1.
Fleet admiral (United States)
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Fleet admiral, officially known as Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy, is a five-star flag officer rank in the United States Navy. Fleet admiral ranks immediately above admiral and is equivalent to General of the Army and General of the Air Force. Although it is a current and authorized rank, no U. S. Navy officer presently holds it, with the last living U. S. Navy fleet admiral being Chester W. Nimitz, who died in 1966. The United States Navy did not create admiral ranks until the American Civil War, David Farragut was the first admiral in the U. S. Navy and wore a variety of elaborate sleeve insignia to denote his rank and position. Farragut was succeeded by David Dixon Porter, after the deaths of two men the United States Navy had no rank greater than rear admiral. The rank of Admiral of the Navy was then created in 1903 for George Dewey in recognition of his victory in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. George Dewey held the authority of a fleet admiral while three permanent admiral positions also existed in the U. S. Navy for the Atlantic, Pacific. Throughout the 1920s and 30s, the highest rank in the U. S. Navy was that of admiral, in 1944 the Navy Department declared Deweys rank to be senior to the then newly created five-star rank of fleet admiral. The proper rank of admiral was created in 1944 in order to give United States military officers comparable rank to five-star officers of allied nations. The rank of admiral was created by Congress to be granted to four people during the World War II era. The United States rank of admiral was created by an Act of Congress for four officers to hold on a temporary basis under Pub. L. The rank was made permanent for the four individual holders by Pub. L, 79–333 on March 23,1946, but that law made no provision to establish the rank itself permanently. He would later be promoted to general of the Air Force on May 7,1949 after the Air Force was created as a separate service as part of the National Defense Act of 1947. The insignia for an admiral was composed of five silver stars in a pentagonal design. Worn on the dress uniform sleeve was a gold stripe two inches wide surrounding the sleeve two inches from the cuff with four half-inch stripes placed at 1/4 inch intervals. The single gold five-pointed star, one ray down, worn above the top stripe was not part of the rank per se, a close contender to receive the rank of fleet admiral was Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Representative Carl Vinson, a supporter of Admiral Halsey, reportedly blocked the final promotion of Spruance to fleet admiral on several occasions. The first fleet admiral to leave active duty was Ernest King who retired immediately after the conclusion of World War II, Chester Nimitz and William Halsey both retired two years later while William Leahy was the last fleet admiral to leave active duty in 1949
2.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by U. S. The post of a statutory and permanent Joint Chiefs of Staff chair was created by the 1949 amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act elevated the Chairman from the first among equals to becoming the principal military advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense. The National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate, the Goldwater-Nichols Act places the chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands. However the services chiefs do have authority over personnel assignments and oversight over resources, the Chairman may also transmit communications to the combatant commanders from the President and Secretary of Defense as well as allocate additional funding to the combatant commanders if necessary. He also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §153 or allocates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in the joint staff under his name. The principal deputy to the Chairman is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, another 4-star general or admiral, who among many duties chairs the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is assisted by the Joint Staff, led by the Director of the Joint Staff, the National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, served as the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief from July 20,1942 to March 21,1949. He presided over meetings of what was called the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chairman is nominated by the President for appointment and must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate. The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the armed force service branch. However, the President may waive that restriction for a period of time in order to provide for the orderly transition of officers appointed to serve in those positions. However, in a time of war or national emergency, there is no limit to how many times an officer can be reappointed to serve as Chairman, historically, the Chairman has served two terms. By statute, the Chairman is appointed as a general or admiral while holding office. All pay for officers, however, is limited by Level II of the Executive Schedule which is $15,125.10.1, Functions of the Department of Defense. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense, office of the Secretary Defense, Director of Administration and Management, Directorate for Organizational & Management Planning. Official Joint Chiefs of Staff site
3.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
4.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
5.
Omar Bradley
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After the war, Bradley headed the Veterans Administration and became Army Chief of Staff. In 1949, Bradley was appointed the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Bradley was the last of only nine people to hold a five-star rank in the United States Armed Forces. Bradley, the son of schoolteacher John Smith Bradley and Mary Elizabeth Hubbard, was born into poverty in rural Randolph County, near Clark, Bradley was named after Omar D. Gray, a local newspaper editor admired by his father, and a local doctor called Nelson. He was of British ancestry, his ancestors having migrated from Great Britain to Kentucky in the mid-1700s and he attended country schools where his father taught. When Omar was 15 his father, with whom he credited passing on to him a love of books, baseball and shooting and his mother moved to Moberly, Missouri and remarried. Bradley graduated from Moberly High School in 1910, an outstanding student, Bradley had been planning on saving his money to enter the University of Missouri in Columbia, where he intended to study law. He finished second in the West Point placement exams at Jefferson Barracks Military Post in St. Louis, the first-place winner was unable to accept the Congressional appointment, and so Bradley took his place. While at the academy, Bradleys devotion to sports prevented him from excelling academically and he was a baseball star, and often played on semi-pro teams for no remuneration. While stationed at West Point as an instructor, Bradley became a Freemason in 1923, becoming a member of the West Point Lodge #877, Highland Falls, Bradleys first wife, Mary Quayle, grew up across the street from him in Moberly. The pair attended Central Christian Church and Moberly High School together, Moberly called Bradley its favorite son and throughout his life Bradley called Moberly his hometown and his favorite city in the world. At West Point, Bradley played three years of varsity baseball including on the 1914 team, from every player who remained in the army ultimately became a general. He graduated from West Point in 1915 as part of a class that contained many future generals, woodruff, John French Conklin, Walter W. Hess, and Edwin A. Zundel. Bradley was commissioned as a lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army and was first assigned to the 14th Infantry Regiment. He served on the Mexico–United States border in 1915, when the United States entered World War I, in April 1917, he was promoted to captain and sent to guard the Butte, Montana copper mines. Bradley joined the 19th Infantry Division in August 1918, which was scheduled for European deployment, but the influenza pandemic, between the wars, he taught and studied. From 1920 to 1924, he taught mathematics at West Point and he was promoted to major in 1924 and took the advanced infantry course at Fort Benning, Georgia. After brief duty in Hawaii, he studied at the U. S. Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1928–29. Upon graduating from the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College at Leavenworth, there the assistant commandant, Lieutenant Colonel George Marshall called him quiet, unassuming, capable, with sound common sense
6.
United States Ambassador to France
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The United States Ambassador to France is the official representative of the President of the United States to the head of state of France. There has been a U. S. Ambassador to France since the American Revolution, the United States sent its first envoys to France in 1776, towards the end of the four-centuries-old Bourbon dynasty. The American diplomatic relationship with France has continued throughout that countrys five republican regimes, two periods of French empire, the Bourbon Restoration, and its July Monarchy. Livingston,1801 –1804 John Armstrong,1804 –1810 Joel Barlow,1811 –1812 William H. Crawford,1813 –1815 Albert Gallatin July 16,1816 – May 16,1823 James Brown,1824 –1829 William C. Mason,1853 –1859 William L. Dayton,1861 –1864 John Bigelow,1864 –1866 John Adams Dix,1866 –1869 Elihu B, Ambassador to France from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
7.
William Christian Bullitt Jr.
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William Christian Bullitt, Jr. was an American diplomat, journalist, and novelist. Although in his youth he was considered something of a radical, Bullitt was born to a prominent, well-to-do Philadelphia family, the son of Louisa Gross and William Christian Bullitt, Sr. His grandfather was John Christian Bullitt, founder of the law firm known as Drinker Biddle & Reath. He graduated from Yale University in 1913, after having been voted most brilliant in his class and he briefly attended Harvard Law School but dropped out on the death of his father in 1914. At Yale he was a member of Scroll and Key and he married socialite Aimee Ernesta Drinker in 1916. She gave birth to a son in 1917, but the baby died two days. In 1924 he married Louise Bryant, journalist author of Six Red Months in Russia, Bullitt divorced Bryant in 1930 and took custody of their daughter, after he discovered Bryants affair with English sculptor Gwen Le Gallienne. The Bullitts daughter, Anne Moen Bullitt, was born in February 1924, in 1967, she married her fourth husband, U. S. Bullitt became a correspondent in Europe and later a novelist. In 1926, he published Its Not Done, a novel that lampooned the dying aristocracy of Chesterbridge. Working for Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference, in 1919, Bullitt was a supporter of legalistic internationalism. Having failed to convince Wilson to support the establishment of relations with the Bolshevik government and he later returned to the United States and testified in the Senate against the Treaty of Versailles and had his report of his Russian trip placed into the record. Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Bullitt the first US ambassador to the Soviet Union, at the time of his appointment, Bullitt was known as a liberal and thought by some to be something of a radical. The Soviets welcomed him as an old friend because of his efforts at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Though Bullitt arrived in the Soviet Union with high hopes for Soviet–American relations, by the end of his tenure he was openly hostile to the Soviet government. He remained an outspoken anti-communist for the rest of his life, Bullitt was recalled after US journalist Donald Day had disclosed that he had been involved in illegal exchange of and trading with Torgsin rubles. During this period, he was engaged to Roosevelts personal secretary. However, she broke off the engagement after a trip to Moscow, during which she discovered him to be having an affair with Olga Lepeshinskaya
8.
Governor of Puerto Rico
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The governor of Puerto Rico is the head of government of Puerto Rico and, by its nature, constitutes the executive branch of the government of the island. He is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces, the Puerto Rico National Guard. Since 1948, the governor has been elected by the people of Puerto Rico, prior to that, the governor was appointed either by the King of Spain or the President of the United States. Article IV of the Constitution of Puerto Rico vests the executive power on the governor, law No.104 of 1956 empowers him with the faculty to delegate functions. These two faculties in conjunction allow the governor to delegate most of his functions while continuing to be the maximum officer, most of the governors functions are delegated to the Chief of Staff, who is charged with managing and overseeing all the executive departments and almost all executive agencies. The budget is delegated to the Director of the Office of Management, historically, however, governors tend to be heavily involved in the day-to-day operations of the government in both internal and external affairs. It is believed that the rank was apparently established through democratic means. His importance in the tribe was determined by the size of his rather than his warlord skills. Agüeybaná I is the most-well known cacique as he was the one governing all others when the Spaniards arrived in 1493 although many others existed during his period, as well as before and after him. Juan Ponce de León was appointed as the first Governor of Puerto Rico in 1508, in 1579, after several others had already served as governor, Juan Ponce de León II became the first person born in Puerto Rico to assume, temporarily, the governorship of Puerto Rico. He served until, who assumed the governorship of the island that same year, in 1914 Howard Lewis Kern from Charles City, Iowa was appointed by Woodrow Wilson to be the attorney general. The acting governor fell ill and Kern served as the acting governor off and on from 1914 to 1916, during that time Governor Kern focused on cleaning up the riff-raff, educating women and children, providing public health and welfare. Kern was partner in starting the International Telephone and Telegraph Company from the failing Puerto Rican Radio and his wife, Edna Francis and their first daughter, Myrna Quail resided in the governors mansion across the street from Fortaleza. Their second daughter, Virginia was born in Newark after their return to the north, ref. cited-Whos Who in America and the San Juan Islander Newspaper 1916-1924. It is believed that Juan Bernardo Huyke may have served as an interim or acting governor in the absence of Kern, who resigned in 1924. Emmet Montgomery Reily and Horace Mann Towner also served in the appointment of governorship, in 1946, President Harry Truman appointed Jesús T. Piñero to the governors seat. Piñero remained in office until 1948, when Puerto Ricans were allowed to choose their governor for the first time in history, in 1948, Luis Muñoz Marín became the first Puerto Rican elected Governor of Puerto Rico. The governor is head of the government of Puerto Rico and he has the power to veto any number of projects that the Puerto Rican Legislature wishes to pass
9.
Blanton Winship
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Winship was an American military lawyer and veteran of both the Spanish–American War and World War I. During his long career, he served both as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army and as the Governor of Puerto Rico, blanton Winship was born in Macon, Georgia and graduated from Mercer University in 1889. He received a law degree from the University of Georgia in 1893, during the Spanish–American War, Winship joined the 1st Georgia Infantry, a volunteer force. After the war, he elected to join the United States Army as a judge advocate and he remained in the military through 1914, when he began to teach law at the Army Service School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. When World War I broke out, he fought in France, for his service during that war, Winship was awarded both a Distinguished Service Cross and Silver Star. Following the war, Winship returned to military law and he was appointed to serve as a military aide to President Calvin Coolidge. Eventually he became the Judge Advocate General of the Army, a position he held from 1931 to his retirement from service in 1933, during World War II, Winship returned to active duty. During this time, he set precedents for military tribunals in the United States during participation in the commission to try Nazi saboteurs arrested in this country. Winship retired for good in 1944, at 75, he was at that time the oldest Army officer on active duty. In 1934, Winship was appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt as governor of Puerto Rico and this was in part due to major strikes that had taken place that year, causing the administration to fear social unrest. Colonel Francis Riggs accompanied Winship as chief of police, Riggs had formerly assisted Nicaraguas dictator, Anastasio Somoza. As Governor, Winships primary mission was to crush the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, by imprisoning its leadership, upon arrival he immediately set out to militarize the Insular Police force, arming it with machine guns and riot control equipment. Winship also recruited a new Police Chief, E. Francis Riggs, whose background was in military intelligence, together, Winship and Riggs spent their weekends inspecting the new vigorous police training camps which they created throughout the island. Winship criticized many of Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickess policies toward the island, relief spending during the Great Depression for Puerto Rico was far below either that of the mainland or Hawaii. This lack of spending contributed to the poverty of the island, in October 1935, the Insular Police killed four Puerto Rican Nationalist Party members at the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras, a neighboring town next to San Juan. The event became known as the Rio Piedras Massacre, ramón S. Pagan, Pedro Quiñones, Eduardo Rodríguez Vera, José Santiago Barea and a bystander were killed. On February 23,1936, the nationalists Hiram Rosado and Elias Beauchamp retaliated by killing Col. Riggs in San Juan, captured, both Rosado and Beauchamp were executed at the police headquarters without trial. No law enforcement officer ever stood trial for the executions, following these events, the government rounded up numerous Nationalist Party members and charged them with sedition
10.
Chief of Naval Operations
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The Chief of Naval Operations is a statutory office held by a four-star admiral in the United States Navy, and is the most senior naval officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Navy. The office is an adviser and deputy to the Secretary of the Navy. The current Chief of Naval Operations is Admiral John M. Richardson, under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy, the CNO also designates naval personnel and naval resources to the commanders of Unified Combatant Commands. The CNO also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §5033, the CNO is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Navy unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are naval officers. Like the other joint chiefs, the CNO is a position and has no operational command authority over United States naval forces. The Chief of Naval Operations is nominated by the President for appointment, however, the president may waive those requirements if he determines that appointing the officer is necessary for the national interest. By statute, the CNO is appointed as a four-star admiral, number One Observatory Circle, located on the northeast grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC, was built in 1893 for its superintendent. The Chief of Naval Operations liked the house so much that in 1923 he took over the house as his own official residence and it remained the residence of the CNO until 1974, when Congress authorized its transformation to an official residence for the Vice President. The Chief of Naval Operations currently resides in Quarters A in the Washington Naval Yard, the position of CNO replaced the position of Aide for Naval Operations, which was a position established by regulation rather than statutory law. Lists of Commanding Officers and Senior Officials of the US Navy, archived from the original on 18 December 2007
11.
William Harrison Standley
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William Harrison Standley was a U. S. admiral. He served as the Chief of Naval Operations between 1933 and 1937 and he also served as the U. S. ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1941 until 1943. Standley was born in Ukiah, California, where his grandfather operated a hotel and his father and he graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1895. He then served the two years sea duty in the cruiser Olympia before he received his commission as an ensign in 1897. During the Spanish–American War, he served in the monitor Monterey, after the fighting with Spain had ended, he joined the gunboat Yorktown, during the Philippine–American War. He won a commendation for bravery during a reconnaissance mission carried out at Baler. In conjunction with a feint conducted by Lt. J. C, gilmore, Standley, then an ensign, ventured into enemy territory to reconnoiter insurgent positions. Ordered to the gunboat Marietta on 29 May 1901, Standley later became Officer in Charge, Branch Hydrographic Office, San Francisco, California, in October of the same year. Assigned to the training ship Pensacola in June 1902, he served as engineer in the ship Adams and as aide to the Commandant of the Naval Station at Tutuila. Reporting to the receiving ship Independence in January 1907, Standley served as officer of the cruiser Albany from February 1909 to August 1910. From January 1910, he discharged duties as Albanys navigator as well. Standley then reported to the armored cruiser Pennsylvania on 3 November 1910 and was navigator of that ship until becoming aide to the Commandant of the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California. After three years in that post, Standley became executive officer of the battleship New Jersey and later command of the gunboat Yorktown on 15 May 1915. Returning to the Naval Academy on 14 October 1916, as Assistant to the Superintendent in charge of Building and Grounds, for his highly meritorious service in those posts at Annapolis, Standley received a special letter of commendation from the Secretary of the Navy. Detached from the Naval Academy in July 1919, Standley soon thereafter assumed command of the pre-dreadnought battleship Virginia and, completing the latter tour on 1 February 1926, Standley then commanded California from 15 February 1926 to 11 October 1927. He returned to duty in Washington, D. C. as Director of the Fleet Training Division, Office of the CNO. Appointed vice admiral, on 20 January 1932 while in command of the Battle Forces cruisers, Standley was placed in command of the Battle Force, U. S. Fleet, with the rank of admiral, on 20 May 1933. Breaking his flag in his command, California, the admiral remained at sea until 1 July 1933
12.
Harold Rainsford Stark
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Harold Rainsford Stark served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II. Stark was the US Navys 8th Chief of Naval Operations, from August 1,1939 to 26 March 1942, Stark enrolled in the United States Naval Academy in 1899 and graduated with the class of 1903. As a plebe there he received the nickname Betty, from 1907 to 1909, Stark served on the battleship USS Minnesota before and during the U. S. Atlantic Fleets cruise around the world, Stark served on the staff of Commander, US Naval Forces operating in Europe from November 1917 to January 1919. From 1934 to 1937, Rear Admiral Stark was Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and he then from July 1938 served at sea as Commander Cruiser Division Three and Commander of Cruisers in the Battle Fleet, with the rank of Vice Admiral. In August 1939, Stark became Chief of Naval Operations with the rank of Admiral, in that position, he oversaw the expansion of the Navy during 1940 and 1941, and its involvement in the Neutrality Patrols against German submarines in the Atlantic during the latter part of 1941. It was at time that he authored the Plan Dog memo. It appears the decision was taken without the knowledge or prior consent of the government and it violated the London Naval Treaty, to which the U. S. was signatory. His most controversial service involved the growing menace of Japanese forces in the period before America was bombed into the war by the attack on Pearl Harbor, captain Edwin T. Layton was Kimmels chief intelligence officer at the time of the attack. John Costello, in Days of Infamy, points out MacArthur had complete access to both PURPLE and JN-25, plus over eight hours warning, and was caught by surprise. Moreover, as SCAP official historian Gordon Prange and his colleagues note in December 7,1941, defense of the fleet was General Shorts responsibility, among others, Morison and Layton agree Turner was most responsible for the debacle, as does Ned Beach in Scapegoats. In addition, there was confusion over where Japan might strike. As CNO, Stark oversaw combat operations against Japan and the European Axis Powers that officially began in December 1941, in March 1942, Stark was relieved as CNO by Admiral Ernest King. He went to England the next month to become Commander of U. S. Naval Forces in Europe. From his London headquarters, Admiral Stark directed the naval part of the buildup in England and U. S. naval operations. He received the title of Commander of the Twelfth Fleet in October 1943. Admiral Stark built and maintained relations with British civilian and naval leaders, who generally adored him. Stark was particularly important in dealing with Charles de Gaulle, it was thanks to Stark the U. S. -British-Free French relationship continued to work and he earned high praise from King for his work
13.
Hampton, Iowa
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Hampton is a city in Franklin County, Iowa, United States. The population was 4,461 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Franklin County. William A. Krause and Tony S. Gentle, founded the Hampton Oil Company in Hampton, Hampton Oil eventually became the Krause Gentle Corporation, which is Kum & Gos parent company. In 1963, Krause Gentle introduced the companys first convenience stores, the Kum & Go brand has expanded to become a dominating competitor in the Midwestern United States convenience store market and as of 2010 is ranked 23rd largest in the entire nation with 434 stores. In 1988, the headquarters were moved to West Des Moines, hamptons longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 42.743164, -93.207872. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.43 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,461 people,1,752 households, the population density was 1,007.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,971 housing units at a density of 444.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 1% White,0. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,7. 2% from other races, and 2. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21. 5% of the population,30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 38.9 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 7% were from 25 to 44,23. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 4% male and 50. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,218 people,1,766 households, and 1,110 families residing in the city. The population density was 986.4 people per square mile, there were 1,928 housing units at an average density of 450.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 90% White,0. 14% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 19% Asian,7. 68% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 98% of the population. 32. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.89. Age spread,23. 2% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,24. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 1% from 45 to 64, the median age was 41 years
14.
Bethesda, Maryland
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Bethesda is a census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, located just northwest of the U. S. capital of Washington, D. C. It takes its name from a church, the Bethesda Meeting House. In Aramaic, ܒܝܬ ܚܣܕܐ beth ḥesda means House of Mercy and in Hebrew, the National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda, as are a number of corporate and government headquarters. In 2014 it placed first in Forbes list of Americas most educated small towns, as an unincorporated area, Bethesda has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau defines a place named Bethesda whose center is located at 38°59′N 77°7′W. The United States Geological Survey has defined Bethesda as an area whose center is at 38°58′50″N 77°6′2″W, other definitions are used by the Bethesda Urban Planning District, the United States Postal Service, and other organizations. According to estimates released by the U. S. Census Bureau in 2013, Most of Bethesdas residents are in Maryland Legislative District 16. Bethesda is situated along a thoroughfare that was originally the route of an ancient Native American trail. Henry Fleet, an English fur trader, was the first European to travel to the area, Most early settlers in Maryland were tenant farmers who paid their rent in tobacco. A small settlement grew around a store and tollhouse along the turnpike, by 1862, the community was known as Darcys Store after the owner of a local establishment, William E. Darcy. The church burned in 1849 and was rebuilt the same year about 100 yards south at its present site. Throughout most of the 19th century, Bethesda never developed beyond a small village, consisting of a post office, a blacksmith shop, a church and school. It was not until the installation of a line in 1890. Until that time, dependence on proximity to rail lines insulated Bethesda from growth, the arrival of the personal automobile ended this dependency, and Bethesda planners grew the community with the newest transportation revolution in mind. Subdivisions began to appear on old farmland, becoming the neighborhoods of Drummond, Woodmont, Edgemoor, further north, several wealthy men made Rockville Pike famous for its mansions. These included Brainard W. Parker, James Oyster, George E. Hamilton, wilson, Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, and George Freeland Peter. In 1930, Dr Armistead Peters pioneering manor house Winona became the clubhouse of the original Woodmont Country Club, merle Thorpes mansion, Pooks Hill —on the site of the current neighborhood of the same name—became the home-in-exile of the Norwegian Royal Family during World War II. That war, and the expansion of government that it created, both the National Naval Medical Center and the NIH complex were built just to the north of the developing downtown
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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USS New Mexico (BB-40)
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USS New Mexico was a battleship in service with the United States Navy from 1918 to 1946. She was the ship of a class of three battleships, and the first ship to be named for the state of New Mexico. Her keel was laid down on 14 October 1915 at the New York Navy Yard, she was launched on 23 April 1917 and she was the first ship with a turbo-electric transmission, which helped her reach a cruising speed of 10 knots. Shortly after completing training, New Mexico escorted the ship that carried President Woodrow Wilson to Brest. The interwar period was marked with repeated exercises with the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets, use as a ship for PID controllers. The ships first actions during World War II were neutrality patrols in the Atlantic Ocean and these were interspersed with escort duties, patrols, and refits. The ship was attacked by kamikazes on several occasions, New Mexico was present in Tokyo Bay for the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on 2 September 1945. Four days later, she sailed for the United States, New Mexico was decommissioned in Boston on 19 July 1946, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 25 February 1947. City fireboats were sent to block the passage of the battleship, scrapping commenced in November and was completed by July 1948. New Mexico was 624 feet long overall and had a beam of 97 ft 5 in and she displaced 32,000 long tons as designed and up to 33,000 long tons at full combat load. The ship had a range of 8,000 nautical miles at a speed of 10 kn. Her crew numbered 1,084 officers and enlisted men, as built, she was fitted with two lattice masts with spotting tops for the main gun battery. The main armored belt was 13.5 in thick, while the armored deck was up to 3.5 in thick. The main battery gun turrets had 18 in thick faces on 13 in barbettes, the conning tower had 16 in thick sides. The ship was armed with a battery of twelve 14-inch /50 caliber guns in four, three-gun turrets on the centerline. Unlike earlier American battleships with triple turrets, these mounts were true three-gun barrels, the secondary battery consisted of fourteen 5-inch /51 caliber guns mounted in individual casemates clustered in the superstructure amidships. As a result, these guns were removed and the casemates were plated over to prevent flooding, the secondary battery was augmented with four 3-inch /50 caliber guns. In addition to her gun armament, New Mexico was also fitted with two 21-inch torpedo tubes, mounted submerged in the hull, one on each broadside, on 30 June 1914, New Mexico was authorized by the United States Congress
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USS St. Louis (C-20)
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The fourth USS St. Louis, was the lead ship of her class of protected cruisers in the United States Navy. St. Louis was launched on 6 May 1905 by the Neafie & Levy Company and it was sponsored by Miss Gladys Bryant Smith and commissioned on 18 August 1906 with Captain Nathaniel R. Usher in command. Assigned to the Pacific Fleet, St. Louis departed Tompkinsville, New York, St. Louis called at Port Castries, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Punta Arenas, Valparaíso, Callao, and Acapulco before arriving at San Diego on 31 August 1907. Operating off the west coast into the spring of 1908, she steamed from Puget Sound to Honolulu in June, on 5 November 1909, St. Louis returned to Puget Sound and was placed in reserve on 14 November. Decommissioned on 3 May 1910, St. Louis was recommissioned, in reserve and she departed Puget Sound on 13 July 1911 for San Francisco and brief service as receiving ship there. After undergoing repairs,22 July 1911 to 28 February 1912, from 14 July 1912 until 26 April 1913, she operated in support of the Oregon Naval Militia, then returned to the Puget Sound Navy Yard to be placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet for a year. She departed Puget Sound on 24 April 1914 and commenced her next assignment as receiving ship at San Francisco on the 27th, returning north to Bremerton, St. Louis was again placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet on 17 February 1916. Detached from the Reserve Fleet on 10 July 1916, St. Louis departed Puget Sound on 21 July for Honolulu. Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 29 July, she commenced her next duty assignment as tender, Submarine Division Three, Pacific Fleet, with duty as station ship. When it became evident that the crew of the interned German sloop Geier intended to scuttle their ship, Geier subsequently served the United States as Schurz. Placed in reduced commission on 6 April 1917, as the United States entered World War I, calling first at San Diego, she took on board 517 National Naval Volunteers and apprentice seamen to bring her war complement to 823 officers and men. On 20 April, she was placed in full commission, a month later, she arrived in the Panama Canal Zone and embarked the 7th, 17th, 20th, 43d, 51st and 55th companies of Marines. She transported them to Santiago de Cuba and then sailed for Philadelphia, St. Louiss first convoy duty began on 17 June 1917 when she departed New York in escort of Group 4, American Expeditionary Force. Returning to Boston for repairs on 19 July 1917, she had completed six additional voyages, escorting convoys bound from New York for ports in Britain, together with the USS Huntington she left Halifax on 30 October 1917 carrying members of a high-level U. S. Commission to confer with the European Allies, escorted by USS Balch and other British and American vessels she arrived in Plymouth on the evening of 7 November. After the Armistice, St. Louis was immediately pressed into service returning troops to the United States, designated CA-18 on 17 July 1920 and assigned to post-war duty with the European Squadron, St. Louis departed Philadelphia on 10 September 1920 for Sheerness, Cherbourg and Constantinople. Standing up the Bosphorus from Constantinople on 13 November, St. Louis embarked refugees at Sevastopol and Yalta, the following day, her crew formed boat landing parties to distribute food among refugees quartered aboard naval transports anchored in the Bosphorus. St. Louis continued her duties at Constantinople and at Anatolian ports during the time of unrest caused by the Russian Civil War
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USS Princess Matoika
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USS Princess Matoika was a transport ship for the United States Navy during World War I. Before the war, she was a Barbarossa-class ocean liner that sailed as SS Kiautschou for the Hamburg America Line, after her World War I Navy service ended, she served as the United States Army transport ship USAT Princess Matoika. In post-war civilian service she was SS Princess Matoika until 1922, SS President Arthur until 1927, built in 1900 for the German Far East mail routes, SS Kiautschou traveled between Hamburg and Far East ports for most of her Hamburg America Line career. In 1904, she was traded to competitor North German Lloyd for five freighters and she sailed both transatlantic and Far East mail routes until the outbreak of World War I, when she was interned in the neutral port of Cebu in the Philippines. Seized by the U. S. in 1917, the newly renamed USS Princess Matoika carried over 50,000 U. S. troops to, as an Army transport after that, she continued to return troops and repatriated the remains of Americans killed overseas in the war. In July 1920, she was a substitute to carry a large portion of the United States team to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. After her Army career ended, Princess Matoika was transferred to the United States Mail Steamship Line for European passenger service in early 1921, after that companys financial troubles resulted in her seizure, Princess Matoika was assigned to the newly formed United States Lines and resumed passenger service. In 1922, the ship was renamed SS President Arthur, in honor of the 21st U. S. President, Chester A. Arthur. When changes in U. S. laws severely curtailed the number of immigrants that could enter the country in the early 1920s, President Arthur was purchased in October 1924 by the Jewish-owned American Palestine Line to begin regular service between New York, Naples, and Palestine. On her maiden voyage to Palestine, she became the first ocean liner to fly the Zionist flag at sea. Financial difficulties for American Palestine ended the service after three roundtrips, and the liner was sold to the Los Angeles Steamship Company for Los Angeles–Honolulu service, following three years of carrying tourists and freight, the liner burned in Honolulu Harbor in 1930. She was deemed too expensive to repair and was scrapped in Japan in 1933. In March 1900 the Hamburg America Line announced the plans for 22 new ships totaling 150,000 gross register tons at a cost of $11,000,000, one of the two largest ships announced was SS Kiautschou at an announced 10,200 GRT. The ship was laid down at AG Vulcan Stettin in Stettin, during her construction, HAPAG renamed the ship twice before finally settling on Kiautschou, the German colony in China, as her namesake. The ship was 525 feet long and featured twin screws powered by two quadruple expansion engines that generated 9,000 horsepower. The liner also featured bilge keels that helped stabilize her ride, on the interior, Kiautschous first-class state rooms were described as light and large and located in the center of the ship. She had two large promenade decks, a room, and a library. Her smoking room was at the rear of the promenade deck
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USS Dolphin (PG-24)
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USS Dolphin was a gunboat/dispatch vessel, the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the dolphin. Dolphins keel was laid down by John Roach & Sons of Chester and she was launched on 12 April 1884, with Captain George Dewey in command, and commissioned on 8 December 1885 with Captain R. W. Meade in command. Dolphin was the first Navy ship to fly the Flag of the President of the United States during President Chester A. Arthurs administration, Dolphin was originally built as a dispatch vessel, intended to courier messages as radio had not yet been invented. She was the only US naval vessel ever specifically designated as such and she was also called an unarmored or unprotected cruiser, and was eventually designated as a patrol gunboat on 1 July 1921, a few months before she was sold to Mexico. She was ordered as part of the ABCD ships, the others being the cruisers Atlanta, Boston and these were the first ships of what came to be called the New Navy, representing the transition from wooden-hulled to steel-hulled warships. Like the other three, Dolphin was built with a rig to increase the ships cruising range due to the inefficient steam engines of the day. All were ordered from the shipyard, John Roach & Sons of Chester. However, when Secretary of the Navy William C, built for speed at the expense of protection, Dolphin was unarmored and her engine was unprotected as it extended above the waterline. She was built with one 6-inch /30 caliber Mark 1 gun, Dolphin was powered by four coal-fired cylindrical boilers and one 1 vertical compound engine producing 2,255 ihp for a speed of 16 kn. References vary as to Dolphins armament in a given period, in 1891 the 6 inch gun was replaced by two 4-inch /40 caliber guns. In 1913 her armament was replaced with six 6-pounders, augmented by two 3-inch /50 caliber guns in 1918, by 1921 her armament was one 4-inch /50 caliber gun and two 6-pounders. The first of the vessels of the New Navy to be completed, Dolphin was assigned to the North Atlantic Station and she then sailed around South America on her way to the Pacific Squadron for duty. She returned to duty on the North Atlantic Station, cruising in the West Indies from 9 December 1889, –12 June 1890. On 23 December, she was reassigned to the Squadron of Evolution and sailed from New York City on 7 January 1891 for a Caribbean cruise, returning to Norfolk, Virginia on 7 April. Out of commission from 1 May 1891 –14 March 1892, Dolphin then resumed her cruising along the Atlantic coast, in April 1893, President Grover Cleveland conducted New Yorks inaugural International Naval Review from the deck of the Dolphin. On 3 December 1895, she was assigned to the Special Service Squadron and she carried President William McKinley and his party during the naval review following the ceremonies dedicating Grants Tomb in New York City on 27 April 1897. Dolphin was placed out of commission at New York on 23 November 1897, Dolphin was recommissioned on 24 March 1898, just prior to the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, and served on blockade duty off Havana, Cuba in April–May. On 6 June, she came under fire from the Morro Battery at Santiago, on 14 June, she provided fire support for elements of the 1st Marine Battalion at the Battle of Cuzco Well in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba resulting in a total rout of the Spanish forces
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Battle of Santiago de Cuba
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Cuban revolutionaries had staged revolts against Spanish colonial authority in the Ten Years War, the Little War, and the Cuban War of Independence. As a consequence, many Cubans died of disease and malnutrition, enrique Dupuy de Lȏme was appointed the Spanish Minister to the United States in 1892. In this capacity, it was his duty to refrain from allowing his personal beliefs to intervene with his duty to support peaceful diplomatic relations between the United States and Spain. However, a letter that expressed his opposition to McKinley’s foreign policy decisions was exposed, many Americans considered it an insult to the nation and to the president. Although Spain apologized, on February 13,1898, the Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, after a hasty naval court of inquiry, the American press blamed Spain and accused them of planting a mine that sank the battleship. The war with Spain became known as the “Correspondents’ War”, journalists not only wrote stories about the conflict, but took part in the fight. In 1898, the prestige of the press ran high, American society was changing as literacy rates increased. There was a new revolution of readers, as war zones became more open to the press, journalists wrote eyewitness accounts of what was happening. In an era before radio and television, newspapers were the source of information, opinion. You furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the war, newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst declared, in New York City, where the population was about 2,800,000, the combined circulation of daily papers was about 2,000,000. In response to the outcry, McKinley took action against Spain. On April 25, the United States declared war, moreover, the United States sought to expand economic ties with Cuba for its resources in sugar and tobacco, all of which influenced America’s decision to intervene. It was evident that gaining territories across the globe would increase the strength and influence of the United States, Spanish Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta did not seek war with the United States. He did not expect victory, but he knew Spanish citizens would revolt if he conceded to American demands in Cuba. Meanwhile, Spanish naval leaders tried to employ a strategy where they would not win the war outright, on May 1,1898, American and Spanish naval forces met in the Philippines at the Battle of Manila Bay, which resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. The Spanish government sent their fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete to defend Cuba and keep a line of communication with the Spanish garrison there. Indeed, that surprise is well justified, for nothing can be expected of this expedition except the total destruction of the fleet or its hasty and demoralized return. Lacking a clear strategy, the Spanish may have hoped to end the war quickly in a defeat against the more powerful U. S. Navy
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United States Naval Academy Midshipman – Class of 1897, 15th of class of 47
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