, founded in 1919, is the oldest college fraternity foundation and has donated more than $5 million to undergrads since 1948. In 2012 alone, the Fraternitys endowment fund raised over $1 million in donations, on December 10,1869, five students at the University of Virginia met in 46 East Lawn and founded the Kappa Sigma Fraternity in America. These five founders became collectively known as the Five Friends and Brothers, in 1872, Kappa Sigma initiated Stephen Alonzo Jackson, who would go on to transform a struggling local fraternity into a strong international Brotherhood. In 1873, Kappa Sigma expanded to Trinity College, the University of Maryland, the fraternity attributes this growth to the initiation of Stephen Alonzo Jackson in 1872. During his membership, Jackson expanded and revised the ritual of Kappa Sigma and he created the Supreme Executive Committee, which now serves as the governing body of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity on an international level. In 1912, Wilbur F. Denious struck upon the idea to establish an endowment for Kappa Sigma. As a result of the work of him and many others. In 2003, the Kappa Sigma Fraternity ushered in an era of growth for the fraternity. In the Spring of 2005, Kappa Sigma Fraternity began fundraising for and this $6 million project had its grand opening on June 2,2007. At the 66th Conclave, the Kappa Sigma Endowment Fund was declared to be the official educational foundation of the fraternity and is also housed at the new headquarters. A man of honor and courage, a man of zeal, yet humble. One who tempers action with wisdom and, above all else and they also follow the four pillars of the Fraternity, Fellowship, Leadership, Scholarship, and Service. The Star and Crescent is also used as part of the guidelines behind Kappa Sigmas strict no-tolerance anti-hazing policy, the Fraternity takes all allegations of hazing very seriously and routinely revokes charters from guilty chapters which can be as old as 130 years. To be eligible for membership a prospective member must profess a belief in God, in at least one situation, Kappa Sigma has revoked a chapters charter for omitting the fraternitys religious requirements from its initiation. The Kappa Sigma Fraternity consists of over 300 chapters and colonies, each chapter is led by a five-member Executive Committee, each referred to as an officer. These officers consist of the Grand Master, Grand Procurator, Grand Master of Ceremonies, Grand Scribe, each chapter and colony also has a number of committee chairs that are assigned to specific areas. Over 1,500 alumni volunteer as advisors for Kappa Sigma, at the international level, the Supreme Executive Council sets policy for the fraternity, disciplines chapters, and approves the formation of colonies and chapter
Kappa Sigma
–
Lily of the Valley
Kappa Sigma
Kappa Sigma
–
46 East Lawn residence at the University of Virginia, site of the founding of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity
Kappa Sigma
–
The Kappa Sigma chapter house at the
University of New Hampshire in 1923.
46.
Pi Kappa Alpha
–
Pi Kappa Alpha or Pike is a college fraternity founded at the University of Virginia in 1868. The fraternity has over 225 chapters and colonies across the United States, on March 1,1869, exactly one year after the Alpha Chapter at the University of Virginia was formed, the Beta Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha was founded at Davidson College. Theta Chapter, at Rhodes College, took over the responsibilities of Alpha chapter when the Fraternity was in decline in its infancy, john Shaw Foster, a junior founder from Theta Chapter, helped to reestablish Alpha Chapter at the University of Virginia. Theta Chapter is the longest continual running chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha since its inception in 1878, after almost a decade of decline, Pi Kappa Alpha was re-founded as part of the Hampden-Sydney Convention, held in a dorm room at Hampden–Sydney College. The four delegates to the Hampden-Sydney Convention are referred to as the Junior Founders, Pi Kappa Alpha was not originally organized as a sectional fraternity, however by constitutional provision it became so in 1889. It remained a fraternity until the New Orleans Convention in 1909 when Pi Kappa Alpha officially declared itself a national organization. Its rituals are based on Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Shield & Diamond is the official quarterly publication of Pi Kappa Alpha. It was first printed in December 1890 by Robert Adger Smythe, the name was changed to Shield & Diamond in 1891. Pike University is the used for all of the fraternitys leadership programs. The program is administered by the professional staff. Founded in 1948 as a 501 tax exempt organization for charitable, events held by the university include International Convention, the Academy, the Chapter Executives Conference, and several regional Leadership Summits. Pike University grants more than $100,000 in scholarships each year, in 1948, Pi Kappa Alpha established and chartered the Pi Kappa Alpha Memorial Foundation as a 501 organization. The foundation grants $350,000 in scholarships and grants to members each year. It also provides funding to the fraternity and its chapters for leadership programs, scholarships, the foundation grants initiation fee scholarships to undergraduates inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa, Order of Omega, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi honoraries. The Pike Foundation also maintains and operates the Memorial Headquarters in Memphis and this facility houses professional staffs, the Harvey T. Newell Library, and the Freeman Hart Museum, the building is a war memorial built in 1988 to recognize the military services of members who died in the line of duty. A Gold Star Memorial was dedicated on August 1,2008, Pi Kappa Alphas move to start a chapter at the historically black Howard University in 2006 was opposed by some students and alumni. In 2014, the leaders of the fraternitys University of Arkansas chapter were asked to resign following an unauthorized Martin Luther King, Jr. Day party that incorporated racist stereotypes
Pi Kappa Alpha
–
Pi Kappa Alpha
47.
Sigma Chi
–
Sigma Chi is a social fraternity in North America. The fraternity has 244 active chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 300,000 members, the fraternity was founded on June 28,1855 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio by members who split from the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Sigma Chi is divided into five entities, the Sigma Chi Fraternity, the Sigma Chi Foundation. Like all fraternities, Sigma Chi has its own colors, insignia, according to the fraternitys constitution, the purpose of this fraternity shall be to cultivate and maintain the high ideals of friendship, justice, and learning upon which Sigma Chi was founded. Sigma Chi was founded in 1855 by Benjamin Piatt Runkle, Thomas Cowan Bell, William Lewis Lockwood, several members of Miami Universitys Delta Kappa Epsilon chapter were also members of the Erodelphian Literary Society. In the fall of 1854 the literary society was to elect its Poet and he was supported by five of his brothers, but four others supported another man who was not a member of the fraternity. Although Thomas Bell and Daniel Cooper were not members of Erodelphian they had aligned themselves with the four dissenting members, the chapter had twelve members total and were evenly divided on the issue. Both sides saw this as a matter of principle and over the few months their friendships became distanced. In February 1855 Runkle and his companions planned a dinner for their brothers in an attempt to seal the rift, whitelaw Reid, one of the other brothers who supported the Delta Kappa Epsilon member as poet, was the only one to arrive. Reid brought a Delta Kappa Epsilon alumnus named Minor Millikin from a nearby town, Reid had told Millikin his side of the dispute and they had arrived to punish the group for not supporting their Delta Kappa Epsilon brother. The leaders of the rebellion, Runkle and Scobey, were to be expelled from the fraternity, the other four would be allowed to stay in the fraternity. Runkle resigned, and after the parent chapter at Yale University was contacted, the six men decided to form their own fraternity along with William Lewis Lockwood, a student from New York who had not joined a fraternity. On June 28,1855, the organization was founded under the name Sigma Phi Fraternity, Lockwood used his business training to help organize the fraternity in its early years. The eventual theft of Sigma Phis constitution, rituals, seals and it is possible this action could have been forced upon the group as there was already a Sigma Phi Society. Much of Sigma Chis heraldry was inspired by the story of the Emperor Constantine from the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentius. The White Cross and the motto In Hoc Signo Vinces are examples of the Constantine link, although many of the symbols of Sigma Chi relate to Christianity, Sigma Chi is not a Christian fraternity. Benjamin Piatt Runkle was born in West Liberty, Ohio, Runkle helped design the badge of Sigma Chi based on the story of Constantine and the vision of the Cross. Runkle was known for having a fierce pride and was suspended from Miami University when he fought a member of Beta Theta Pi for sneering at his badge, when the Civil War began Runkle joined the Union Army
Sigma Chi
–
Postcard of Sigma Chi House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, c. 1906 – 1909
Sigma Chi
–
Sigma Chi
Sigma Chi
–
Infirmary and Sigma Chi Chapter House, University of Mississippi
48.
Zeta Psi
–
The Zeta Psi Fraternity Incorporated was founded June 1,1847 as a social college fraternity. The fraternity became intercontinental on May 3,2008 with the chartering of Iota Omicron at the University of Oxford and its newest chapter, Gamma Psi at the University of Guelph, officially joined on May 5th,2016. Zeta Psi’s international headquarters is located in Pearl River, New York and its current president is Les Mann, who was elected in 2016. On the first of June in 1847, three men gathered in a New York City bungalow with a purpose in mind, the constitution of a new Greek-letter society. Their names were John Bradt Yates Sommers, William Henry Dayton, then students at New York University, the three men formed the core of the first chapter, Phi. But William Dayton was stricken with health, and departed New York shortly afterwards for more temperate climes. He retired to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, but the move was inauspicious, Dayton died within the year, and the University of North Carolina was without a chapter of Zeta Psi. The Phi chapter at NYU, which is lit, persisted in his absence, the second chapter was established as Zeta at Williams College in Massachusetts. The Delta chapter was founded at Rutgers University later that year, three chapters followed in 1850, Omicron at Princeton University, Sigma at the University of Pennsylvania, and Chi at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. The first two are active, as was the Chi Chapter until 1988. In the early 1980s Colby College prohibited Fraternities on campus, despite the long, by 1988, ejected from campus and banned from any formal rush, the chapter quietly expired after over 130 years of existence. Problems beset other early chapters as well, the first Alpha chapter was founded in 1852 at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860, expansion of the Fraternity halted as campuses rallied for war and sent companies of their collegemen to battle. Nor was the brotherhood among Zetes limited to words, the moving tale of Brother Henry Schwerin illustrates the embodiment of love even in the most trying of circumstance. Schwerin lay gravely wounded after the bloody Battle of Chattanooga, pinned on the breast of his Union uniform was the badge of Zeta Psi. A passing Confederate soldier, also a Zete, spied the badge and carried the invalid to medical care and safety, the worthy badge later passed into the hands of his brother, Max Schwerin, who would one day serve as international president. After his death, it was donated by his sister to the Fraternitys archives, the reference to Chattanoogas bloody field is not idle hyperbole, but the recollection of a rare triumph among such sorrows. And amid this sorrow and heroism where so many brothers of Zeta Psi perished, the Eta, Psi Epsilon, Upsilon, Epsilon, and Theta chapters had vanished by the end of the conflict, decimated by fallen brothers or disheartened campuses returning from the shadow of death
Zeta Psi
–
Zeta Psi
