1.
Province of Canada
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The United Province of Canada, or the Province of Canada, or the United Canadas was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837–38, in the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837–1838, unification of the two Canadas was driven by two factors. Firstly, Upper Canada was near bankruptcy because it lacked stable tax revenues, and secondly, unification was an attempt to swamp the French vote by giving each of the former provinces the same number of parliamentary seats, despite the larger population of Lower Canada. Although Durhams report had called for the Union of the Canadas and for Responsible Government, the new government was to be led by an appointed Governor General accountable only to the British Crown and the Kings Ministers. Responsible Government was not to be achieved until the second LaFontaine-Baldwin ministry in 1849, the Province of Canada ceased to exist at Canadian Confederation on July 1,1867, when it was redivided into the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Upper Canada was primarily English-speaking, whereas Lower Canada was primarily French-speaking, the Province of Canada was divided into two parts, Canada East and Canada West. Canada East was what became of the colony of Lower Canada after being united into the Province of Canada. It became the province of Quebec after confederation, Canada West was what became of the former colony of Upper Canada after being united into the Province of Canada. It became the province of Ontario after confederation, the location of the capital city of the Province of Canada changed six times in its 26-year history. The first capital was in Kingston, the capital moved to Montreal until rioters, spurred by a series of incendiary articles published in The Gazette, protested the Rebellion Losses Bill and burned down Montreals parliament buildings. It moved to Quebec City from 1852 to 1856, then Toronto for one year before returning to Quebec City from 1859-1866, in 1857, Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the permanent capital of the Province of Canada, initiating construction of Canadas first parliament buildings, on Parliament Hill. The first stage of construction was completed in 1865, just in time to host the final session of the last parliament of the Province of Canada before Confederation. The Governor General remained the head of the administration of the colony, appointed by the British state. He was aided by the Executive Council and the Legislative Council, the Executive Council aided in administration, and the Legislative Council reviewed legislation produced by the elected Legislative Assembly. Sydenham came from a family of timber merchants, and was an expert in finance. He was promised a barony if he could implement the union of the Canadas, and introduce a new form of municipal government. Sydenham was a Whig who believed in government, not responsible government. In order to implement his plan, he utilized widespread electoral violence through the Orange Order, Bagot was appointed after the unexpected death of Thomson, with the explicit instructions to resist calls for Responsible Government
2.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
3.
Greenock
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Greenock is a town and administrative centre in the Inverclyde council area in Scotland and a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It forms part of an urban area with Gourock to the west. The 2011 census showed that Greenock had a population of 44,248 and it lies on the south bank of the Clyde at the Tail of the Bank where the River Clyde expands into the Firth of Clyde. The name of the town has had various spellings over time and it was printed in early Acts of Parliament as Grinok, Greenhok, Grinock, Greenhoke, Greinnock, and later as Greinok. Old Presbyterial records used Grenok, a common spelling until it was changed to Greenock around 1700 and it has also been suggested that Grian cnoc or sunny hill could refer to the hill on which the castle and mansion house stood, but this has not found much support. The towns modern indoor shopping centre is called The Oak Mall, the name is also recalled in a local song. Significantly, no green oak appears on the coat of arms which features the three chalices of the Shaw Stewarts, a sailing ship in full sail and two herring above the motto God Speed Greenock. Hugh de Grenock was created a Scottish Baron in 1296, around 1540 the adjoining barony of Finnart was passed to the Schaw family, extending their holdings westward to the boundary of Gourock, and in 1542 Sir John Schaw founded Wester Greenock castle. The coast of Greenock formed a bay with three smaller indentations, the Bay of Quick was known as a safe anchorage as far back as 1164. To its east, a sandy bay ran eastwards from the Old Kirk, the fishing village of Greenock developed along this bay, and around 1635 Sir John Schaw had a jetty built into the bay which became known as Sir Johns Bay. In that year he obtained a Charter raising Greenock to a Burgh of Barony with rights to a weekly market, further east, Saint Laurence Bay curved round past the Crawfurd Barony of Easter Greenock to Garvel Point. When a pier was built making the bay an important harbour, in 1642 it was made into the Burgh of Barony of Crawfurdsdyke, and part of the ill-fated Darien Scheme set out from this pier in 1697. This town was later renamed Cartsdyke, the fishing trade grew prosperous, with barrels of salted herring exported widely, and shipping trade developed. As seagoing ships could not go further up the River Clyde, a separate Barony of Cartsburn was created, the first baron being Thomas Craufurd. The work was completed in 1710, with quays extended out into Sir Johns Bay to enclose the harbour, in 1711 the shipbuilding industry was founded when Scotts leased ground between the harbour and the West Burn to build fishing boats. A whaling business operated for about 40 years, in 1714 Greenock became a custom house port as a branch of Port Glasgow, and for a period this operated from rooms leased in Greenock. Receipts rose rapidly from the 1770s, and in 1778 the custom house moved to new premises at the West Quay of the harbour. By 1791 a new pier was constructed at the East Quay, in 1812 Europes first steamboat service was introduced by PS Comet with frequent sailings between Glasgow, Greenock and Helensburgh, and as trade built up the pier became known as Steamboat Quay
4.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
5.
Lachine, Quebec
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Lachine is a borough within the city of Montreal on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It was formerly a city until 2002. When he returned without success, he and his men were derisively named les Chinois, the name was adopted when the parish of Saints-Anges-de-la-Chine was created in 1678, with the form Lachine appearing with the opening of a post office in 1829. On August 4,1689, more than 1500 Mohawk warriors raided the village and burned it to the ground in retaliation for the ravaging of the Seneca lands by governor Denonville. The Lachine massacre left 80 dead, Lachine was incorporated as a city in 1872. In 1999, it merged with the town of Saint-Pierre before being merged into Montreal in 2002 and its logo during its municipality days is still in use as of today. The borough is located in the southwest portion of the island of Montreal, at the inlet of the Lachine Canal and it was a separate city until municipal mergers on January 1,2002 and did not demerge on January 1,2006. Its western limit is the shore of Lac Saint-Louis and the Saint Lawrence River and it has an area of 17.83 km² and a population of 41,391. Autoroute 20 passes through Lachine, which is served by the Lachine commuter train station. Most noticeable of Lachines features is the Lachine Canal and its recreational facilities, other historic buildings are also located near the canals inlet. A memorial to Air India Flight 182 is located in Monk Island, the Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates Francophone public schools. Pearson School Board operates Anglophone public schools, the Montreal Public Libraries Network operates the Saint-Pierre Branch and the Saul-Bellow Branch in Lachine. Shmuel Schecter, rabbi and Torah educator Montreal Merger Municipal reorganization in Quebec Lachine Canal opened in 1825
6.
Goderich, Ontario
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Goderich is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario and is the county seat of Huron County. The town was founded by John Galt and William Tiger Dunlop of the Canada Company in 1827, first laid out in 1828, the town is named after Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, who was British prime minister at the time. The town was incorporated in 1850. As of the Canada 2016 Census, the population is 7,628 in a area of 8.64 square kilometres. Located on the shore of Lake Huron at the mouth of the Maitland River. Some claim that Queen Elizabeth II once commented that Goderich was the prettiest town in Canada although no reigning monarch has ever visited Goderich, the town indicates that tourism is among its important industries. The town participates yearly in the Communities in Bloom competition, and has won awards in many categories, in 2012, Goderich was a National Finalist in the competition, and was also part of the Circle of excellence. Goderichs downtown has a traffic circle known as The Square. The county courthouse stands in the middle of The Square and this is where, in 1959, Steven Truscott was convicted of murdering Lynne Harper. The Square was formally listed in the Register of Historic Place by the Government of Canada in May 2007, the Town had already recognized the value of the area in 1982, under the Ontario Heritage Act. The Square was designed and developed between 1840 and the mid 1890s and in its days, contained the main office of the Canada Company which helped to develop much of the county. The design of the square - a radial composition - is attributed to John Galt of the Company, over the years it was called Market Square, “The Square” or “Courthouse Square” by locals. The original courthouse was located here but was destroyed in a fire, contrary to a popularly held belief, plans for The Square were not intended for Guelph. On the afternoon of 21 August 2011, an F3 tornado touched down in the town and it was the strongest tornado that had hit Ontario since the Arthur, Ontario tornado of April 20,1996, though on average, F3 tornadoes occur in Ontario every eight years. The devastating storm downed power lines, tore roofs off houses, hundred-year-old trees surrounding the Goderich Courthouse were uprooted in seconds. The tornado killed one person, Norman Laberge,61, of Lucknow, the Environment Canada weather forecast office in Toronto issued a tornado warning for Goderich and southern Huron County 12 minutes before the tornado struck. The town did not have a tornado siren unlike some other Ontario cities, news reports later indicated that one hundred houses,25 buildings and thousands of 150-plus-year-old trees were seriously damaged or destroyed. After the tornado, a report described The Square area as follows
7.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
8.
Tory
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A Tory holds a political philosophy based on a British version of traditionalism and conservatism, which upholds the supremacy of social order as it has evolved throughout history. The Tory ethos has been summed up with the phrase God, King, Tories generally advocate monarchism, are usually of a high church Anglican religious heritage, and are opposed to the liberalism of the Whig faction. In Britain, the Tory political faction originated with the Cavaliers during the English Civil War and this political philosophy remains prominent in the politics of the United Kingdom, and also appears in parts of the Commonwealth realms, particularly in Canada. It also had exponents in other parts of the former British Empire, under the Corn Laws a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher food prices, self-sufficiency, and enhanced wages in rural employment. There were two Tory ministries after James II came to the throne, the first led by the Earl of Rochester, a significant faction took part in the ousting of James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive protestantism. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings, after the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole, Lord Butes premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this, interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent Prime Ministers. Due to these Tories leading the formation of the Conservative Party, members of that party are referred to as Tories. The word Tory derives from the Middle Irish word tóraidhe, modern Irish tóraí, outlaw, robber or brigand, from the Irish word tóir, meaning pursuit and it was originally used to refer to a Rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term was originally a term of abuse, an Irish rebel. Towards the end of Charles IIs reign there was debate about whether or not his brother, James, Duke of York. Whigs, originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drivers, was the term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled Abhorrers, the suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction. Historically, the term Tory has been applied in ways to loyalists of the British monarchy. During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, the word Tory had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. Since 1832, the term Tory is commonly used to refer to the Conservative Party, the term Tory or Loyalist was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. Since early in the 18th century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the King over Parliament, during the war of independence, particularly after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war, the 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Quebec, the Bahamas, or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists
9.
University of Glasgow
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The University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands four ancient universities. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century and it is currently a member of Universitas 21, the international network of research universities, and the Russell Group. Glasgow University served all of students by preparing them for professions, the law, medicine, civil service, teaching. It also trained smaller but growing numbers for careers in science, originally located in the citys High Street, since 1870 the main University campus has been located at Gilmorehill in the West End of the city. Additionally, a number of university buildings are located elsewhere, such as the Veterinary School in Bearsden, and it is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and the fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, as one of the Ancient Universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow University is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate masters degrees in certain disciplines. The University has been without its original Bull since the mid-sixteenth century, in 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation, the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton, a supporter of the Marian cause, fled to France. He took with him, for safe-keeping, many of the archives and valuables of the Cathedral and the University, including the Mace, although the Mace was sent back in 1590, the archives were not. If they had not been lost by time, they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was under threat. Its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris, the Bull remains the authority by which the University awards degrees. Teaching at the University began in the chapterhouse of Glasgow Cathedral, subsequently moving to nearby Rottenrow, the University was given 13 acres of land belonging to the Black Friars on High Street by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563. The Lion and Unicorn Staircase was also transferred from the old site and is now attached to the Main Building. To continue this work in his will he founded Andersons College, in 1973, Delphine Parrott became its first woman professor, as Gardiner Professor of Immunology. In October 2014, the university court voted for the University to become the first academic institution in Europe to divest from the fuel industry. The University is currently spread over a number of different campuses, the main one is the Gilmorehill campus, in Hillhead. The University has also established joint departments with the Glasgow School of Art, the Universitys initial accommodation including Glasgow University Library was part of the complex of religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Hamilton Building was replaced with a very grand two-court building with a decorated west front facing the High Street, called the Nova Erectio, over the following centuries, the Universitys size and scope continued to expand. In 1757 it built the Macfarlane Observatory and later Scotlands first public museum and it was a centre of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of the Industrial Revolution, and its expansion in the High Street was constrained
10.
Canada Company
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The Canada Company was a large private chartered British land development company, incorporated by royal charter on August 19,1826, under an act of British parliament. Given royal assent on June 27,1825, to aid in the colonization of a part of Upper Canada. The Canada Company assisted emigrants by providing ships, low fares, implements and tools. Scottish novelist John Galt was the companys first Canadian superintendent and he first settled in York but selected Guelph as the companys headquarters, and his home. The area was part of the Halton Block,42,000 acres of former Crown land. Galt would later be considered as the founder of Guelph, the company surveyed and subdivided the massive Huron Tract, built roads, mills, and schools and advertised lots for sale to buyers in Europe. The company then assisted in the migration of new settlers, bringing them to the area by means of a boat, which the company also owned, on Lake Ontario. A plaque erected in Huron county, Pioneers of the Huron Tract 1828-1928, commemorates the work of the men who developed the Huron Tract, John Galt was dismissed and recalled to Great Britain in 1829, for mismanagement, particularly incompetent bookkeeping. In 1833, his colleague William Tiger Dunlop took over as Superintendent of the Company, appointed Secretary of the Canada Company in 1824 John Galt helped to obtain a charter for the company on 19 Aug.1826. On that date, the structure of the Canada Company was put into place by the companys Court of Directors. John Galt, as secretary, had the first order of business, tabling an abstract of the charter, Galt declared the name to be “The Canada Company” with directors and secretary as served on the Provisional Committee and listed in the charter. At the first meeting of the board, it was declared that four directors would rotate off the Company beginning in 1829, when the Company sold its land to different purchasers, it reserved the mineral rights to itself. In 1919, the Company issued quit claims on such claims, as a consequence, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed legislation in 1922 and 1923 authorizing the grant of such rights to landholders at a set price. By 1938, the Canada Company held just over 20,000 acres acres of unsold land and it had become a land company in the process of liquidation. By 1950, only 4,207 acres remained in its possession, distributed amongst Lambton County, in 1951, the remaining land was disposed, and land that was unsold became Pinery Provincial Park. The company voted to wind up its affairs on August 12,1953, the autobiography of John Galt, by Galt, John, 1779-1839, Published 1833 Armstrong, Frederick H. Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology. Cameron, James McIntyre, Cameron, June Carolyn, the early days in Guelph, Guelph and the Canada Company. Stratford, County of Perth and Cumming Publishers, the Canada Land Company, the Early Years, an Experiment in Colonization 1823–1843
11.
War of 1812
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Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
12.
Huron Tract
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The area spans the counties of Huron, Perth, Middlesex and present day Lambton County, Ontario in the Province of Ontario. The Huron Tract was purchased by the Canada Company, an agent of the British government, influenced by William Tiger Dunlop, John Galt and other businessmen formed the Canada Company. The Canada Company bought one million acres of land west of the then London district, the Canada Company was the administrative agent for the Huron Tract. An Act of Parliament in 1825 incorporated the Canada Company with the Huron Tract settlement objective as its primary goal, the Canada Company received its Charter in 1826, ceased business in 1951 and was dissolved in December 1953. The administration of the Huron Tract demonstrates the uniquely North American tendency to allocate to private enterprise, for 5000 years groups of 25 to 250 Huron, Algonquin and the Ojibwa historically used this land as tribal summer homes for communal fishing and hunting. To protect their way of life, the tribes led explorers north along the Nipissing Passageway, the waterways of Magnetawan River were the traditional access routes to Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River. Outside the Long Wood Purchase, the Crown wished also to purchase a tract of land known as the Huron Tract. The Chippewas of Chenail Ecarte, the Ausable River, and St. Clair River negotiated with John Askin, then Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for this tract. The practice of distribution of Upper Canada land through government agencies began with John Graves Simcoe, in an attempt to discourage speculation and distribute land according to the prevailing paradigm, Upper Canada was divided into three separate categories, crown, clergy and township. 19 counties where identified with townships contained 200-acre lots with concession roads, while the land distribution scheme of John Graves Simcoe worked well for a few years, the issues of settlement became more complex and required more land. Moreover, the issue of Clergy Reserves became a controversial issue, the Huron Tract consisted of two major purchases by the Canada Company. First, was a tract of land in western Canada known as the Huron Tract,1,000,000 acres over a twenty-year period. The second tract, the Crown Reserves not leased in townships surveyed before March 1,1824, the Family Compact and the Anglican Church in Canada led by Bishop John Strachan opposed this inclusion. After much lobbying, the bishop was able to return the lands to the Church. One of the seeds of discontent that led to the Rebellion of 1837 was sown in this decision, the Huron Tract was divided into 21 townships in 1824. Five townships were named for members of the British government, Colborne, Goderich, Hay, Stanley. The remaining townships were named for members of the Canada Company Provisional Committee, the exception is Easthope Townships which were divided into North and South, as it was felt that the original division was too large. The original surveys were conducted by Deputy Provincial Surveyor John McDonald, directors Edward Ellice, Simon McGillivrary, Hart Logan and Henry Usborne, had lived in Canada at various times
13.
Ursa Major
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Ursa Major is a constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. One of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy, it one of the 88 modern constellations. It can be throughout the year in most of the northern hemisphere. The Big Dipper and the constellation as a whole have mythological significance in world cultures. Ursa Major occupies an area in the northern celestial hemisphere. Its also the namesake of its family, which includes all the constellations it borders except for Leo. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the IAU in 1922, is UMa, the Big Dipper is an asterism within Ursa Major composed of seven bright stars that together comprise one of the best-known patterns in the sky. β Ursae Majoris, called Merak, with a magnitude of 2.37, γ Ursae Majoris, known as either Phecda or Phad, with a magnitude of 2.44. δ Ursae Majoris, or Megrez, meaning root of the tail, Alioth is the brightest star of Ursa Major and the 33rd-brightest in the sky, with a magnitude of 1.76. It is also the brightest of the peculiar A stars, magnetic stars whose chemical elements are either depleted or enhanced, ζ Ursae Majoris, Mizar, the second star in from the end of the handle of the Big Dipper, and the constellations fourth-brightest star. Mizar, which means girdle, forms a double star, with its optical companion Alcor. The ability to resolve the two stars with the eye is often quoted as a test of eyesight, although even people with quite poor eyesight can see the two stars. η Ursae Majoris, known as either Alkaid or Benetnash, both meaning the end of the tail, with a magnitude of 1.85, Alkaid is the third-brightest star of Ursa Major. Except for Dubhe and Alkaid, the stars of the Big Dipper all have proper motions heading toward a point in Sagittarius. A few other such stars have been identified, and together they are called the Ursa Major Moving Group, the stars Merak and Dubhe are known as the pointer stars because they are helpful for finding Polaris, also known as the North Star or Pole Star. By visually tracing a line from Merak through Dubhe and continuing, ones eye will land on Polaris, W Ursae Majoris is the prototype of a class of contact binary variable stars, and ranges between 7. 75m and 8. 48m. 47 Ursae Majoris is a Sun-like star with a three-planet system,47 Ursae Majoris b, discovered in 1996, orbits every 1078 days and is 2.53 times the mass of Jupiter. 47 Ursae Majoris c, discovered in 2001, orbits every 2391 days and is 0.54 times the mass of Jupiter
14.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
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His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britains military heroes. Wellesley was born in Dublin, belonging to the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland and he was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons and he was a colonel by 1796, and saw action in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, following Napoleons exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the army which defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellesleys battle record is exemplary, he participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career. Wellington is famous for his defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest defensive commanders of all time, after ending his active military career, Wellington returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as part of the Tory party, from 1828 to 1830 and he oversaw the passage of the Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. He continued as one of the figures in the House of Lords until his retirement. As such, he belonged to the Protestant Ascendancy and his biographers mostly follow the contemporary newspaper evidence in saying that he was born 1 May 1769, the day that he was baptised. He was most likely born at his parents townhouse,24 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, but his mother Anne, Countess of Mornington, recalled in 1815 that he had been born at 6 Merrion Street, Dublin. He spent most of his childhood at his familys two homes, the first a house in Dublin and the second Dangan Castle,3 miles north of Summerhill on the Trim Road in County Meath. In 1781, Arthurs father died and his eldest brother Richard inherited his fathers earldom and he went to the diocesan school in Trim when at Dangan, Mr Whytes Academy when in Dublin, and Browns School in Chelsea when in London. He then enrolled at Eton, where he studied from 1781 to 1784, moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time. In 1785, a lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of funds due to his fathers death, forced the young Wellesley. Until his early twenties, Arthur showed little sign of distinction and his mother grew concerned at his idleness, stating. A year later, Arthur enrolled in the French Royal Academy of Equitation in Angers, where he progressed significantly, becoming a good horseman and learning French, upon returning to England in late 1786, he astonished his mother with his improvement
15.
Gordon Drummond
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General Sir Gordon Drummond, GCB was a Canadian-born British army officer and the first official to command the military and the civil government of Canada. As Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, Drummond distinguished himself on the Niagara front in the War of 1812 and later became Governor-General, Gordon Drummond was born in Quebec City on 27 September 1772. He was of Scottish descent, the son of Colin Drummond, of Megginch Castle, Perthshire and his sister married Lord Hervey and his brother married a daughter of John Fane, 9th Earl of Westmorland. Gordons father first came to Lower Canada in 1764 as the Quebec agent to the London firm of Sir Samuel Fludyer, Adam Drummond & Franks, contractors for victualling the troops in North America. At Quebec, Colin Drummond became a partner of Jacob Jordan and served as Commissary General, deputy Paymaster General to the Forces in the Province of Quebec. In 1794, he served as a junior lieutenant-colonel in the Netherlands and he also saw service in the Mediterranean and the West Indies. In 1805, at the age of 33 years, Drummond had attained the rank of major-general, in 1807, he married Margaret Russell, daughter of William Russell of Brancepeth Castle. He spent three years serving as a chief of staff before being reassigned to Ulster. Drummond soon proved himself in Brocks mould, aggressive and willing to take chances, but while Brock was capable of using several means to convince the population to follow and idolize him, Drummond ruled to a large extent by intimidation. Traitors or those suspected of aiding the Americans in any way could expect no mercy from the Lieutenant-Governor, executions were relatively commonplace, and performed publicly. While Brock is once reported to have shed tears while watching a traitor executed by firing squad, despite a constant lack of manpower and war material, Drummond had all but driven the American forces from the Niagara by the close of the 1813-14 winter campaign. On 25 July, he ordered an attack on the American forces. The latter is likely the case, based upon evidence compiled by Donald Graves, at Lundys Lane, Drummond suffered a serious wound from a shot to the neck during the battle and Riall was captured by American forces. Nonetheless, Drummond insisted that Lundys Lane was a victory for the British. An attempt to storm the fort on 14 August was a total failure, the casualties from the one attack numbered over 900, greater than one-third of the besieging British army. Drummonds nephew, Lieutenant Colonel William Drummond, was killed during the attack, Drummond told Prevost that the defeat was entirely due to the disgraceful conduct of his men. However, some of his senior officers criticised him for poor generalship at Lundys Lane, as a result, Drummond was forced to abandon the siege of Fort Erie and declare the operation a total failure. However, the summer of 1814 was Drummonds last major military campaign, aside from helping establish the peace laid down by the Treaty of Ghent, his post-war career in Canada as a civil administrator was unremarkable
16.
Upper Canada
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The new province remained, for the next fifty years of growth and settlement, the colonial government of the territory. Upper Canada existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, the upper prefix in the name reflects its geographic position being closer to the headwaters of the Saint Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada to the northeast. The control the French had over Canada was handed over to Great Britain in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in America. The territories of modern southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single Province of Quebec, from 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. This region quickly became culturally distinct, while the act addressed some religious issues, it did not appease those used to English law. Upper Canada became an entity on December 26,1791 with the Parliament of Great Britains passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, the first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1,1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark to York, which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Upper Canadas constitution was said to be the image and transcript of the British constitution. The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. They held a position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council, forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident. The site was abandoned for another, to the west. The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada, although modelled after the British House of Lords, Upper Canada had no aristocracy. Members of the Legislative council, appointed for life, formed the core of the group, the Family Compact. The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada functioned as the house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts
17.
Battle of Crysler's Farm
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The Battle of Cryslers Farm, also known as the Battle of Cryslers Field, was fought on 11 November 1813, during the Anglo-American War of 1812. A British and Canadian force won a victory over a US force which outnumbered them. The US defeat prompted them to abandon the St. Lawrence Campaign, the battle arose from a United States military campaign which was intended to capture Montreal. The resulting military actions, including the Battle of the Chateauguay, the Battle of Cryslers Field, the US plan was devised by United States Secretary of War John Armstrong, Jr. who originally intended taking the field himself. Major General James Wilkinsons division of 8,000 would concentrate at Sacketts Harbor on Lake Ontario, and proceed down the Saint Lawrence River in gunboats, batteaux and other small craft. At some point, they would rendezvous with another division of 4,000 under Major General Wade Hampton advancing north from Plattsburgh on Lake Champlain, even as preparations proceeded, it was apparent that the plan had several shortcomings. Until the last minute, it was uncertain that Montreal was to be the objective, as Armstrong originally intended to attack Kingston, however, Commodore Isaac Chauncey, commanding the US Navy squadron on the lake, refused to risk his ships in any attack against Kingston. There was mistrust between the US Army officers concerned, Wilkinson had a reputation as a scoundrel. The troops lacked training and uniforms, sickness was rife and there were too few experienced officers, chiefly though, it appeared that neither force could carry sufficient supplies to sustain itself before Montreal, making a siege or any prolonged blockade impossible. Hampton began his part of the campaign on 19 September with an advance down the River Richelieu and he decided that the defences on this obvious route were too strong and instead shifted westward to Four Corners, on the Chateauguay River near the frontier with Canada. Armstrong had intended that Wilkinsons force would set out on 15 September, possibly because he was ill, he delayed around Fort George for nearly a month. He returned to Sackets Harbor, and Boyds division began its movement, the poor prospects for success led Armstrong to abandon his intention of leading the final assault himself. He handed overall command of the expedition to Wilkinson and departed Sackets Harbor on his way to Washington on 16 October, just before Wilkinsons part of the campaign was at last launched. Although Hampton nevertheless attacked, as part of his force was committed to an outflanking move, he immediately sent his resignation. Wilkinsons force left Sacketts Harbor in 300 batteaux and some small craft on 17 October. Mid-October was very late in the year for campaigning in the Canadas. It took several days for the last stragglers to reach Grenadier Island, on 1 November, the first boats set out from the island, and reached French Creek on 4 November. Here, the first shots of the campaign were fired, British brigs and gunboats under Commander William Mulcaster had left Kingston to rendezvous with and escort batteaux and canoes carrying supplies up the Saint Lawrence
18.
Battle of Lundy's Lane
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The Battle of Lundys Lane was a battle of the Anglo-American War of 1812, which took place on 25 July 1814, in present-day Niagara Falls, Ontario. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war, the battle was a tactical draw but a British strategic victory because the Americans had suffered so many casualties that they were now outnumbered. There were over 1,500 casualties including 258 killed, on 3 July 1814 an American army under Major General Jacob Brown launched an attack across the Niagara River near its source on Lake Erie. His force quickly captured the British position at Fort Erie and then advanced north, two days later one of his two brigades of regular U. S. Infantry under Brigadier General Winfield Scott defeated a British force commanded by Major General Phineas Riall at the Battle of Chippawa. A few days after the battle Brown outflanked the British defences along the Chippawa River, Brown lacked the necessary troops and heavy artillery to attack this position. At the time a British naval squadron controlled the lake, when these were finally ready to sail, the American squadron was further delayed in port when Chauncey fell ill. As a result, no reinforcements or heavy guns could be sent to Brown while the British were able to move several units across the lake from York to reinforce Fort George, for most of July, Browns army occupied Queenston a few miles south of Fort George. In this forward position they were harassed by Canadian militia and Indians, on 24 July Brown fell back to the Chippawa River intending to secure his supplies before advancing west to Burlington. Early on 25 July, the British Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, Lieutenant General Gordon Drummond, instead, Brown ordered an advance north, intending in turn to force the British to recall Tuckers column to protect Fort George. The Americans apparently did not know that the British held Lundys Lane in strength and these orders were countermanded by Drummond, who had force-marched a detachment of reinforcements to Lundys Lane from Fort George. The British were still reoccupying their positions when the first American units came into view, Lundys Lane was a spur from the main portage road alongside the Niagara River. It ran along the summit of some rising ground and therefore commanded good views of the area, the British artillery was massed in a cemetery at the highest point of the battlefield. The American 1st Brigade of regulars under Winfield Scott emerged in the afternoon from a forest into an open field and were badly mauled by the British artillery. Scott sent the 25th U. S. Infantry, commanded by Major Thomas Jesup, the 25th found a disused track leading to a landing stage on the river, and used it to pass round the British flank. They caught the British and Canadian units there while they were redeploying and unaware of the American presence, the British and Canadians rallied, but had been driven off the Portage Road. Jesup sent Captain Ketchums light infantry company to secure the junction of Lundys Lane, Ketchums company captured large numbers of wounded and messengers, including Major General Riall who had been wounded in one arm and was riding to the rear. The withdrawal of Drummonds centre left the artillery exposed in front of the infantry, by nightfall, Scotts brigade had suffered heavy casualties, but Brown had arrived with the American main body
19.
Battle of Chippawa
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The Battle of Chippawa was a victory for the United States Army in the War of 1812, during an invasion of Upper Canada along the Niagara River on July 5,1814. This battle and the subsequent Battle of Lundys Lane demonstrated that trained American troops could hold their own against British regulars, the battlefield is a National Historic Site. Early in 1814, it was clear that Napoleon was defeated in Europe, the United States Secretary of War, John Armstrong Jr. was eager to win a victory in Canada before British reinforcements arrived there. Major General Jacob Brown was ordered to form the Left Division of the Army of the North, Armstrong intended him to mount an attack on Kingston, the main British base on Lake Ontario, with a diversion by militia across the Niagara River to distract the British. He had however drawn up alternate orders for an attack across the Niagara, possibly as a contingency plan. Brown considered that he was being presented with two plans, and was free to choose between them. Chauncey was waiting for new ships to be completed and refused to make any move before the middle of July, Brown therefore made the attack across the Niagara into the main effort. Armstrong had also directed that two Camps of Instruction be set up, to improve the standards of the units of the United States Army. One was at Plattsburgh, New York, under Brigadier General George Izard, the other was at Buffalo, New York, near the head of the Niagara River, under Brigadier General Winfield Scott. At Buffalo, Scott instituted a training programme. He drilled his troops for ten hours every day, using the 1791 Manual of the French Revolutionary Army and this reduced the wastage from dysentery and other enteric diseases which had been heavy in previous campaigns. There was only one deficiency, Scott had been unable to obtain enough regulation blue uniforms for his men. Although they had manufactured and sent to the northern theater, they had been diverted to Plattsburgh. By early July, Browns division was massed at the Niagara, without cooperation from Chauncey, a direct attack on Fort George at the mouth of the Niagara was impossible. Armstrong suggested that Brown should therefore capture and hold Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo, Brown assented, but was prepared to push much further than the immediate vicinity of Fort Erie. After a brigade of 750 volunteers from the militia under Brigadier General Peter B, porter, together with 600 Iroquois, arrived on July 4, Scott began advancing north along the portage road alongside the Niagara River. A British covering force under Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson was easily driven back before they could any of the bridges or block the road with fallen trees. Late in the day, Scott encountered British defences on the far bank of Chippawa Creek, after a brief exchange of artillery fire, Scott withdrew a few miles to Streets Creek
20.
Fort Erie, Ontario
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Fort Erie is a town on the Niagara River in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. It is directly across the river from Buffalo, New York, Fort Erie is one of Niagaras fastest growing communities, and has experienced a high level of residential and commercial development in the past few years. Garrison Road is the commercial corridor, stretching east to west through Fort Erie. Fort Erie is also home to other core areas as a result of the 1970 amalgamation of Bertie Township. The soil is shallow, with a clay subsoil, the towns beaches on Lake Erie, most notably Erie Beach, Crystal Beach and Bay Beach, are considered the best in the area and draw many weekend visitors from the Toronto and Buffalo areas. While summers are enjoyable, winters can occasionally be fierce, with many snowstorms, whiteouts, Erie Beach is a designated place in Canadian census data, it had a population of 199 in 2006. Fort Erie Secondary School and Ridgeway-Crystal Beach High School are the two high schools serving Fort Erie and area communities. The Fort Erie area contains deposits of flint, and became important in the production of spearheads, arrowheads, and other tools. In 1650, during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on the Neutral Nation, driving them from their territory by 1651. This was an attempt to further conflict with the Indians. The British also built a string of forts to defend their new territory, including Fort Erie. During the American Revolution Fort Erie was used as a depot for British troops. After the war the territory of what is now the Town of Fort Erie was settled by soldiers demobilised from Butlers Rangers, the original fort was destroyed by ice, as was a second fort built on the same site. In 1803, the British began work on a new, stone, during the War of 1812, the Americans attacked Fort Erie twice in 1812, captured and abandoned it in 1813, and then recaptured it in 1814. The Americans held it for a time, breaking a prolonged British siege, later they destroyed Fort Erie and returned to Buffalo in the winter of 1814. The Fort Erie area became a terminus for slaves using the Underground Railroad in the middle of the 19th century, many of whom crossed into Canada from Buffalo. Bertie Hall is believed to have been a point on the Underground Railroad. In 1866, during the Fenian raids, between 1,000 and 1,350 Fenians crossed the Niagara River and advanced toward the Welland Canal
21.
Penetanguishene
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Penetanguishene /pɛnᵻˈtæŋɡwᵻʃiːn/, sometimes shortened to Penetang, is a town in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the tip of Georgian Bay. Incorporated on February 22,1882, this community has a population of 8,962 in the Canada 2016 Census. The name Penetanguishene is believed to come from either the Wyandot or Abenaki via Ojibwe, as early as AD800, the Huron settled in semi-permanent villages in the area. The young French translator, Étienne Brûlé, was the first European to set foot in the Penetanguishene area, in 1793, John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, visited the area and saw the locations potential as a naval base. He wanted to use the bay to shelter warships to protect British interests on lakes Huron, Erie, in 1817, naval units from Michilimackinac and Schooner Town were consolidated at the Penetanguishene Naval Yard. But, because treaty limitations with the U. S, some other small craft were headquartered in Penetanguishene for the exploration and mapping of the Great Lakes coastline. In 1828, the main British military establishment on the Upper Lakes moved from Drummond Island to Penetanguishene, families of Métis fur traders who had moved with the British from Michilimackinac to Drummond Island after the War of 1812, moved again to Penetanguishene. They settled in the town and the surrounding area, although the naval base was closed in 1834, the military base remained until 1856. Some of the troops settled in the area after their service was providing an English-speaking population. In the 1840s, French-speaking families from Quebec, attracted by promises of cheap and fertile land, later, as the logging industry began to develop, more English-speaking settlers arrived. Penetanguishene became the market and meeting place for these individuals. Many of Penetanguishenes families today are descended from the Québécois settlers who arrived in the 1800s and it is host to the Central North Correctional Centre. Tourism occupies a portion of the economy with five marinas and shops. In the winter, snowmobiling and ice fishing is popular and there is a mid-Winter carnival, the historic naval and military base near Penetanguishene is open to visitors. There are reconstructed buildings from the historic Penetanguishene Naval Yard and two sailing ships from the 1812 period, HMS Bee and HMS Tecumseth. The ships no longer sail with passengers but they may be visited in the harbour, the original HMS Tecumseth was raised in 1953 and preserved at a nearby display area. The Kings Wharf Theatre located at Discovery Harbour has a programme of popular plays, Penetanguishene, along with Midland and Parry Sound, is one of the departure points for Georgian Bays 30,000 Islands boat tours
22.
Walpole Island First Nation
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Walpole Island is an island and First Nation reserve in southwestern Ontario, Canada, on the border between Ontario and Michigan in the United States. It is located in the mouth of the St. Clair River on Lake St. Clair, about 121 kilometres by road from Windsor, Ontario and 124 kilometres from Detroit, Michigan. In addition to Walpole Island, the reserve includes Squirrel, St. Anne, Seaway, Bassett, and Potawatomi islands. It is unceded territory and is inhabited by the Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Odawa peoples of the Walpole Island First Nation and it is independent of, but within the geographic region of Lambton County and adjoins the municipality of Chatham-Kent and the township of St. Clair. Across the St. Clair River to the west are the United States city of Algonac, Michigan, harsens Island, also unceded Anishinaabe territory, is now on the west side of the international border line. Walpole Island is known as the place of Tecumseh, prominent 19th-century leader of the Native American tribe known as the Shawnee. The Island is also home to different environmental efforts including the Walpole Island Land Trust. As of January 2011, the population of the Walpole Island First Nation is 4315 members, of whom 2213 live on the reserve,22 live on another reserve. Bauzhi-Geezhig-Waeshikum Alexander McKee - Indian Department agent who founded the Walpole Island settlement
23.
Sarnia
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Sarnia is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, and had a 2011 population of 72,366. It is the largest city on Lake Huron and in Lambton County, Clair River on 23 August 1679. Located in the harbour, the Sarnia port remains an important centre for lake freighters and oceangoing ships carrying cargoes of grain. The complex of refining and chemical companies is called Chemical Valley, while in 2011, the city had the highest level of particulates air pollution of any Canadian city, it has since dropped down to 30th. About 60 percent of the matter, however, comes from the neighboring United States. In the winter, Sarnia occasionally experiences lake-effect snow from Arctic air blowing across the waters of Lake Huron. Culturally, Sarnia is a part of the artistic presence in Southern Ontario. The citys International Symphony Orchestra is renowned in the area and has won the Outstanding Community Orchestra Award given by the Detroit Music Awards in 2011, Michael Learned graced the stage of the Imperial Theatre for a 2010 production of Driving Miss Daisy. Sarnia Bayfest, which used to be the largest event in Sarnia annually, was a music festival that took place during the summer. In 2013, organizers cancelled the event because of money troubles but are taking a hiatus while planning for the future. The name Sarnia is Latin for Guernsey, which is a British Channel Island, in 1829 Sir John Colborne, a former governor of Guernsey, was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. In this capacity, he visited two small settlements in 1835 that had laid out on the shores of Lake Huron. One of these, named The Rapids, consisted then of 44 taxpayers, nine houses, four log houses. The villagers wished to change its name but were unable to agree on an alternative, the English settlers favoured the name Buenos Aires and the Scottish New Glasgow. Sir John Colborne suggested Port Sarnia, on 4 January 1836, the name was formally adopted by a vote of 26 to 16, and Colborne also named the nearby village Moore after British military hero Sir John Moore. Sarnia adopted the nickname The Imperial City on 7 May 1914 because of the visit of Canadas Governor General, the Duke of Connaught, and his daughter Princess Patricia. First Nations peoples have lived, hunted, and traveled across the area for at least 10,000 years, as shown by archaeological evidence on Walpole Island. These peoples were drawn from an amalgamation of Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potowatami clans and these clans came together through common links in both language and culture, developing a self-sufficient society where tasks and responsibilities were equally shared among all members
24.
Navy Island
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Navy Island is a small, uninhabited island in the Niagara River in the province of Ontario, managed by Parks Canada as a National Historic Site of Canada. It is located about 4.5 km upstream from Horseshoe Falls and it was designated a national historic site in 1921 in recognition of its role in shipbuilding and the location of the short-lived Republic of Canada. The site is closed to the public, has no visitor facilities, Navy Island was settled by the Lamoka people in approximately 2000 BC and Meadowood culture peoples in 1000 BC. During the French colonization of New France, Navy Island was known as Île de la Marina, here the French built four ships that they used to service the Great Lakes. When New France was ceded to the British in 1763, they set up a shipyard here, in the War of 1812, a detachment was stationed on the island. In 1837, William Lyon Mackenzie and about 200 of his supporters captured the island, initially Mackenzie started with twenty-five men, but the population eventually swelled to over six hundred men. On January 11,1838, the rebels were forced from the island, in 1875, the Queens Hotel was established as a popular summer resort on the islands south side. It was destroyed by fire in 1910, farms and orchards were located on the northeast, south, central, northwest and southwest ends of the island. Since abandoned, most of the lands have been re-forested. There are some reminders of habitation on the south side, a pier still exists for boaters to the island. Navy Island was proposed to be the new World Peace Capital, the island was considered to be an ideal location as it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries. An artists rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries and it was proposed that Navy Island would be ceded to the United Nations as long as the headquarters remained, and to revert to the Canadian government should the U. N. move. The proposal was turned down in favour of the current U. N. headquarters in New York City. Parks Canada, Management Plan for Navy Island
25.
John Galt (novelist)
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John Galt was a Scottish novelist, entrepreneur, and political and social commentator. Because he was the first novelist to deal with issues of the Industrial Revolution, he has been called the first political novelist in the English language. He was the first superintendent of the Canada Company that had formed to populate a part of what is now Southern Ontario, then known as Upper Canada. The company was successful and its achievement was later called the most important single attempt at settlement in Canadian history. The area, known as the Huron Tract on the shore of Lake Huron, was 1,100,000 acres in size and had been acquired from the Chippewa First Nation by the British government. The company surveyed and subdivided this massive area, built roads, mills, the company then assisted in the migration of new settlers, bringing them to the area by means of a boat, which the company also owned. Later Initially settling in York he selected what later became Guelph, Ontario as the companys headquarters, Galt also is also considered to be the founder of Goderich, Ontario with his colleague William Tiger Dunlop. In 1829, he was recalled to England for mismanagement of the Canada Company, Galts Autobiography, published in London in 1833 includes a discussion of his life and work in Upper Canada. He was the father of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt of Montreal, born in Irvine, in Ayrshire, Galt was the son of a naval captain involved in the West Indies trade. He was a first cousin of Captain Alexander Allan and his father moved to Greenock in 1780. The family visited regularly but did not permanently rejoin him until 1789, John was educated at Irvine Grammar School alongside Henry Eckford, who was a lifetime friend, and William Spence. Galt became an apprentice and junior clerk under his uncle, Mr Ewing, also writing essays and he moved to London in 1804 to join his father and seek his fortune. In 1809 began studying law at Lincolns Inn, while subsequently traveling in Europe, Galt met and befriended Lord Byron in Gibraltar. He traveled with Byron and his companion, John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton to Malta and he met them again in Greece. Parting company, Galt continued alone to Constantinople, Adrianople and then Sophia and he returned to Greenock via Ireland. He then embarked to London to pursue business plans, but these did not come to fruition, Galt wrote an account of his travels, which met with moderate success. Decades later, he would publish the first full biography of Lord Byron. He also published the first biography of the painter Benjamin West, The Life, in 1813, Galt attempted to establish a Gibraltarian trading company, in order to circumvent Napoleons embargo on British trade, however, Wellingtons victory in Spain made this no longer necessary
26.
Lake Huron
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Lake Huron is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is shared on the north and east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south, the name of the lake is derived from early French explorers who named it for the Huron people inhabiting the region. The Huronian glaciation was named due to evidence collected from Lake Huron region, the northern parts of the lake include the North Channel and Georgian Bay. Across the lake to the southwest is Saginaw Bay, the main inlet is the St. Marys River and the main outlet is the St. Clair. By volume however, Lake Huron is only the third largest of the Great Lakes, being surpassed by Lake Michigan, when measured at the low water datum, the lake contains a volume of 850 cubic miles and a shoreline length of 3,827 mi. The surface of Lake Huron is 577 feet above sea level, the lakes average depth is 32 fathoms 3 feet, while the maximum depth is 125 fathoms. It has a length of 206 statute miles and a greatest breadth of 183 statute miles. Cities with over 10,000 people on Lake Huron include Sarnia, the largest city on Lake Huron, and Saugeen Shores in Canada and Bay City, Port Huron, a large bay that protrudes northeast from Lake Huron into Ontario, Canada, is called Georgian Bay. A notable feature of the lake is Manitoulin Island, which separates the North Channel and it is the worlds largest freshwater island. Major centres on Georgian Bay include Owen Sound, Wasaga Beach, Midland, Penetanguishene, Port Severn, a smaller bay that protrudes southwest from Lake Huron into Michigan is called Saginaw Bay. Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels in October and November, the normal high-water mark is 2.00 feet above datum. In the summer of 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at 5.92 feet above datum, the high-water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year, ending with January 1987. Water levels ranged from 3.67 to 5.92 feet above Chart Datum, historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low-water mark is 1.00 foot below datum, in the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet below datum. As with the records, monthly low-water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period, water levels ranged from 1.38 to 0.71 feet below Chart Datum, the Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. Lake Huron has the largest shore line length of any of the Great Lakes, Lake Huron is separated from Lake Michigan, which lies at the same level, by the 5-mile-wide, 20-fathom-deep Straits of Mackinac, making them hydrologically the same body of water. Aggregated, Lake Huron-Michigan, at 45,300 square miles, is technically the worlds largest freshwater lake, when counted separately, Lake Superior is 8,700 square miles larger than Huron and higher
27.
Guelph
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Guelph is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Known as The Royal City, Guelph is roughly 28 kilometres east of Waterloo and 100 kilometres west of Downtown Toronto, at the intersection of Highway 6 and it is the seat of Wellington County, but is politically independent of it. The population in 2016 was 131,794, the current Guelph began as a settlement in the 1820s, started by John Galt, originally from Scotland, the first Superintendent of the Canada Company. He who based the headquarters, and his home, in the community, the area - much of what became Wellington County - had previously been part of the Halton Block, a Crown Reserve for the Six Nations Iroquois. Galt would later be considered as the founder of Guelph, because of its low crime rates, clean environment and generally high standard of living, Guelph is consistently rated as one of Canadas best places to live. Guelph has been noted as having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country throughout the Great Recession, for many years, the city ranked at the bottom of Canadas crime severity list. Even after an increase, it had the second lowest crime rate in Canada in 2014, at 43. Before colonization, the area was considered by the indigenous communities to be a neutral zone. On selected dates, members from these communities would meet and trade goods by the Speed River. The street plan was out in a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown. John Galt of the Canada Company established Guelph in 1827 to serve as the headquarters during the development of the Huron Tract. In later years, the town came into its own as a prosperous railway, Guelph was founded by the symbolic felling of a tree on St. Georges Day, April 23,1827, the feast day of the patron saint of England. The directors of the Canada Company had actually wanted the city to be named Goderich, the building later became the first CPR station in the city. A historical plaque commemorates his role with the Canada Company in populating Upper Canadas Huron Tract, in addition to many tradesmen, the community had 15 stores, seven taverns, and some industry, tanneries, breweries, distilleries and a starch factory. The Post Office was receiving mail daily, Guelph was incorporated as a city in 1879. Despite optimism, the growth was very slow until the Grand Trunk Railroad reached it from Toronto in 1856, in that year. A few years later, George Sleeman Sr, the Canadian Communist Party began as an illegal organization in a rural barn near the town of Guelph, Ontario, on May 28 and 29,1921. Guelph was the home of North Americas first cable TV system, fredrick T. Metcalf created MacLean Hunter Television and their first broadcast was Queen Elizabeths Coronation in 1953
28.
Robert Fleming Gourlay
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Robert Fleming Gourlay was a Scottish-Canadian writer, political reform activist, and agriculturalist. Gourlay was born in Craigrothie in the Parish of Ceres, Fife and he received a Master of Arts degree from the University of St. Andrews and studied agriculture at the University of Edinburgh. He managed one of his fathers farms from 1800 to 1809, Gourlays sympathies lay with the poor farmer, who he saw as being imprisoned by landlords and the system of government. In 1801, he was employed by the British imperial government to make inquiries into the condition of the British poor and his report prompted a bill to be introduced into the British House of Commons and adopted, but it was rejected by the House of Lords. In 1809, he published a pamphlet proposing a radical reshaping of the system of government in Britain and he submitted a proposal to the House of Commons that land be acquired and redistributed to the poor. Gourlay adopted the middle name Fleming in honour of his mother who died in 1827, in 1817, his wife inherited some land in the Niagara District of Upper Canada and he travelled there via New York City, expecting to return by the fall. While there, he decided to gather statistical information on Upper Canada. This last question came to be viewed with suspicion by the provincial authorities. The list of questions was sent to all townships in the province, Gourlay later questioned the decision of Lieutenant Governor Francis Gore in banning the granting of land to people of the United States. This ban made it difficult for landowners in the region to sell their land. Reverend John Strachan, seeing Gourlay as a trouble-maker, attempted to prevent the return of responses to Gourlays questions from the townships, in May and June 1818, Gourlay began holding meetings across the province, proposing a direct appeal to the government in England. In the eastern part of the province, he encountered resistance from the ruling elite. Gourlay was accused of libel, but was later cleared of these charges. In July 1818, a convention was held at York with representatives from 14 districts, however, Maitland was able to convince the Legislative Assembly to pass legislation banning seditious meetings and he refused to accept the petition. In December, Isaac Swayze swore out a complaint against Gourlay under the Sedition Act of 1804, when Gourlay refused to leave the province, he was jailed. He was later tried and banished to New York state and it would not be until 1841 that a committee of the Province of Canada chaired by William Tiger Dunlop would hear Gourlays grievances. He returned to England and published A General Introduction to a Statistical Account of Upper Canada in 1822, in 1836, the sentence of banishment was annulled, and Gourlays imprisonment was admitted to have been illegal. In 1842 he petitioned the house for compensation, and was granted a pension of £50 a year and he was also the author of numerous pamphlets
29.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
30.
British West Indies
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The British West Indies, sometimes abbreviated to BWI, are now the British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, Anguilla, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands and Montserrat. Before the independence of many new nations, they included a number of islands in the region. It was hoped that the Federation would become independent as a nation, but it had limited powers, many practical problems. Consequently, the West Indies Federation was dissolved in 1962, the remainder are British overseas territories. He set up a General Assembly of the Leeward Islands in St. Kitts, Stapletons Federation was active between 1674 and 1685, during his term as governor, and the General Assembly met regularly until 1711. By the 18th century, each island had kept its own Assembly, the islands continued to share one Governor and one Attorney-General. Although unpopular, Stapletons Federation was never really dissolved but simply replaced by other arrangements, between 1816 and 1833, the Leewards were divided into two groups, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla and Antigua-Barbuda-Montserrat, each with its own Governor. In 1833 all the Leeward Islands were brought together, and Dominica was added, in 1869, Governor Benjamin Pine was assigned to organise a federation of Antigua-Barbuda, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands. St. Kitts and Nevis opposed sharing their government funds with Antigua and Montserrat, Governor Pine told the Colonial Office that the scheme had failed due to local prejudice and self-interest. His only achievement was to give the Leewards a single Governor, all laws and ordinances, however, had to be approved by each island council. In 1871 the British government passed the Leeward Islands Act, by all the islands were under one Governor. The Federal Colony was composed of all islands organised under Governor Pines previous attempt, each island was called Presidency under its own Administrator or Commissioner. Like earlier groupings, this federation was unpopular but it continued until 1956, in 1958 the Federation of the West Indies was organised, of which the Leeward Islands became a part. In 1833 the Windward Islands became a union called the Windward Islands Colony. In 1838, Trinidad and St. Lucia were brought into the Windward Islands Colony, in 1840 Trinidad left the Colony. The Windward Islands Colony was unpopular, Barbados wished to retain its identity and ancient institutions. The individual islands resisted British attempts at closer union, Barbados in particular fought to retain its own Assembly and left the union in 1884. Power for the union was then transferred to Grenada as overseer of the bloc, from 1885 to 1958, the Windward Islands Colony included Grenada and the Grenadines, St. Vincent and St. Lucia during the entire period
31.
Orange Order
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The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has a significant presence in the Scottish Lowlands and lodges throughout the Commonwealth, the Orange Order was founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant–Catholic sectarian conflict, as a Masonic-style brotherhood sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in 1798 and its name is a tribute to the Dutch-born Protestant king William of Orange, who defeated the army of Catholic king James VII & II in the Williamite War in Ireland. Its members wear orange sashes and are referred to as Orangemen, the Order is best known for its yearly marches, the biggest of which are held on or around 12 July. Politically, the Orange Order is a conservative British unionist organisation with links to Ulster loyalism and it campaigned against Scottish independence in 2014. The Order sees itself as defending Protestant civil and religious liberties, whilst critics accuse the Order of being sectarian and it has also been criticised for associating with loyalist paramilitary groups. As a Protestant society, it does not accept non-Protestants as members unless they convert and adhere to the principles of Orangeism, Orange marches through mainly Catholic and nationalist neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland are controversial and have often led to violence. In particular, the Institution remembers the victories of William III and his forces in Ireland in the early 1690s and these followed a tradition started in Elizabethan England of celebrating key events in the Protestant calendar. By the 1740s there were organisations holding parades in Dublin such as the Boyne Club, throughout the 1780s, sectarian tension had been building in County Armagh, largely due to the relaxation of the Penal Laws. Here the number of Protestants and Catholics were of equal number. Drunken brawls between rival gangs had by 1786 become openly sectarian, in September 1795, at a crossroads known as The Diamond near Loughgall, Defenders and Protestant Peep o Day Boys gathered to fight each other. When a contingent of Defenders from County Tyrone arrived on 21 September, however, the Peep o Day Boys quickly regrouped and opened fire on the Defenders. According to William Blacker, the battle was short and the Defenders suffered not less than thirty deaths. After the battle had ended, the Peep o Days marched into Loughgall, and in the house of James Sloan they founded the Orange Order, the principal pledge of these lodges was to defend the King and his heirs so long as he or they support the Protestant Ascendancy. At the start the Orange Order was an organisation to the Defenders in that it was a secret oath-bound society that used passwords. One of the few landed gentry that joined the Orange Order at the outset. He says that a determination was expressed to driving from this quarter of the county the entire of its Roman Catholic population, with notices posted warning them to Hell or Connaught. Other people were warned by notices not to inform on local Orangemen or I will Blow your Soul to the Low hils of Hell And Burn the House you are in, within two months,7,000 Catholics had been driven out of County Armagh
32.
William Henry Draper
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William Henry Draper was a lawyer, judge, and politician in Upper Canada later Canada West. He was born near London, England in 1801, the son of Rev. Henry Draper and he joined the East India Company at age 15, making at least two voyages to India. In 1820, he settled in Port Hope in Upper Canada, Draper married Mary White in 1827 with whom he had several children, including William George Draper and Francis Collier Draper, both well known lawyers. He died in Yorkville, Toronto in 1877, starting in 1822 he studied law under Thomas Ward in Port Hope. He then moved to Cobourg, and finished his articles in the office of George Strange Boulton, in 1828, Draper was called to the bar of the Law Society of Upper Canada. In 1829, he secured a position in the office of John Beverley Robinson and then partnered with Christopher Alexander Hagerman and he was elected to the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada representing Toronto in 1836. Later that year, he was appointed to the Executive Council, Draper handled many of the prosecutions following the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837. By 1839 he had broken with his Family Compact friends and set his political goal, in 1840, he became attorney general for Upper Canada. He continued as government leader until 1847, during this period, legislation was passed dealing with schools in both Canada East and Canada West, although Drapers attempt to establish a University of Upper Canada failed. Draper helped John A. Macdonald gain recognition when he named him to a cabinet post, in 1847, with the arrival of Lord Elgin, Draper resigned from the position of attorney general and became a judge of the Court of Queens Bench. In 1856, he became justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Upper Canada and, in 1869, he became chief justice of the Court of Error. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
33.
Denis-Benjamin Viger
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Denis-Benjamin Viger was a 19th-century Lower Canadian politician, lawyer, businessman, and Patriote movement member. Viger was part of the militia in the early 19th century and he retired from the militia in 1824 with the rank of major. Viger was born in Montreal to Denis Viger and Périne-Charles Cherrier and his father had represented Montreal East district in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1796 to 1800. In 1808, he married the 30-year-old daughter of Pierre Foretier and they had one child who died in 1814. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal East in 1808 and 1810, then in Leinster in 1810 and 1814, in 1841, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the United Canadas representing Richelieu. From December 12,1843 to June 17,1846 he was one of the Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada and he was elected in a by-election to represent Trois-Rivières in 1845 but resigned in 1847. He was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1848 but lost his seat due to non-attendance in 1858, Viger died in Montreal in 1861. List of Presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal Denis-Benjamin Viger, dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours
34.
Lachine Canal
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Before the canal construction there was a lake, Lac St Pierre. The lake and its rivers can be seen on the maps of Montreal of the years 1700,1744, as they have been surveyed by the french engineers. The canal gets its name from the French word for China, the European explorers sought to find a route from New France to the Western Sea, and from there to China and hence auspiciously the region where the canal was built was named Lachine. Currently, the canal, due to the disposal of industrial waste, has the prevalence of harmful substances. The canal is situated on land granted by the King of France to the Sulpician Order. Beginning in 1689, attempts were made by the French Colonial government, after more than 130 years of failure, a consortium that included the young Scottish immigrant John Redpath was successful. John Richardson was Chairman of the Committee of Management of the canal project, the contractors were Thomas McKay and John Redpath, plus the firms of Thomas Phillips & Andrew White and Abner Bagg & Oliver Wait. The Lachine Canal was built to bypass the rapids at Lachine, freight and passengers destined for points past Lachine had to portage the 8 or 9 miles from Montreals port to the village of Lachine where they could resume their trip by boat. Work on the canal commenced on July 17,1821 under Chief Engineer Thomas Burnett, the original canal was 14 kilometres long and had seven locks, each 30 metres long,6 metres wide and 1.5 metres deep. The new canal opened in 1825, helping turn Montreal into a major port. During the 1840s, the Lachine Canal was deepened to allow ships to pass through. Through the enlargement of the canal, its use changed from solely a means of avoiding the Lachine rapids to that of a region within Montreal. There were two major effects on the development of Montreal due to the enlargement of the Lachine Canal, the second important shift that can be noted through the growth and development of the canal is the creation of industrial suburbs. Before the Lachine Canal, Montreal’s industrial region was located in what would be considered the downtown area. The impact of the Lachine Canal on Montreal during the mid to late 19th century can be seen through the emergence of new neighbourhoods such as Griffintown, St Henri. Furthermore, the population of Montreal grew by four times between the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. One of the reasons behind the growth of the Lachine Canal region was the access to hydraulic power which was provided through the deepening of canal in the 1840s. Throughout the mid to late 19th century, industries all along the banks of canal experienced consistent growth through the access to this energy source, by the end of the 19th century, factories began to utilize steam powered factories as opposed to hydraulic power
35.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
36.
The Canadas
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The Canadas is the collective name for Upper Canada and Lower Canada, two British historical colonies in present-day Canada. They were both created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 and abolished in 1841 with the union of Upper and Lower Canada, the northern part of the current provinces of Ontario and Quebec was at that time part of Ruperts Land. The British colony of the Province of Quebec was divided by the Constitutional Act of 1791 into two provinces, with the Ottawa River forming a part of the border. The creation of Upper Canada was in response to the desire expressed by recently arrived United Empire Loyalist settlers for British institutions and laws, especially British laws of land tenure. The political structure of the colonies was changed after Lord Durhams 1838 Report on the Affairs of British North America recommended they be merged into a colonial province. Lower Canada, Upper Canada and their legislatures were abolished by the British Act of Union 1840 of July 23,1840 and united as one political entity, the Californias The Carolinas The Dakotas The Floridas The Virginias
37.
Former colonies and territories in Canada
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A number of states and polities formerly claimed colonies and territories in Canada prior to the evolution of the current provinces and territories under the federal system. The colonization of Canada by Europeans began in the 10th century, France relinquished nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years War to the British Empire. Britains imperial government over a century later then ceded the land to Canadian control in 1867 after confederation, since then, Canadas external borders have changed several times, and had grown from four initial provinces to ten provinces and three territories by 1999. The Mikmaq in todays Maritimes were governed as seven districts with their own district chiefs. To the west around the Great Lakes Council of Three Fires was formed in 796 CE according to oral history, the five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, was united in 1142 CE according to their oral traditions. There was also the four or possibly five tribes of the Huron Confederacy, the Iron Confederacy of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan consisted of numerous bands of mixed Plains Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people. The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and peoples of the Northwest Plateau developed highly structured cultures from relatively dense populations, some cultures in this region were very similar and share certain elements, such as the importance of fishing to their communities. Vinland – Markland – Helluland are the given to three lands possibly in Canada, discovered by Norsemen as described in the Eiríks saga rauða. LAnse aux Meadows – settlement Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas the Portuguese Crown claimed it had rights in the Atlantic waters visited by explorer John Cabot in 1497 and 1498. In 1498 to 1500, the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the north Atlantic coast, in 1501 and 1502 Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real explored present day Newfoundland claiming the land in the name of Portuguese Empire. The extent and nature of Portuguese activity on the Canadian mainland during the 16th century remains unclear, in 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of Francis I of France. In 1600, a trading post was established at Tadoussac, but only five of the sixteen settlers survived the winter, in 1604, the first year round permanent settlement was founded by Samuel de Champlain at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie Française which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec with 28 men of whom 20 died from lack of food, the Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada, New France. British America – – List of Hudsons Bay Company trading posts St and this was in response to intelligence that the Russians had begun to explore the Pacific Coast of North America, which the Spanish considered part of New Spain. Santa Cruz de Nuca and Fort San Miguel at Nootka Sound – The first colony in British Columbia, in 1799, Tsar Paul I proclaimed Russian title and established the Russian American Companys trade monopoly and rule in the North Pacific through the creation of Russian America. The stated southward limit of Russian claims was 51 degrees north latitude, though no Russian settlements were established in what is now British Columbia, Russian trade and scientific expeditions frequented the North Coast. Canada became a semi-independent federated grouping of provinces and a dominion after the Constitution Act of 1867, originally three provinces of British North America, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada united to form the new nation. Full independence came with the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and the Canada Act in 1982, since 1867, Canadas external borders have changed several times, and had grown from four initial provinces to ten provinces and three territories by 1999
38.
Timeline of Ontario history
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Ontario came into being as a province of Canada in 1867 but historians use the term to cover its entire history. This article also covers the history of the territory Ontario now occupies, for a complete list of the premiers of Ontario, see List of Ontario premiers. 10,000 BC Early Palaeolithic peoples lived in the woodlands of Southwestern Ontario with mastodons. People living in this period, referred to by archeologists as Early Palaeoindian. People living in this period are referred to by archeologists as Late Palaeoindian 8,000 -800 BCE During the Archaic Period. People living in the forests of Southwestern Ontario, hunted a wide variety of woodland animals. Deer and fish were important to their survival, larger trade networks were established, extending as far as the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic seaboard. Tools now included, nets, weirs, bows, arrows, People also fashioned copper into beads and bracelets. 900 BCE to 1610 CE During the Woodland Era, pottery was first created, in the middle years, two distinct cultural groups emerged, Princess Point, and Riviere au Vase. 600-800 CE Ontario Haudenosaunee Tradition Princess Point culture began focusing on horticulture—specifically the Three Sisters —forming a complex matrilineal society, before Europeans traveled to North America, first nations people, mostly Algonquian and Iroquoian, shared the land where Ontario is now located. 1610–1612– exploration of what is now southern Ontario by Étienne Brûlé1611 – Henry Hudson visits Hudson Bay,1615 – Samuel de Champlain visits Lake Huron, after which French missionaries establish outposts in the region. 1639 - Founding of Saint Mary Among the Huron, the first inland French settlement in North America, the settlement was destroyed in 1649 by its builders when Huron area was conquered by Iroquois. 1640 - Native population is estimated by the French to be 80,000 in what is now a part of southern Ontario. Around the same time, another movement of the Mississaugas from the north shores of Lake Huron and Manitoulin Island to the Kawartha Lakes. 1668 - Father Marquette founds Sault Ste, marie, noteworthy as the oldest surviving permanent European settlement in both Ontario and neighbouring Michigan. 1670 – The Hudsons Bay Company is granted a British royal charter to conduct the Indian Trade in the 3.9 million square kilometer territory named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine known as Rupert Land and this area includes much of what is now Northern Ontario and represents approx. 1/3 of the size of Canada. 1673–establishment 1763– Britain wins the Seven Years War and takes control of the future Ontario 1768- Guy Carleton commissioned Captain General
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