1.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
Vice President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Joe Biden since January 20, 2009
Vice President of the United States
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Vice Presidential seal
Vice President of the United States
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John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his
predecessor. In doing so, he insisted that he was the president, not merely an acting president.
Vice President of the United States
–
President
Lyndon Johnson is sworn in, following the
assassination of President
John Kennedy.
2.
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States. He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877, Hayes, an attorney in Ohio, was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, he left a political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain and he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general. After the war, he served in the Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican, Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, from 1868 to 1872, and then to a third term, from 1876 to 1877. In 1876, Hayes was elected president in one of the most contentious elections in national history and he lost the official popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden but he won an intensely disputed electoral college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty contested electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election, Hayes believed in meritocratic government, equal treatment without regard to race. He ordered federal troops to crush the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and he implemented modest civil service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act, which would have put money into circulation and raised nominal prices. His policy toward Western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for re-election, retired to his home in Ohio, and became an advocate of social and educational reform. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4,1822, Hayess father, a Vermont storekeeper, took the family to Ohio in 1817. He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth, Sophia took charge of the family, bringing up Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of their four children to survive to adulthood. She never remarried, Sophias younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time and he was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education. Through both his father and mother, Hayes was of New England colonial ancestry and his earliest American ancestor emigrated to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625. His mothers ancestors arrived in Vermont at a time. John Noyes, an uncle by marriage, had been his fathers partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress. His first cousin, Mary Jane Noyes Mead, was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead, John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community, was also a first cousin. He became a member of the Sons of the American Revolution based on his descent from Daniel Austin, Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk, Ohio
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Hayes in Civil War uniform in 1861
Rutherford B. Hayes
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George Crook was Hayes's commander and the namesake of his fourth son
3.
Henry Wilson
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Henry Wilson was the 18th Vice President of the United States and a Senator from Massachusetts. Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and he devoted his energies to the destruction of the Slave Power – the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country. Originally a Whig, Wilson was a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848 and he served as the party chairman before and during the 1852 presidential election. Wilson successfully authored bills that outlawed slavery in Washington D. C. after the Civil War, he supported the Radical Republican program for Reconstruction. In 1872, he was elected Vice President as the mate of Ulysses S. Grant, the incumbent President of the United States. The Grant and Wilson ticket was successful, and Wilson served as Vice President from March 4,1873 until his death on November 22,1875. Throughout his career, Wilson was known for championing causes that were at times unpopular, including the abolition of slavery, Henry Wilson was born in Farmington, New Hampshire on February 16,1812, one of several children born to Winthrop and Abigail Colbath. His father named him Jeremiah Jones Colbath after a neighbor who was a childless bachelor. Winthrop Colbath was a veteran of the War of 1812 who worked as a day laborer and hired himself out to local farms and businesses. The Colbath family was impoverished and, after an elementary education, at the age of 10 Wilson was indentured to a neighboring farmer. During this time two neighbors gave him books and Wilson enhanced his meager education by reading extensively on English and American history, at the end of his service he was given six sheep and a yoke of oxen. Wilson immediately sold his animals for $85, which was the first money he had earned during his indenture, Wilson apparently did not like his birth name, though the reasons given vary. Some sources indicate that he was not close to his family, or disliked his name because of his fathers supposed intemperance, others indicate that he was called Jed and Jerry, and disliked the nicknames so much that he resolved to change his name. Whatever the reason, when he turned 21 he successfully petitioned the New Hampshire General Court to legally change it and he chose the name Henry Wilson, inspired either by a biography of a Philadelphia teacher or a portrait from a book on English clergymen. After trying and failing to work in New Hampshire, in 1833 Wilson walked more than one hundred miles to Natick. Having met William P. Legro, a shoemaker who was willing to train him, Wilson learned the trade in a few weeks, bought out his employment contract for $15, and opened his own shop, intending to save enough money to study law. Wilson had success as a shoemaker, and was able to save several hundred dollars in a short time. Wilsons shoe making experience led to the creation of the nicknames his supporters later used to highlight his working class roots—the Natick Cobbler
Henry Wilson
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Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson
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Henry Wilson's shoeshop in
Natick, Massachusetts
Henry Wilson
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Abolitionist and Free Soil Party leaders
Charles Sumner,
Henry Ward Beecher,
Wendell Phillips,
William Lloyd Garrison,
Gerrit Smith,
Horace Greeley, and Henry Wilson.
Henry Wilson
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U.S. Senator Henry Wilson, photograph by
Mathew Brady
4.
Chester A. Arthur
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Chester Alan Arthur was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States, he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latters assassination. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation and he succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration, Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York, and practiced law in New York City. He served as general in the New York Militia during the American Civil War. Following the war, he devoted time to Republican politics. In 1878, the new president, Rutherford B, Hayes, fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880, Arthur, after just half a year as vice president, Arthur found himself in the executive mansion due to the assassination of his predecessor. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the cause of reform and he signed the Pendleton Act into law and strongly enforced its provisions. He gained praise for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy, but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus, suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Partys nomination in 1884, he retired at the close of his term. Journalist Alexander McClure later wrote, No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe. The New York World summed up Arthurs presidency at his death in 1886, No duty was neglected in his administration, mark Twain wrote of him, t would be hard indeed to better President Arthurs administration. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, however, Arthurs reputation mostly faded among the public, Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5,1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Arthurs mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone, malvinas family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His father, William Arthur, was born in Dreen, Cullybackey, County Antrim, Ireland, he graduated college in Belfast. Arthurs mother met his father while William Arthur was teaching at a school in Dunham, Quebec, the two married in Dunham on April 12,1821, soon after meeting. After their first child, Regina, was born, the Arthurs moved to Vermont and they quickly moved from Burlington to Jericho, and finally to Waterville, as William received positions teaching at different schools. William Arthur became an outspoken abolitionist, which made him unpopular with members of his congregations
Chester A. Arthur
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Chester Alan Arthur
Chester A. Arthur
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Arthur married
Ellen Herndon in 1859.
Chester A. Arthur
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The
New York Custom House (formerly the Merchants' Exchange building at
55 Wall Street) was Arthur's office for seven years.
Chester A. Arthur
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A cartoon depicting President
Rutherford B. Hayes kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House
5.
U.S. House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
U.S. House of Representatives
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United States House of Representatives
U.S. House of Representatives
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Seal of the House
U.S. House of Representatives
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Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
U.S. House of Representatives
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
7.
George William Palmer (New York)
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George William Palmer was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Hoosick, he attended the schools, the Schodack Academy. He studied law, was admitted to the bar about 1840 and he was surrogate of Clinton County, New York. Palmer was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1860, and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Baltimore in 1864. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1885 and 1886 and he engaged in iron manufacturing at Clinton, New York. He died in Plattsburgh in 1916, interment was in Riverside Cemetery, george William Palmer was a nephew of John Palmer, a U. S. Representative from New York, and a cousin of William Elisha Haynes, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
George William Palmer (New York)
–
George William Palmer
8.
Calvin T. Hulburd
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Calvin Tilden Hulburd was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. Born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence County, New York, he completed preparatory studies, rather than concentrate solely on the law, Hulburd focused primarily on agriculture and business. In partnership with his brother he owned and operated a farm, gristmill. He also served as the Postmaster in Brasher Falls, an Antislavery Barnburner and then Free Soil Democrat, Hulburd was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1842,1843, and 1844. He became a Republican when the party was organized in the mid-1850s, from 1860 to 1861 he served as Brashers Town Supervisor, which also made him a member of the St. Lawrence County Board of Supervisors. He served again in the State Assembly in 1862, from 1869 to 1880, Hulburd was superintendent of construction for the New York City Post Office and Courthouse. From 1870 to 1873, he served again as Brashers Town Supervisor, Hulburd died in Brasher Falls on October 25,1897. In 1867, Hulburd received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Hamilton College and his name sometimes appears in contemporary records and media accounts as Hurlburd. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-03-17 Calvin T. Hulburd at Find a Grave
Calvin T. Hulburd
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Calvin T. Hulburd
9.
John M. Carroll (politician)
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John Michael Carroll was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. John M. Carroll was born in Springfield, New York on April 27,1823. He attended Fairfield Seminary and graduated from Union College with a degree in engineering in 1846. After college he taught school while studying law and attained admission to the bar in 1848 and he practiced in Fonda and Broadalbin, and relocated to Johnstown in 1862. A Democrat, he served as Fulton County District Attorney from 1859 to 1862, in 1870 he was elected to Congress and served one term. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1872 and returned to his law practice, Carroll died in Johnstown on May 8,1901 and was buried in Johnstown Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, john M. Carroll at Find A Grave
John M. Carroll (politician)
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John M. Carroll
10.
Henry H. Hathorn
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Henry Harrison Hathorn was a businessman and Republican U. S. Born in Greenfield, New York, Hathorn attended the schools and was graduated from the public schools of Greenfield. He died at Saratoga Springs, New York on February 20,1887, Hathorn engaged in mercantile pursuits in Saratoga Springs from 1839 to 1849. He discovered and plumbed the Hathorn Mineral Spring and was the proprietor of Union Hotel in Saratoga Springs, in 1854 he purchased Congress Hall and expanded it, adding another story and a ballroom. Hathorn served as Sheriff of Saratoga County from 1853 to 1856 and 1862 to 1865 and he was Town Supervisor of Saratoga Springs in 1858,1860,1866, and 1867. Hathorn was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
Henry H. Hathorn
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Henry Harrison Hathorn, Congressman from New York
11.
Orlando Kellogg
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Representative from New York during the latter half of the American Civil War and the early days of Reconstruction. Born in Elizabethtown, New York, Kellogg pursued an academic course and he engaged in the carpenters trade in early youth. He was admitted to the bar in 1838 and commenced practice in Elizabethtown, Kellogg was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848 and he resumed the practice of his profession in Elizabethtown, New York. He served as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention, Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses and served from March 4,1863, until his death in Elizabethtown, New York, August 24,1865. He was interred in Riverside Cemetery, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
Orlando Kellogg
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Orlando Kellogg
12.
Robert S. Hale
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Robert Safford Hale was a U. S. Born in Chelsea, Vermont, Hale attended South Royalton Academy and he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Elizabethtown, New York, in 1847. He served as judge of Essex County 1856–1864 and he was elected a Regent of the University of the State of New York in 1859. Hale was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Orlando Kellogg and served from December 3,1865, Hale was elected to the Forty-third Congress. He served as chairman of the Committee on District of Columbia and he was not a candidate for reelection in 1874. He was appointed a commissioner of the State survey April 29,1876, in which capacity he was serving when he died in Elizabethtown, New York and he was interred in Riverside Cemetery. State Senator Matthew Hale was his brother, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Robert S. Hale
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References [edit]
13.
Andrew Williams (congressman)
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Andrew Williams was a nineteenth-century politician, manufacturer, merchant and miner from New York. Born in Ormstown, Quebec, Canada, Williams received a limited schooling as a child and he immigrated to the United States in 1852, settling in Plattsburgh, New York. He engaged in manufacturing of nails from 1863 to 1865 and later engaged in ore mining. Williams was elected as a Republican to the 44th and 45th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4,1875 and he was one of the organizers of the Iron National Bank in Plattsburgh in 1881 and served as its president from 1881 to 1888. Williams was a member of the Board of Education until his death in Plattsburgh on October 6,1907 and he was interred in Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, andrew Williams at Find a Grave
Andrew Williams (congressman)
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Andrew Williams
14.
Amaziah B. James
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Amaziah Bailey James was an American lawyer and politician from New York. His family removed to Sweden, New York in 1814, at the age of fourteen, he was apprenticed to a printer in Batavia, New York. He removed to Ogdensburg in 1831, and edited there the Northern Light and he later became co-owner of the Times and Advertiser, the Whig paper of St. Lawrence County. He became a captain of the Ogdensburg Artillery in 1836, and was promoted to major general of the New York State Militia. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1838 and he was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1854 to 1876, and was ex officio a judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1861 and 1869. He was a member of the convention of 1861 held in Washington. James was elected as a Republican to the 45th and 46th United States Congresses, while serving his second term in Congress, he was stricken with paralysis, from which he partially recovered. He was buried at the City Cemetery in Ogdensburg, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough Court of Appeals judges
Amaziah B. James
–
Amaziah Bailey James, Congressman and Judge
15.
New York Senate
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The New York State Senate is considered the upper house in the New York State Legislature. It has 63 members each elected to two-year terms, there are no limits on the number of terms one may serve. The New York Constitution provides for a number of members in the Senate. The current format for apportionment has followed the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, Democrats won 32 of 62 seats in New Yorks upper chamber in the 2008 General Election on November 4, capturing the majority for the first time in more than four decades. Previously, the Republicans had held the chamber for all but one year from 1939 to 2008, however, a power struggle emerged before the new term began. Four Democratic senators—Rubén Díaz, Sr. Carl Kruger, Pedro Espada, Jr. the self-named Gang of Four refused to back Malcolm Smith as the chambers majority leader and sought concessions. Monserrate soon reached an agreement with Smith that reportedly included the chairmanship of the Consumer Affairs Committee, though there were 32 Democrats and 30 Republicans in the Senate, on June 8,2009, then-Senators Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr. The move came after Republican whip Tom Libous introduced a resolution to vacate the chair and replace Smith as temporary president. In an effort to stop the vote, Democratic whip Jeff Klein unilaterally moved to recess, however, they were unable to stop the session. All 30 Republicans plus two Democrats, Monserrate and Espada, voted in favor of the resolution, in accordance with a prearranged deal, Espada was elected temporary president and acting lieutenant governor while Skelos was elected majority leader. Monserrate had backed out of the Gang at the time, being the first of the four to back Smith, the apparent Republican seizure of power was tenuous in any event. Smith claimed the vote was illegal because of Kleins motion to adjourn, however, Smith, Klein, and most of the Democrats walked out before an actual vote to adjourn could be taken. Smith still asserted he was majority leader and would challenge the vote in court and he locked the doors of the state senate chambers in an effort to prevent any further legislative action. The scheduled session was eventually postponed, both Monserrate and Espada faced accusations of unethical or criminal conduct. Monserrate was indicted for assault in March and would have automatically lost his seat if convicted. New York, like most states, has a provision in its constitution which bars convicted felons from holding office. Espada was the target of an investigation into whether he funded his campaign with money siphoned from a nonprofit health care agency he controls. The Bronx County District Attorneys office was investigating charges that Espada actually resided in Mamaroneck
New York Senate
New York Senate
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New York State Senate
16.
New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith
New York State Assembly
New York State Assembly
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New York State Assembly
17.
Malone (town), New York
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Malone is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 14,545 at the 2010 census, the town contains a village also named Malone, which is the county seat. The town is a town located in the north-central part of the county. The town was formed part of the town of Chateaugay in 1805. The town was originally named Harison, after Richard Harison who had purchased the land, the name was changed in 1808 to Ezraville, after Ezra LHommedieu, and in 1812 to Malone. During the War of 1812 the village was sacked by British troops making incursions from what would become Canada, former Governor Mario Cuomo instituted financial measures to increase economic stability to the county by bringing in many prisons to help strengthen the area. U. S. Route 11 and New York State Route 11B are east-west highways across the town, the Salmon River flows northward through the center of town, and the Trout River flows across the northeast corner. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,981 people,4,114 households, the population density was 147.1 people per square mile. There were 4,644 housing units at a density of 45.6 per square mile. The ethnic makeup of the town was 73. 61% White,18. 56% Black or African American,0. 49% Native American,0. 63% Asian,6. 25% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 19% of the population. 30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was out with 16. 3% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,42. 1% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 179.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 201.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $27,716, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had an income of $25,996 versus $20,506 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,352, about 8. 1% of families and 12. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 8% of those under age 18 and 11. 5% of those age 65 or over
Malone (town), New York
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Malone
Malone (town), New York
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Main Street, Malone, 1907
18.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
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Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
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Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
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Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
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Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
19.
University of Vermont
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The University of Vermont, officially The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, is a public research university and, since 1862, the U. S. state of Vermonts sole land-grant university. Founded in 1791, UVM is among the oldest universities in the United States and is the institution of higher education established in the New England region of the U. S. northeast. It is also listed as one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions in the United States, the university is incorporated in the city of Burlington–Vermonts most populous municipality. The campus Dudley H. Davis Center was the first student center in the country to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold certification. The largest hospital complex in Vermont, the University of Vermont Medical Center, has its facility on the UVM campus and is affiliated with the Robert Larner College of Medicine. The University of Vermont was founded as a university in 1791. The university enrolled its first students 10 years later and its first president, the Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, was hired in 1800, and served as the faculty member for seven years. Instruction began in 1801, and the first class graduated in 1804, in 1865, the university merged with Vermont Agricultural College, emerging as the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Much of the funding and planning for the university was undertaken by Ira Allen. Allen donated a 50-acre parcel of land for the universitys establishment, most of this land has been maintained as the universitys main green, upon which stands a statue of Allen. The citizens of Burlington helped fund the universitys first edifice, and and this building came to be known as Old Mill for its resemblance to New England mills of the time. The Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who became a commander in the American Revolution, a statue of Lafayette stands at the north end of the main green. In 1871, UVM defied custom and admitted two women as students, Four years later, it was the first American university to admit women to full membership into the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the countrys oldest collegiate academic honor society. Likewise, in 1877, it initiated the first African American into the society, in 1924, the first radio broadcast in Vermont occurred from the college station, WCAX, run by students then, now the call sign of a commercial television station. For 73 years, UVM held an annual Kake Walk where students wore blackface, the University of Vermont comprises seven undergraduate schools, an honors college, a graduate college, and a college of medicine. The Honors College does not offer its own degrees, students in the Honors College concurrently enroll in one of the seven undergraduate colleges or schools. UVM is ranked tied for 92nd in U. S. News & World Reports 2017 national university rankings, and is ranked tied for 38th among public universities
University of Vermont
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Old Mill, the oldest building of the university
University of Vermont
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Seal of the University of Vermont
University of Vermont
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The
Billings Memorial Library was built in 1883 and was the university's library until 1961 when the larger Guy W. Bailey library was built. Since then, it has served miscellaneous purposes.
University of Vermont
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Named for U.S. Senator
Justin Smith Morrill,
Morrill Hall was constructed in 1906-07 to serve as the home of the UVM Agriculture Department and the Agricultural Experiment Station
20.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
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United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
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Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
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Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
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House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
21.
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
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There have been 48 Vice Presidents of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789. Originally, the Vice President was the person who received the second most votes for President of the United States in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800, a tie in the college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the President by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, the United States Constitution assigns few powers or duties to the vice president. Former Vice President John Nance Garner described the presidency in 1960 as not worth a bucket of warm piss. The Vice Presidents primary function is to succeed to the if the President dies, resigns. Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way, eight through the presidents death, in addition, the Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this power to varying extents over the years. Prior to passage of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, a vacancy in the office of the Vice President could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled with appointment by the President, since the Amendments passage, two vice presidents have been appointed through this process, Gerald Ford in 1973 and Nelson Rockefeller in 1974. To date,14 vice presidents subsequently became president, all, george H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13,1985. Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29,2002, Vice presidents have hailed from 21 states. More than half of them have come from just five states, New York, Indiana, Massachusetts, Kentucky, most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office. The youngest person to become Vice President was John C, breckinridge at 36 years of age, while the oldest was Alben W. Barkley at 71 years of age. Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C, calhoun—served under more than one president. Twenty–five vice presidents held other high U. S. state or federal government positions after leaving the vice presidency, fourteen went on to become President of the United States, and 4 served in the United States Senate. Cabinet members, ambassadors of the United States abroad, or in U. S. state government. Breckinridge, as Confederate States Secretary of War,1865. com Vice Presidents of the United States 1789–1993 Mark O. Hatfield, et al. edited by Wendy Wolff, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,1997
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
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The
Number One Observatory Circle in
Washington, D.C. is the vice president's official residence.
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
22.
Malone, New York
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Malone is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 14,545 at the 2010 census, the town contains a village also named Malone, which is the county seat. The town is a town located in the north-central part of the county. The town was formed part of the town of Chateaugay in 1805. The town was originally named Harison, after Richard Harison who had purchased the land, the name was changed in 1808 to Ezraville, after Ezra LHommedieu, and in 1812 to Malone. During the War of 1812 the village was sacked by British troops making incursions from what would become Canada, former Governor Mario Cuomo instituted financial measures to increase economic stability to the county by bringing in many prisons to help strengthen the area. U. S. Route 11 and New York State Route 11B are east-west highways across the town, the Salmon River flows northward through the center of town, and the Trout River flows across the northeast corner. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,981 people,4,114 households, the population density was 147.1 people per square mile. There were 4,644 housing units at a density of 45.6 per square mile. The ethnic makeup of the town was 73. 61% White,18. 56% Black or African American,0. 49% Native American,0. 63% Asian,6. 25% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 19% of the population. 30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was out with 16. 3% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,42. 1% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 179.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 201.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $27,716, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had an income of $25,996 versus $20,506 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,352, about 8. 1% of families and 12. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 8% of those under age 18 and 11. 5% of those age 65 or over
Malone, New York
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Malone
Malone, New York
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Main Street, Malone, 1907
23.
New York State Legislature
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New York State Legislature refers to the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U. S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together and it says only that legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly. The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York, the permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany, legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year. Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms, the Assembly consists of 150 members, they are each chosen from a single-member district. The Senate, in accordance with the New York Constitution, varies in its number of members, Senate districts are currently between two and three times more populous than Assembly districts. As of 2009 the New York State Legislature has 2700 employees, the Assembly is headed by the Speaker, while the Senate is headed by the President, a post held ex officio by the State Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor, as President of the Senate, has only a casting vote. More often, the Senate is presided over by the Temporary President or by a senator of the Majority Leaders choosing, the Assembly Speaker and Senate Majority Leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the Governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York. The New York State Legislature currently have split party control with a Democratic majority in the Assembly, following the 2010 elections, Republicans gained two seats in the Senate to regain control after two years in the minority. Republicans also gained nine seats in the Assembly, fracturing the veto-proof supermajority, to begin the 2009 session, Democrats had a 32-30 seat majority in the State Senate and, in the Assembly, Democrats have a 109-41 seat supermajority. However, the Republicans were able to control of the Senate during a leadership coup. The Democratic Senators regained control of Senate leadership on July 8,2009, until 2009, the State Senate had been in Republican hands for decades. Economic troubles and population loss in upstate New York are also a factor, in the past, Democrats would occasionally switch parties when they ran for the Senate so they could sit with the majority. The Assembly has been dominated by Democrats for about 30 years, between 2002 and 2005, the Republican conference dropped from 53 seats to 45. Republicans even lost some districts that historically have been reliably Republican, the Republican conference was increased by nine seats beginning with the 2011 session. The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the power to veto a bill
New York State Legislature
New York State Legislature
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New York State Legislature
New York State Legislature
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Title page of volume 1 of the
Consolidated Laws of New York
24.
Salary Grab Act
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The Salary Grab Act was passed by the United States Congress on March 3,1873. The effect of the Act was, the day before the inauguration of President Ulysses S. Grant, to double the salary of the President. Hidden in the increases was also a 50% increase for members of Congress. Public outcry led Congress to rescind the salary increase. As a protest against the Act, Ohio ratified what would become the Twenty-seventh Amendment, Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Salary Grab Act
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Politicians accusing each other for taking the Salary Grab. The caption reads: That salary grab—"You took it". Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, December 27, 1873
25.
1876 Republican National Convention
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The 1876 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at the Exposition Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio on June 14–16,1876. The convention resulted in the nomination of Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for President, the convention was called to order by Republican National Committee chairman Edwin D. Morgan. Theodore M. Pomeroy served as the temporary chairman and Edward McPherson served as permanent president. James Russell Lowell, well-known poet and a professor at Harvard College, three candidates, including Secretary Benjamin Bristow, Postmaster General Marshall Jewell of Connecticut, and Secretary of State Elihu B. Washburne of Illinois were former Cabinet members of President Ulysses S. Grant, Blaine led after the first ballot, but had only 285 of the 378 delegates required to secure the nomination. Morton, Bristow, and Conkling each had around 100 delegates, while Hayes, the second, third, and fourth ballots saw similar results, but Hayes began to surge on the fifth ballot, passing Morton and Conkling to secure third place after Blaine and Bristow. The sixth ballot saw Blaine rise to 308, but, with the other candidates fading, Hayes continued his surge, moving into second place. After the sixth ballot, the Bristow, Conkling, Morton, with the other candidates gone, Hayes won a narrow majority on the seventh ballot and secured the nomination. The Convention then went on to choose a vice presidential nominee, the Republican ticket of Hayes and Wheeler went on to lose the popular vote to Democrats Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks in the election of 1876, but won the vote after a controversy which was resolved by the Compromise of 1877
1876 Republican National Convention
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Nominees Hayes and Wheeler
1876 Republican National Convention
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Interior of the
Exposition Hall of Cincinnati during the announcement of Rutherford B. Hayes as the party's nominee for president
1876 Republican National Convention
26.
Luke P. Poland
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Luke Potter Poland was a United States Senator and Representative from Vermont. Poland was born in Westford son of Luther and Nancy Potter Poland and he attended the common schools and Jericho Academy. He worked as a clerk in Waterville, worked in his fathers sawmill, taught at Morrisville schools, willard and was admitted to the bar in December 1836. In 1838 he married Martha Smith Page and they had three children, Martha died in 1853 and he married her sister, Adelia H. Poland was register of probate from 1839 to 1840 and was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1843, in 1844 and 1845 he was prosecuting attorney of Lamoille County, and was a judge of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1848 to 1860. He served as chief justice from 1860 to 1865. After resigning from the court, Poland was appointed as a Republican to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Jacob Collamer and he served from November 21,1865 to March 3,1867. He was then elected to the House of Representatives for the Fortieth, while in Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business and a member of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. He was a candidate for reelection to the Forty-fourth Congress. A member of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1878, Poland was also a trustee of the University of Vermont at Burlington and he was president of the First National Bank of St. Johnsbury for twenty years. He was again elected to the House of Representatives, and served during the Forty-eighth Congress from March 4,1883 to March 3, 1885), Poland died at his country home near Waterville on July 2,1887 and is interred at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, St. Johnsbury. Poland at Find a Grave United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Govtrack US Congress Encyclopedia, Vermont Biography
Luke P. Poland
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Luke Potter Poland
27.
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
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Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen was an American lawyer and politician from New Jersey who served as a U. S. Senator and later as United States Secretary of State under President Chester A. Arthur, Frelinghuysen was born in Millstone, New Jersey, to Frederick Frelinghuysen and Mary Dumont. His father died when he was just three years old, and he was adopted by his uncle, Theodore Frelinghuysen and he became attorney for the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Morris Canal and Banking Company and other corporations. Davis and Charles L. McCawley, and Lucy Frelinghuysen and he was a delegate to the Peace conference of 1861 in Washington, and in 1866 was appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, as a Republican, to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. In the winter of 1867, he was elected to fill the unexpired term, but a Democratic majority in the New Jersey Legislature prevented his re-election in 1869. In 1870, he was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant, and confirmed by the Senate, as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom to succeed John Lothrop Motley, but declined the mission. He was an opponent of the Reconstruction measures of President Andrew Johnson. As a Republican, he voted with the majority on all counts. After his term as Secretary of State Frelinghuysen returned to his home in Newark and he died there on May 20,1885, aged 67, less than three months after retiring. He was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Newark and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, biographical information for Frederick T. Frelinghuysen from the Political Graveyard Frelinghuysen, Theodorus Jacobus
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
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Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
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Statue in Newark
28.
Marshall Jewell
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Marshall Jewell was a manufacturer, pioneer telegrapher, telephone entrepreneur, world traveler, and political figure who served as 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut, the U. S. Minister to Russia, the 25th United States Postmaster General, Jewell, distinguished for his fine china skin, grey eyes, and white eyebrows, was popularly known as the Porcelain Man. As Postmaster General, Jewell made reforms and was intent on cleaning up the Postal Service from internal corruption, Postmaster Jewell aided Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow shut down and prosecute the Whiskey Ring. President Grant, however, became suspicious of Jewells loyalty after Jewell fired a Boston postmaster over non payment of a surety bond, a native of New Hampshire, Jewell was the son of a prominent tanner and currier, having apprenticed in his fathers tannery business. Jewell moved to Boston where he learned the art of being a currier, in 1847, Jewell moved to Hartford where he worked for his fathers business as a currier. Jewell stopped working as a currier and became a telegrapher, where he worked in New York, Ohio. Jewell was a Whig who supported the election of Zachary Taylor to the office of the Presidency, having supported Taylor, Jewell moved to Mississippi where he was elected General Superintendent of Telegraphers. Jewell moved back to New York in 1849, and in 1850 he returned to his fathers tannery business having entered into partnership with his father. Between 1859 and 1860, Jewell traveled to and visited Europe on business connected with the tannery firm, in 1865 Jewell returned to Europe and traveled to Egypt and the Holy Land. Having returned to the United States, Jewell, a Republican, ran for Connecticut state senator in 1867, however, in 1868, Jewell ran for the office of Connecticut Governor, however, he lost the election. Jewell ran again the year and was elected Governor of Connecticut having served from 1869 until 1870. Jewell was reelected to the governorship in 1871 having served until 1873, Jewell was also a presidential candidate at the 1876 Republican National Convention and served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1880 until 1883. Having returned to Connecticut, Jewell became a merchant, having invested in the Hartford Evening Post. He died in 1883 in New Haven, Connecticut, and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Marshall Jewell was born in Winchester, New Hampshire on October 25,1825. His father, Pliny Jewell, native of Hartford, was a prominent tanner and currier and his elder brother was named Harvey Jewell. The young Marshall received an education at common schools. At an early age Jewell apprenticed for his father in the business working as a day laborer until the age of 18. Jewell moved to Woburn where he learned the skill of being a currier, Jewell returned to his fathers tannery business in Hartford where he worked in the currier shop for two years
Marshall Jewell
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Marshall Jewell
Marshall Jewell
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Signature
Marshall Jewell
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Jewell strongly supported Whig candidate
Zachary Taylor in the Presidential Election of 1848.
Marshall Jewell
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In 1871,
Grand Duke Alexis, on a good will tour of the United States, visited Gov. Jewell in Hartford.
29.
Stewart L. Woodford
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Stewart Lyndon Woodford was an American politician. He studied at Yale University and Columbia College, at the latter he graduated in 1854 and was a member of St. Anthony Hall. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1857, in 1860 he was chosen messenger of the electoral college of his state to convey to Washington its vote in favor of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed U. S. assistant district attorney for the district of New York. He became colonel of the 103rd Regiment of U. S and he was the Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1867 to 1868, elected in 1866 on the Republican ticket with Governor Reuben E. Fenton. In 1870, Woodford was the Republican candidate for Governor but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat John T. Hoffman, in 1872, he was elected as a Republican to the 43rd United States Congress and served from March 4,1873 to July 1,1874. Also in 1872 he was chosen to be a presidential elector and he was U. S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1877 to 1883. In June 1897, President William McKinley appointed Woodford to the post of Envoy Extraordinary, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the U. S. on April 21,1898, and Woodford left his post the same day. The United States declared war on Spain as of date by Act of Congress approved on April 25,1898. He died in New York City and was buried in Stamford, Connecticuts Woodland Cemetery, Section B, spanish–American War#Declaring war Teller Amendment United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press,2001, samuel R. Harlow, H. H. Boone. Life Sketches of the State Officers, Senators, and Members of the Assembly …, life Sketches of State Officers Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds
Stewart L. Woodford
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Stewart L. Woodford circa 1909
30.
New York (State)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (State)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (State)
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Flag
New York (State)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (State)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
