1.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
2.
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States. He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877, Hayes, an attorney in Ohio, was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, he left a political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain and he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general. After the war, he served in the Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican, Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, from 1868 to 1872, and then to a third term, from 1876 to 1877. In 1876, Hayes was elected president in one of the most contentious elections in national history and he lost the official popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden but he won an intensely disputed electoral college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty contested electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election, Hayes believed in meritocratic government, equal treatment without regard to race. He ordered federal troops to crush the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and he implemented modest civil service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act, which would have put money into circulation and raised nominal prices. His policy toward Western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for re-election, retired to his home in Ohio, and became an advocate of social and educational reform. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4,1822, Hayess father, a Vermont storekeeper, took the family to Ohio in 1817. He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth, Sophia took charge of the family, bringing up Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of their four children to survive to adulthood. She never remarried, Sophias younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time and he was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education. Through both his father and mother, Hayes was of New England colonial ancestry and his earliest American ancestor emigrated to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625. His mothers ancestors arrived in Vermont at a time. John Noyes, an uncle by marriage, had been his fathers partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress. His first cousin, Mary Jane Noyes Mead, was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead, John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community, was also a first cousin. He became a member of the Sons of the American Revolution based on his descent from Daniel Austin, Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk, Ohio
3.
Henry Wilson
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Henry Wilson was the 18th Vice President of the United States and a Senator from Massachusetts. Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and he devoted his energies to the destruction of the Slave Power – the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country. Originally a Whig, Wilson was a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848 and he served as the party chairman before and during the 1852 presidential election. Wilson successfully authored bills that outlawed slavery in Washington D. C. after the Civil War, he supported the Radical Republican program for Reconstruction. In 1872, he was elected Vice President as the mate of Ulysses S. Grant, the incumbent President of the United States. The Grant and Wilson ticket was successful, and Wilson served as Vice President from March 4,1873 until his death on November 22,1875. Throughout his career, Wilson was known for championing causes that were at times unpopular, including the abolition of slavery, Henry Wilson was born in Farmington, New Hampshire on February 16,1812, one of several children born to Winthrop and Abigail Colbath. His father named him Jeremiah Jones Colbath after a neighbor who was a childless bachelor. Winthrop Colbath was a veteran of the War of 1812 who worked as a day laborer and hired himself out to local farms and businesses. The Colbath family was impoverished and, after an elementary education, at the age of 10 Wilson was indentured to a neighboring farmer. During this time two neighbors gave him books and Wilson enhanced his meager education by reading extensively on English and American history, at the end of his service he was given six sheep and a yoke of oxen. Wilson immediately sold his animals for $85, which was the first money he had earned during his indenture, Wilson apparently did not like his birth name, though the reasons given vary. Some sources indicate that he was not close to his family, or disliked his name because of his fathers supposed intemperance, others indicate that he was called Jed and Jerry, and disliked the nicknames so much that he resolved to change his name. Whatever the reason, when he turned 21 he successfully petitioned the New Hampshire General Court to legally change it and he chose the name Henry Wilson, inspired either by a biography of a Philadelphia teacher or a portrait from a book on English clergymen. After trying and failing to work in New Hampshire, in 1833 Wilson walked more than one hundred miles to Natick. Having met William P. Legro, a shoemaker who was willing to train him, Wilson learned the trade in a few weeks, bought out his employment contract for $15, and opened his own shop, intending to save enough money to study law. Wilson had success as a shoemaker, and was able to save several hundred dollars in a short time. Wilsons shoe making experience led to the creation of the nicknames his supporters later used to highlight his working class roots—the Natick Cobbler
4.
Chester A. Arthur
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Chester Alan Arthur was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States, he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latters assassination. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation and he succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration, Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York, and practiced law in New York City. He served as general in the New York Militia during the American Civil War. Following the war, he devoted time to Republican politics. In 1878, the new president, Rutherford B, Hayes, fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880, Arthur, after just half a year as vice president, Arthur found himself in the executive mansion due to the assassination of his predecessor. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the cause of reform and he signed the Pendleton Act into law and strongly enforced its provisions. He gained praise for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy, but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus, suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Partys nomination in 1884, he retired at the close of his term. Journalist Alexander McClure later wrote, No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe. The New York World summed up Arthurs presidency at his death in 1886, No duty was neglected in his administration, mark Twain wrote of him, t would be hard indeed to better President Arthurs administration. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, however, Arthurs reputation mostly faded among the public, Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5,1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Arthurs mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone, malvinas family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His father, William Arthur, was born in Dreen, Cullybackey, County Antrim, Ireland, he graduated college in Belfast. Arthurs mother met his father while William Arthur was teaching at a school in Dunham, Quebec, the two married in Dunham on April 12,1821, soon after meeting. After their first child, Regina, was born, the Arthurs moved to Vermont and they quickly moved from Burlington to Jericho, and finally to Waterville, as William received positions teaching at different schools. William Arthur became an outspoken abolitionist, which made him unpopular with members of his congregations
5.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
7.
George William Palmer (New York)
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George William Palmer was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Hoosick, he attended the schools, the Schodack Academy. He studied law, was admitted to the bar about 1840 and he was surrogate of Clinton County, New York. Palmer was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1860, and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Baltimore in 1864. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1885 and 1886 and he engaged in iron manufacturing at Clinton, New York. He died in Plattsburgh in 1916, interment was in Riverside Cemetery, george William Palmer was a nephew of John Palmer, a U. S. Representative from New York, and a cousin of William Elisha Haynes, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
8.
Calvin T. Hulburd
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Calvin Tilden Hulburd was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. Born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence County, New York, he completed preparatory studies, rather than concentrate solely on the law, Hulburd focused primarily on agriculture and business. In partnership with his brother he owned and operated a farm, gristmill. He also served as the Postmaster in Brasher Falls, an Antislavery Barnburner and then Free Soil Democrat, Hulburd was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1842,1843, and 1844. He became a Republican when the party was organized in the mid-1850s, from 1860 to 1861 he served as Brashers Town Supervisor, which also made him a member of the St. Lawrence County Board of Supervisors. He served again in the State Assembly in 1862, from 1869 to 1880, Hulburd was superintendent of construction for the New York City Post Office and Courthouse. From 1870 to 1873, he served again as Brashers Town Supervisor, Hulburd died in Brasher Falls on October 25,1897. In 1867, Hulburd received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Hamilton College and his name sometimes appears in contemporary records and media accounts as Hurlburd. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-03-17 Calvin T. Hulburd at Find a Grave
9.
John M. Carroll (politician)
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John Michael Carroll was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. John M. Carroll was born in Springfield, New York on April 27,1823. He attended Fairfield Seminary and graduated from Union College with a degree in engineering in 1846. After college he taught school while studying law and attained admission to the bar in 1848 and he practiced in Fonda and Broadalbin, and relocated to Johnstown in 1862. A Democrat, he served as Fulton County District Attorney from 1859 to 1862, in 1870 he was elected to Congress and served one term. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1872 and returned to his law practice, Carroll died in Johnstown on May 8,1901 and was buried in Johnstown Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, john M. Carroll at Find A Grave
10.
Henry H. Hathorn
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Henry Harrison Hathorn was a businessman and Republican U. S. Born in Greenfield, New York, Hathorn attended the schools and was graduated from the public schools of Greenfield. He died at Saratoga Springs, New York on February 20,1887, Hathorn engaged in mercantile pursuits in Saratoga Springs from 1839 to 1849. He discovered and plumbed the Hathorn Mineral Spring and was the proprietor of Union Hotel in Saratoga Springs, in 1854 he purchased Congress Hall and expanded it, adding another story and a ballroom. Hathorn served as Sheriff of Saratoga County from 1853 to 1856 and 1862 to 1865 and he was Town Supervisor of Saratoga Springs in 1858,1860,1866, and 1867. Hathorn was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
11.
Orlando Kellogg
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Representative from New York during the latter half of the American Civil War and the early days of Reconstruction. Born in Elizabethtown, New York, Kellogg pursued an academic course and he engaged in the carpenters trade in early youth. He was admitted to the bar in 1838 and commenced practice in Elizabethtown, Kellogg was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848 and he resumed the practice of his profession in Elizabethtown, New York. He served as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention, Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses and served from March 4,1863, until his death in Elizabethtown, New York, August 24,1865. He was interred in Riverside Cemetery, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
12.
Robert S. Hale
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Robert Safford Hale was a U. S. Born in Chelsea, Vermont, Hale attended South Royalton Academy and he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Elizabethtown, New York, in 1847. He served as judge of Essex County 1856–1864 and he was elected a Regent of the University of the State of New York in 1859. Hale was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Orlando Kellogg and served from December 3,1865, Hale was elected to the Forty-third Congress. He served as chairman of the Committee on District of Columbia and he was not a candidate for reelection in 1874. He was appointed a commissioner of the State survey April 29,1876, in which capacity he was serving when he died in Elizabethtown, New York and he was interred in Riverside Cemetery. State Senator Matthew Hale was his brother, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
13.
Andrew Williams (congressman)
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Andrew Williams was a nineteenth-century politician, manufacturer, merchant and miner from New York. Born in Ormstown, Quebec, Canada, Williams received a limited schooling as a child and he immigrated to the United States in 1852, settling in Plattsburgh, New York. He engaged in manufacturing of nails from 1863 to 1865 and later engaged in ore mining. Williams was elected as a Republican to the 44th and 45th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4,1875 and he was one of the organizers of the Iron National Bank in Plattsburgh in 1881 and served as its president from 1881 to 1888. Williams was a member of the Board of Education until his death in Plattsburgh on October 6,1907 and he was interred in Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, andrew Williams at Find a Grave
14.
Amaziah B. James
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Amaziah Bailey James was an American lawyer and politician from New York. His family removed to Sweden, New York in 1814, at the age of fourteen, he was apprenticed to a printer in Batavia, New York. He removed to Ogdensburg in 1831, and edited there the Northern Light and he later became co-owner of the Times and Advertiser, the Whig paper of St. Lawrence County. He became a captain of the Ogdensburg Artillery in 1836, and was promoted to major general of the New York State Militia. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1838 and he was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1854 to 1876, and was ex officio a judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1861 and 1869. He was a member of the convention of 1861 held in Washington. James was elected as a Republican to the 45th and 46th United States Congresses, while serving his second term in Congress, he was stricken with paralysis, from which he partially recovered. He was buried at the City Cemetery in Ogdensburg, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough Court of Appeals judges
15.
New York's 16th congressional district
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New Yorks 16th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives represented by Eliot Engel. The 16th district includes the northern Bronx and the half of Westchester County, including the suburban cities of Mount Vernon, Yonkers. From 2003 to 2013 the district included the neighborhoods of Bedford Park, East Tremont, Fordham, Hunts Point, Melrose, Highbridge, Morrisania, Mott Haven, yankee Stadium, Fordham University and the Bronx Zoo were located within the district. These neighborhoods were largely reassigned to the 15th district after redistricting, in 2008, the previous version of this district gave Barack Obama his largest victory margin of any congressional district, a margin of 90%. The current configuration of the 16th district is not as overwhelmingly Democratic as the previous version, note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
16.
New York's 17th congressional district
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New Yorks 17th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives located in Southern New York. It includes all of Rockland County, and portions of central and northwestern Westchester County, including the city of White Plains, the district is currently represented by Democrat Nita Lowey. From 2003-2013, the 17th district encompassed portions of the Bronx, Westchester County, 2013–present, map All of Rockland Part of Westchester 2003-2013, Parts of Bronx, Rockland, Westchester. 1843-1853, Montgomery Various New York districts have been numbered 17 over the years, including areas in New York City, from 1833 to 1843, two seats were apportioned to the 17th district, elected at-large on a general ticket. The 17th was historically the East Side Manhattan district, in the 1970s it was a Staten Island seat. It became the west side Manhattan seat in the 1980s and it became a Bronx-based seat in the 1992 remap and was shifted north into Rockland county in 2002 to absorb terrain from the deconstruction of the old 20th District. Previously the 19th District covered much of the Bronx portion of the seat in the 1980s, note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
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New York's 18th congressional district
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The 18th Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in the northern suburbs and exurbs of New York City. It is currently represented by Democrat Sean Maloney, the 18th district includes all of Orange County and Putnam County, as well as parts of southern Dutchess County and northeastern Westchester County. The district includes Newburgh, Beacon and Poughkeepsie, from 2002-2013, the 18th district included most of Westchester County and part of Rockland County. It included Larchmont, Mamaroneck, New Rochelle, Ossining, the Town of Pelham, Scarsdale, Tarrytown, White Plains as well as most of New City, the 18th District was created in 1813. For many years it was the upper Manhattan district, the 2002 remap gave those Queens areas to the 5th District and the 18th absorbed some Rockland areas due to the deconstruction of the old Orange-Rockland 20th District. In 2012, population lost in New York pushed the further north. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Detailed Map of District Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
18.
New York's 19th congressional district
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United States House of Representatives, New York District 19 is located in New Yorks Hudson Valley and Catskills regions. District 19 lies north of the New York City metropolitan area and it is currently represented by Republican John Faso. President Obama won the new district by 6. 2% in 2012, the current 19th District is largely a merger between the former 20th and 22nd Congressional Districts. From 2003 to 2013, the 19th was composed of parts of Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, in 2012, sitting 19th district representative Nan Hayworth ran in the new 18th district against Democrat Sean Patrick Maloney, a former advisor to President Bill Clinton. Maloney defeated Hayworth and was seated in the new 18th, most of the old 19th district is now part of the 18th district. Meanwhile, sitting 20th district representative Chris Gibson ran for re-election in the new 19th, on January 5,2015, per his pledge when first elected not to serve more than four terms, Gibson announced that he would not run for re-election in 2016. In 2016, Democrat Zephyr Teachout was defeated by Republican John Faso in the November 8th election, the 19th District was a Manhattan-based district until 1980. It then was the Bronx-Westchester seat now numbered the 17th District, the present 19th District was the 21st District prior to the 1990s, and prior to that was the 25th District. Note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
19.
New York State Senate
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The New York State Senate is considered the upper house in the New York State Legislature. It has 63 members each elected to two-year terms, there are no limits on the number of terms one may serve. The New York Constitution provides for a number of members in the Senate. The current format for apportionment has followed the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, Democrats won 32 of 62 seats in New Yorks upper chamber in the 2008 General Election on November 4, capturing the majority for the first time in more than four decades. Previously, the Republicans had held the chamber for all but one year from 1939 to 2008, however, a power struggle emerged before the new term began. Four Democratic senators—Rubén Díaz, Sr. Carl Kruger, Pedro Espada, Jr. the self-named Gang of Four refused to back Malcolm Smith as the chambers majority leader and sought concessions. Monserrate soon reached an agreement with Smith that reportedly included the chairmanship of the Consumer Affairs Committee, though there were 32 Democrats and 30 Republicans in the Senate, on June 8,2009, then-Senators Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr. The move came after Republican whip Tom Libous introduced a resolution to vacate the chair and replace Smith as temporary president. In an effort to stop the vote, Democratic whip Jeff Klein unilaterally moved to recess, however, they were unable to stop the session. All 30 Republicans plus two Democrats, Monserrate and Espada, voted in favor of the resolution, in accordance with a prearranged deal, Espada was elected temporary president and acting lieutenant governor while Skelos was elected majority leader. Monserrate had backed out of the Gang at the time, being the first of the four to back Smith, the apparent Republican seizure of power was tenuous in any event. Smith claimed the vote was illegal because of Kleins motion to adjourn, however, Smith, Klein, and most of the Democrats walked out before an actual vote to adjourn could be taken. Smith still asserted he was majority leader and would challenge the vote in court and he locked the doors of the state senate chambers in an effort to prevent any further legislative action. The scheduled session was eventually postponed, both Monserrate and Espada faced accusations of unethical or criminal conduct. Monserrate was indicted for assault in March and would have automatically lost his seat if convicted. New York, like most states, has a provision in its constitution which bars convicted felons from holding office. Espada was the target of an investigation into whether he funded his campaign with money siphoned from a nonprofit health care agency he controls. The Bronx County District Attorneys office was investigating charges that Espada actually resided in Mamaroneck
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New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith
21.
Malone, New York
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Malone is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 14,545 at the 2010 census, the town contains a village also named Malone, which is the county seat. The town is a town located in the north-central part of the county. The town was formed part of the town of Chateaugay in 1805. The town was originally named Harison, after Richard Harison who had purchased the land, the name was changed in 1808 to Ezraville, after Ezra LHommedieu, and in 1812 to Malone. During the War of 1812 the village was sacked by British troops making incursions from what would become Canada, former Governor Mario Cuomo instituted financial measures to increase economic stability to the county by bringing in many prisons to help strengthen the area. U. S. Route 11 and New York State Route 11B are east-west highways across the town, the Salmon River flows northward through the center of town, and the Trout River flows across the northeast corner. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,981 people,4,114 households, the population density was 147.1 people per square mile. There were 4,644 housing units at a density of 45.6 per square mile. The ethnic makeup of the town was 73. 61% White,18. 56% Black or African American,0. 49% Native American,0. 63% Asian,6. 25% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 19% of the population. 30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was out with 16. 3% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,42. 1% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 179.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 201.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $27,716, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had an income of $25,996 versus $20,506 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,352, about 8. 1% of families and 12. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 8% of those under age 18 and 11. 5% of those age 65 or over
22.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
23.
University of Vermont
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The University of Vermont, officially The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, is a public research university and, since 1862, the U. S. state of Vermonts sole land-grant university. Founded in 1791, UVM is among the oldest universities in the United States and is the institution of higher education established in the New England region of the U. S. northeast. It is also listed as one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions in the United States, the university is incorporated in the city of Burlington–Vermonts most populous municipality. The campus Dudley H. Davis Center was the first student center in the country to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold certification. The largest hospital complex in Vermont, the University of Vermont Medical Center, has its facility on the UVM campus and is affiliated with the Robert Larner College of Medicine. The University of Vermont was founded as a university in 1791. The university enrolled its first students 10 years later and its first president, the Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, was hired in 1800, and served as the faculty member for seven years. Instruction began in 1801, and the first class graduated in 1804, in 1865, the university merged with Vermont Agricultural College, emerging as the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Much of the funding and planning for the university was undertaken by Ira Allen. Allen donated a 50-acre parcel of land for the universitys establishment, most of this land has been maintained as the universitys main green, upon which stands a statue of Allen. The citizens of Burlington helped fund the universitys first edifice, and and this building came to be known as Old Mill for its resemblance to New England mills of the time. The Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who became a commander in the American Revolution, a statue of Lafayette stands at the north end of the main green. In 1871, UVM defied custom and admitted two women as students, Four years later, it was the first American university to admit women to full membership into the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the countrys oldest collegiate academic honor society. Likewise, in 1877, it initiated the first African American into the society, in 1924, the first radio broadcast in Vermont occurred from the college station, WCAX, run by students then, now the call sign of a commercial television station. For 73 years, UVM held an annual Kake Walk where students wore blackface, the University of Vermont comprises seven undergraduate schools, an honors college, a graduate college, and a college of medicine. The Honors College does not offer its own degrees, students in the Honors College concurrently enroll in one of the seven undergraduate colleges or schools. UVM is ranked tied for 92nd in U. S. News & World Reports 2017 national university rankings, and is ranked tied for 38th among public universities
24.
New York State Legislature
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New York State Legislature refers to the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U. S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together and it says only that legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly. The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York, the permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany, legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year. Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms, the Assembly consists of 150 members, they are each chosen from a single-member district. The Senate, in accordance with the New York Constitution, varies in its number of members, Senate districts are currently between two and three times more populous than Assembly districts. As of 2009 the New York State Legislature has 2700 employees, the Assembly is headed by the Speaker, while the Senate is headed by the President, a post held ex officio by the State Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor, as President of the Senate, has only a casting vote. More often, the Senate is presided over by the Temporary President or by a senator of the Majority Leaders choosing, the Assembly Speaker and Senate Majority Leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the Governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York. The New York State Legislature currently have split party control with a Democratic majority in the Assembly, following the 2010 elections, Republicans gained two seats in the Senate to regain control after two years in the minority. Republicans also gained nine seats in the Assembly, fracturing the veto-proof supermajority, to begin the 2009 session, Democrats had a 32-30 seat majority in the State Senate and, in the Assembly, Democrats have a 109-41 seat supermajority. However, the Republicans were able to control of the Senate during a leadership coup. The Democratic Senators regained control of Senate leadership on July 8,2009, until 2009, the State Senate had been in Republican hands for decades. Economic troubles and population loss in upstate New York are also a factor, in the past, Democrats would occasionally switch parties when they ran for the Senate so they could sit with the majority. The Assembly has been dominated by Democrats for about 30 years, between 2002 and 2005, the Republican conference dropped from 53 seats to 45. Republicans even lost some districts that historically have been reliably Republican, the Republican conference was increased by nine seats beginning with the 2011 session. The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the power to veto a bill
25.
Salary Grab Act
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The Salary Grab Act was passed by the United States Congress on March 3,1873. The effect of the Act was, the day before the inauguration of President Ulysses S. Grant, to double the salary of the President. Hidden in the increases was also a 50% increase for members of Congress. Public outcry led Congress to rescind the salary increase. As a protest against the Act, Ohio ratified what would become the Twenty-seventh Amendment, Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
26.
1876 Republican National Convention
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The 1876 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at the Exposition Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio on June 14–16,1876. The convention resulted in the nomination of Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for President, the convention was called to order by Republican National Committee chairman Edwin D. Morgan. Theodore M. Pomeroy served as the temporary chairman and Edward McPherson served as permanent president. James Russell Lowell, well-known poet and a professor at Harvard College, three candidates, including Secretary Benjamin Bristow, Postmaster General Marshall Jewell of Connecticut, and Secretary of State Elihu B. Washburne of Illinois were former Cabinet members of President Ulysses S. Grant, Blaine led after the first ballot, but had only 285 of the 378 delegates required to secure the nomination. Morton, Bristow, and Conkling each had around 100 delegates, while Hayes, the second, third, and fourth ballots saw similar results, but Hayes began to surge on the fifth ballot, passing Morton and Conkling to secure third place after Blaine and Bristow. The sixth ballot saw Blaine rise to 308, but, with the other candidates fading, Hayes continued his surge, moving into second place. After the sixth ballot, the Bristow, Conkling, Morton, with the other candidates gone, Hayes won a narrow majority on the seventh ballot and secured the nomination. The Convention then went on to choose a vice presidential nominee, the Republican ticket of Hayes and Wheeler went on to lose the popular vote to Democrats Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks in the election of 1876, but won the vote after a controversy which was resolved by the Compromise of 1877
27.
Luke P. Poland
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Luke Potter Poland was a United States Senator and Representative from Vermont. Poland was born in Westford son of Luther and Nancy Potter Poland and he attended the common schools and Jericho Academy. He worked as a clerk in Waterville, worked in his fathers sawmill, taught at Morrisville schools, willard and was admitted to the bar in December 1836. In 1838 he married Martha Smith Page and they had three children, Martha died in 1853 and he married her sister, Adelia H. Poland was register of probate from 1839 to 1840 and was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1843, in 1844 and 1845 he was prosecuting attorney of Lamoille County, and was a judge of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1848 to 1860. He served as chief justice from 1860 to 1865. After resigning from the court, Poland was appointed as a Republican to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Jacob Collamer and he served from November 21,1865 to March 3,1867. He was then elected to the House of Representatives for the Fortieth, while in Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business and a member of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. He was a candidate for reelection to the Forty-fourth Congress. A member of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1878, Poland was also a trustee of the University of Vermont at Burlington and he was president of the First National Bank of St. Johnsbury for twenty years. He was again elected to the House of Representatives, and served during the Forty-eighth Congress from March 4,1883 to March 3, 1885), Poland died at his country home near Waterville on July 2,1887 and is interred at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, St. Johnsbury. Poland at Find a Grave United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Govtrack US Congress Encyclopedia, Vermont Biography
28.
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen
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Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen was an American lawyer and politician from New Jersey who served as a U. S. Senator and later as United States Secretary of State under President Chester A. Arthur, Frelinghuysen was born in Millstone, New Jersey, to Frederick Frelinghuysen and Mary Dumont. His father died when he was just three years old, and he was adopted by his uncle, Theodore Frelinghuysen and he became attorney for the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Morris Canal and Banking Company and other corporations. Davis and Charles L. McCawley, and Lucy Frelinghuysen and he was a delegate to the Peace conference of 1861 in Washington, and in 1866 was appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, as a Republican, to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. In the winter of 1867, he was elected to fill the unexpired term, but a Democratic majority in the New Jersey Legislature prevented his re-election in 1869. In 1870, he was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant, and confirmed by the Senate, as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom to succeed John Lothrop Motley, but declined the mission. He was an opponent of the Reconstruction measures of President Andrew Johnson. As a Republican, he voted with the majority on all counts. After his term as Secretary of State Frelinghuysen returned to his home in Newark and he died there on May 20,1885, aged 67, less than three months after retiring. He was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Newark and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, biographical information for Frederick T. Frelinghuysen from the Political Graveyard Frelinghuysen, Theodorus Jacobus
29.
Marshall Jewell
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Marshall Jewell was a manufacturer, pioneer telegrapher, telephone entrepreneur, world traveler, and political figure who served as 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut, the U. S. Minister to Russia, the 25th United States Postmaster General, Jewell, distinguished for his fine china skin, grey eyes, and white eyebrows, was popularly known as the Porcelain Man. As Postmaster General, Jewell made reforms and was intent on cleaning up the Postal Service from internal corruption, Postmaster Jewell aided Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow shut down and prosecute the Whiskey Ring. President Grant, however, became suspicious of Jewells loyalty after Jewell fired a Boston postmaster over non payment of a surety bond, a native of New Hampshire, Jewell was the son of a prominent tanner and currier, having apprenticed in his fathers tannery business. Jewell moved to Boston where he learned the art of being a currier, in 1847, Jewell moved to Hartford where he worked for his fathers business as a currier. Jewell stopped working as a currier and became a telegrapher, where he worked in New York, Ohio. Jewell was a Whig who supported the election of Zachary Taylor to the office of the Presidency, having supported Taylor, Jewell moved to Mississippi where he was elected General Superintendent of Telegraphers. Jewell moved back to New York in 1849, and in 1850 he returned to his fathers tannery business having entered into partnership with his father. Between 1859 and 1860, Jewell traveled to and visited Europe on business connected with the tannery firm, in 1865 Jewell returned to Europe and traveled to Egypt and the Holy Land. Having returned to the United States, Jewell, a Republican, ran for Connecticut state senator in 1867, however, in 1868, Jewell ran for the office of Connecticut Governor, however, he lost the election. Jewell ran again the year and was elected Governor of Connecticut having served from 1869 until 1870. Jewell was reelected to the governorship in 1871 having served until 1873, Jewell was also a presidential candidate at the 1876 Republican National Convention and served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1880 until 1883. Having returned to Connecticut, Jewell became a merchant, having invested in the Hartford Evening Post. He died in 1883 in New Haven, Connecticut, and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Marshall Jewell was born in Winchester, New Hampshire on October 25,1825. His father, Pliny Jewell, native of Hartford, was a prominent tanner and currier and his elder brother was named Harvey Jewell. The young Marshall received an education at common schools. At an early age Jewell apprenticed for his father in the business working as a day laborer until the age of 18. Jewell moved to Woburn where he learned the skill of being a currier, Jewell returned to his fathers tannery business in Hartford where he worked in the currier shop for two years
30.
Stewart L. Woodford
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Stewart Lyndon Woodford was an American politician. He studied at Yale University and Columbia College, at the latter he graduated in 1854 and was a member of St. Anthony Hall. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1857, in 1860 he was chosen messenger of the electoral college of his state to convey to Washington its vote in favor of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed U. S. assistant district attorney for the district of New York. He became colonel of the 103rd Regiment of U. S and he was the Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1867 to 1868, elected in 1866 on the Republican ticket with Governor Reuben E. Fenton. In 1870, Woodford was the Republican candidate for Governor but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat John T. Hoffman, in 1872, he was elected as a Republican to the 43rd United States Congress and served from March 4,1873 to July 1,1874. Also in 1872 he was chosen to be a presidential elector and he was U. S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1877 to 1883. In June 1897, President William McKinley appointed Woodford to the post of Envoy Extraordinary, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the U. S. on April 21,1898, and Woodford left his post the same day. The United States declared war on Spain as of date by Act of Congress approved on April 25,1898. He died in New York City and was buried in Stamford, Connecticuts Woodland Cemetery, Section B, spanish–American War#Declaring war Teller Amendment United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press,2001, samuel R. Harlow, H. H. Boone. Life Sketches of the State Officers, Senators, and Members of the Assembly …, life Sketches of State Officers Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds
31.
Midwestern United States
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It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
32.
United States presidential election, 1876
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The United States presidential election of 1876 was the 23rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7,1876. It was one of the most contentious and controversial presidential elections in American history, the results of the election remain among the most disputed ever, although it is not disputed that Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohios Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote. After a first count of votes, Tilden won 184 electoral votes to Hayess 165 and these 20 electoral votes were in dispute in four states. The question of who should have been awarded these electoral votes is the source of the controversy concerning the results of this election. An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute, the Compromise of 1877, in return for the Democrats acquiescence to Hayess election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South to end the Reconstruction Era of the United States. This was the first presidential election since 1856 in which the Democratic candidate won a majority of the popular vote. 8%, Republican candidates, It was widely assumed during the year 1875 that incumbent President Ulysses S. Late in the year, the president withdrew from the running for 1876, when the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled on June 14,1876, it appeared that James G. Blaine would be the nominee. On the first ballot, Blaine was just 100 votes short of a majority and his vote began to slide after the second ballot, however, as many Republicans feared that Blaine could not win the general election. Anti-Blaine delegates could not agree on a candidate until Blaines total rose to 41% on the sixth ballot, leaders of the reform Republicans met privately and considered alternatives. Their choice was Ohios reform governor, Rutherford B, on the seventh ballot, Hayes was nominated with 384 votes to 351 for Blaine and 21 for Benjamin Bristow. Five thousand people jammed the auditorium in St. Louis with hopes for the first presidential victory for the Democratic Party in 20 years, the platform called for immediate and sweeping reforms in response to the scandals that had plagued the Grant administration. Tilden won more than 400 votes on the first ballot and the nomination by a landslide on the second, Tilden defeated Thomas A. Hendricks, Winfield Scott Hancock, William Allen, Thomas F. Bayard, and Joel Parker for the presidential nomination. Although Tilden was strongly opposed by Honest John Kelly, the leader of New Yorks Tammany Hall, Thomas Hendricks was nominated for vice-president, since he was the only person put forward for the position. The Democratic platform pledged to replace the corruption of the Grant administration with honest, efficient government and it also called for treaty protection for naturalized United States citizens visiting their homelands, restrictions on Asian immigration, tariff reform, and opposition to land grants for railroads. It has been claimed that Tildens nomination was received by the voting Democrats with more enthusiasm than any leader since Andrew Jackson, source, Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo. June 27th, 28th and 29th,1876, source, Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo. June 27th, 28th and 29th,1876, greenback candidates, Peter Cooper, U. S. philanthropist from New York Andrew Curtin, former governor of Pennsylvania William Allen, former governor of Ohio Alexander Campbell, U. S. Its first national nominating convention was held in Indianapolis in the spring of 1876, Peter Cooper was nominated for president with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders
33.
Malone (village), New York
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Malone is a village in, and the county seat of, Franklin County, New York, United States. Its population was 5,911 at the 2010 census, the village in the town of Malone. It is home to a campus of North Country Community College, the community was first settled around 1802 and incorporated as a village in 1853. During the War of 1812, Malone was sacked by British troops, a half-century later, the village served as a staging point for one arm of the 1866 and 1870 Fenian Raids of Canada, which took place at many points along the Canada–United States border. The Fenian Brotherhood attempted to capture Canada as a tool in the British occupation of Ireland. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the book Farmer Boy about Almanzo Wilder, the school is now the site of the Malone Middle School, and the Wilder Homestead is a historical site that lies about 5 miles east of the village of Malone in the town of Burke. The First Congregational Church, likely the one mentioned in Farmer Boy, was the first Christian congregation founded, there is anecdotal evidence that the second church building was one of the final stops in the Underground Railroad. A tunnel for the persons seeking freedom can still be found in the churchs basement, in 1935, Dutch Schultz had his tax evasion trial moved from Manhattan to Malone. After a media-saturated trial before a Malone-area jury, he was acquitted, in 1998, the village suffered a natural disaster as part of the North American Ice Storm of 1998. On November 6,2012, a proposal to dissolve the village into the town of Malone was defeated by a 2-to-1 margin, with village residents voting 1. Primarily a farming community, Malone is surrounded by farms and potato producers. The New York Central and Rutland Railroads once had major switching, products manufactured in Malone included Sno-Pruf waterproofer for boots, woolen winter wear produced by Ballard Mill, and Sioux-Mocs slippers. A number of prisons have been built in the vicinity, becoming major employers, unintended consequences of New York State policy may have impacted Malones water quality. Once the public water system was a gravity-fed source of untreated spring water drawing from a natural aquifer several miles south of the village in Chasm Falls. State health regulations required the village to remove long-used iron pipes which locals would use as a water source when visiting their summer camps on local lakes. Next, the initial feeder reservoir was ordered to be roofed over, the formerly untreated, pure spring water was then ordered to be chlorinated for the sake of the general population, prompted by the development of significant prisoner populations. A once growing and popular local microbrewery based in nearby Lake Titus was put out of business by a requirement to install expensive water treatment and purification equipment. Ironically, brewing, once an important aspect of providing drinking water for communities, was done in by a desire to provide safe drinking water
34.
Honorary degree
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An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
35.
Dartmouth College
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Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, with a total student enrollment of about 6,400, Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League. Undergraduate admissions is highly competitive, with a rate of 10. 4% for the Class of 2021. Dartmouths 269-acre campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England, the university functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. Dartmouth is known for its focus, strong Greek culture. Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I, Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings. According to a Forbes study, despite its small size. In a New York Times corporate study, Dartmouths graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world. Dartmouth has produced prominent alumni, including 170 members of the U. S. Senate. Cabinet officials,3 Nobel Prize laureates,2 U. S. Supreme Court justices, diplomats, scholars in academia, literary and media figures, professional athletes, and Olympic medalists. Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Columbia, Connecticut, wheelocks ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with Mohegan Indian Samson Occom. Occom became a minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747. Wheelock founded Moors Indian Charity School in 1755, the Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue schools operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches, with these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named William Legge, in seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the Province of New Hampshire. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources, the reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable use of the Charity Schools unspent trust funds. The College granted its first degrees in 1771, given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817
36.
Union College
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Union College is a private, non-denominational liberal arts college located in Schenectady, New York, United States. Founded in 1795, it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, in the 19th century, it became the Mother of Fraternities, as three of the earliest such organizations were established there. After 175 years as a traditional institution, Union College began enrolling women in 1970. The college offers an arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors. Approximately 25% of students major in the sciences, 10% in psychology, 11% in engineering, 10% in biology, 9% in history. By the time they graduate, about 60% of Union students will have engaged in some form of study or study abroad. Places of higher learning were few in the days of the Americas. Officially chartered in 1795, Union can trace its beginnings to 1779, by 1799, another 16 surviving colleges had been chartered or founded in the United States, to bring the total to 25 at the end of the 18th century. But, in the years between the American Revolution and Civil War, the foundations of 182 permanent colleges were laid in the United States. Hundreds more were born but proved short-lived, largely because of financial limitations, of the 182 colleges and universities founded in those years, well over a hundred appeared outside the original thirteen colonies. Union College, like many of these, was founded in what was nearly a wilderness, in the town of Schenectady, New York on the Mohawk River, at the time, the town had fewer than 4,000 residents. The cities of Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo did not yet exist, and western New York was very sparsely settled, Unions charter was 16 years in the making. Even before the Revolution had ended, a new rising democratic tide was overtaking the colonists, the old ways, and in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, were being pushed aside. Practical education for the new man of commerce and politics was the new desire, not just classical education for the professions, every hamlet and rude settlement aspired to become an Athens of the West, and Schenectady was no exception. The Mohawk and Hudson River regions were for the most part dominated by the Dutch in those years, Queens College, while intended in part to provide a classical education, had also been founded specifically to train ministers in the Dutch Reformed Church. This has been said by some to be the first expression in America of a demand for higher education. This petition, along with a one in 1782, failed in its purpose. In the meantime, the Dutch Church continued to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its control in Schenectady
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Justice of the peace
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A justice of the peace is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions, some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas and they were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the Kings peace. Therefore, they were known as keepers of the peace, the title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The peace to be guarded is the sovereigns, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative, Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons to be of good behaviour. The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, the justices alternative title of magistrate dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justices standing within the community, the justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it and this was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown. Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in quarter sessions, also administered the county at a local level. Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, emily Murphy of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. Now in the UK, 50% of JPs are women, in special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact gubernatorial, in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a concession in the Matabele kingdom. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state, for example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references. Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of justice of the peace exists, notaries public are often solicitors or barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace, usually in remote aboriginal communities, in Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP
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73rd New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846,32 Senators were elected in single-seat senatorial districts for a two-year term, the whole Senate being renewed biennially. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties,128 Assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts to a one-year term, the whole Assembly being renewed annually. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, the City and County of New York was divided into four senatorial districts, and 16 Assembly districts. At this time there were two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. After the split in 1848, the Democratic factions held separate state conventions, the Anti-Rent Party mostly endorsed Whig or Democratic nominees, and was the balance of power at this election. The New York state election,1849 was held on November 6, the eight statewide elective offices up for election were carried by 4 Whigs,3 Hunkers and 1 Barnburner, all of whom had been endorsed by the Anti-Renters. 17 Whigs and 15 Democrats were elected to a term in the State Senate. 64 Whigs and 64 Democrats were declared elected to the State Assembly, the Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 1,1850, and adjourned on April 10. 64 Democrats and 64 Whigs appeared at the opening of the session, the election of Daniel Fullerton was contested, and objections were raised to his taking the seat. Noble S. Elderkin was elected Speaker with 63 votes against 62 for Robert H. Pruyn, Elderkin and Pruyn did not vote, as the candidates traditionally did not vote for themselves. After much haggling, James R. Rose was elected Clerk of the Assembly with 64 votes against 63 for the incumbent Philander B. On January 24, leave of absence for two weeks was granted to Speaker Elderkin to go home to his ill wife On January 26, Robert H. On February 26, Daniel T. Durland was seated in place of Fullerton which ended the split Assembly, due to the absence of Speaker Elderkin, de facto the Whigs had a majority of 1, which was inverted after seating Durland. Dininny was elected Speaker pro tempore, to succeed Pruyn, to preside over the Assembly during the absence of Speaker Elderkin who was by then not expected to return during this session. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, cross and James W. Beekman changed from the Assembly to the Senate. Clerk, William H. Bogart Sergeant-at-Arms, George W. Bull Doorkeeper, Ransom Van Valkenburgh Assistant Doorkeeper, loomis The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature. Frederick S. Martin changed from the Senate to the Assembly, Party affiliations follow the vote on Speaker
39.
74th New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846,32 Senators were elected in single-seat senatorial districts for a two-year term, the whole Senate being renewed biennially. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties,128 Assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts to a one-year term, the whole Assembly being renewed annually. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, the City and County of New York was divided into four senatorial districts, and 16 Assembly districts. At this time there were two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. The Whigs were split into two opposing factions, the Seward/Weed faction and the Silver Grays, the Anti-Rent Party mostly endorsed Whig or Democratic nominees. The radical abolitionists appeared as the Liberty Party, the New York state election,1850 was held on November 5. Washington Hunt was elected Governor, and Sanford E, the other three statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Democrats. 82 Whigs,44 Democrats and 2 Independents were elected to the State Assembly, the Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 7,1851, and adjourned on April 17. Henry J. Raymond was elected Speaker with 80 votes against 42 for Noble S. Elderkin, Richard U. Sherman was elected Clerk of the Assembly with 81 votes against 44 for the incumbent James R. Rose. On February 4, the Legislature failed to elect a U. S, Senator to succeed Daniel S. Dickinson, and the seat became vacant on March 4,1851. Varnum, Jr. was elected Speaker pro tempore, to preside over the Assembly during the absence of Speaker Raymond, on March 3, Senator William A. Dart questioned the right of Marius Schoonmaker to keep his seat in the Senate. Schoonmaker had been elected to Congress at the last State election, after some debate, the Senate decided on March 5 that Schoonmaker is a member of the present Senate. And will remain so, until he accepts the office of member of Congress, on March 19, the Legislature elected Hamilton Fish to the vacant seat in the U. S. Senate. On May 27, an election was held to fill the vacancies in the State Senate. Six of the senators were re-elected, five vacancies were filled with men who later voted for the passage of the bill. The Legislature met for a session on June 10,1851. Due to ill health, Speaker Raymond did not attend the special session, varnum Jr. was again elected Speaker pro tempore, to preside over the Assembly during the special session. On June 24, the Canal Enlargement Bill was passed in the Senate by a vote of 22 to 8, on July 2, the Whig majority admitted their party fellow Wiliam J. Gilbert to the vacant seat
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81st New York State Legislature
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The 81st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to April 19,1858, during the second year of John A. Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846,32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in districts, senators for a two-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of counties, except New York County. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, on April 13, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts, and the Assembly seats per county. At this time there were two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Know Nothing movement ran in the election as the American Party, the New York state election,1857 was held on November 3. All eight statewide offices were carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State was, Democratic 195,000, Republican 177,000, and American 67,000. The Legislature met for the session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 5,1858. Halsted was elected President pro tempore of the State Senate, on January 26, after three weeks of deadlock, Thomas G. Alvord was elected Speaker on the 53rd ballot. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, James Noxon, John E. Paterson, John B. Halsted, James Wadsworth and John P. Darling were re-elected, george G. Scott and Ralph A. Loveland changed from the Assembly to the Senate. Party affiliations follow the vote for Senate officers, Party affiliations follow the original vote for Speaker. Cushman The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Murphy The Evening Journal Almanac
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82nd New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846,32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts, senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of counties, except New York County. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, at this time there were two major political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Know Nothing movement ran in the election as the American Party, the New York state election,1858 was held on November 2. Republicans Edwin D. Morgan and Robert Campbell were elected Governor, the other two statewide elective offices were also carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor was, Republican 248,000, Democratic 230,000, and American 61,000. The Legislature met for the session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 4,1859. Littlejohn was again elected Speaker with 90 votes against 28 for John W. Chanler and 6 for Chauncey Boughton, on January 18, William A. Wheeler was elected President pro tempore of the State Senate. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, Party affiliations follow the vote for Speaker
