1.
Heritage streetcar
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Heritage streetcars or heritage trams are a part of the efforts to preserve rail traffic heritage. In addition to preserving street running rail vehicles, heritage streetcar operations can include upkeep of historic rail infrastructure, working heritage streetcars are closely related to the growing global heritage railway movement and form a part of the living history of rail transport. As with modern systems, the vehicles are referred to as trams or tramcars in the United Kingdom, Australasia and certain other places. The last two terms are used interchangeably in the United States, with trolley being preferred in the eastern US and streetcar in Canada. In parts of the United States, internally powered buses made to resemble a streetcar, are often referred to—inaccurately—as trolleys, to avoid further confusion with trolley buses, the American Public Transportation Association refers to them as trolley-replica buses. Museums, heritage tram line operators and amateur enthusiast can preserve original vintage vehicles or create replicas of vehicles to re-create or preserve streetcar technology of the past. Heritage vehicles that are fully functional can be used on heritage tramlines or for charter traffic. Heritage tram lines, that offer scheduled service on a certain route, Heritage tramlines that operate on a rail network that mainly serves the interest of modern urban mobility, have difficulty in exhibiting historic tramway infrastructure, apart from the car itself. This kind of tramlines are often operated mainly to attract tourist, some technical aspects of historic tram infrastructure can prevent the use of a heritage line as an integral part of the public transport system. For example, heritage tramlines often lack handicapped access which is required by law in many countries, Heritage tramlines can be either newly installed lines or be surviving older tramlines which have retained use of historic trams for all or most of their scheduled service. Rail tracks designated solely or mainly to heritage streetcar traffic offer best opportunities for preservation of historic streetcar scenes, some heritage tramways use all-new construction while others make use of an existing, usually disused, freight railway, by installing overhead wires and passenger stops. In some cities, new heritage tramways have been installed in the city center, to attract tourists, proponents of such projects claim that using a simple, reliable form of transit from 50 or 100 years ago can bring history to life for 21st century users. However, there are trade-offs, among other things, heritage systems can offer slower speeds, less capacity, the 2014 opened museum Remise covers the history of public transport in the city of Vienna and offers a very extensive tram collection to visitors. The Styrian municipality centre Graz has a museum since 1971 located in the depot of Mariatrost. Another heritage tram is operating in Styria between the station of Mariazell and the nearby Erlaufsee, mainly with Ex-Vienna streetcars. This line was electrified on longer sections and also extended towards the city center. In Amsterdam in the Netherlands the Electrisch Museumtramlijn operates historic trams over a 7 km length of railway line. The tram networks of Hague and Rotterdam have also their tram museums, the association Tramweg Stichting maintains and operates in every three cities its own vehicles, partly as collection of these museums
2.
Clackamas County, Oregon
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Clackamas County /ˈklækəmᵻs/ is a county in the U. S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 375,992 and its county seat is Oregon City. The county was named after the Native Americans living in the area, the Clackamas Indians, Clackamas County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Willamette Valley, originally named Clackamas District, it was one of the four original Oregon districts created by Oregons Provisional Legislature on July 5,1843 along with Twality, Champooick, and Yamhill. The four districts were redesignated as counties in 1845, at the time of its creation, Clackamas County covered portions of four present-day U. S. states and a Canadian province. The Columbia River became the boundary of the county in 1844. Soon after John McLoughlin staked a claim in Oregon City. Oregon City was also the site of the federal court west of the Rockies in 1849. The plat was filed in 1850 in the first plat book of the first office of records in the West Coast and is still in Oregon City, in 1902, the Willamette Meteorite was recovered from a field just outside present-day West Linn. As of August 2005, Clackamas is the first county in Oregon to have four models of governance for its communities, like the rest of Oregon, it has cities and rural communities. After completion of a process began late in 1999, the county adopted an ordinance on August 11,2005 which defined hamlets. By the November 30,2005 deadline, three communities had submitted petitions to start the process of becoming one, boring petitioned to become a village, but the application was rejected in a town hall referendum in August 2006. The communities along US26 near Mount Hood from Brightwood to Rhododendron petitioned to become The Villages at Mount Hood, Beavercreek petitioned to become a hamlet, and was officially recognized as such in September 2006. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,883 square miles. The county includes parts of two forests, Mount Hood National Forest and Willamette National Forest. The population density was 181 people per square mile, there were 136,954 housing units at an average density of 73 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 27% White,2. 45% Asian,0. 71% Native American,0. 66% Black or African American,0. 17% Pacific Islander,2. 28% from other races, and 2. 46% from two or more races. 4. 95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 7% were of German,11. 6% English,9. 1% Irish and 7. 5% American ancestry
3.
Multnomah County, Oregon
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Multnomah County /məltˈnoʊmə/ is one of 36 counties in the U. S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 735,334. Its county seat, Portland, is the states largest city, Multnomah County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and though smallest in area, it is the states most populous county. Multnomah County was created on December 22,1854, formed out of two other Oregon counties – the eastern part of Washington County and the part of Clackamas County. County commissioners met for the first time on January 17,1855, the county is named after the Chinook word for the lower river, Multnomah and Matlnomaq being alternative, interpretive English spellings of the same word. In Chinook Jargon, Ne-matlnomaq, means the place of matlnomaq or the Ne-matlnomag, the explorer William Clark wrote in his Journal, I entered this river. called Multnomah. from a nation who reside on Wappato Island, a little below the enterence. Note that Clark refers to Sauvies Island as Wappato Island and the lower Willamette River as Multnomah, simply put, Multnomah or down river is the shortened form of nematlnomaq, meaning the down river. Vanport, built north of Portland in 1943 to house workers for Kaiser Shipyards, was destroyed by a five years later. The 1968 voters pamphlet noted that Multnomah County would be the county in Oregon affected by the measure. Since the approval of Measure 5 in 1968, an initiative to merge the county with Portland has been considered and placed on the county several times. The merger would have formed a consolidated city-county government like that of San Francisco, none of these proposals has been approved. In the 2000 presidential election, Multnomah played a role in determining the winner of the states electoral votes. Al Gore carried the county by more than 104,000 votes, enough to offset the nearly 100, the Democratic tilt was repeated in 2004, when John Kerry won by 181,000 votes, and in 2008 when Barack Obama won by 204,000 votes. The US Supreme Court ultimately decided in 2003 that the law was constitutional in US v. ALA, however, the library chose to turn down $104,000 per year of federal funding under CIPA to be able to continue to offer unfiltered Internet access. Multnomah County was one of the few governments in Oregon to approve such a tax increase. Her announcement was supported by three commissioners, but criticized by Lonnie Roberts, who represents the eastern part of Multnomah county and was left out of the decision. Within a few days, several groups joined to file a lawsuit to halt the countys action, but after that, Linn and the three commissioners developed a public feud, with the latter becoming known as the mean girls. The county government has faced significant budget issues, including not being able to open the Wapato Corrections Facility since it was built in 2003
4.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
5.
Portland metropolitan area
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The Portland metropolitan area or Greater Portland is a metropolitan area in the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington centered on the principal city of Portland, Oregon. The OMB defines the area as comprising Clackamas, Columbia, Multnomah, Washington, and Yamhill Counties in Oregon, the areas population is estimated at 2,348,247 in 2014. Portions of this are under the jurisdiction of Metro, an elected regional government which. As of the 2010 census, there were 2,226,009 people,867,794 households, the per capita income was $27,451. The Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro Metropolitan Statistical Area, the 23rd largest in the United States, has a population of 2,226,009, of them,1,789,580 live in Oregon while the remaining 436,429 live in Washington. It consists of Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, Columbia and Yamhill counties in Oregon, as well as Clark, the Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA Combined Statistical Area 2015 population estimate is 3,110,906, ranked 18th largest in the United States. This area includes the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area, major cities in the region in addition to Portland include Beaverton, Gresham, Hillsboro in Oregon, and Vancouver in Washington. Portland is where Interstate 84 ends at Interstate 5, both highways in the Pacific Northwest. Other primary roads include Interstate 205, a bypass of the urban core, U. S. Route 26. Both US26 and US30 go to the Oregon Coast, SR500 runs from Interstate 5 to SR503. Padden Parkway runs from NE 78th St and east to NE 162nd Ave, Transit service on the Oregon side is generally provided by TriMet. In addition, Sandy Area Metro serves Sandy, South Clackamas Transportation District serves nearby Molalla, Canby Area Transit serves Canby, service in Clark County is provided by C-Tran. The Portland MSA also hosts a number of sports, including college. The high school rugby championships are annually in the Portland MSA
6.
Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society
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The Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society is a non-profit organization in the U. S. state of Oregon, founded in 1957. It owns and operates a museum for electric streetcar and railway enthusiasts, and also operates a separate heritage streetcar line. The group was founded in 1957, and is named in honor of the Oregon Electric Railway, OERHS operated a streetcar museum known as Trolley Park in Glenwood, Washington County, Oregon from 1966 to 1995. The Trolley Park museum was named the Oregon Electric Railway Museum. The OERHS currently operates the Willamette Shore Trolley between Portland and Lake Oswego, as well as the Oregon Electric Railway Museum in Brooks, the museum is on the grounds of Antique Powerland, located just west of Interstate-5. The OERHS collection includes two former-Portland Council Crest Brill streetcars, built in 1904, other vintage streetcars at the museum include an open-sided car from Sydney, Australia, double-deckers from Blackpool, England, and Hong Kong, and two 1940s PCC streetcars from San Francisco. The 1912-built Australian streetcar was one of OERHSs first acquisitions, in 1959, the entire collection is based in Brooks, but there have been periods when one or two of the groups streetcars were based in Portland or Lake Oswego, for use on the Willamette Shore Trolley line. The last OERHS-owned trolley car to have used on the WST line. 813, was moved back to the Oregon Electric Railway Museum in Brooks in 2012, list of heritage railroads in the United States Portland Vintage Trolley Official website – includes links to the Willamette Shore Trolley and museum. Old official website – with some additional links not yet moved to the new website
7.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
8.
Heritage railway
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A heritage railway is a railway kept to carry living history rail traffic in order to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Often heritage railways are old railway lines preserved in a state which depicts a certain period, or periods, Heritage railway lines contain historic rail infrastructure that has been substituted or made obsolete in modern railway transit systems. Historical installations, such as hand operated points, water cranes, due to the lack of modern technology, or to a desire for historical accuracy, railway operations can be handled with traditional practices, such as the use of physical tokens. Use of heritage infrastructure and operations often calls for assigning roles based on historical occupations to the railway staff, station masters and signalmen, sometimes wearing period-appropriate attire, can be seen on some heritage railways. Most heritage railways carry heritage rolling stock, but modern rail vehicles can be used to showcase railway scenes with historical line infrastructure, still other heritage railways offer a viable public transit option and can therefore sustain operations with a sufficient amount of revenue from regular riders or government subsidies. Childrens railways are extracurricular educational institutions, where children and teenagers learn railway professions, often they are fully functional, passenger-carrying narrow gauge rail lines. This phenomenon originated in the USSR and was developed in Soviet times. Many sites were called pioneer railways, after the communist youth organisation, the first childrens railway was opened Moscow in 1932, and at the breakup of the USSR,52 childrens railways existed in the country. Even though the fall of communist governments has led to closures of these railways, many preserved childrens railways are still functioning in post-Soviet states, many childrens railways were built on parklands in urban areas. Unlike many industrial areas, typically served by a gauge railway. Child volunteers and socialist fiscal policy enabled stagnant existence for many of these railways, the old childrens railways, which still carry traffic, have often retained their original infrastructure and rolling stock, including vintage steam locomotives. Some have also acquired heritage vehicles from other railways, creating passages for trains up steep hills and through mountain regions offers many obstacles which call for special technical solutions. Special steep grade railway -technologies and extensive tunneling may be employed, the use of narrow gauge allows tighter curves in the track and offers a smaller structure gauge and tunnel size. Pit railways have been an important part of operating an underground mine all over the world, small rail vehicles offer effective transportation of ore and waste rock, as well as workers, through narrow tunnels. Sometimes the trains were the mode of transport in the passages between the work sites and the mine entrance. Often the loading gauge of the railway dictated the cross-section of the passages to be dug, and the tunnel, on many mining sites, pit railways have been abandoned due to mine closure or adoption of new kinds of transportation equipment. Nowadays some show mines exhibit a vintage pit railway and offer a chance to experience a mantrip into the mine, Millennium Underground Railway or M1, built from 1894 to 1896, is the oldest line of the Budapest Metro system and the second oldest underground railway in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, M1 underwent major reconstruction, the original appearance of the old stations has been preserved
9.
Willamette River
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The Willamette River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbias flow. The Willamettes main stem is 187 miles long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States, humans began living in the watershed over 10,000 years ago. There were once many tribal villages along the river and in the area around its mouth on the Columbia. Indigenous peoples lived throughout the reaches of the basin as well. The river was an important transportation route in the 19th century, although Willamette Falls, in the 21st century, major highways follow the river, and roads cross it on more than 50 bridges. Since 1900, more than 15 large dams and many smaller ones have been built in the Willamettes drainage basin, the dams are used primarily to produce hydroelectricity, to maintain reservoirs for recreation, and to prevent flooding. The river and its tributaries support 60 fish species, including species of salmon and trout, this is despite the dams, other alterations. Part of the Willamette Floodplain was established as a National Natural Landmark in 1987, the upper tributaries of the Willamette originate in the mountains south and southeast of Eugene, Oregon. The rivers two most significant course deviations occur at Newberg, where it turns sharply east, and about 18 miles downstream from Newberg, near its mouth north of downtown Portland, the river splits into two channels that flow around Sauvie Island. Used for navigation purposes, these channels are managed by the U. S. federal government. The main channel, which is 40 feet deep and varies in width from 600 to 1,900 feet, the channel forms the primary navigational conduit for Portlands harbor and riverside industrial areas. The smaller Multnomah Channel, a distributary, is 21 miles long, about 600 feet wide and it ends about 14.5 miles further downstream on the Columbia, near St. Helens in Columbia County. Proposals have been made for deepening the Multnomah Channel to 43 feet in conjunction with roughly 103.5 miles of tandem-maintained navigation on the Columbia River, similarly, the river was shortened by 40 percent in the stretch between Harrisburg and Albany. Interstate 5 and three branches of Oregon Route 99 are the two highways that follow the river for its entire length. Significant tributaries from source to mouth include the Middle and Coast forks and the McKenzie, Long Tom, Marys, Calapooia, Santiam, Luckiamute, Yamhill, Molalla, Tualatin, and Clackamas rivers. Beginning at 438 feet above sea level, the main stem descends 428 feet between source and mouth, or about 2.3 feet per mile, the gradient is slightly steeper from the source to Albany than it is from Albany to Oregon City. At Willamette Falls, between West Linn and Oregon City, the river plunges about 40 feet, for the rest of its course, the river is extremely low-gradient and is affected by Pacific Ocean tidal effects from the Columbia. The main stem of the Willamette varies in width from about 330 to 660 feet, the Willamettes flow varies considerably season to season, averaging about 8,200 cubic feet per second in August to more than 79,000 cubic feet per second in December
10.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
11.
Lake Oswego, Oregon
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Lake Oswego /ɒsˈwiːɡoʊ/ is a city in the State of Oregon, primarily in Clackamas County with small portions extending into neighboring Multnomah and Washington counties. Located south of Portland surrounding the 405-acre Oswego Lake, the town was founded in 1847, the city was the hub of Oregons brief iron industry in the late 19th century and is today an affluent suburb of Portland. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 36,619. The Clackamas Indians once occupied the land later became Lake Oswego. Before the influx of people via the Oregon Trail, the area between the Willamette River and Tualatin River had a scattering of early pioneer homesteads and farms. As settlers arrived, encouraged by the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, albert Alonzo Durham founded the town of Oswego in 1847, naming it after Oswego, New York. He built a sawmill on Sucker Creek, the towns first industry, in 1855, the federal government forcibly relocated the remaining Clackamas Indians to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation in nearby Yamhill County. During this early period in Oregon history, most trade proceeded from Portland to Oregon City via the Willamette River, and up the Tualatin River Valley through Tualatin, Scholls, the thick woods and rain-muddied roads were major obstacles to traveling by land. Along the rivers of this area can still be seen the vestiges of river landings, ferry stops, in 1865, prompted by the earlier discovery of iron ore in the Tualatin Valley, the Oregon Iron Company was incorporated. The railroad arrived in Oswego in 1886, in the form of the Portland, a seven-mile-long line provided Oswego with a direct link to Portland. Prior to this, access to the town was limited to primitive roads, the railroads arrival was a mixed blessing, locally, it promoted residential development along its path, which enabled Oswego to grow beyond its industrial roots. But nationally, the expansion of freight railroad system gave easy local access to cheaper and higher quality iron from the Great Lakes region. This ultimately led to the local industrys demise, by 1890, the industry produced 12,305 tons of pig iron, and at its peak provided employment to around 300 men. The iron industry was a part of a strategy designed by a few Portland financiers who strove to control all related entrepreneurial ventures in the late 19th century. Control of shipping and railroads was held under the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, later to become the Oregon Railway and this local monopoly responded to the areas increasing demand for iron and steel, and grew to play a key role in economic history throughout the area. With the water needs of the smelters tailing off, the potential of the lake. In 1910, the town of Oswego was incorporated, the service was known as the Red Electric. Passenger traffic hit its peak in 1920 with 64 trains to, within nine years of the peak, passenger service ended and the line was used for intermittent freight service to Portlands south waterfront up until its abandonment in 1984
12.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
13.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
14.
Southern Pacific Transportation Company
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
15.
Oregon Route 43
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Oregon Route 43 is an Oregon state highway that runs between the cities of Oregon City and Portland, mostly along the western flank of the Willamette River. While it is known by the Oregon Department of Transportation as the Oswego Highway No. 3, on maps it is referred to by its number or by the various street names it has been given. The southern terminus of Oregon Route 43 is at a junction with Oregon Route 99E in downtown Oregon City, almost immediately on the West Linn side of the river is an interchange with Interstate 205. It continues north through West Linn, providing service to numerous neighborhoods, due to constrained geography and encroaching homes and businesses, the route is only a two-lane road in many stretches. North of West Linn, the passes by Marylhurst University. In the southern portions of Lake Oswego, Route 43 is given the name of Pacific Highway. Soon after, the crosses over Oswego Creek and enters downtown Lake Oswego. The Willamette Shore Trolley begins just south of A Avenue across from the Millennium Plaza Park on South State Street, North of downtown Lake Oswego, OR43 acquires the name Riverside Drive, and enters a three-lane section as it climbs over a hill overlooking the Willamette River. This stretch of OR43 passes by some of the most exclusive, the highway soon enters the city of Portland, where it is known as Southwest Macadam Avenue. Macadam Avenue passes alongside the river for miles, sandwiched between the river on the east and River View Cemetery on the west. It also passes near Lewis & Clark College, near the northern end of the cemetery is an interchange with the Sellwood Bridge, at which point OR43 becomes a four-lane divided thoroughfare. Soon afterwards, the highway enters the Johns Landing neighborhood, a strip of homes, parks. The area is home to Oregon Public Broadcasting and the Portland offices and studios of Clear Channel Communications, as well as a local landmark, The Water Tower. Oregon Route 43 and the freeway run parallel for several miles until an interchange with I-5, what is now Oregon Route 43 was once the original route of U. S. Route 99 in the south Portland area. Now, Oregon Route 99E is routed on the east side of the river, Oregon Route 212, which used to run as far west as the Sherwood/King City area, was concurrent with Oregon Route 43 across the Oregon City/West Linn bridge. This old alignment of OR212 still exists, running west along Willamette Falls Drive, just north of the bridge, continuing on to Tualatin. The Macadamized Road Company was promoted in 1863 by Henry W. Corbett, the Starr brothers, William S. Ladd, John Green, Cicero Hunt Lewis, and Henry Failing
16.
South Waterfront
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The South Waterfront is a high-rise district under construction on former brownfield industrial land in the South Portland neighborhood south of downtown Portland, Oregon, U. S. It is one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in the United States, the South Waterfront is part of the Portland Development Commissions North Macadam Urban Renewal District. The first phase of the South Waterfront is the $1.9 billion River Blocks development, the full build-out of the district envisions many residential and medical research towers ranging in height from 6 stories to 35+ stories. The Mirabella is the districts first senior living community, a linear park called South Waterfront Greenway, running along the west bank of the Willamette River, is partially completed. The district currently has its own park between the Riva on the Park and OHSU, the Gibbs Street Pedestrian Bridge, which opened in July 2012, connects the South Waterfront District with Lair Hill over I-5. In addition to residences, the district contains restaurants, grocery, retail, construction of three new OHSU buildings in the district is scheduled to begin in 2016, and the university has earmarked $500 million for the work, which is expected to take about two years. Together with the existing OHSU Center for Health & Healing, the new facilities will be part of the Knight Cancer Institute, which also has facilities outside the South Waterfront. The largest of the buildings will be for patient medical care, another will be for research and administration, - Willamette Week, July 30,2003
17.
Portland Streetcar
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The Portland Streetcar is a streetcar system in Portland, Oregon, that opened in 2001 and serves areas surrounding downtown Portland. The 3. 9-mile NS Line runs from Northwest Portland to the South Waterfront via Downtown, in September 2015 the line was re branded as the Loop Service, with the A Loop traveling clockwise, and the B Loop traveling counterclockwise. The two-route system serves some 20,000 daily riders, as with the heavier-duty MAX Light Rail network which serves the broader Portland metropolitan area, Portland Streetcars are operated and maintained by TriMet. Like some of Portlands original streetcar lines, redevelopment has been a goal of the project. The Portland Streetcar was the first new streetcar system in the United States since World War II to use modern vehicles, since September 2012, the Portland Streetcar system has two lines, which share a section along 10th and 11th Avenues in downtown, through the West End. As of mid-2015, the streetcar system measures 7.2 miles, measured in one direction only – not round-trip lengths –. The end-to-end length of the route, now designated the NS Line, is 3.9 miles since 2007. The total one-way length of the CL Line is 4.4 miles, of the NS Lines 7. 8-mile round-trip length,5.3 miles are one-way operation along streets which are mostly also one-way and with the streetcars following parallel streets in opposite directions. The remaining 2.5 miles of route length are sections where the NS streetcar route uses a single street for both directions of travel. The CL Line, similarly, follows separate streets in opposite directions over most of its length, the only exceptions are a length of about 1,000 feet near the OMSI terminus and the route sections nearest to, and across, the Broadway Bridge. With the opening of the line, the system now has 76 stops. Streetcars are scheduled to arrive at 12-minute intervals at most times, with a frequency in the evening. Every stop is fitted with an electronic reader board giving real-time arrival information to waiting passengers, Streetcar operators do not collect or monitor fares. Although the line is not part of the TriMet system, the city adopted TriMets fares for the streetcar, for simplicity and convenience of transferring passengers. The portion of the route within Downtown and the Pearl District of the streetcar route used to lie within TriMets Fareless Square. Rides within that area were free at all times, TriMet ended the Free Rail Zone on September 1,2012. Passengers not already in possession of a fare when boarding are required to purchase tickets from ticket vending machines on board each streetcar. Each vehicle also carries a ticket machine, for stamping unvalidated TriMet tickets purchased in advance
18.
Gomaco Trolley Company
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The Gomaco Trolley Company is a manufacturer of vintage-style streetcars, located in Ida Grove, Iowa, United States. The company has supplied replica-vintage streetcars to several systems in the USA. Established in 1982, Gomaco Trolley Company is a division of Gomaco Corporation, founded in 1965 by Harold Godbersen, the parent companys name, Gomaco, is a contraction of the words Godbersen Manufacturing Company. The two cars were replicas of 15-bench, open-sided streetcars built in 1902 by the J. G. Brill Company for the Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway. The construction was all-new, except for their trucks, which Gomaco obtained from retired Melbourne, Australia streetcars and these first two Gomaco streetcars were delivered in 1983/84. In the mid-1980s, Gomaco built two more 15-bench, open-style cars, the two cars were demonstrators which the company loaned to a few different operators. Ultimately, car 1977 was acquired by the Platte Valley Trolley, in Denver, Colorado, and—many years later—car 1976 by HART for the 2002-opened TECO Line Streetcar System in Tampa, Florida. In 1991–92, the company provided four streetcars to TriMet, in Portland, Oregon, for use on the Portland Vintage Trolley service, which began operation in late 1991. Similar to the Lowell enclosed model, these were replicas of 1904 Brill-built, double-truck cars, patterned on streetcars that had been operated locally, the four Portland cars also were equipped with modern features such as Automatic Train Stop. These cars used trucks taken from 1920s-vintage Peter Witt-type streetcars which Gomaco acquired from Milan, Italy, and refurbished. Gomaco Trolley added a new model in 2002, with the introduction of the reconditioned Peter Witt, the company also takes orders from customers who only want a replica trolley body, not a complete and functioning car. It was patterned exactly after the style of Peter Witt car that served Philadelphia—in large numbers—starting in the mid-1920s. The replica was a gift to the school from its Class of 1956, Gomaco has also built at least one battery-powered streetcar. In 2008, it delivered two open cars to Glendale, Californias Americana at Brand shopping development, one a 33-foot-long battery-powered car, the powered car is equipped with a wheelchair lift. In 2012, the Issaquah Valley Trolley hired Gomaco to restore,519, which was built by Brill and assembled in Lisbon in 1925. The work included re-gauging of the truck from narrow gauge to standard gauge. In 2015–2017, Gomaco overhauled and rebuilt three streetcars for the Loop Trolley, a new system under construction in St. Louis. The work included adding wheelchair lifts
19.
Portland Vintage Trolley
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The Portland Vintage Trolley was a heritage streetcar service in Portland, Oregon, United States, that operated from 1991 to 2014. It operated on a portion of the MAX light rail system, service was provided with replicas of a type of Brill streetcar, nicknamed the Council Crest cars, which last served Portland in 1950. The service was managed by Vintage Trolley Inc. a non-profit corporation, for 18 of its 23 years, the service followed a 2. 3-mile section of what is now the MAX Blue Line, between Lloyd Center and the west end of downtown. In September 2009, the route was changed to a 1. 5-mile section of the MAX system, along the mall in downtown Portland. However, starting in 2011 the service was reduced, operating on just seven dates per year. Rides were narrated by a conductor who identified historic points of interest along the way, after May 1994, rides were free, but donations were accepted. Earlier in 2013, the other two Gomaco cars were transferred from Portland Vintage Trolley service to the Willamette Shore Trolley fleet, one of its most enthusiastic and influential proponents was Portland businessman Bill Naito. Operating vintage streetcars during off-peak hours was seen as a way of alleviating those impacts, plans to operate a vintage trolley service on a portion of the MAX line were approved by TriMet in 1987. Some of the costs would be paid by TriMet, some by the federal government, and some by Vintage Trolley, Inc. An order for three replica trolleys was placed, a carbarn was built in the Coliseum area, and a length of track. The first two vehicles were delivered in August and November 1991, and service was inaugurated on November 29,1991, from 1992 through May 1994, service was provided on weekends and holidays only, and suspended for the months of January and February each year. However, midday service on weekdays was usually provided during the month of December to entice shoppers to downtown. From mid-1994 through 1999, Portland Vintage Trolley service operated seven days a week, hours of operation were 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. on weekends and holidays and 10 a. m. to 3 p. m. Mondays to Fridays. In 2000, Vintage Trolley service was reduced to Sundays only, an additional reason was that a trust fund originally set up to pay for the operation had become mostly depleted by this time, TriMet took over most financial responsibility for the service in 2000. Until the end of May 1994, the fare to ride the Vintage Trolley was $1.00, however, fares were eliminated effective June 1994, all rides were then free, and continued to be free for the remainder of Vintage Trolleys existence. This was the even though the route extended outside what were then the boundaries of TriMets Fareless Square free-ride area. The Portland Streetcar line opened on July 20,2001, in September 2009, the service was changed to a completely different route, but which is also a section of the MAX system. The service now used only one car and ran from 10,30 a. m. until 5,30 p. m. on its days of operation, passengers were permitted to board or alight at any of the MAX stations along the 1. 5-mile route
20.
Steam locomotive
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A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind, the first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop, Steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were superseded by electric and diesel locomotives, with full conversions to electric. The majority of locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, though several continue to run on tourist. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks, in 1784, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive. An early working model of a rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the US during 1794. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks, the model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts, accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine, Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through another trio of locomotives, Four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray for the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway debuted in 1812. Another well known early locomotive was Puffing Billy built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley and it was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on display in the Science Museum. George Stephenson built Locomotion No.1 for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, in 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of locomotives used on railways in the UK, US. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of power for passenger
21.
Gauge conversion
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In rail transport, gauge conversion is the process of converting a railway from one rail gauge to another, through the alteration of the railway tracks. An alternative to gauge conversion is dual gauge track, or gauge conversion of the vehicles themselves. Rails may be too light for the loads imposed by broader-gauge railcars, in some cases, gauge-convertible sleepers are installed before the conversion of the track itself. The sleepers must be enough to take the wider of the two gauges, and must be able to accommodate the fittings for both the existing and the new gauges. In cases where the difference between the two gauges is small, such as 1,000 mm and 1,067 mm track, or 1,435 mm and 1,524 mm track, in those cases, gauntlet track is required. Timber sleepers are always gauge convertible, provided that they are long enough, if the new gauge is wider than the old, a shorter sleeper than would normally be used can be tolerated, provided it still allows for secure fastening of the wider track. Concrete sleepers cannot be converted as an afterthought, but must have the future fittings cast in place when manufactured, steel sleepers should have the extra fitting incorporated when manufactured, though it is theoretically possible to drill or weld new fittings to the sleeper after installation. A special gauge-convertible sleeper, with a chair for the Pandrol clip. In June 2008, the South Australian government announced that by 2012 the Adelaide metropolitan network would be converted from 1,600 mm broad gauge to standard gauge, consequently, broad-gauge timber sleepers are progressively being replaced with gauge-convertible concrete sleepers on the metropolitan rail network. As of 2016, however, gauge conversion had not commenced, narrow-gauge railways often have a significantly smaller structure gauge, and therefore the rolling stock used has a smaller loading gauge in both height and width. Conversion to a track gauge will often require enlargement of the structure gauge on bridges, under road overpasses. Embankments and cuts could need widening as well, the minimum curve radius of narrow-gauge railways is often less than on tracks with a wider gauge, so route deviations might be required to allow the radius of curves to be increased. Track centres at stations with multiple tracks may also have to be increased, in this instance, the loading gauge of the broad gauge and standard gauge lines are essentially the same. Where vehicles cross a change of gauge, they must either be equipped for a change of bogie or have adjustable gauge axles. For example passenger trains crossing between the 1,435 mm system in France and the 1,668 mm in Spain pass through an installation which adjusts their variable gauge axles. This temporary alteration to allow through working is generally referred to as gauge change, in the event, few have been so converted, but one such is Victorian Railways R class R766. Because boilers and fireboxes are in the way locomotives can be converted only to a wider gauge, about 1860, the Bristol and Exeter Railway converted five 1,435 mm gauge locomotives to 7 ft gauge, and later converted them back again. In the 19th century, in the US, some broad 1,524 mm gauge locomotives were designed for conversion to 1,435 mm gauge
22.
Narrow-gauge railway
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A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
23.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
24.
Southern Pacific Red Electric Lines
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The Red Electric was an interurban passenger train service operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad in the Willamette Valley of the U. S. state of Oregon from 1914 to 1929. The service got its name from the red color of its cars. Despite its short history, among West Coast interurbans it was unique and it was the only major electric interurban railroad converted from steam to electric passenger use. It was also one of few systems using all-steel equipment, the Oregon Electric Railway completed an interurban line from Portland to Eugene in 1912, as well as several branch lines to agricultural, business, and population centers in the Willamette Valley. The Southern Pacific, feeling threatened by competition, researched the feasibility of electrifying most of its Willamette Valley trackage. At the time, electric traction was seen as the way of the future, the combination of this lack of growth, World War I and the rise of the automobile meant that the Red Electric system was far smaller than originally intended. The final Red Electric run took place on October 5,1929, Southern Pacific acquired the Portland, Eugene and Eastern in 1912. SP began electrifying the PE&E steam lines soon after acquiring them, interurban service began operation on January 17,1914, under the Portland, Eugene and Eastern name, but SP replaced references to PE&E with Southern Pacific Lines in 1915. The service soon became known as the SP Red Electric, initial service extended from Portland to Whiteson, but eventually reached Corvallis, in 1917. Southern Pacific proposed several new lines or the electrification of existing lines within its system, instead, the company concentrated on upgrading and electrifying its existing steam lines between Portland and McMinnville. Trains originated at Union Station in Portland, the Westside route connected Beaverton, Hillsboro, Forest Grove and Carlton. The Eastside line served Oswego, Sherwood, Newberg and Lafayette, the two routes connected in Saint Joseph, just north of McMinnville, and continued to Corvallis as a single line. Service to Corvallis was inaugurated on June 17,1917, the main Portland–Corvallis line was 88 miles long, and the entire Red Electric network encompassed 180 miles of track, served by 64 trains per day. In 1920, the schedule had four trains through from Portland to Corvallis in each direction. Closer to Portland, Red Electric service was more frequent. The remaining Red Electric service ended only a more than two months later, on October 5,1929, with the final runs on the Eastside line. The worst train accident in the history of Oregon interurban railways occurred east of the depot at Bertha in 1920, two trains collided head-on, killing the engineer of one train instantly. Two other employees and five passengers were killed, and ten employees and 92 passengers were injured
25.
Interurban
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The interurban is a type of electric railway, with streetcar-like light electric self-propelled railcars which run within and between cities or towns. They were prevalent in North America between 1900 and 1925 and were used primarily for travel between cities and their surrounding suburban and rural communities. Limited examples existed in Europe and Asia, Interurban as a term encompassed the companies, their infrastructure, and the cars that ran on the rails. The interurban, especially in the United States, was a cultural institution. Most roads and town streets were unpaved, and transportation was by horse-drawn carriages, the interurban provided vital transportation links between the city and countryside. In 1915,15,500 miles of railways were operating in the United States. For a time, interurban railways were the fifth-largest industry in the United States, by 1930, most interurbans were gone, with few surviving into the 1950s. The term interurban was coined by Charles L. Henry, a senator in Indiana. The Latin, inter urbes, means between cities, the interurban fit on a continuum between urban street railways and full-fledged railroads. George W. Hilton and John F, Due identified four characteristics of an interurban, Electric power for propulsion. Passenger service as the primary business, equipment heavier and faster than urban streetcars. Operation on tracks in city streets, and in areas on roadside tracks or private right-of-way. The definition of interurban is necessarily blurry, there was a large amount of consolidation of lines following initial construction. In 1905 the United States Census Bureau defined an interurban as a railway having more than half its trackage outside municipal limits. It drew a distinction between interurban and suburban railroads, a suburban system was oriented toward a city center in a single urban area and served commuter traffic. A regular railroad moved riders from one city center to city center. The typical interurban similarly served more than one city, but it served a smaller region and made frequent stops. The 1880s and saw the first successful deployments of electric traction in streetcar systems, most of these built on the pioneering work of Frank J. Sprague, who developed an improved method for mounting an electric traction motor and using a trolley pole for pickup
26.
Cargo
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Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, specially by shipping lines and logistics operators. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with associated packing list of the contained within. When empty containers are shipped each unit is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargo. Automobiles are handled at many ports and are carried on specialized roll-on/roll-off ships. Break bulk cargo is typically stacked on pallets and lifted into. The volume of bulk cargo has declined dramatically worldwide as containerization has grown. One way to secure break bulk and freight in intermodal containers is by using Dunnage Bags, bulk cargo, such as salt, oil, tallow, and scrap metal, is usually defined as commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are not handled as individual pieces, the way heavy-lift, alumina, grain, gypsum, logs, and wood chips, for instance, are bulk cargoes. Neo-bulk cargo comprises individual units that are counted as they are loaded and unloaded, in contrast to bulk cargo that is not counted, containers are the largest and fastest growing cargo category at most ports worldwide. Containerized cargo includes everything from auto parts, machinery and manufacturing components to shoes and toys to frozen meat, air cargo, commonly known as air freight, is collected by firms from shippers and delivered to customers. Aircraft were first used for carrying mail as cargo in 1911, eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for other types of freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as the Boeing 747 and the bigger An‑124, such large aircraft employ quick-loading containers known as unit load devices, much like containerized cargo ships. The ULDs are located in the front section of the aircraft, most nations own and utilize large numbers of military cargo aircraft such as the C‑17 Globemaster III for logistical needs. Popular commercial aircraft transformed to an aircraft such as Saab 340A is designed for high revenue. Trains are capable of transporting a number of containers that come from shipping ports. Trains are also used for the transportation of water, cement, grain, steel, wood and they are used because they can carry a large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economic and energy efficient than by road, the main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the business to road transport
27.
Interstate Commerce Commission
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The Interstate Commerce Commission was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. Congress expanded ICC authority to other modes of commerce beginning in 1906. The agency was abolished in 1995, and its functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board. The Commissions five members were appointed by the President with the consent of the United States Senate and this was the first independent agency. The ICC was established by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, the creation of the commission was the result of widespread and longstanding anti-railroad agitation. A central issue was rate discrimination between similarly situated customers and communities, various sections of the Interstate Commerce Act banned personal discrimination and required shipping rates to be just and reasonable. President Cleveland appointed Thomas M. Cooley as the first chairman of the ICC, Cooley had been Dean of the University of Michigan Law School and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. The Commission had a troubled start because the law that created it failed to give it adequate enforcement powers, the Commission is, or can be made, of great use to the railroads. It satisfies the popular clamor for a government supervision of the railroads, - William H. H. Miller, US Attorney General, circa 1889. Following passage of the 1887 act, the ICC proceeded to set maximum shipping rates for railroads, however, in the late 1890s several railroads challenged the agencys ratemaking authority in litigation, and the courts severely limited the ICCs powers. Congress expanded the powers through subsequent legislation. The 1893 Railroad Safety Appliance Act gave the ICC jurisdiction over railroad safety, removing this authority from the states, and this was followed with amendments in 1903 and 1910. The Hepburn Act of 1906 authorized the ICC to set railroad rates. A long-standing controversy was how to interpret language in the Act that banned long haul-short haul fare discrimination, the Valuation Act of 1913 required the ICC to organize a Bureau of Valuation that would assess the value of railroad property. This information would be used to set rates, in 1934, Congress transferred the telecommunications authority to the new Federal Communications Commission. In 1935, Congress passed the Motor Carrier Act, which extended ICC authority to regulate interstate bus lines and trucking as common carriers. Between 1920 and 1923, William Z. Ripley, a professor of economy at Harvard University. His plan became known as the Ripley Plan, in 1929 the ICC published Ripleys Plan under the title Complete Plan of Consolidation
28.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
29.
Public transport
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Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
30.
Metro (Oregon regional government)
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Metro is the regional government for the Oregon portion of the Portland metropolitan area. It is the directly elected regional government and metropolitan planning organization in the United States. Metro in its current form evolved from Columbia Region Association of Governments, Measure 6, a 1978 statewide ballot measure established Metro, effective January 1,1979. This charter was amended in November 2000 when Ballot Measure 26-10 was passed by voters, the measure eliminated the Executive Office and reorganized executive staff. The position of Executive Officer, elected by voters, was merged with that of presiding officer, chosen annually by fellow Metro councilors. Metros first president was David Bragdon, who served in the office from January 2003 until September 2010, provides land use planning and is responsible for maintaining the Portland-area urban growth boundary, a legal boundary which separates urban from rural land, and is designed to reduce urban sprawl. It coordinates with the cities and counties in the area to ensure a 20-year supply of developable land, serves as the metropolitan planning organization for the area, responsible for the planning of the regions transportation system. It is an organization from TriMet, which operates most of the regions buses. James Gleason Memorial Boat Ramps, Chinook Landing Marine Park and the Smith and it also manages 14 pioneer cemeteries, including Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery, Lone Fir Cemetery and Gresham Pioneer Cemetery. Manages a closed landfill, St. Johns Landfill, and owns, operates the Oregon Convention Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland5 Centers for the Arts, and Portland Expo Center. It has the authority to take operation of the regional transportation authority. Responsible for the regions Geographic Information System, maintains the Regional Land Information System, Metro is governed by a council president elected region-wide, currently Tom Hughes, and six councilors who are elected by district. Metro also has an auditor — currently Brian Evans — who is elected region-wide, the council appoints a chief operating officer and an attorney. Metros master plan also includes multiple town centers, smaller versions of the city center, in 1995 Metro introduced the 2040 plan as a way to define long term growth planning. The 2040 Growth Concept is designed to accommodate 780,000 additional people and 350,000 jobs by 2040 and this plan has created some criticism from environmentalists, but few consider it a threat to Portlands legacy of urban growth management. An April 2004 study in the Journal of the American Planning Association tried to quantify the effects of Metros plans on Portlands urban form, changes cited include increased density and mixed-use development as well as improved pedestrian/non-automobile accessibility
31.
TriMet
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Created in 1969 by the Oregon legislature, the district replaced five private bus companies that operated in the three counties, Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas. TriMet started operating a rail system named MAX in 1986. It also provides the operators and maintenance personnel for the City of Portland-owned Portland Streetcar system, in addition to rail lines, TriMet provides the regions bus system, as well as LIFT paratransit service. There are 659 buses in TriMets fleet that operate on 78 lines. In Fiscal Year 2013, the system averaged almost 316,700 rides per weekday and operates buses. TriMets annual budget for FY2014 is $489 million, with half of revenues coming from a district-wide payroll tax. The district is overseen by a board of governors appointed by the states governor. In 2014, the agency has around 2,500 employees and it has its own boundary, which currently encompasses an area of about 533 square miles. TriMet was formed in 1969 after disputes between the Portland city council and Rose City Transit Company, the company that previously operated the bus system serving the city. These were taken over by TriMet on September 6,1970, eighty-eight buses owned by the four suburban companies were transferred to TriMet, but many were found to be in poor condition and the TriMet board soon took action to replace them with new buses. As of January 2016, TriMet operates a total of 659 buses on 78 routes,145 MAX light rail cars on five lines, and 268 LIFT paratransit vehicles. Each of the five MAX and 12 of the bus lines are designated as Frequent Service lines and this connection is at the Wilsonville Station of TriMets WES Commuter Rail rail line. Columbia County Rider, the transit service for Scappoose, St. Long-range transportation planning for the metropolitan area is provided by Metro. Metro also has authority to take over the day-to-day operations of TriMet. TriMet runs the MAX Light Rail system, and contracts with Portland, fares on MAX are the same as TriMet bus fares, and fare collection uses a proof-of-payment system with ticket vending machines at each station. Fare inspectors patrol the system randomly, incidents of violence on the system have led to calls for more security, and some have argued that more thorough checking of fares would improve riders overall feeling of safety. The TransitTracker system uses satellite tracking on buses and sensors in the MAX tracks to predict arrival times at stops, additionally, TriMet is partnering with Google Maps to install Bluetooth low energy beacons on MAX platforms, allowing nearby Android device users to directly receive schedule and alert information. TriMet trains operate using reporting mark TMTC and it was reduced to only seven dates per year in 2011 and was discontinued entirely in July 2014
32.
Government of Portland, Oregon
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The Government of Portland, Oregon, a city in the U. S. state of Oregon, is based on a city commission government system. Elected officials include a Mayor, a City Council, and a City Auditor, the mayor and commissioners are responsible for legislative policy and oversee the various bureaus that oversee the day-to-day operation of the city. The auditor is responsible for ensuring that the government operates in good faith, Portland began using a commission form of government in 1913 following a public vote on May 3 of that year. Each elected official serves a term, without term limits. Current City Commissioners are, Chloe Eudaly, Nick Fish, Amanda Fritz, Dan Saltzman, the Auditor is Mary Hull Caballero. The Portland Charter was the subject of much debate circa 1911–1912. C, Benbow, which drafted the Benbow Charter. The city council appointed a committee to draft a compromise charter and this charter, along with the Short Charter, were defeated in referenda. The following year, the city council submitted another charter to the people, the city commission government form consequently came into use in 1913, with H. Russell Albee being the first mayor under the new system. In May 2007, Portland citizens rejected a measure which would have changed city government from a commission form to a strong mayor system. Similar changes have been proposed and rejected several times over the years, neil Goldschmidt, who went on to serve as Mayor, U. S. Secretary of Transportation, and Governor. Mildred Schwab Congressman Earl Blumenauer served on the Council before his election to the House and he has also reopened his private law practice, notably representing Warner Pacific College. Erik Sten Randy Leonard Steve Novick City Council seats, as well as the City Auditor, are non-partisan, elected positions, each carries a four-year term. Two candidates availed themselves of this system in 2006, incumbent Erik Sten, who won the election, and Amanda Fritz. The November 2010 elections saw Portlanders rescind their support for this publicly financed election system, public transit within the city is primarily the responsibility of TriMet, not the city government, but the Portland Streetcar and Portland Aerial Tram are exceptions, both are owned by the city. The city also pays 15% of the trams operating cost. The city contracts with TriMet to provide operators and maintenance staff for the streetcar system, PSI subcontractor Shiels Obletz Johnsen provides the systems Chief Operating Officer and Community Relations Manager. Six positions are directly by city employees, General Manager, Manager of Operations and Safety, Manager of Maintenance, Assistant Manager of Maintenance. Portland is the county seat of Multnomah County, and the core of Metro, both of these government entities have a strong impact on Portland policy
33.
Oregon Department of Transportation
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The Oregon Department of Transportation is a department of the state government of the U. S. state of Oregon responsible for systems of transportation. It was first established in 1969 and it had been preceded by the Oregon State Highway Department which, along with the Oregon State Highway Commission, was created by an act of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1913. It works closely with the five-member Oregon Transportation Commission in managing the states transportation systems. S, State of Oregon, in conjunction with the Oregon Department of Transportation. The first State Highway Commission was created on August 12,1913, on January 12,1915, James Withycombe became Governor and replaced Oswald West on the commission. The 1917 Oregon Legislative Assembly redesigned the State Highway Commission, with citizens appointed to replace the elected officials, the new commissioners held their first meeting on March 6, and the commission was then known as the Oregon Highway Division. As Oregons transportation needs started to grow, the expanded and, in 1919, it employed their first State Bridge Engineer. By 1920, Oregon had 620 miles of paved roads and 297 and this work was complete when the construction of the bridges over the Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Umpqua rivers and Coos Bay were completed, closing the last gaps in the highway. By 1940, the division was managing more than 7,000 miles of state, market and country roads in Oregon. In 2007, the department entered into an agreement with Aurigo Software, several unusual events occurred in the departments history. They were given responsibility for this task because Oregon beaches were designated as highways when the division was initially formed and this became known as the exploding whale incident. 1913 - Get Oregon Out of the Mud 1957 - Building Oregon Thru Better Highways 1958 - Oregon Freeways
34.
Double-decker tram
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A double-decker tram is a tram that has two levels. Some double-decker trams had open tops and they are still in service in Hong Kong, Alexandria, Dubai and Blackpool. The historical tramway in Auckland, New Zealand also operates a double decker tram that operated in 1906 and has another in storage. The earliest double-deck trams were horse drawn, the first electric double-deck trams were those built for the Blackpool Tramway in 1898, one of which survives at the National Tramway Museum. They were common in the United Kingdom until the 1950s, london Transport was a heavy user of double deck trams until the system closed in 1952. Apart from the Blackpool tramway, the Glasgow Corporation Tramways were the last to close, some have been preserved at the UKs National Tramway Museum, New Zealands MOTAT Museum in Auckland and Ferrymead Museum in Christchurch. The last double deck built in Britain was Blackpool Jubilee Class No.762. Although it used parts from cars, it was considered to be an entirely new tram. On this basis, when it was retired in 2011, it was gifted to the National Tramway Museum, from 1910 to 1964 double-deck trams were in use in Mumbai. They were also in use in Johannesburg where trams were operational from 1906 to 1961, a few of Alexandria Trams fleet are double-deckers. English Electric and United Electric Car Glasgow Corporation Tramways Dick, Kerr & Co
35.
Blackpool
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Blackpool /ˈblækpuːl/ is a seaside resort and unitary authority area in Lancashire, England, on Englands northwest coast. The town is on the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries,15 miles northwest of Preston,27 miles north of Liverpool,28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. It had an population of 142,065 at the 2011 Census. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpools 7-mile sandy beach were able to use a new road, built by Thomas Clifton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, in the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St Johns Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821, Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840s connecting it to the industrialised regions of Northern England. In 1881, Blackpool was a resort with a population of 14,000. By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort, by 1951 it had grown to 147,000. Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for Britons to travel overseas, Blackpool gets its name from a historic drainage channel that ran over a peat bog, discharging discoloured water into the Irish Sea, which formed a black pool. Another explanation is that the dialect for stream was pul or poole. People originating from Blackpool are called Blackpudlians although Sandgrownians or Sandgrownuns is sometimes used or Seasiders, a 13, 500-year-old elk skeleton was found with man-made barbed bone points on Blackpool Old Road in Carleton in 1970. Now displayed in the Harris Museum this provided the first evidence of living on the Fylde as far back as the Palaeolithic era. The Fylde was also home to a British tribe, the Setantii a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, during the Roman occupation the area was covered by oak forests and bog land. Some of the earliest villages on the Fylde, which were later to become part of Blackpool town, were named in the Domesday Book in 1086, many of them were Anglo-Saxon settlements. Some though had 9th and 10th century Viking place names, the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons seem to have co-existed peacefully, with some Anglo-Saxon and Viking placenames later being joined together – such as Layton-with-Warbreck and Bispham-with-Norbreck. Layton was controlled by the Butlers, Barons of Warrington from the 12th century, the stream ran through peatlands that discoloured the water, so the name for the area became Black Poole. In the 15th century the area was just called Pul, in 1602, entries in Bispham Parish Church baptismal register include both Poole and for the first time blackpoole. The first house of any substance, Foxhall, was built toward the end of the 17th century by Edward Tyldesley, an Act of Parliament in 1767 enclosed a common, mostly sand hills on the coast, that stretched from Spen Dyke southwards
36.
Marquam Bridge
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The Marquam Bridge /ˈmɑːrkəm/ is a double-deck, steel-truss cantilever bridge that carries Interstate 5 traffic across the Willamette River south of downtown Portland, Oregon. It is the busiest bridge in Oregon, carrying 135,900 vehicles a day as of 2008, the upper deck carries northbound traffic, the lower deck carries southbound traffic. The bridge was designed and built by the Oregon Department of Transportation at a cost of $14 million, the lower southbound deck was opened on October 4,1966, and the upper northbound deck on October 18,1966. The main span of the bridge is 440 ft long and the two spans are 301 ft each. The vertical clearance of the deck is 130 feet and the upper deck is 20 feet above the lower. At the eastern end of the bridge, on the deck, is a ramp stub which was intended to connect to the cancelled Mount Hood Freeway. As it has importance, the Marquam was the first Portland bridge to undergo a seismic retrofit in 1995. It was built with economy in mind and the public reacted unfavorably to the structures aesthetics and this led to public input in the design of the Fremont Bridge. The bridge was designed with three lanes in each direction with shoulders on each deck, today, it carries four narrow lanes and no shoulders on each deck. Another option would build a tunnel under the Willamette River approximately following the existing I-5 alignment, proposals have been made to replace the Eastbank Freeway portion of I-5 with a tunnel, connecting with the existing alignment at the Marquam Bridge and the Rose Quarter. This would free up space along the Willamette River for development
37.
San Antonio
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
38.
Diesel generator
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A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator to generate electrical energy. This is a case of engine-generator. A diesel compression-ignition engine often is designed to run on fuel oil, proper sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage of power. Sizing is complicated by the characteristics of modern electronics, specifically non-linear loads, the packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices is referred to as a generating set or a genset for short. Set sizes range from 8 to 30 kW for homes, small shops and these units, referred to as power modules are gensets on large triple axle trailers weighing 85,000 pounds or more. A combination of these modules are used for power stations and these may use from one to 20 units per power section. In these larger sizes the power module are brought to site on trailers separately and are connected together with large cables, ships often also employ diesel generators, sometimes not only to provide auxiliary power for lights, fans, winches etc. but also indirectly for main propulsion. With electric propulsion the generators can be placed in a convenient position, electric drives for ships were developed prior to World War I. Such a diesel-electric arrangement is used in some very large land vehicles such as railroad locomotives. The expected duty as well as environmental conditions must also be considered, most of the larger generator set manufacturers offer software that will perform the complicated sizing calculations by simply inputting site conditions and connected electrical load characteristics. One or more diesel generators operating without a connection to a grid are referred to as operating in island mode. Operating generators in parallel provides the advantage of redundancy, and can provide efficiency at partial loads. The plant brings generator sets online and takes them off line depending on the demands of the system at a given time. An islanded power plant intended for primary power source of a community will often have at least three diesel generators, any two of which are rated to carry the required load. Groups of up to 20 are not uncommon, generators can be electrically connected together through the process of synchronization. Synchronization involves matching voltage, frequency and phase before connecting the generator to the system, failure to synchronize before connection could cause a high short circuit current or wear and tear on the generator or its switchgear. The synchronization process can be done automatically by an auto-synchronizer module, the auto-synchronizer will read the voltage, frequency and phase parameters from the generator and busbar voltages, while regulating the speed through the engine governor or ECM. Load can be shared among parallel running generators through load sharing, a diesel generator will take more load when the fuel supply to its combustion system is increased, while load is released if fuel supply is decreased
39.
Head-end power
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In rail transport, head-end power or electric train supply is the electrical power distribution system on a passenger train. The power source, usually a locomotive at the front or head of a train, provides the electricity used for lighting, electrical, the maritime equivalent is hotel electric power. Oil lamps were introduced in 1842 to light trains, economics drove the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to replace oil with coal gas lighting in 1870, but a gas cylinder explosion on the train led them to abandon the experiment. Oil-gas lighting was introduced in late 1870, high steam consumption led to abandonment of the system. Three trains were started in 1883 by London, Brighton and South Coast Railway with electricity generated on board using a dynamo driven from one of the axles and this charged a lead-acid battery in the guards van, who operated and maintained the equipment. The system successfully provided electric lighting in the train and this accident prompted railways to adopt electricity for lighting the trains. Starting in the 1930s, air conditioning became available on railcars, with the energy to run them being provided by mechanical power take offs from the axle, small dedicated engines or propane. The resulting separate systems of lighting power, steam heat, and engine-driven air conditioning increased the maintenance workload, head-End Power would allow for a single power source to handle all these functions and more for an entire train. Originally, trains hauled by a locomotive would be provided with a supply of steam from the locomotive for heating the carriages. When diesel locomotives and electric locomotives replaced steam, the heating was then supplied by a steam-heat boiler. This was oil-fired or heated by an electric element, later carriage designs abolished the steam-heat apparatus, and made use of the ETH supply for heating, lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, fans, sockets and kitchen equipment in the train. In recognition of this ETH was eventually renamed Electric Train Supply, each coach has an index relating to the maximum consumption of electricity that it could use. The sum of all the indices must not exceed the index of the locomotive, one ETH index unit equals 5 kW, a locomotive with an ETH index of 95 can supply 475 kW of electrical power to the train. In response, the railroad installed higher capacity generators on the assigned to these trains. The cars used steam from the locomotive for heating, when diesel locomotives were introduced to passenger service, they were equipped with steam generators to provide steam for car heating. However, the use of generators and batteries persisted for many years. This was an evolution, as their commuter trains were already receiving low-voltage. While many commuter fleets were quickly converted to HEP, long-distance trains continued to operate with steam heat, five Amtrak E8s were rebuilt with HEP generators for this purpose
40.
J. G. Brill Company
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The J. G. Brill Company manufactured streetcars, interurban coaches, and buses in the United States for almost ninety years. The company was founded by John George Brill in 1868 as a manufacturing firm in Philadelphia. Over the years, it absorbed numerous other manufacturers such as Kuhlman in Cleveland. With business diminishing, in 1944 it merged with the American Car and it ceased trolley and bus production in 1954, though some of their interurbans served the Philadelphia area till the 1980s. Brill was the longest lasting of the trolley and interurban manufacturers. It manufactured over 45,000 streetcars, trams, motor buses, trolleybuses, at its height, it was the largest manufacturer of streetcars and interurbans in the U. S. and produced more streetcars and interurbans and gas electrics than any other manufacturer. In 1868, the Brill company was founded as J. G, after James Rawle joins the firm in 1872, it is renamed J. G. In 1926, ACF Motors Company obtained a controlling interest in Brill, the firm built about 1,100 trolley buses and a few thousand buses under the name. On January 31,1946, a controlling interest in ACF-Brill was acquired by Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation for $7.5 million. Consolidated Vultee was sold on November 6,1947, to the Nashville Corporation, in early 1954, the Brill name disappeared when ACF-Brill ceased production and subcontracted remaining orders. In Europe, Cie. J. G. Brill of Gallardon, birney safety car – by subsidiary, the American Car Company. Steel heavy interurban cars built 1920-1930s, the Brill Center Door car was typical of suburban trolleys and interurbans built around 1920. These tended to be large, heavy, double-ended cars, with passengers entering and exiting via doors located at the center of the car, many rebuilt into one man cars. All-steel, had standard controller stand, capable of 70 mph, Brilliner – Brills competitor to the PCC looked somewhat like the first PCCs. The Brilliner was not successful compared to the PCC. Few were sold, whereas PCCs were well sold worldwide, twenty-four built for Atlantic Citys Miss America Fleet. Brill diners - Brill sold and designed diners, generally one of its four subsidiaries. The last one believed to be operating is the Capitol Diner in Lynn, Massachusetts, up to that time, both the wood and most of the steel interurban cars were large, sat high, and were heavy
41.
Charlie Hales
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Charles Andrew Charlie Hales is an American politician from the U. S. state of Oregon. He served as the 52nd Mayor of Portland, having taken office on January 1,2013, and left office on January 1,2017, charles Andrew Hales was born in Washington, D. C. in January 1956. His father, Alfred Ross Hales, Jr. was an engineer for the United States Navy and his mother. He had two older siblings but, at nine years younger than his brother, grew up virtually as an only child, Hales attended public schools in Alexandria, Virginia, and graduated from Thomas Edison High School in Fairfax County, where he participated in band and drama club. He graduated with honors from the University of Virginia in 1979 with a degree in political theory. He took graduate studies in public administration at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Hales was elected to Portland City Council in 1992 at age 36. Previously he was president for the Home Builders Association of Metropolitan Portland. He was sworn in as a City Commissioner — as city council members in Portland are called — in January 1993. He led Portlands role in expanding MAX Light Rail to Portland International Airport, also in his role as City Commissioner, Hales completed the first phase of the Portland Streetcar system, the first urban streetcar in the U. S. in almost 50 years. He also completed the planning of the Pearl District and South Waterfront redevelopment areas, Hales advocacy for transportation — summed up in his stated goal to make Portland the best European city in America for non-auto transportation — earned him the nickname, Choo-Choo Charlie. One of Hales more controversial initiatives as a city commissioner was diversifying Portland Fire Bureau workforce and he also became the only Portland politician to vote against Joint Terrorism Task Force involvement. Hales attendance declined in 2001 during his campaign for the director position of the Port of Portland. Projects Hales planned that are now open or under construction include streetcar lines in Cincinnati, Salt Lake City, Tucson, and Kansas City. Following his departure from City Council, Hales told Willamette Week that he considered the 1994 parks bond measure, in 2011, Hales announced that he would be a candidate for mayor in 2012. On November 6,2012, he defeated challenger Jefferson Smith and he assumed office on January 1,2013. Hales also implemented a number of reforms in police practices, and prioritized community policing through walking beats and his choice in police chief, the community-minded Larry ODea. Along with Commissioner Steve Novick, Hales in 2014 proposed $46 million in new fees to pay for maintenance and safety improvements, such as filling pot holes. Therefore, I have decided not to file for re-election, wheeler cruised to victory in May 2016 with token opposition
42.
MAX Light Rail
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MAX Light Rail, or Metropolitan Area Express, is a light rail system consisting of five separate lines serving 97 stations in the Portland metropolitan area in Oregon. The system has had a weekday ridership between 115,000 and 130,000 since Fiscal Year 2010. It is owned and operated by TriMet and began service in 1986, from MAXs inception to 2004, about $3 billion was invested in light rail in Portland. In the mid-1970s, TriMet began a study for light rail using funds intended for the cancelled Mount Hood Freeway, the light rail project was known as the Banfield Light Rail Project, named for the freeway that part of the alignment followed. The TriMet board approved the project in September 1978, construction of the 15-mile route started in 1982, and the system opened on September 5,1986. Of the projects total cost of million, 83% was funded by the federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Less than two months before the opening, TriMet adopted the name Metropolitan Area Express, or MAX, the 18-mile Westside line, to Beaverton and Hillsboro, began construction in 1993 and opened in 1998. Except for a few trips, all trips on the now-two light rail lines were connected in downtown. The MAX system currently consists of five lines, each designated by a color, the use of colors to distinguish the separately operated routes was first adopted in 2000 and brought into use in 2001. The Green Line began serving the Mall on September 12,2009, the system currently has a total of 97 stations. The systems central stations are at Pioneer Courthouse Square, on the Portland Transit Mall, all lines except for the Orange Line pass through the Rose Quarter and cross the Steel Bridge. The trains operate on direct current and utilize two voltages,750 V DC nominal on sections west of NE 9th Avenue & Holladay Street, the two systems are electrically isolated. Trains run every 15 minutes from early in the morning until late at night, the Blue Line runs every 10 minutes during rush hour. Headways between trains are shorter in the section of the system, where lines overlap. Actual schedules vary by location and time of day, at many stations, a live readerboard shows the destination and time-to-arrival of the next several trains, using data gathered by a vehicle tracking system. Arrival information screens are in place at all stations on the Green Line and Transit Mall, with boards on the Yellow Line. These show arrival countdowns for trains and information about any service disruptions, after a $180,000 grant from the Federal Transit Administration, TriMet began adding digital displays to Blue and Red Line stations in 2013, initially on the west side, and then on the east side. All MAX stations are expected to be fitted with screens by 2016, MAX Light Rail stations vary in size, but are generally simple and austere
43.
Oregon Electric Railway Museum
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The Oregon Electric Railway Museum is the largest streetcar/trolley museum in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It is owned and operated by the Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society and is located in Brooks, the original museum opened in Glenwood, about 40 miles west of Portland, in 1959, with the first operation of streetcars taking place in 1963 and regular operation in 1966. It was named Trolley Park or, more commonly, the Trolley Park, the Glenwood museum was built on the site of a former steam logging railroad, and OERHS re-equipped the former sawmill building of the Consolidated Timber Company as a four-track carbarn. The museum property occupied about 26 acres, and trolley cars were able to operate on a 1. 7-mile line, operation at the Glenwood site ended in autumn 1995. The current museum opened in Brooks in 1996, the museum consists of about one mile of mainline track with overhead wire. There is a four-track carbarn to store the collection of streetcars. The collection includes, Two Portland 1904 Brill streetcars, Nos.503 and 506 Portland 1932 Brill Master Unit, No.813 Portland-built interurban, No.1067 Blackpool, England, double-decker tram, sydney, Australia, open-sided Breezer streetcar, No. 503, was loaned to San Francisco in 1983, and again in 1985, for operation in the San Francisco Historic Trolley Festival, four faux-vintage Council Crest cars were eventually built by the Gomaco Trolley Company. The museum is open from May through October with trolley operations on Saturdays, the big event of the year is the annual Steam-Up, held on the last weekend of July and the first weekend of August. Thousands of riders use the trolley during these two weekends, heritage streetcar Streetcars in North America Oregon Electric Railway Museum - official site
44.
Brooks, Oregon
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Brooks is an unincorporated community in Marion County, Oregon, United States. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Brooks as a census-designated place, the census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name. As of the 2010 census the population was 398, Brooks is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located nine miles north of Salem near Oregon Route 99E on French Prairie. Brooks was a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad main line through the Willamette Valley, the station was named for early settler Linus Brooks, who came to Oregon from Illinois in 1850. He was born in Ohio in 1805, Brooks post office was established in 1871, about the time the railroad reached the community. Brooks was platted with 30 blocks in 1878 and had 135 residents at that time, the community did not grow appreciably and it never incorporated. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.5 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 410 people,152 households, the population density was 807.0 people per square mile. There were 158 housing units at a density of 311.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 82. 68% White,0. 24% African American,1. 22% Native American,0. 24% Pacific Islander,15. 12% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 22. 20% of the population. 24. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.19. In the CDP, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $25,938, and the median income for a family was $26,318. Males had an income of $27,375 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,008, about 12. 1% of families and 10. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 4% of those under age 18 and 18. 9% of those age 65 or over. For planning purposes, Brooks and the community of Hopmere together form an Urban Unincorporated Community, the areas economy has been traditionally based on agriculture
45.
Christmas and holiday season
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It incorporates a period of shopping which comprises a peak season for the retail sector, and a period of sales at the end of the season. Christmas window displays and Christmas tree lighting ceremonies when trees decorated with ornaments, the term Advent calendar survives in secular Western parlance as a term referring to a countdown to Christmas Day from the beginning of December. Saturnalia was an ancient Roman festival in honor of the deity Saturn, held on December 17 of the Julian calendar, the poet Catullus called it the best of days. The tradition of celebrating the birth of Christ on December 25 appears to date from the 4th century when Christianity was adopted as the religion of the Roman Empire. In the Christian tradition the Christmas season is a beginning on Christmas Day. In some churches the season continues until the day before the Epiphany, If the Epiphany is kept on January 6, the Church of Englands use of the term Christmas season corresponds to the Twelve Days of Christmas, and ends on Twelfth Night. This short Christmas season is preceded by Advent, which begins on the fourth Sunday before Christmas Day, the Anglican Communion and some Protestant churches follow the Christmas season with an Epiphany season which lasts until Shrove Tuesday which is also known as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday. Other European cultures have their own carnival festivities between new year and Lent, according to Yanovski et al. in the United States the holiday season is generally considered to begin with the day after Thanksgiving and end after New Years Day. According to Axelrad, the season in the United States encompasses at least Christmas and New Years Day, fire Administration defines the Winter Holiday Season as the period from December 1 to January 7. According to Chen et al. in China the Christmas and holiday season is considered to begin with the winter solstice. Some stores and shopping malls advertise their Christmas merchandise beginning after Halloween or even in late October, the precise definition of feasts and festival days that are encompassed by the Christmas and holiday season has become controversial in the United States over recent decades. The exchange of gifts is central to the Christmas and holiday season, and this comprises a peak time for the retail sector at the start of the holiday season and a period of sales at the end of the season, the January sales. Although once dedicated mostly to white sales and clearance sales, the January sales now comprise both winter close-out sales and sales comprising the redemption of gift cards given as presents. Young-Bean Song, director of analytics at the Atlas Institute in Seattle, states that it is a myth that the shopping season starts with Thanksgiving. January is a key part of the holiday season, stating that for the U. S. e-commerce sector January sales volumes matched December sales volumes in the 2004/2005 Christmas and holiday season. Many people find this time particularly stressful, as a remedy, and as a return to what they perceive as the root of Christmas, some practice alternative giving. During the 2014 holiday shopping season, retail sales in the United States are forecast to increase to a total of over $616 billion, the average US holiday shopper is expected to spend over $800, of which close to 73 percent will be in gifts. In 2015, retail sales in the United States increased to a total of over $630 billion, the average US holiday shopper spent on average $805
