1.
Sydney, New South Wales
–
Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
Sydney, New South Wales
–
The
Sydney Opera House and
CBD at dusk from
Jeffrey Street,
Kirribilli in December 2008
Sydney, New South Wales
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A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney Cove from
Dawes Point, 1817
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney Harbour in 1932
2.
Chatswood, New South Wales
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Chatswood is a major business and residential district in the Lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 10 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district. It is the centre of the local government area of the City of Willoughby. Chatswood was named after Charlotte Harnett, wife of then Mayor of Willoughby and a pioneer of the district, Richard Harnett, the moniker derives from her nickname Chattie and was shortened from Chatties Wood to Chatswood. Residential settlement of Chatswood began in 1876 and grew with the installation of the North Shore railway line in 1890, Chatswood Post Office opened on 1 August 1879, closed in 1886 and reopened in 1887. In 1900, Chatswood was easily accessible by public transport, in 1903 the Council Chambers moved from Mowbray Road to Victoria Ave. Chatswood was declared a town centre in 1983 and a city in 1989. Chatswood is one of the North Shores major commercial and retail districts, many retail outlets are situated along Victoria Avenue and many office buildings are situated along Pacific Highway. A number of high-density residential towers are located in Chatswood. Chatswood has two shopping centres, Chatswood Chase and Westfield Chatswood. There are also a few shopping centres such as Mandarin Centre, Chatswood Interchange, Lemon Grove, Victoria Plaza. The Melody Markets are held each Thursday and Friday in Chatswood Mall, Victoria Avenue and feature food and craft stalls, Chatswood has a wide variety of restaurants and cafes and is known as a major dining destination in the Lower North Shore of Sydney. There are a number of Chinese, Japanese and Korean restaurants. There are many hotels in Chatswood, The Mantra, near Chatswood railway station and The Sebel, the Chatswood Club, located on Help Street adjacent to Pacific Highway, is a venue hall which caters to weddings, birthdays, cocktail parties, and other age-appropriate festivities. Chatswood railway station is the junction of the Hornsby via Macquarie Park and Berowra via Gordon branches of the North Shore, rail services run south to the Sydney CBD and continue west to Strathfield and beyond. Rail services run north to Hornsby and peak hour run to Gosford, Wyong. The station became a junction when the Epping to Chatswood railway line opened in 2009, the Sydney Metro project which is currently under construction will include a stop at Chatswood Station. This project will deliver 65 km of new high capacity metro standard rail line for Sydney, an interstate bus service between Sydney and Brisbane via the North Coast stops at Chatswood. Major roads through Chatswood include the Pacific Highway, Mowbray Road, Boundary Street, Willoughby Road, Eastern Valley Way, the latter forms a pedestrian mall for the section running through the main retail area. In the 2011 Australian census, the population of Chatswood was 21,194 people,10,068 were male and 11,126 were female
Chatswood, New South Wales
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Aerial view of Chatswood and surroundings
Chatswood, New South Wales
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Victoria Avenue in 1900
Chatswood, New South Wales
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Victoria Avenue pedestrian mall, facing west towards
Chatswood railway station
Chatswood, New South Wales
–
Commercial centre of Chatswood
3.
Australiana
–
Australiana is a term denoting items, people, places, flora, fauna and events of Australian origins. Anything pertaining to Australian culture, society, geography and ecology can fall under the term Australiana, Australiana often borrows from Australian Aboriginal culture, or the stereotypical Australian culture of the early 1900s. Objects can be Australiana in their own right, such as boomerangs, Akubra hats, such items might include two-man saws, snow globes or tea towels with Australian scenery or icons imprinted on them in the national colours of Australia. Australiana can also refer to art with an Australian style or subject, paintings, ceramics, crafts and coins that depict Australian imagery would fall under this category. These images are often well-known Australian animals and birds, such as kangaroos, koalas, people are sometimes depicted in the artwork, such as Australian explorers, drovers, bushranger, swagmen, Australian Aborigines, diggers and the like. Being on the beach in summer is generally made out to be part of Australian, as well as Surf Life Savers, as Australia is a coastal culture. Some commercial brands have become part of Australiana due to their perceived Australianness, advertisements and posters depicting these brands often become part of Australiana as well. M. Williams boots Rosella soup Rugby League Tim Tam Ugg boots Vegemite Victa lawn mower XXXX beer Australiana has also called a style of kitsch art
Australiana
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The Australian national flag.
Australiana
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A cricket ball on the Australian flag. Cricket is a popular sport in Australia and a part of Australian culture.
Australiana
–
A typical Australian Meat pie with tomato sauce.
4.
State Library of New South Wales
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The State Library of New South Wales is a large reference and research library open to the public. It is the oldest library in Australia, being the first established in New South Wales in 1826, the library is located on the corner of Macquarie Street, Sydney and Shakespeare Place, adjacent to the Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The library is a member of the National and State Libraries Australasia consortium, the first library collections were part of the Australian Subscription Library which was started by a group of wealthy Sydney citizens in 1826. It was then purchased for £5100 by the New South Wales Government in 1869, in 1895 it was renamed the Public Library of New South Wales until its most recent name change in 1975, when it became the State Library of New South Wales. The Australian Subscription Library was established in 1826 at a meeting at the Sydney Hotel chaired by barrister John Mackaness, Library membership was subject to committee approval. Dr James Mitchell, father of David Scott Mitchell, was a member from 1832 to 1853. Fortunately for the later negotiations with the government were more successful. The foundation stone for new building, on the corner of Bent and Macquarie Streets, was laid by Alexander Macleay. Financial difficulties continued, and by 1869 the subscription library was in serious debt, the New South Wales Government was persuaded to buy it for £5100. In September 1869, the Sydney Free Public Library opened its doors with a stock of 20000 volumes, over 60,000 people visited the library in its first year of operation as the Free Public Library. Robert Cooper Walker was appointed Principal Librarian and he, in collaboration with the Trustees, worked to expand the educational role of the library both through collection expansion and the production of printed catalogues of the librarys collection. The library expanded its operations, opening a branch in 1877. This lending branch was handed to the Sydney Municipal Council in 1909, the librarys collection continued to grow, causing continual storage and overcrowding problems, new additions included a First Folio in 1885 and the papers of William Bligh in 1902. Australiana was a focus for the library and David Scott Mitchells collecting activities came to the attention of Henry Charles Lennox Anderson. Andersons stated aim of making the library a National, and not a Municipal, Anderson realised that the library did not have the budget or contacts to compete with Mitchell, and attempted to build a working relationship with Mitchell. In 1898, Mitchell announced his intention to leave his collection to the people of New South Wales, although his offer was quickly accepted, construction of a new building to house the collection was delayed for several years. Construction commenced in 1906, one year before Mitchells death, following Andersons resignation in 1907, Frank Murcott Bladen was appointed Principal Librarian. In 1909, Hugh Wright was appointed to the newly created position of Mitchell Librarian, nita Kibble was another early member of the library staff
State Library of New South Wales
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State Library of New South Wales
State Library of New South Wales
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State Library of New South Wales, Mitchell Wing, exterior
State Library of New South Wales
–
Portrait of
David Scott Mitchell in the Mitchell Library
State Library of New South Wales
–
Portrait of Sir
William Dixson
5.
Knight Bachelor
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The appointment of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the most basic and lowest rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch, Knights Bachelor are the most ancient sort of British knight, but Knights Bachelor rank below knights of the various orders. There is no counterpart to Knight Bachelor. The lowest knightly honour that can be conferred upon a woman is Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – which, also, foreigners are not created Knights Bachelor, instead they are generally made honorary KBEs. It is generally awarded for service, amongst its recipients are all male judges of Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England. Sir Patrick Stewart, and Sir Tom Jones are Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled Sir. Since they are not knights of any order of chivalry, there is no post-nominal associated with the award. This style is adopted by Knights Bachelor who are also peers, baronets or knights of the various statutory orders, such as Sir William Boulton, Bt, Kt, or The Lord Olivier. Until 1926 Knights Bachelor had no insignia which they could wear, the Knights Bachelor badge may be worn on all such occasions upon the left side of the coat or outer garment of those upon whom the degree of Knight Bachelor has been conferred. In 1974, Queen Elizabeth II issued a warrant authorising the wearing on appropriate occasions of a neck badge, slightly smaller in size. In 1988 a new certificate of authentication, a knights only personal documentation, was designed by the College of Arms. The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor was founded for the maintenance and consolidation of the Dignity of Knights Bachelor in 1908, the Society keeps records of all Knights Bachelor, in their interest
Knight Bachelor
–
Knight Bachelor
6.
Tobacco
–
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae family, while more than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum. The more potent variant N. rustica is also used around the world, Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant. Dried tobacco leaves are used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco. They can be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco. Tobacco use is a factor for many diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver. In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco as the single greatest preventable cause of death. The English word tobacco originates from the Spanish and Portuguese word tabaco, the precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived at least in part, from Taino, the Arawakan language of the Caribbean. In Taino, it was said to either a roll of tobacco leaves or to tabago. Tobacco has long used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 BC. Many Native American tribes have traditionally grown and used tobacco, traditionally, tobacco is seen as a gift from the Creator, with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying ones thoughts and prayers to the Creator. Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became popular as a trade item. Hernández de Boncalo, Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring seeds to the Old World in 1559 following orders of King Philip II of Spain. These seeds were planted in the outskirts of Toledo, more specifically in a known as Los Cigarrales named after the continuous plagues of cicadas. Before the development of lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the midwakh or kiseru or smoking newly invented waterpipes such as the bong or the hookah. The alleged benefits of tobacco also account for its considerable success, Tobacco smoking, chewing, and snuffing became a major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700. Tobacco has been a major crop in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular, James Bonsack created a machine that automated cigarette production
Tobacco
–
Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes.
Tobacco
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A historic kiln in
Myrtleford, Victoria, Australia
Tobacco
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Basma tobacco leaves drying in the sun at
Pomak village in
Xanthi, Greece
Tobacco
–
William Michael Harnett (American, 1848-1892), Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco, 1880,
Brooklyn Museum
7.
Bathurst, New South Wales
–
Bathurst /ˈbæθəst/ is a regional city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 200 kilometres north-west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council, Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had an estimated population of 36,013 as at June 2015. Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery, today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy. The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city, Bathurst has an historic city centre with many buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 1800s. The median age of the population is 34.0 years, which is particularly young for a regional centre. Population growth has reached 1. 6% per annum over the five years until 2010 and this growth over recent years has resulted in increased urban development including retail precincts, sporting facilities, housing estates and expanding industrial areas. Bathurst is located on the edge of the Great Dividing Range in the Macquarie River plain. The city is located adjacent to the Macquarie River which is part of the Murray-Darling basin, the city is protected by a levee bank to protect the city from occasional flood events. Mount Panorama is located 3 kilometres from the CBD and effectively within the city limits, it is 877 metres AMSL, Bathurst is located adjacent to the Great Western Highway which begins in the centre of the city of Sydney and finishes at Bathurst. Within the city, two state highways start, the Mitchell Highway to Bourke and the Mid-Western Highway to Hay. Bathurst is located approximately mid-way along a road route from Canberra and Goulburn to Mudgee. Bathurst is also located on the Main Western Railway line that starts at Sydney Central Station, the Macquarie River divides Bathurst with the CBD located on the western side of the river. Four road bridges and two bridges span the river within the city area. Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region, the Bathurst Basin and they are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic, underlying Bathurst is the dominant feature of Bathurst granite and at Mount Panorama and Mount Stewart basalt occurs. Due to its elevation, Bathurst has a highland climate. Bathurst is in Australias cool temperate zone which is defined as having mild to warm summers
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Bathurst skyline
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Bathurst
New South Wales
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Rotunda at Machattie Park, Bathurst NSW
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Kings Parade, Carillon Memorial and Evans Memorial
8.
Norman Selfe
–
Norman Selfe was an Australian engineer, naval architect, inventor, urban planner and outspoken advocate of technical education. After emigrating to Sydney with his family from England as a boy he became an apprentice engineer, Selfe designed many bridges, docks, boats, and much precision machinery for the city. He also introduced new refrigeration, hydraulic, electrical and transport systems, for these achievements he received international acclaim during his lifetime. Selfe was honoured during his life by the name of the Sydney suburb of Normanhurst and he was energetically involved in organisations such as the Sydney Mechanics School of Arts and the Australian Historical Society. As president of the Board of Technical Education, he fought consistently for the establishment of an independent system of education to serve the needs of a rapidly industrialising society. He was acknowledged upon his death as one of the people in, and greatest individual influences upon. Selfe came from a line of inventors and engineers. Both sides of his family came from Kingston upon Thames in London and his father Henry was a plumber and inventor, whose high-pressure fire-fighting hose was displayed at The Great Exhibition in Londons Crystal Palace in 1851. The Selfe family landed at Sydneys Semi-circular Quay in January 1855 and they initially resided in the nearby Rocks district in a small house that had previously been the first Sydney home of Mary Reibey, a former convict who became Australias first businesswoman. Selfes parents had high expectations of their children, particularly of Norman, whose ability in mathematics, the brothers earned a reputation for innovation during their youth, and were the first to construct a velocipede in the country. He would remain there until 1864, in 1859, when PN Russell & Co expanded to a site in Barker Street near the head of Darling Harbour, Selfe drew up plans for the new works and the wharf, and oversaw their construction. While at Russells, Selfe made several innovations in the design, the day of the official trial. Selfe achieved international recognition in 1861 when leading British journal The Engineer published illustrations of his designs for one of the first refrigerating machines, one such machine was installed behind the Royal Hotel in George Street in Sydneys ice-works – one of the worlds earliest commercial refrigeration plants. The decades following Selfes arrival in Australia were watershed years in the development of refrigeration technology, the introduction of refrigeration to the colony revolutionised farming, allowing the expansion of settlement, and made possible the export of meat and dairy products. In Sydney itself, refrigeration changed commercial practices and led to the demise of city dairies. Selfe became an authority on refrigeration engineering, he wrote articles and eventually a definitive textbook on the subject. After leaving Russells, Selfe went into partnership with his former employer James Dunlop and they designed and built major installations for the Australasian Mineral Oil Company, the Western Kerosene Oil Company and the Australian Gas Light Company. In 1869 Selfe was appointed to the senior post of chief draftsman and scientific engineer at Morts Dock, in this role he oversaw the design and construction of the mail ship SS Governor Blackall, personally commissioned for the Queensland government by the Premier Charles Lilley in 1869
Norman Selfe
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Studio portrait of Selfe
Norman Selfe
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Illustration of the SS Governor Blackall
Norman Selfe
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Tourists ride in a coal
skip on the "scenic railway", 1915
Norman Selfe
–
Selfe's 1891 scheme for remodelling transport in
The Rocks
9.
Lionel Lindsay
–
Sir Lionel Arthur Lindsay was an Australian artist. Lionel became a pupil-assistant at the Melbourne Observatory and later studied at the National Gallery School, Melbourne, Lindsay taught himself etching and engraving in the 1890s while a student, immediately prior to his first trip to Spain and England. On his return to Australia he settled in Sydney as a freelance artist and journalist, contributing to The Bulletin and other magazines, in 1907 he held an extremely successful exhibition of etchings in Sydney with the Society of Artists. The two decades after 1907 saw him active with the Society of Artists and in 1921, when the Australian Painter-Etchers Society was formed, Lindsay was its first president. He began to exhibit in London in 1923 and had his most successful exhibition of that period at Colnaghi, colnaghis Galleries and the critic Harold Wright led British interest in Lindsays work and guaranteed his reputation as a major British printmaker and watercolourist. Lindsay became a Trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and was knighted for his services to Australian art in 1941, in 1942 Lindsay published Addled Art, a vituperative and anti-semitic attack on modernism in art. He was good friends with Ernest Moffitt and published a book on his art, a Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt was the first monograph written on an Australian artist. Lindsay died in Melbourne on 22 May 1961 and his autobiography, Comedy of Life, was published posthumously. Lionel Lindsay, A book of woodcuts, drawn on wood, Lionel Lindsay, Etchings & drypoints of Spain & Australia. Sydney Ure Smith and Leon Gellert, The art of Lionel Lindsay, Lionel Lindsay, Drawing and drawings in Australia. Lionel Lindsay, Comedy of life, an autobiography, 1874-1961, Lionel Lindsay, A Consideration of the Art of Ernest Moffitt. Joanna Mendelssohn, The art of Sir Lionel Lindsay, joanna Mendelssohn, The art of Sir Lionel Lindsay. Bernard Smith, Lindsay, Sir Lionel Arthur, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, MUP,1986, pp 106–115
Lionel Lindsay
–
Lionel Lindsay, ca. 1900
10.
Etching
–
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material, as a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology. In traditional pure etching, a plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with an etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece. The échoppe, a tool with an oval section, is also used for swelling lines. The plate is dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant or etchant. The acid bites into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate, the remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, the plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times, typically several hundred impressions could be printed before the shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process, Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving or aquatint. The process as applied to printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Hopfer was a craftsman who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking, using iron plates. Apart from his prints, there are two examples of his work on armour, a shield from 1536 now in the Real Armeria of Madrid. The switch to copper plates was made in Italy. On the other hand, the handling of the ground and acid need skill and experience, prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. Jacques Callot from Nancy in Lorraine made important technical advances in etching technique and he developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do. Callot also appears to have responsible for an improved, harder, recipe for the etching ground
Etching
–
The Soldier and his Wife. Etching by
Daniel Hopfer, who is believed to have been the first to apply the technique to printmaking
Etching
–
Portrait of
Luca Giordano, 18th century
Etching
–
Rembrandt,
The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Original copper etching plate above, example of the print below, with composition reversed.
Etching
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Christ Preaching, known as The
Hundred Guilder Print; etching c1648 by
Rembrandt.
11.
John Oxley
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John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley was an explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. John Oxley was born in 1785 at Kirkham Abbey near Westow in Yorkshire and he was baptised in Bulmer in Yorkshire on 6 July 1785. In 1799, he entered the Royal Navy when he was aged 15 as a midshipman on the Venerable and he travelled to Australia in October 1802 as masters mate of the naval vessel Buffalo, which carried out coastal surveying. In 1805 Governor King appointed him acting lieutenant in charge of the Buffalo, in 1806 he commanded the Estramina on a trip to Van Diemens Land. He returned to England in 1807 and was appointed first lieutenant of Porpoise, in 1809 Porpoise visited Van Diemens Land, carrying as a passenger Governor William Bligh, who had been deposed in the Rum Rebellion. Oxley had obtained an order from the Colonial Office for a grant of 600 acres near the Nepean River, Oxley had to surrender these in 1810, but Governor Macquarie granted him 600 acres near Camden which he increased in 1815 to 1,000 acres again. In 1810 he wrote a report on the settlements in Van Diemens Land before sailing for England in Porpoise in May. In London he applied for the post of Naval Officer in Sydney, Oxley denied that he had been a partisan of Macarthur when Bligh was deposed, but his letters show that he was on very intimate terms with the rebel leader. In 1812 he became engaged to Elizabeth Macarthur, this was broken off when her father discovered the extent of Oxleys debts, by that time, through the influence of Macarthurs friend Walter Davidson, Oxleys second application for the surveyor-generalship had been successful. In 1811 he had retired from the navy, and in May 1812 sailed for Sydney in the Minstrel to take up his new duties, in March 1817 John Oxley was instructed to take charge of an expedition to explore and survey the course of the Lachlan River. He left Sydney on 6 April with George Evans as second-in-command, Evans had discovered a portion of the Lachlan River west of Bathurst in 1815. Oxleys party reached Bathurst after a week, where they were detained by bad weather. They reached the Lachlan River Depot on 25 April 1817 and commenced to follow its course, as the exploring party travelled westward the country surrounding the rising river was found to be increasingly inundated. On 12 May, west of the present township of Forbes and they travelled down a northern branch of the river to Mt Mulguthery they were forced to return up the river. By the end of May the party found themselves in a dry scrubby country north east of Yenda where they ascended several peaks in the Cocoparra National Park, shortage of water and the death of two horses forced Oxleys return passing near Rankins Springs to the Lachlan River. On 23 June the Lachlan River near Merrigal Bridge was reached and they followed the course of the Lachlan River through Hillston and Booligal for a fortnight. The party encountered much flooded country, and reached a point 5km south west of Booligal which was their last camp site, Oxley resolved to turn back and after resting for two days Oxleys party began to retrace their steps along the Lachlan River. Oxley travelled to Dubbo on 12 June 1818 and he wrote that he had passed that day over a very beautiful country, thinly wooded and apparently safe from the highest floods
John Oxley
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John Oxley
John Oxley
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Oxley's map of the interior of NSW, 1822
John Oxley
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1817 and 1818 Expeditions of Oxley
John Oxley
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Request for leave due to illness dated 5 July 1824
12.
David Scott Mitchell
–
David Scott Mitchell was a collector of Australian books, founder and benefactor of The Mitchell Library, Sydney. Mitchell was born in Sydney, the son of Dr James Mitchell and his wife Augusta Maria Frederick, née Scott. James Mitchell came to Australia in 1821 as a surgeon, and two years later was appointed assistant surgeon at the military hospital, Macquarie Street, Sydney. James Mitchell afterwards became the owner of 50,000 acres in the Hunter River valley which included rich coal-bearing land, James and Augusta are commemorated by a window in the Garrison Church. Mitchell won scholarships in mathematics and graduated B. A. in 1856 with honours in classics, Mitchell was called to the bar but did not practise law or any other profession. It was said that he declined the position of attorney-general, Mitchell assisted in the management of the Hunter River estates. Mitchell was a cricketer and dancer, a skilful whist player. Allegedly, he broke off a romance with Emily Matilda Manning, Mitchell was already forming a collection of books. Mitchells father died in 1869 and there was a lawsuit over the will, publication of the family affairs was humiliating to a man of Mitchells sensitive disposition. Mitchell was affected by the death of his mother greatly and began to withdraw from the world, the formation of his library became his chief interest. He began to build up a library of English literature, specialising in poetry. In 1866, perhaps on the encouragement of George Robertson of Angus & Robertson, he began to collect early Australian books, once a week, he went the round of the bookshops, by now, book collecting had become all-consuming. Mitchell had a memory and discrimination, but as time went on he saw that even the most obscure. Though withdrawn from society, he welcomed genuine students such as Arthur Wilberforce Jose and Bertram Stevens, Mitchell also purchased books from other collectors, most notably Mitchell purchased the 3, 300-volume Australian collection of Alfred Lee in 1906. Mitchell was anxious that the colony of New South Wales might have the benefit of his collections, however, there was a long delay in starting a building and Mitchell suggested that the bequest would be cancelled if the books were not housed a year after the owners death. In June 1905, the premier, Joseph Carruthers, instructed the government architect to prepare designs for a library, Mitchell died on 24 July 1907 and his entire collection became the property of the state. Additionally, a sum of £70,000 was bequeathed, the income from which has spent in adding to the collection. In 1936, the centenary of Mitchells birth, the trustees of the library of New South Wales published The Mitchell Library, Sydney, Historical
David Scott Mitchell
–
Portrait of DS Mitchell in the Mitchell Reading Room at the
State Library of New South Wales
David Scott Mitchell
–
Mitchell's
Lorgnette spectacles
David Scott Mitchell
–
Mitchell's grave at
Rookwood Cemetery
13.
New South Wales
–
New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
New South Wales
–
286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
New South Wales
–
Flag
New South Wales
–
Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
New South Wales
–
A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
14.
Exploration of the Pacific
–
Polynesians reached nearly all the Pacific islands by about 1200 AD, followed by Asian navigation in Southeast Asia and West Pacific. Around the Middle Ages Muslim traders linked the Middle East and East Africa to the Asian Pacific coasts. The direct contact of European fleets with the Pacific began in 1512, with the Portuguese, on its western edges, in 1521 a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan was the first known crossing of the Pacific Ocean, who then named it the peaceful sea. Other expeditions from Mexico and Peru discovered various archipelagos in the North and South Pacific, in the 17th and 18th centuries, other European powers sent expeditions to the Pacific, namely the Dutch Republic, England, France, and Russia. Humans reached Australia by at least 40, 000BC which implies some degree of water crossing, people were in the Americas before 10, 000BC. One theory holds that they travelled along the coast by canoe, the Polynesians branched off and occupied Polynesia to the east. Dates and routes are uncertain, but they seem to have started from the Bismarck Archipelago, went west past Fiji to Samoa, far to the southwest, New Zealand was reached about 1250AD. The Chatham Islands, about 500 miles east of New Zealand were reached about 1500, the fact that some Polynesians possessed the South American Sweet potato implies that they may have reached the Americas or, conversely, that people from the Americas may have reached Polynesia. Thor Heyerdahls Kon-Tiki expedition successfully demonstrated that the trip from the Americas to Polynesia using only materials, on the Asian side long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan. Trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian Islands, by at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of this trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404-33 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. An interesting issue is Japanese fishing boats, if one of these was blown out to sea and lacked proper equipment it would be carried by the current to North America. Japanese boats reached Acapulco in 1617, the Aleutians in 1782, Alaska in 1805, if this happened when there were Europeans around to make records, there may have been earlier ones. Spanish explorer Balboa was the first European to sight the Pacific from America in 1513, from 1565 to 1815, a Spanish transpacific route known as the Manila galleons regularly crossed from Mexico to the Philippines and back. On the Asian side the Portuguese and later the Dutch built a trade from the East Indies to Japan. On the American side Spanish power stretched thousands of miles from Mexico to Chile, the vast central Pacific was visited only by the Manila galleons and an occasional explorer. The Pacific recognized, Europeans knew that there was a vast ocean to the west, learned Europeans thought that the world was round and that the two oceans were one. In 1492 Columbus sailed west to what he thought was Asia, when Pedro Álvares Cabral, en route to Asia via the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, reached Brazil, in 1500, the true extent of the Americas began to become known
Exploration of the Pacific
–
Western Islands reached from South America
Exploration of the Pacific
–
The voyages of
Captain Cook in the Pacific First voyage (1768–1771) Second voyage (1772–1775) Third voyage (1776–1779)
Exploration of the Pacific
–
Russian posts closely followed the natural distribution of the fur-bearing Sea Otter
15.
History of Antarctica
–
For the natural history of the Antarctic continent, see Antarctica. The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, the term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita, if it existed, was a continent in its own right. In 1773 James Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time but although they discovered nearby islands and it is believed he was as close as 150 mi from the mainland. In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted the ice shelf or the continent, a Russian expedition was led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, a British expedition was captained by Edward Bransfield and an American sealer Nathaniel Palmer participated. The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Many resulted in injury and death, Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on December 14,1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott. In the Western world, belief in a Cold Land—a vast continent located in the far south of the globe to balance out the lands of Europe, Asia. Aristotle had postulated a symmetry of the earth, which meant that there would be equally habitable lands south of the known world, the search for this great south land or Third World was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. In 1599, according to the account of Jacob le Maire, if so, these were the South Shetland Islands, and possibly the first European sighting of Antarctica. Other accounts, however, do not note this observation, casting doubt on their accuracy and it has been argued that the Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla claimed to have sighted snow-covered mountains beyond the 64° S in 1603, but this claim is not generally recognized. Quirós in 1606 took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo, francis Drake like Spanish explorers before him had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. Finally, in 1642 Tasman showed that even New Holland was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent, the visit to South Georgia by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence. Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ‘Roché Island’, honouring the discoverer, James Cook was aware of la Rochés discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775. Edmond Halleys voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the ice in 52° S in January 1700. In 1771, Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of a large continent. He lighted upon a land in 50° S which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation
History of Antarctica
–
In 1570 a map by
Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and
South America. Note also the proposed landmasses surrounding the
North Pole.
History of Antarctica
–
Map from 1771, showing "Terres Australes" label without any charted landmass.
History of Antarctica
–
James Cook 's 1777 South-Up map of
South Georgia within the
Antarctic Circle.
History of Antarctica
–
Admiral
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen was one of the first to spot the continent of Antarctica.
16.
Exploration of Australia
–
The European exploration of Australia was the exploration of Australia by Europeans or white explorers, encompassing several waves of seafarers and land explorers. While Australias territory never became an actual Dutch settlement or colony, Dutch navigators were the first to undisputedly explore, in the 17th century, the Dutch East India Companys navigators and explorers charted almost three-quarters of Australias coastline, except its east coast. The Dutch ship, Duyfken, led by Willem Janszoon, made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606, explorers by land and sea continued to survey the continent for some years after settlement. Some writers have advanced the theory that the Portuguese were the first Europeans to sight Australia in the 1520s, a number of relics and remains have been interpreted as evidence that the Portuguese reached Australia. However, most historians do not accept this theory, and the interpretation of the Dieppe maps is highly contentious. The French navigator Binot Paulmier de Gonneville claimed to have landed at a land he described as east of the Cape of Good Hope in 1504, for some time it had been thought he discovered Australia, but the place he landed has now been shown to be Brazil. The Dutch East India Company was set up in 1602 and traded extensively with the islands now form parts of Indonesia. The first documented and undisputed European sighting of and landing on Australia was in late February or early March 1606, Janszoon charted the Australian coast and met with Aboriginal people. On 26 February 1606, Janszoon and his party made landfall near the town of Weipa and the Pennefather River. Janszoon proceeded down the coast for some 350 km and he stopped in some places, but was met by hostile natives and some of his men were killed. These events were recorded in Aboriginal oral history that has come down to the present day, here Janszoon decided to turn back, the place later being called Cape Keerweer, Dutch for turnabout. Later that year, De Quiros deputy Luís Vaez de Torres sailed to the north of Australia through Torres Strait, charting New Guineas southern coast, and possibly sighting Cape York in October 1606. In 1611 Hendrik Brouwer, working for VOC, discovered that sailing from Europe to Batavia was much quicker if the Roaring Forties were used. Up to that point, the Dutch had followed a route copied from Arab and Portuguese sailors who followed the coasts of Africa, Mauritius and Ceylon. The Brouwer Route involved sailing south from the Cape of Good Hope into the Roaring Forties then sailing east before turning north to Java using the South Indian Ocean Current, the Brouwer Route became compulsory for Dutch vessels in 1617. Most of these landfalls were unplanned, the first such landfall was in 1616, when Dirk Hartog, employed by VOC, reached land at Shark Bay off the coast of Western Australia. Finding nothing of interest, Hartog continued sailing northwards along this previously undiscovered coastline of Western Australia and he then left the coast and continued on to Batavia. He called Australia T Landt van dEendracht, after his ship, in 1619 Frederik de Houtman, in the VOC ship Dordrecht, and Jacob dEdel, in another VOC ship Amsterdam, sighted land on the Australian coast near present-day Perth which they called dEdelsland
Exploration of Australia
–
Map of
William Dampier 's voyage.
Exploration of Australia
–
Voyages of
George Bass
Exploration of Australia
–
Voyages of
Phillip Parker King
17.
Australian literature
–
Australian literature is the written or literary work produced in the area or by the people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding colonies. During its early Western history, Australia was a collection of British colonies, therefore, Banjo Paterson, historians Manning Clark and Geoffrey Blainey, the playwright David Williamson and leading expatriate writers Barry Humphries, Robert Hughes, Clive James and Germaine Greer. There are also Australian works produced by writers in other than English. Notable contemporary expatriate authors include the feminist Germaine Greer, art historian Robert Hughes and humorists Barry Humphries, among the important authors of classic Australian works are the poets Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, C. J. Dennis and Dorothea Mackellar. Dennis wrote in the Australian vernacular, while Mackellar wrote the patriotic poem My Country. Lawson and Paterson clashed in the famous Bulletin Debate over the nature of life in Australia with Lawson considered to have the harder edged view of the Bush and Paterson the romantic. Lawson is widely regarded as one of Australias greatest writers of short stories, significant poets of the 20th century included Dame Mary Gilmore, Kenneth Slessor, A. D. Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe, novelists of classic Australian works include Marcus Clarke, Miles Franklin, Henry Handel Richardson, Joseph Furphy, Rolf Boldrewood and Ruth Park. David Unaipon is known as the first indigenous author, oodgeroo Noonuccal was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse. A significant contemporary account of the experiences of Indigenous Australia can be found in Sally Morgans My Place, Charles Bean, Geoffrey Blainey, Robert Hughes, Manning Clark and Marcia Langton are authors of important Australian histories. We Europeans, wrote Cook in his journal on 23 August 1770, for this he is known as the first Aboriginal author. Oodgeroo Noonuccal was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse, Sally Morgans novel My Place was considered a breakthrough memoir in terms of bringing indigenous stories to wider notice. Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton and Noel Pearson are active contributors to Australian literature. The voices of Indigenous Australians are being noticed and include the playwright Jack Davis. Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Kim Scott, Alexis Wright, Kate Howarth Tara June Winch, in poetry Yvette Holt and in popular fiction Anita Heiss. Indigenous authors who have won Australias high prestige Miles Franklin Award include Kim Scott who was joint winner in 2000 for Benang, Alexis Wright won the award in 2007 for her novel Carpentaria. Many notable works have been written by non-indigenous Australians on Aboriginal themes, examples include the poems of Judith Wright, The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith by Thomas Keneally, Ilbarana by Donald Stuart, and the short story by David Malouf, The Only Speaker of his Tongue. AustLits BlackWords project provides a listing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Writers and Storytellers
Australian literature
–
Patrick White became the first Australian to be awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973.
Australian literature
–
David Unaipon (1872-1967), the first Aboriginal author.
Australian literature
–
Noel Pearson is an Aboriginal lawyer, rights activist and essayist.
Australian literature
–
Watkin Tench, an officer of the marines on the
First Fleet and author.
18.
Australian theatre
–
Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia, or produced by Australians. There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree, during its colonial period, Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre. Australian literature and theatrical artists have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage, notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House, and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney. The traditional ceremonial dances of indigenous Australians performed at corroborees comprise theatrical aspects, at a corroboree Aborigines interact with the Dreamtime through dance, music and costume and many ceremonies act out events from the Dreamtime. European theatrical traditions came to Australia with European settlement commencing in 1788 with the First Fleet, the first production, The Recruiting Officer written by George Farquhar in 1706, was performed in 1789 by convicts. The play is based on Thomas Keneallys novel The Playmaker, the Theatre Royal, Hobart opened in 1837 and is the oldest still-operating theatre in Australia. Noël Coward called it a Dream Theatre and Laurence Olivier came to its defence when it was threatened with demolition in the 1940s, the Queens Theatre, Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland. The Melbourne Athenaeum was founded in 1839 as the Melbourne Mechanics Institute, the Australian gold rushes beginning in the 1850s provided funds for the construction of grand theatres in the Victorian style. A theatre was built on the present site of Melbournes Princess Theatre in 1854, after federation in 1901, theatre productions embodied the sense of national identity that had tormented in Australian literature since the 1890s. On Our Selection by Steele Rudd told of the adventures of a farming family. His Majestys Theatre, Perth opened in 1904, the building remains a rare example of Edwardian theatrical architecture in Australia. Sydneys grand Capitol Theatre opened in 1928 and after restoration remains one of the nations finest auditoriums, the State Theatre and the Regent Theatre both opened in Melbourne in 1929, originally as cinemas. During the 1940s, John Antill composed the music for his Corroboree ballet based on the Aboriginal corroboree, the production was first performed in 1946 and toured Australia during the 1950s and featured on the schedule of Queen Elizabeth IIs first Royal Tour of Australia in 1954. It represents an example of the fusion of Western and Aboriginal theatrical forms in Australia – now regularly expressed. In early 1955, the Union Theatre Repertory Company invited a young Barry Humphries to tour Victoria with a production of Twelfth Night directed by Ray Lawler, by night Lawler worked on a new play, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, his tenth but most acclaimed work. Both creations represented historic milestones in Australian theatre, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll was the first Australian play produced by the MTC and portrayed resolutely Australian characters and went on to international acclaim. At Lawlers suggestion, Mrs Everage made her first appearance in a Melbourne Universitys UTRC revue at the end of 1955, the sketch involved a houseproud average housewife offering her Moonee Ponds home as an Olympic billet. Humphries left for London in his early 20s and enjoyed success on stage, including in Lionel Barts musical and his satirical stage creations – notably Dame Edna and later Les Patterson – became Australian cultural icons
Australian theatre
–
Sydney Opera House.
Australian theatre
–
WR Thomas, A South Australian
Corroboree, 1864,
Art Gallery of South Australia
Australian theatre
–
A
ballet performance of
John Antill 's
Corroboree
Australian theatre
–
Dame Edna Everage, comic creation of
Barry Humphries, had her stage debut in Melbourne in the 1950s and has featured at the
West End and
Broadway.
19.
Australian art
–
Australian art is any art made in Australia or about Australia, from prehistoric times to the present. This includes Aboriginal, Colonial, Landscape, Atelier, early twentieth century painters, print makers, photographers, the visual arts have a long history in Australia, with evidence of Aboriginal art dating back at least 30,000 years. Examples of ancient Aboriginal rock artworks can be throughout the continent. Rock art can also be found within protected parks in areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney. The Sydney rock engravings are approximately 5000 to 200 years old, murujuga in Western Australia has the Friends of Australian Rock Art advocating its preservation, and the numerous engravings there were heritage listed in 2007. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe and these designs generally carry significance linked to the spirituality of the Dreamtime. William Barak was one of the last traditionally educated of the Wurundjeri-willam and he remains notable for his artworks which recorded traditional Aboriginal ways for the education of Westerners. Margaret Preston was among the early non-indigenous painters to incorporate Aboriginal influences in her works, albert Namatjira is a famous Australian artist and an Arrernte man. His landscapes inspired the Hermannsburg School of art, the works of Elizabeth Durack are notable for their fusion of Western and indigenous influences. Since the 1970s, indigenous artists have employed the use of acrylic paints - with styles such as the Western Desert Art Movement becoming globally renowned 20th-century art movements. The National Gallery of Australia exhibits a great many art works, including those of the Torres Strait Islands who are known for their traditional sculpture. The Art Gallery of New South Wales has a collection of indigenous Australian art. In May 2011, the Director of the Place, Evolution, Paul Taçon launched the Protect Australia’s Spirit campaign in May 2011 with the highly regarded Australian actor Jack Thompson. This campaign aims to create the very first fully resourced national archive to bring information about rock art sites, as well as planning for future rock art management. Rock Art Research is published twice a year and also covers international scholarship of rock art, early Western art in Australia, from 1788 onwards, is often narrated as the gradual shift from a European sense of light to an Australian one. The lighting in Australia is notably different from that of Europe and it has also been one of transformation, where artistic ideas originating from beyond gained new meaning and purpose when transplanted into the new continent and the emerging society. Many of these drawings were met with skepticism when taken back to Europe, despite Banks suggestions, no professional natural-history artist sailed on the First Fleet in 1788. Until the turn of the century all drawings made in the colony were crafted by soldiers, including British naval officers George Raper and John Hunter, however, many of these drawings are by unknown artists, most notably the Port Jackson Painter
Australian art
–
Petroglyph at
Uluru.
Australian art
Australian art
–
Quinkan paintings near
Laura, Queensland.
Australian art
–
Aboriginal Rock Art, Ubirr Art Site,
Kakadu National Park.
20.
Architecture of Australia
–
Indigenous Australians produced only semi-permanent structures from readily available material. During Australias early Western history, it was a collection of British colonies in which styles were strongly influenced by British designs. Notable Australian architectural adaptations include the Queenslander and Federation styles of residential architecture, iconic Australian designs include the UNESCO listed Sydney Opera House, Melbourne Royal Exhibition Building and the 11 remnant penal colony sites selected for World Heritage protection in 2010. Three main divisions have been identified and these are colonial, historicism and contemporary. Australian architecture hasnt developed any new order or ideas to world architecture, in the period before European settlement of Australia in 1788, there were diverse forms of Indigenous architecture across Australia. The rich architecture traditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples generally went unrecognized by the European Settlers, as a British colony, the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time. As most of the colonialists where from England the first buildings reflected English ideas, Georgian architecture is seen in early government buildings and the homes of the wealthy. The architect Francis Greenway, who appears on the Australian ten-dollar note designed early buildings in the Georgian style, examples include the Hyde Park Barracks, St James Church and St Matthews Church at Windsor. Another European style to gain favour in 19th century Australia, particularly in churches, was Gothic Revival architecture, pointed arches, turrets, battlements and gothic ornaments could also be found on bank, insurance offices, university buildings and homes. One of the best examples of style can be seen at the lower end of Collins Street in Melbourne. From about 1850 to 1893 Italianate architecture was popular as it allowed greater displays of prosperity through rich and ornate decorate features such as cast iron lace work. Towards the end of the century the style was pushed to an extreme by some architects, buildings became over-burdened with excess columns, balustrades, exaggerated entrances and other lavish decorations. Medley Hall in Carlton is an example of style which became known as the Boom Style from 1880 to 1893. Walter Burley Griffin was an American architect and landscape architect who, with fellow architect Marion Mahony Griffin, played a key role in designing Canberra, a legacy of their unique architecture remains in a small number of Melbourne buildings and the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag. The simple, flat-roofed cottages that the Griffins designed in Canberra used their innovative, one of the most important local introduction to Australian architecture was the verandah. As pastoralists took up land and built solid, single story dwellings the addition of verandahs proved popular as they provided shade and they were often integrated into the symmetry of Georgian style homes. Like elsewhere in the world, socio-political factors have played their roles in shaping Australian architecture, the design of housing in Australia after World War II, which was mostly undertaken by builders, has been described as poor aesthetically and environmentally. Significant concern was raised during the 1960s, with green bans and heritage concerns responding to the destruction of earlier buildings, in Melbourne a battle was fought to preserve historic Carlton, Victoria from slum reclamation for public housing, while gentrification played a big part in the suburbs salvation
Architecture of Australia
–
Victorian architecture featuring ornate heritage lamp posts and bluestone alleys in Bank Place, Melbourne.
Architecture of Australia
–
A 19th-century engraving of an indigenous Australian encampment, representing the indigenous mode of life in the cooler parts of Australia before the arrival of Europeans
Architecture of Australia
–
A typical
Queenslander house in
Ascot, Queensland; a unique regional style influenced by location and climate
Architecture of Australia
–
Double-story
Californian bungalow -inspired style home in the
Sydney suburb of
Lindfield on the
Upper North Shore
21.
Sport in Australia
–
Sport is an important part of Australian culture dating back to the early colonial period. Cricket, Australian rules football, rugby union and horse racing are among the earliest organised sports in Australia, Sport has shaped the Australian national identity through events such as the Ashes, the Melbourne Cup and the Americas Cup. Attendance for the A-League, AFL and NRL over the course of a single season tops six million, the media plays an important part in Australias sporting landscape, with many sporting events televised or broadcast on radio. The government has anti-siphoning laws to protect free-to-air stations, beyond televising live events, there are many sport-related television and radio programs, as well as several magazine publications dedicated to sport. Australian sport has also been the subject of Australian-made films such as The Club, Australian Rules, The Final Winter, as a nation, Australia has competed in many international events, including the Olympics and Paralympics. The country has also hosted the Summer Olympics in Melbourne and Sydney. The city of Melbourne is famous for its sport events and is often considered the sporting capital. Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held, soon after cricket, horse racing and sailing clubs, Australias lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays. Sydney was the hub of sport in the colony. Early forms of football were played there by 1829, early sport in Australia was played along class lines. By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony. Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at Batmans Hill in 1838, Cricket was also underway with the Melbourne Cricket Club founded in 1838. Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes, Victorian rules football was codified in 1859. Australian football clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australias largest sporting arena, opened in 1853. The Melbourne Cup was first run in 1861, a rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864. Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s, the first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. The Australian side was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, the first team formally organised soccer team was formed in Sydney in 1880 and was named the Wanderers. Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a race in England was reported in the Sydney Morning Herald
Sport in Australia
–
An 1860s game of
Australian Rules football at the
Richmond Paddock. A pavilion of the
MCG seen on the left in the background. (
Wood engraving made by Robert Bruce in 1866.)
Sport in Australia
–
Early photo of
the Ashes Urn, from the
Illustrated London News, 1921
Sport in Australia
–
Group of tennis players, ca. 1922.
Sport in Australia
–
1932–33 Ashes:
Bill Woodfull evades a bodyline ball at
the Gabba
22.
Natural history of Australia
–
The natural history of Australia has been shaped by the geological evolution of the Australian continent from Gondwana and the changes in global climate over geological time. Three areas of the Australian landmass that are made of Archaean rocks are more than 2.5 billion years old, among the oldest known rocks. These igneous and metamorphic rocks are found in the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons in todays Western Australia and these disparate landmasses are thought to have become associated by the tectonic collisions that formed the supercontinent Rodinia, between 1300 to 1100 Ma. Geological evidence suggests that the West Australian cratons collided first, followed by collision with the South Australian craton between ~830 and 750 Ma, the Centralian Superbasin formed the junction of the North, South and West cratons. The Archean rocks from the Pilbara craton contain some of the first evidence of life, soft-bodied organisms from the Ediacaran collectively known as the Ediacaran biota are found in sandstone around the Flinders Ranges in South Australia, notably at a site known as Wilpena Pound. Following the breakup of Rodinia, Australia, India and Antarctica made up a large landmass, during plate movements from 750 to 500 Ma South America and Africa moved toward India and Australia, and by 500 Ma South America and Africa had joined with them to form Gondwana. During the Palaeozoic,545 to 251 Ma, the present landmass of Australia saw two stages of geological development, from 545 to 390 Ma shallow warm seas covered parts of central Australia, with a series of volcanic arcs and deep water sedimentation in the east. During this period between 480 to 460 Ma the Larapinta Seaway extended across the centre of Australia, cycles of sedimentation and volcanism formed new continental crust, forming eastern Australia. There was an orogeny in eastern Australia from 387 to 360 Ma. The continent was affected by glaciation around 330 Ma, Pangea was a short-lived supercontinent, it began to break apart again in the early Jurassic. While Pangea existed it created opportunities for intermixing of the flora, during the Carboniferous glaciation, erosion by ice extended into the Early Permian. Crustal extension and subsidence around 295 Ma formed shallow basins in which thick coal deposits were formed, during the Mesozoic, when the Earth became much warmer,251 to 140 Ma, the Australian landmass was covered with riverine plains. Humid conditions allowed the formation of peatlands, particularly in the east, dinosaurs, reptiles and primitive mammals were present in Australia. Between 140 and 99 Ma sea levels rose and much of the continent was covered, in the same period there was more volcanism in eastern Australia, leading to uplift creating the Tasman Sea to the southeast and the Coral Sea to the north. The assemblage also included Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, and Trimerophyta in addition to other lycopods, all these plants were herbaceous, coastal and required an aqueous environment for reproduction. During the Devonian the first shrub-sized to tree-sized lycopods appeared in Australia and Antarctica, most of the modern Australian fauna had its origin in the Cretaceous. From pollen records from the Late Cretaceous it is proposed that the flora of the Cretaceous either evolved within the Austro-Antarctic region or entered Australia from Antarctica, angiosperms evolved in the northern Gondwana/southern Laurasia during the Early Cretaceous and radiated worldwide. Prominent members of this early angiosperm flora were the Nothofagus, fossils found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, suggest that 110 million years ago Australia supported a number of different monotremes, but did not support any marsupials
Natural history of Australia
–
Australia was created by the junction of three early pieces of continental crust (cratons).
23.
Aboriginal Australians
–
Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members of the Aboriginal race of Australia. Until the 1980s, the legal and administrative criterion for inclusion in this category was race. In the era of colonial and post-colonial government, access to human rights depended upon your race. If you were a full blooded Aboriginal native, the Constitution of Australia, in its original form as of 1901, referred to Aboriginals twice, but without definition. Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to the people of any throughout the Commonwealth. The purpose of this provision was to give the Commonwealth power to regulate non-white immigrant workers, the only other reference, Section 127, provided simply that aboriginal natives shall not be counted in reckoning the size of the population of the Commonwealth or any part of it. The purpose of section 127 was to prevent the inclusion of Aboriginal people in section 24 determinations of the distribution of House of Representatives seats amongst the states and territories, after both of these references were removed by the 1967 referendum, the Australian Constitution had no references to Aboriginals. Since that time, there have been a number of proposals to amend the constitution to specifically mention Indigenous Australians, the change to Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament the power to make laws specifically with respect to Aboriginal peoples as a race. The case concerned an application of legislation that would preserve cultural heritage of Aboriginal Tasmanians and it was held that Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, together or separately, and any part of either, could be regarded as a race for this purpose. As to the criteria for identifying a person as a member of such a race, Deane said, It is unnecessary, for the purposes of the present case, to consider the meaning to be given to the phrase people of any race in s.51. Plainly, the words have a wide and non-technical meaning, the phrase is, in my view, apposite to refer to all Australian Aboriginals collectively. Any doubt, which might otherwise exist in regard, is removed by reference to the wording of par. The phrase is also apposite to refer to any identifiable racial sub-group among Australian Aboriginals, while Deanes three-part definition reaches beyond the biological criterion to individuals self-identification, it has been criticised as continuing to accept the biological criterion as primary. It has been difficult to apply, both in each of its parts and as to the relations among the parts, biological descent has been a fall-back criterion. If it is to be used to refer to us as a group of people. This has just really crept up on us and we are very happy with our involvement with indigenous people around the world, on the international forum because theyre our brothers and sisters. But we do object to it being used here in Australia and her lecture offered a new perspective on the terms urban, traditional and of Indigenous descent as used to define and categorise Aboriginal Australians. She said, Not only are these categories inappropriate, they serve to divide us, governments insistence on categorising us with modern words like urban, traditional and of Aboriginal descent are really only replacing old terms half-caste and full-blood – based on our colouring
Aboriginal Australians
–
1st row:
Windradyne,
David Gulpilil,
Albert Namatjira,
David Unaipon,
Mandawuy Yunupingu 2nd row:
Truganini,
Yagan,
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu,
Bennelong,
Robert Tudawali
Aboriginal Australians
–
Aboriginal dwellings in Hermannsburg, Northern Territory, 1923. Image:
Herbert Basedow.
24.
Bookbinding
–
Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets. The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive, for protection, the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards. Finally, a cover is adhered to the boards and a label with identifying information is attached to the covers along with additional decoration. Bookbinding is a trade that relies on basic operations of measuring, cutting. A finished book depends on a minimum of two dozen operations to complete but sometimes more than double that according to the specific style. All operations have an order and each one relies on accurate completion of the previous step with little room for back tracking. An extremely durable binding can be achieved by using the best hand techniques, Bookbinding combines skills from other trades such as paper and fabric crafts, leather work, model making, and graphic arts. It requires knowledge about numerous varieties of book structures along with all the internal and external details of assembly, a working knowledge of the materials involved is required. Bookbinding is a craft of great antiquity, and at the same time. The division between craft and industry is not so wide as might at first be imagined and it is interesting to observe that the main problems faced by the mass-production bookbinder are the same as those that confronted the medieval craftsman or the modern hand binder. Before the computer age, the bookbinding trade involved two divisions, second was Letterpress binding which deals with making new books intended to be read from and includes fine binding, library binding, edition binding, and publishers bindings. A result of the new bindings is a third division dealing with the repair, restoration, with the digital age, personal computers have replaced the pen and paper based accounting that used to drive most of the work in the stationery binding industry. There is a grey area between the two divisions. There are cases where the printing and binding jobs are combined in one shop, a step up to the next level of mechanization is determined by economics of scale until you reach production runs of ten thousand copies or more in a factory employing a dozen or more workers. The craft of bookbinding probably originated in India, where religious sutras were copied on to palm leaves with a metal stylus, the leaf was then dried and rubbed with ink, which would form a stain in the wound. The finished leaves were given numbers, and two long twines were threaded through each end through wooden boards, making a palm-leaf book, when the book was closed, the excess twine would be wrapped around the boards to protect the manuscript leaves. Buddhist monks took the idea through Afghanistan to China in the first century BC, similar techniques can also be found in ancient Egypt where priestly texts were compiled on scrolls and books of papyrus. Another version of bookmaking can be seen through the ancient Mayan codex, writers in the Hellenistic-Roman culture wrote longer texts as scrolls, these were stored in boxes or shelving with small cubbyholes, similar to a modern winerack
Bookbinding
–
A traditional bookbinder at work
Bookbinding
–
Bookbinders type holder
Bookbinding
–
The binding of a Chinese bamboo book (
Sun Tzu's The Art of War)
Bookbinding
–
9th Century Qur'an in
Reza Abbasi Museum
25.
First Fleet
–
The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships that left England on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The First Fleet was commanded by Commodore Arthur Phillip, who was given instructions authorising him to make regulations, the cost to Britain of outfitting and despatching the Fleet was £84,000. Ropes, crockery, agricultural equipment and a miscellany of other stores were needed, the party had to rely on its own provisions to survive until it could make use of local materials, assuming suitable supplies existed, and grow its own food and raise livestock. Scale models of all the ships are on display at the Museum of Sydney, the models were built by ship makers Lynne and Laurie Hadley, after researching the original plans, drawings and British archives. The replicas of the Supply, Charlotte, Scarborough, Friendship, Prince of Wales, Lady Penrhyn, Borrowdale, Alexander, Sirius, Fishburn, nine Sydney harbour ferries built in the mid-1980s are named after First Fleet vessels. The unused names are Lady Penrhyn and Prince of Wales, the people of the fleet included seamen, marines and their families, government officials, and a large number of convicts, including women and children. The majority were British, but there were also African, American, the six convict transports each had a detachment of marines on board. Most of the families of the marines travelled aboard the Prince of Wales, a number of people on the First Fleet kept diaries and journals of their experiences, including the surgeons. There are twelve known journals in existence as well as some letters, the exact number of people directly associated with the First Fleet will likely never be established, as all accounts of the event vary slightly. A total of 1,420 people have identified as embarking on the First Fleet in 1787. The total number of persons embarking on the First Fleet would, therefore, be approximately 1,530 with about 1,483 reaching Sydney Cove. The Scarborough, of 418 tons, had on board 205 male convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,2 corporals,1 drummer, and 26 privates, with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony. The Charlotte, of 346 tons, had on board 89 male and 20 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,3 corporals,1 drummer, and 35 privates, with the principal surgeon of the colony. The Lady Penrhyn, of 338 tons, had on board 101 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants, and 3 privates, with a person acting as a surgeons mate. The Prince of Wales, of 334 tons, had on board 2 male and 50 female convicts,2 lieutenants,3 sergeants,2 corporals,1 drummer, and 24 privates, with the surveyor-general of the colony. The Friendship, … of 228 tons, had on board 76 male and 21 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,3 corporals,1 drummer, and 36 privates, with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony. There were on board, beside these,28 women,8 male and 6 female children, belonging to the soldiers of the detachment, the Fishburn store-ship was of 378 tons, the Borrowdale of 272 tons, and the Golden Grove of 331 tons. Golden Grove carried the chaplain for the colony, with his wife, not only these store-ships, but the men of war and transports were laden with provisions, implements of agriculture, camp equipage, clothing for the convicts, baggage, etc
First Fleet
–
The First Fleet entering Port Jackson on 26 January 1788 by E. Le Bihan
First Fleet
–
Lady Penrhyn
First Fleet
–
An engraving of the First Fleet in Botany Bay at voyage's end in 1788, from The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay. Sirius is in the foreground; convict transports such as Prince of Wales are depicted to the left.
First Fleet
–
The First Fleet Memorial Garden,
Wallabadah, New South Wales
26.
Queen Victoria Building
–
The Queen Victoria Building, is a late nineteenth-century building designed by the architect George McRae in the central business district of Sydney, Australia. The Romanesque Revival building was constructed between 1893 and 1898 and is 30 metres wide by 190 metres long, the building fills a city block bounded by George, Market, York and Druitt Streets. Designed as a marketplace, it was used for a variety of purposes, underwent remodelling and suffered decay until its restoration. The site has been under the control of the Council of the City of Sydney since 1842 and it was previously the location for municipal markets, the first of which, a simple storehouse, was put up by Gregory Blaxland. Under Governor Macquaries leadership, it was envisaged as a grand civic square by architect Francis Greenway. In the 1830s, four substantial stone halls were built to the design of Ambrose Hallenand later the site was selected for the construction of a centre of trade. The building, on the scale of a cathedral was designed by George McRae, the Councils choice of Victorian Romanesque style conveys the influences of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. The dominant feature of the building is the dome which consists of an interior glass dome. Smaller domes of various sizes are on the rooftop, including ones on each corner of the rectangular building. The colonnades, arches, balustrades and cupolas are of typically intricate Victorian style and she is crowned with the civic crown and waratah wreath. At her feet is a shield bearing the city crest, on her right is seated a semi-nude, muscular, male figure, representing Labor and Industry, with the appropriate symbols, viz. wheat, a ram, fruit, and a beehive, grouped round him. On her left is a male figure representing Commerce and Exchange. A ship in full sail is shown on his left, a bag of money its in one of his hands, and the ledger book in the other. Both figures are wreathed with olive, the symbol of Peace, York Street group The central figure, a vigorous youth representing civilisation holds aloft the torch to better guide science and the arts and crafts represented by two beautiful semi-nude girls. Science has a compass and is checking some facts stated on a scroll she holds in her left hand and she is in deep thought in fine contrast to her sister representing Arts And Crafts who is looking with a welcoming and pleading look. The approval of the statuary for the group was approved in February 1898. The Councillors decided not to ask for the Queens assent, in part because it would have made it necessary to have the Royal Coat of Arms on the building. After the markets originally held in the building were relocated in 1910, finally, in 1987, the Council rescinded the 1918 resolution and named it the Queen Victoria Building
Queen Victoria Building
–
Façade of building from the southern end
Queen Victoria Building
–
Wood-engraving of former Sydney Markets (1850)
Queen Victoria Building
–
Domes of the QVB and marble sculpture by William Priestly MacIntosh (Perier)
Queen Victoria Building
–
QVB from above showing the disposition of the domes
27.
Abraham Ortelius
–
Abraham Ortelius was a Flemish/Netherlandish cartographer and geographer, conventionally recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Ortelius was born in the city of Antwerp, which was then in the Habsburg Netherlands, the Orthellius family were originally from Augsburg, a Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1535, the family had fallen under suspicion of Protestantism, following the death of Ortelius father, his uncle Jacobus van Meteren returned from religious exile in England to take care of Ortelius. Abraham remained close to his cousin Emanuel van Meteren who would move to London. In 1575 he was appointed geographer to the king of Spain, Philip II, on the recommendation of Arias Montanus, beginning as a map-engraver, in 1547 he entered the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke as an illuminator of maps. He supplemented his income trading in books, prints, and maps, in 1560, however, when travelling with Mercator to Trier, Lorraine, and Poitiers, he seems to have been attracted, largely by Mercator’s influence, towards the career of a scientific geographer. This map subsequently appeared in reduced form in the Terrarum, in 1578 he laid the basis of a critical treatment of ancient geography by his Synonymia geographica. In 1596 he received a presentation from Antwerp city, similar to that afterwards bestowed on Rubens and his death on 28 June 1598, and his burial in the church of St. Michaels Abbey, Antwerp, were marked by public mourning. Quietis cultor sine lite, uxore, prole, reads the inscription on his tombstone, on 20 May 1570, Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp issued Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas. Most of the maps were admittedly reproductions, and many discrepancies of delineation or nomenclature occur, in 1573 Ortelius published seventeen supplementary maps under the title Additamentum Theatri Orbis Terrarum. Four more Additamenta were to follow, the last one appearing in 1597 and he also had a keen interest and formed a fine collection of coins, medals and antiques, and this resulted in the book Deorum dearumque capita. He also published Itinerarium per nonnuilas Galliae Belgicae partes, a record of a journey in Belgium, in 1589 he published Maris Pacifici, the first dedicated map of the Pacific to be printed. Among his last works were an edition of Caesar, and the Aurei saeculi imago, sive Germanorum veterum vita, mores and he also aided Welser in his edition of the Peutinger Table in 1598. Contrary to popular belief, Abraham Ortelius, who had no children, never lived at the Mercator-Orteliushuis, originals of Ortelius maps are popular collectors items and often sell for tens of thousands of dollars. Facsimiles of his maps are available from many retailers. A map he made of North and South America is also included in the worlds largest commercially available jigsaw puzzle which is of four world maps and this puzzle is made by Ravensburger, measures 6 feet ×9 feet, and has over 18,000 pieces. Ortelius was the first to underline the geometrical similarity between the coasts of America and Europe-Africa, and to continental drift as an explanation. Kious described Ortelius thoughts in this way, Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus, suggested that the Americas were torn away from Europe and Africa
Abraham Ortelius
–
Abraham Ortelius by
Peter Paul Rubens
Abraham Ortelius
–
1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum
Abraham Ortelius
–
Map of the
Persian Empire from the
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Abraham Ortelius
–
Maris Pacifici
28.
Willem Blaeu
–
Willem Janszoon Blaeu, also abbreviated to Willem Jansz. Blaeu, was a Dutch cartographer, atlas maker and publisher and he was one of the notable representatives of the Netherlandish/Dutch school of cartography in its golden age. Blaeu was born at Uitgeest or Alkmaar, as the son of a well-to-do herring salesman, he was destined to succeed his father in the trade, but his interests lay more in mathematics and astronomy. Between 1594 and 1596, as a student of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, he qualified as an instrument, in 1600 he discovered the second ever variable star, now known as P Cygni. In 1633 he was appointed map-maker of the Dutch East India Company and he had two sons, Johannes and Cornelis Blaeu, who continued their fathers mapmaking and publishing business after his death in 1638. Prints of the works are still sold today. Original maps are rare collector items, Blaeus maps were featured in the works of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer of Delft, who holds a position of great honor among map historians. Several of his paintings illustrate maps hanging on walls or globes standing on tables or cabinets, Vermeer painted these cartographical documents with such detail that it is often possible to identify the actual maps. Though no longer extant, the existence is known from archival sources. Topographia, Descriptore Balthazaro Florentio a Berkerode Batavo, Vermeer must have had a copy at his disposal. Bright sunlight bathes the girl and the map on the wall. Vermeers gift for realism is evidenced by the fact that the map, mounted on linen and wooden rods, is identifiable as Blaeus 1621 map of Holland. He captures faithfully its characteristic design, decoration, and geographic content and his maps formed the bulk of the Atlas Maior, that became a collectors item in Amsterdam. One of Blaeus globes was purchased at auction by Maarten Magielse, Magielse is now lending it to the globe museum in Vienna, where it is being exhibited. Aardglobe Hemelglobe Nieuw Graetboeck Nywe Paskaerte t Licht der zeevaert Spieghel der Schrijfkonste Nova et Accurata Totius Hollandiae Westfriesiaeq, Atlas Novus Atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Toonneel des Aerdrycks Le Theatre du Monde Theatre du monde ou Nouvel Atlas Firma Blaeu is window nummer 18 in the Canon of Amsterdam. Blaeu and Joan Blaeu, Houten, Hes & De Graaf publishers BV, ISBN 90-6194-438-4 P. J. H. Baudet, Johannes Keuning and Marijke Donkersloot-de Vrij, Willem Jansz. Blaeu, a biography and history of his work as cartographer and publisher, Amsterdam 1973
Willem Blaeu
–
Blaeu's 1644 map of Europe
Willem Blaeu
–
Willem Janszoon Blaeu by
Jeremias Falck
Willem Blaeu
–
Joan & Willem Blaeu Atlas in 11 volumes with white leather binding with gold leaf and special chest to hold it in, with a portrait of Willem Blaeu on the wall next to it, copy owned by the
University of Amsterdam Special Collections
29.
Frederik de Wit
–
Frederick de Wit was a cartographer and artist who drew, printed and sold maps. On maps his name is also written Frederic, Frederik, Frederico and his surname is also written as de Witt and de Widt. He was born in Gouda and died in Amsterdam, Frederick de Wit was born Frederick Hendricksz or Frederick son of Hendrick. He was born to a Protestant family in 1629/30, in Gouda and his father Hendrick Fredericsz was a hechtmaecker from Amsterdam, and his mother Neeltij Joosten was the daughter of a merchant in Gouda. Frederick was married on August 29,1661, to Maria van der Way, from ca.1648 until his death at the end of July 1706, Frederick de Wit lived and worked in Amsterdam. Frederick and Maria had seven children, but only one Franciscus Xaverius survived them, by 1648, during the height of the Dutch Golden Age, De Wit had moved from Gouda to Amsterdam. As early as 1654 he had opened an office and shop under the name “De Drie Crabben” which was also the name of his house on the Kalverstraat. In 1655, De Wit changed the name of his shop to the “Witte Pascaert”, under this name De Wit and his firm became internationally known. The first charts engraved by De Wit were published in 1654 under the “De Drie Crabben” address, the first map that was both engraved and dated by De Wit was that of Denmark, REGNI DANIÆ Accuratissima delineatio Perfeckte Kaerte van ‘t CONJNCKRYCK DENEMARCKEN. in 1659. His first world maps, NOVA TOTIUS TERRARUM ORBIS TABULA AUCTORE F, DE WIT. and Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula appeared around 1660. His Atlas began to appear around 1662 and by 1671 included anywhere from 17 to 151 maps each, in the 1690s he began to use a new title page Atlas Maior but continued to use his old title page. His atlas of the Low Countries first published in 1667, was named Nieuw Kaertboeck van de XVII Nederlandse Provinciën and contained 14 to 25 maps. De Wit quickly expanded upon his first small folio atlas which contained mostly maps printed from plates that he had acquired, by 1671 he was publishing a large folio atlas with as many as 100 maps. Smaller atlases of 17 or 27 or 51 maps could still be purchased and by the mid-1670s an atlas of as many as 151 maps and his atlases cost between 7 and 20 Guilders depending on the number of maps, color and the quality of binding. In ca.1675 De Wit released a new nautical atlas, the charts in this atlas replaced the earlier charts from 1664 that are known today in only four bound examples and a few loose copies. De Wit’s new charts were sold in a book and as part of his atlases. De Wit published no fewer than 158 land maps and 43 charts on separate folio sheets, in 1695 De Wit began to publish a town atlas of the Netherlands after he acquired a large number of city plans at the auction of the famous Blaeu publishing firm’s printing plates. Dating De Wits atlases is considered difficult because usually no dates were recorded on the maps and their dates of publication extended over many years
Frederik de Wit
–
Nova Orbis Tabula in Lucem Edita (ca. 1665) by Frederik de Wit
Frederik de Wit
–
Nautical map of Spain, dated 1654
Frederik de Wit
–
Nova et accurata totius
Europæ descriptio (1700)
Frederik de Wit
–
Anonymous map of Hollandia (1630) reprinted ca 1660, by Frederik de Wit.
30.
Jan Janssonius
–
Johannes Janssonius was a Dutch cartographer and publisher who lived and worked in Amsterdam in the 17th century. Janssonius was born in Arnhem, the son of Jan Janszoon the Elder, in 1612 he married Elisabeth de Hondt, the daughter of Jodocus Hondius. He produced his first maps in 1616 of France and Italy, in 1623 Janssonius owned a bookstore in Frankfurt am Main, later also in Danzig, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, Königsberg, Geneva and Lyon. Elisabeth Hondius died in 1627 and he remarried one Elisabeth Carlier in 1629, in the 1630s he formed a partnership with his brother in law Henricus Hondius, and together they published atlases as Mercator/Hondius/Janssonius. Under the leadership of Janssonius the Hondius Atlas was steadily enlarged, renamed Atlas Novus, it had three volumes in 1638, one fully dedicated to Italy. 1646 a fourth volume came out with English County Maps, a year after an issue by Willem Blaeu. Janssonius maps are similar to those of Blaeu, and he is accused of copying from his rival. By 1660, at point the atlas bore the appropriate name Atlas Major, there were 11 volumes. It included a description of most of the cities of the world, of the waterworld, the eleventh volume was the Atlas of the Heavens by Andreas Cellarius. Editions were printed in Dutch, Latin, French, and a few times in German, after Janssoniuss death, the publishing company was continued by his son-in law, Johannes van Waesbergen. The London bookseller Moses Pitt attempted publication of the Atlas Major in English, Sueciæ, Norvegiæ et Daniæ Nova Tabula, Amsterdam c. Tabula exactissima Regnorum Sueciæ et Norvegiæ, which replaced Hondius II1613 Episcopatum Stavangriensis, Bergensis et Asloiensis Amsterdam 1636–1642, the first map to show the Oslo Fjord by name. This map shows Southern Norway with the Stavanger bishopric and the area of the Bergen. Peter van der Krogt, Koemans atlantes Neerlandici, Vol
Jan Janssonius
–
1641 Nieuwen Atlas (New Atlas) by Janssonius.
Jan Janssonius
–
The North-East Europe in an atlas published by Willem Blaeu.
Jan Janssonius
–
Map of
Paris, published in 1657.
31.
European exploration of Australia
–
The European exploration of Australia was the exploration of Australia by Europeans or white explorers, encompassing several waves of seafarers and land explorers. While Australias territory never became an actual Dutch settlement or colony, Dutch navigators were the first to undisputedly explore, in the 17th century, the Dutch East India Companys navigators and explorers charted almost three-quarters of Australias coastline, except its east coast. The Dutch ship, Duyfken, led by Willem Janszoon, made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606, explorers by land and sea continued to survey the continent for some years after settlement. Some writers have advanced the theory that the Portuguese were the first Europeans to sight Australia in the 1520s, a number of relics and remains have been interpreted as evidence that the Portuguese reached Australia. However, most historians do not accept this theory, and the interpretation of the Dieppe maps is highly contentious. The French navigator Binot Paulmier de Gonneville claimed to have landed at a land he described as east of the Cape of Good Hope in 1504, for some time it had been thought he discovered Australia, but the place he landed has now been shown to be Brazil. The Dutch East India Company was set up in 1602 and traded extensively with the islands now form parts of Indonesia. The first documented and undisputed European sighting of and landing on Australia was in late February or early March 1606, Janszoon charted the Australian coast and met with Aboriginal people. On 26 February 1606, Janszoon and his party made landfall near the town of Weipa and the Pennefather River. Janszoon proceeded down the coast for some 350 km and he stopped in some places, but was met by hostile natives and some of his men were killed. These events were recorded in Aboriginal oral history that has come down to the present day, here Janszoon decided to turn back, the place later being called Cape Keerweer, Dutch for turnabout. Later that year, De Quiros deputy Luís Vaez de Torres sailed to the north of Australia through Torres Strait, charting New Guineas southern coast, and possibly sighting Cape York in October 1606. In 1611 Hendrik Brouwer, working for VOC, discovered that sailing from Europe to Batavia was much quicker if the Roaring Forties were used. Up to that point, the Dutch had followed a route copied from Arab and Portuguese sailors who followed the coasts of Africa, Mauritius and Ceylon. The Brouwer Route involved sailing south from the Cape of Good Hope into the Roaring Forties then sailing east before turning north to Java using the South Indian Ocean Current, the Brouwer Route became compulsory for Dutch vessels in 1617. Most of these landfalls were unplanned, the first such landfall was in 1616, when Dirk Hartog, employed by VOC, reached land at Shark Bay off the coast of Western Australia. Finding nothing of interest, Hartog continued sailing northwards along this previously undiscovered coastline of Western Australia and he then left the coast and continued on to Batavia. He called Australia T Landt van dEendracht, after his ship, in 1619 Frederik de Houtman, in the VOC ship Dordrecht, and Jacob dEdel, in another VOC ship Amsterdam, sighted land on the Australian coast near present-day Perth which they called dEdelsland
European exploration of Australia
–
Map of
William Dampier 's voyage.
European exploration of Australia
European exploration of Australia
–
Voyages of
George Bass
European exploration of Australia
–
Voyages of
Phillip Parker King
32.
Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
–
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, surveyor and explorer of south-eastern Australia, was born at Grangemouth in Stirlingshire, Scotland. In 1827 he took up an appointment as Assistant Surveyor General of New South Wales, the following year he became Surveyor General and remained in this position until his death. Mitchell was knighted in 1839 for his contribution to the surveying of Australia, born in Scotland on 15 June 1792, he was son of John Mitchell of Carron Works and was brought up from childhood by his uncle, Thomas Livingstone of Parkhall, Stirlingshire. On the death of his uncle, he joined the British army in Portugal as a volunteer, on 24 June 1811, at the age of nineteen, he received his first commission as 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st Battalion 95th Rifles. Utilising his skills as a draughtsman of outstanding ability, he was employed in the Quartermaster-General’s department under Sir George Murray. He was present at the storming of the fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajos and San Sebastian as well as the battles of Salamanca, subsequently, he would receive the Military General Service Medal with bars for each of these engagements. Lieutenant Mitchell, was selected as a well qualified in every respect to aid in the accomplishment of the undertaking. But in the summer of 1819 the continuance of the disbursements made by Government for the undertaking became doubtful, so he was called home. He then devoted himself to the part of his task, which was that of making finished drawings from the materials compiled by himself. But with the cessation of the Government allowances he had to stop this work, on 10 June 1818, during his posting in Spain and Portugal, he married Mary Blunt in Lisbon and gained promotion to a company in the 54th Regiment. With the reductions in the establishment of the country which followed the withdrawing of the Army of Occupation from France. It was not until a lapse of several years, whilst Mitchell was in London between 1838 –1840, that the work was completed, the finished drawings were published, by the London geographer James Wyld, in 1841. Of almost unimpeachable accuracy, it is the source for the topography of the war. In 1827, with the support of Sir George Murray, Mitchell became Assistant Surveyor General of New South Wales with the right to succeed John Oxley, Oxley died the following year, and on 27 May 1828, Mitchell became Surveyor General. In this post he did much to improve the quality and accuracy of surveying – a vital task in a colony where huge tracts of land were being opened up and sold to new settlers. One of the first roads surveyed under his leadership was the Great North Road, the Great South Road, also convict-built, linked Sydney and Goulburn. As Surveyor General, Mitchell also completed maps and plans of Sydney, including Darling Point, Point Piper, the city, in 1834 he was commissioned to survey a map of the Nineteen Counties. The map he produced was done with skill and accuracy that he was awarded a knighthood
Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
–
Portrait of Major Sir Thomas Mitchell (c. 1830s)
Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
–
1838 map of Victoria and New South Wales showing towns, major rivers and the limits of the Colony at the time. The map shows in red the routes taken by Mitchell's expedition and camps.
Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
–
The Mitchell house in
Stanwell Park, by Henry Grant Lloyd, 1860. (courtesy Mitchell Library)
Thomas Mitchell (explorer)
–
Piper
33.
Ludwig Leichhardt
–
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt, known as Ludwig Leichhardt, was a Prussian explorer and naturalist, most famous for his exploration of northern and central Australia. Leichhardt was born on 23 October 1813 in the village of Trebatsch, today part of Tauche and he was the fourth son and sixth of the eight children of Christian Hieronymus Matthias Leichhardt, farmer and royal inspector and his wife Charlotte Sophie, née Strählow. Between 1831 and 1836 Leichhardt studied philosophy, language, and natural sciences at the Universities of Göttingen and Berlin, on 14 February 1842 Leichhardt arrived in Sydney, Australia. His aim was to explore inland Australia and he was hopeful of a government appointment in his fields of interest, in September 1842 Leichhardt went to the Hunter River valley north of Sydney to study the geology, flora and fauna of the region, and to observe farming methods. He then set out on his own on a journey that took him from Newcastle, New South Wales. After returning to Sydney early in 1844, Leichhardt hoped to take part in a proposed government-sponsored expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington, when plans for this expedition fell through Leichhardt decided to mount the expedition himself, accompanied by volunteers and supported by private funding. His party left Sydney in August 1844 to sail to Moreton Bay, the expedition departed on 1 October 1844 from Jimbour Homestead, the farthest outpost of settlement on the Queensland Darling Downs. After a nearly 4,800 kilometres overland journey, and having long been given up for dead and he returned to Sydney by boat, arriving on 25 March 1846 to a heros welcome. The Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia, from Moreton Bay to Port Essington, a memorial to John Gilbert, one of Leichhardts companions on this journey, can be found on the north wall of St James Church, Sydney. There is also a memorial to Gilbert at Gilberts Lookout at Taroom, Leichhardts second expedition, undertaken with a government grant and substantial private subscriptions, started in December 1846. It was supposed to him from the Darling Downs to the west coast of Australia and ultimately to the Swan River. However, after covering only 800 km the team was forced to return in June 1847 due to heavy rain, malarial fever. In April 1847 Leichhardt shared the prize of the Paris Geographical Society. Leichhardt himself never saw these medals but was aware he had awarded them. Naturally Im very pleased to think that such discerning authorities consider me worthy of such honour, I have worked for the sake of science, and for nothing else. In 2012 the National Museum of Australia purchased the medal awarded to Leichhardt by Londons Royal Geographical Society in 1847 and it came directly from descendants of the Leichhardt family in Mexico. In 1848 Leichhardt again set out from the Condamine River to reach the Swan River, the Aboriginal guides were Wommai and Billy Bombat, from Port Stephens. The party was last seen on 3 April 1848 at Allan Macphersons station, Cogoon, on the Darling Downs, Leichhardts disappearance after moving inland, although investigated by many, remains a mystery
Ludwig Leichhardt
–
Portrait of Ludwig Leichhardt
Ludwig Leichhardt
–
The first expedition of Leichhardt
Ludwig Leichhardt
–
Memorial in
St James Church, Sydney to John Gilbert, member of Leichhardt's expedition
Ludwig Leichhardt
–
Memorial to John Gilbert, Gilbert's Lookout, Taroom, 2008
34.
Augustus Charles Gregory
–
Sir Augustus Charles Gregory, KCMG was an English-born Australian explorer. Between 1846 and 1858 he undertook four major expeditions and he was appointed a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council. Augustus Charles Gregory was born at Farnsfield, Nottingham, England and he was the second of five brothers born to Joshua Gregory and Frances Churchman. Among his brothers were Francis Thomas Gregory, who became a noted explorer. Joshua William Gregory, born 1815, died 20 September 1850 aged 35, Augustus Charles Gregory, born 1 August 1819, died 1905 aged 86 Francis Thomas Gregory, born 1821. A. C. Gregory was educated privately by tutors and later by his mother, in 1829, the family emigrated to Western Australia on board the Lotus, arriving at the Swan River Colony only four months after its establishment. For much of the 1830s, Augustus took jobs to supplement the familys income, for a while he worked for a chemist, and later in partnership with his brother Joshua William as a contract surveyor. In December 1841, he joined the Government Survey Office, in 1846, with his two brothers, F. T. Gregory and H. C. Gregory, he made his first exploration, with four horses and seven weeks provisions they left T. N. Two years later, Gregory lead an expedition to examine the course of the Gascoyne River and, in particular, the party left on 2 September 1848, crossing the Murchison River 25 September, but the country was very dry and it became difficult to water the horses. Gregory decided to turn again in the beginning of October. The party returned to Perth on 12 November after having found good pastures, despite water supply difficulties, about 1500 miles were covered in a period of 10 weeks. In 1854 while Assistant Surveyor of Western Australia, Gregory was asked to lead an expedition to the interior, Gregory had his brother, H. C. Gregory, as second in command and Baron von Mueller as botanist, there were 19 men altogether, with 50 horses and 200 sheep. The party left Moreton Bay by sea on 12 August 1855, on the next day their vessel grounded on a reef and it was impossible to float off until 10 September. They proceeded to Pearce Point, and at the end of the month the party reached the estuary of the Victoria River, the party split up, with one group going up the river in a schooner, while Gregory led the other over the range. They were reunited on 20 October, establishing a camp 20 km west of todays Timber Creek, Gregory led several forays up the Victoria River and traced Sturts Creek for 300 miles until it disappeared in the Tanami Desert. The core team returned to the camp in the dry season of 1856
Augustus Charles Gregory
–
Augustus Charles Gregory, c. 1903
Augustus Charles Gregory
–
Gregory's Tree above Victoria River, appr. 20 west of Timber Creek
Augustus Charles Gregory
–
Rainworth, residence of Sir Augustus Charles Gregory, Bardon, ca. 1885
Augustus Charles Gregory
–
Sir Augustus Charles Gregory lying in state, Brisbane, 1905
35.
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney
–
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney PC, was a British politician who held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century. The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia, Canada, and Sydney in New South Wales, Australia were named in his honour, Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia, daughter of John Selwyn. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire, and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783. He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle and he held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762. During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in regard to the American revenue program. Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford, Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war. Although he had no close party connection, he was inclined toward the Chathamites and he took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry. When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782, Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary, among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America. A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said, expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements. For assistance in planning the expedition, Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip, the expedition sailed on 16 January 1783, under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill. Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line, shortly after sailing an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 and he opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt, serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to 1789. In Canada, Sydney, Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island, was founded by British Col. Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785, Lord Sydney appointed Col. DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island. Following the loss of the North American colonies, Sydney, as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government, was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay. His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the years of struggle. On 26 January 1788, Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney, in 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney. In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783, Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family, who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism. Sydney thought of himself as a Whig, by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power, the name Sydney was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to tyranny and absolutism
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney
–
The Right Honourable The Viscount Sydney
PC
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney
–
Frognal House by George Shepherd appears in Thomas Ireland's History of Kent published c. 1830.
36.
Gilbert Stuart
–
Gilbert Charles Stuart was an American painter from Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart is widely considered one of Americas foremost portraitists and his best known work is the unfinished portrait of George Washington that is sometimes referred to as The Athenaeum, begun in 1796 and never finished. Stuart retained the portrait and used it to paint 130 copies which he sold for $100 each, throughout his career, Gilbert Stuart produced portraits of over 1,000 people, including the first six Presidents of the United States. C. The National Portrait Gallery, London, Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts, Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3,1755 in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, a village of North Kingstown, and baptized at Old Narragansett Church on April 11,1756. Stuarts father worked in the first colonial snuff mill in America, Gilbert Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island at the age of six, where his father pursued work in the merchant field. In Newport, Stuart first began to show promise as a painter. In 1770, Stuart made the acquaintance of Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a visitor of the colonies who made portraits of local patrons and who became a tutor to Stuart. Under the guidance of Alexander, Stuart painted the famous portrait Dr. Hunters Spaniels when he was fourteen years old, the painting is also referred to as Dr. Hunters Dogs by some accounts. In 1771, Stuart moved to Scotland with Alexander to finish his studies, Stuart tried to maintain a living and pursue his painting career, but to no avail, so he returned to Newport in 1773. Stuarts prospects as a portraitist were jeopardized by the onset of the American Revolution, Stuart departed for England in 1775 following the example set by John Singleton Copley. He was unsuccessful at first in pursuit of his vocation, the relationship was beneficial, with Stuart exhibiting at the Royal Academy as early as 1777. By 1782, Stuart had met with success, largely due to acclaim for The Skater, Stuart said that he was suddenly lifted into fame by a single picture. At one point, the prices for his pictures were exceeded only by those of renowned English artists Joshua Reynolds, despite his many commissions, however, Stuart was habitually neglectful of finances and was in danger of being sent to debtors prison. In 1787, he fled to Dublin, Ireland where he painted and accumulated debt with equal vigor, Stuart ended his 18-year stay in Britain and Ireland in 1793, leaving behind numerous unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States and settled briefly in New York City, in 1795, he moved to Germantown, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, where he opened a studio. It was here that he gained a foothold in the art world, Stuart painted George Washington in a series of iconic portraits, each of them leading in turn to a demand for copies, and keeping Stuart busy and highly paid for years. The most famous and celebrated of these likenesses is known as The Athenaeum and is portrayed on the United States one dollar bill. Stuart, along with his daughters, painted a total of 130 reproductions of The Athenaeum, however, he never completed the original version, after finishing Washingtons face, he kept the original version to make the copies
Gilbert Stuart
–
Gilbert Stuart portrait miniature by Sarah Goodridge, 1825
Gilbert Stuart
–
The
Gilbert Stuart Birthplace in
Saunderstown, Rhode Island
Gilbert Stuart
–
Self-Portrait, painted in 1778
Gilbert Stuart
–
The Skater, 1782, a portrait of
William Grant
37.
Arthur Phillip
–
Admiral Arthur Phillip RN was a Royal Navy officer and the first Governor of New South Wales who founded the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia. After much experience at sea, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales, in January 1788, he selected its location to be Port Jackson. Phillip was a governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration. But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected and his friendly attitude towards the aborigines was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them. Phillip retired in 1805, but continued to correspond with his friends in New South Wales, Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, the younger of two children to Jacob Phillip and Elizabeth Breach. His father Jacob was born in Frankfurt, Germany and he was a languages teacher who may also have served in the Royal Navy as an able seaman and pursers steward. His mother Elizabeth was the widow of a seaman, John Herbert. At the time of Arthur Phillips birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near Cheapside in the City of London, there are no surviving records of Phillips early childhood. His father Jacob died in 1739, after which the Phillip family may have fallen on hard times, on 22 June 1751 he was accepted into the Greenwich Hospital School, a charity school for the sons of indigent seafarers. In keeping with the curriculum, his education was focused on literacy, arithmetic and navigational skills. He was a competent student and something of a perfectionist and his headmaster, Rev. Francis Swinden observed that in personality, Phillip was unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes. Phillip remained at the Greenwich School for two and a half years, considerably longer than the student stay of twelve months. At the end of 1753 he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard Fortune and he left the Greenwich School on 1 December and spent the winter aboard Fortune awaiting the commencement of the 1754 whaling season. Phillip spent the summer of 1754 hunting whales near Svalbard in the Barents Sea, as an apprentice, his responsibilities included stripping blubber from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels. Food was scarce and Fortunes thirty crew members supplemented their diet with eggs, scurvy grass. The ship returned to England on 20 July 1754, the whaling crew were paid off and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the Mediterranean. As an apprentice, Phillip remained aboard as Fortune undertook a trading voyage to Barcelona and Livorno carrying salt and raisins, returning via Rotterdam with a cargo of grains. The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that years whale hunt, Phillip was still a member of the crew, but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27 July
Arthur Phillip
–
1786 portrait by
Francis Wheatley (National Portrait Gallery, London)
Arthur Phillip
–
HMS Buckingham, Phillip's first posting after joining the Navy in 1755. Vessel pictured on the stocks at Deptford Dockyard, c.1751.
Arthur Phillip
–
Arthur Phillip
Arthur Phillip
–
Statue of Arthur Phillip in the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
38.
Lachlan Macquarie
–
Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Scotland. Macquarie served as the fifth and last autocratic Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821, an inscription on his tomb in Scotland describes him as The Father of Australia. Lachlan Macquarie was born on the island of Ulva off the coast of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides, a chain of islands off the West Coast of Scotland. He was a gentleman of the Scottish Highland family clan MacQuarrie which possessed Ulva, Staffa, and a region of the Isle of Mull for over one thousand years, and his forebears were buried on Iona. Governor Macquaries father, a man of Intelligence, polite, and much of the world, supposedly attained the age of 103 years and his mother was the daughter of a Maclaine chieftain who owned a castle on the Isle of Mull. Macquarie left the island at the age of 14, if he did attend the Royal High School of Edinburgh, as tradition has it, it was only for a very brief period because, at the same age, he volunteered for the army. Macquarie joined the 84th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1777, as a new recruit on the way to America he participated in the Battle of the Newcastle Jane. This battle was the first naval victory for a British merchant ship over an American privateer and he was initially stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was commissioned as an ensign five months after his arrival. On 18 January 1781, he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the 71st Regiment of Foot, and served them in New York City, Charleston. In June 1784 he returned to Scotland as a half-pay lieutenant, three years later, on Christmas Day 1787 he received his commission as lieutenant in the 77th Regiment, where he saw service with the army in India and Egypt. Macquarie became a Freemason in January 1793 at Bombay, in Lodge No.1 and he was promoted Captain on 9 November 1789, Major on 12 March 1801. Two years later,1803, he was in London, as Assistant Adjutant General to Lord Harrington, in 1803 and 1804 saw him on active service in India. In 1793 he married Jane Jarvis, daughter of the Chief Justice of Antigua, three years later she died of tuberculosis. In November 1807, Macquaries cousin Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell became his second wife, in April 1809 Macquarie was appointed Governor of New South Wales. At the head of troops he was unchallenged by the New South Wales Corps whose members had become settled in farming, commerce. Macquarie was promoted to Colonel in 1810, Brigadier in 1811 and Major-General in 1813, the Macquaries departed from England in May 1809 aboard HMS Dromedary, accompanied by HMS Hindostan. They reached Sydney on 28 December 1809 and he started as a governor on 1 January 1810 and he appointed John Campbell as his secretary. The first task Macquarie had to tackle was to restore orderly, lawful government, Macquarie was ordered by the British government to arrest both John Macarthur and Major George Johnston, two of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion
Lachlan Macquarie
–
Major-General Lachlan Macquarie
CB
Lachlan Macquarie
–
An illustration from 1888
Lachlan Macquarie
–
Brass breast plate presented to the Aboriginal leader Coborn Jackey of the Burrowmunditory tribe by the squatter James White in the district of present-day
Young, New South Wales
Lachlan Macquarie
–
Macquarie Mausoleum
39.
Dudley de Chair
–
Admiral Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair KCB, KCMG, KBE, MVO was a senior Royal Navy officer and later Governor of New South Wales. De Chair joined the Royal Navy in 1878 and took part in the bombardment of Alexandria during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 and he was promoted to commander on 22 July 1897, and to captain on 26 June 1902. He became Assistant Controller of the Navy in 1910 and Secretary to First Lord of the Admiralty in 1912, De Chair was appointed Governor of New South Wales on 8 November 1923. His uncle, Sir Harry Rawson, had held the same twenty years earlier. Arriving in Sydney in 1924, De Chair became Governor in stable political times, while Langs attempts ultimately failed, De Chair failed to gain the support of an indifferent Dominions Office. With Langs departure in 1927, the Nationalist Government of Thomas Bavin invited him in 1929 to stay on as Governor for a further term, De Chair agreed only to a years extension and retired on 8 April 1930. Returning to London after a trip, de Chair worked on his memoirs until his death in 1958. De Chair married Enid Struben in 1903, together they had three children, Henry Graham de Chair, Elaine de Chair and Somerset de Chair. Following the King Edward VIIs visit to the Russian Empire, de Chair was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 10 June 1908 for his role in the visit as commander HMS Cochrane. In the 1914 Kings Birthday Honours, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath, on 6 March 1911, de Chair was appointed a Naval aide-de-camp to King George V. He relinquished the appointment on 31 July 1912, having promoted to flag rank on that day. Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair at Australian Dictionary of Biography
Dudley de Chair
–
Admiral Sir Dudley de Chair
KCB,
KCMG,
KBE,
MVO
40.
Geoffrey Chaucer
–
Geoffrey Chaucer, known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first poet to be buried in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey, among his many works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. He is best known today for The Canterbury Tales, Chaucers work was crucial in legitimizing the literary use of the Middle English vernacular at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London sometime around 1343, though the precise date and his father and grandfather were both London vintners, several previous generations had been merchants in Ipswich. In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffreys father, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the boy to her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and the fine levied suggests that the family was financially secure. In the City Hustings Roll 110,5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer refers to himself as me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie. He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king from 1389 to 1391 as Clerk of the Kings Works. In 1359, in the stages of the Hundred Years War, Edward III invaded France and Chaucer travelled with Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, Elizabeths husband. In 1360, he was captured during the siege of Rheims, Edward paid £16 for his ransom, a considerable sum, and Chaucer was released. After this, Chaucers life is uncertain, but he seems to have travelled in France, Spain, around 1366, Chaucer married Philippa Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward IIIs queen, Philippa of Hainault, and a sister of Katherine Swynford and it is uncertain how many children Chaucer and Philippa had, but three or four are most commonly cited. His son, Thomas Chaucer, had a career, as chief butler to four kings, envoy to France. Thomass daughter, Alice, married the Duke of Suffolk, thomass great-grandson, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, was the heir to the throne designated by Richard III before he was deposed. Geoffreys other children probably included Elizabeth Chaucy, a nun at Barking Abbey, Agnes, an attendant at Henry IVs coronation, Chaucers Treatise on the Astrolabe was written for Lewis. According to tradition, Chaucer studied law in the Inner Temple at this time and he became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a valet de chambre, yeoman, or esquire on 20 June 1367, a position which could entail a wide variety of tasks. His wife also received a pension for court employment and he travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. In 1368, he may have attended the wedding of Lionel of Antwerp to Violante Visconti, daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, two other literary stars of the era were in attendance, Jean Froissart and Petrarch
Geoffrey Chaucer
–
Portrait of Chaucer from the 17th century.
Geoffrey Chaucer
–
Chaucer as a pilgrim from the
Ellesmere manuscript
Geoffrey Chaucer
–
A 19th-century depiction of Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer
–
Portrait of Chaucer (16th century), f.1 - BL Add MS 5141
41.
William Shakespeare
–
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
William Shakespeare
–
The
Chandos portrait, artist and authenticity unconfirmed.
National Portrait Gallery, London.
William Shakespeare
–
John Shakespeare's house, believed to be
Shakespeare's birthplace, in
Stratford-upon-Avon.
William Shakespeare
–
Shakespeare's coat of arms, as it appears on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a
pun on the family name.
William Shakespeare
–
Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon.
42.
Facsimile
–
A facsimile is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from other forms of reproduction by attempting to replicate the source as accurately as possible in scale, color, condition, for books and manuscripts, this also entails a complete copy of all pages, hence, an incomplete copy is a partial facsimile. Facsimiles are sometimes used by scholars to research a source that they do not have access to otherwise, many are sold commercially, often accompanied by a volume of commentary. They may be produced in limited editions, typically of 500–2,000 copies, the term fax is a shortened form of facsimile though most faxes are not reproductions of the quality expected in a true facsimile. Advances in the art of facsimile are closely related to advances in printmaking, maps, for instance, were the focus of early explorations in making facsimiles, although these examples often lack the rigidity to the original source that is now expected. An early example is the Abraham Ortelius map, innovations during the 18th century, especially in the realms of lithography and aquatint, facilitated an explosion in the number of facsimiles of old master drawings that could be studied from afar. In the past, a such as the photostat, hectograph. More recently, facsimiles have been made by the use of form of photographic technique. For documents, a facsimile most often refers to document reproduction by a photocopy machine, in the digital age, an image scanner, a personal computer, and a desktop printer can be used to make a facsimile. Important illuminated manuscripts like Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry are not only on display to the public as facsimiles, however, unlike normal book reproductions, facsimiles remain truer to the original colors—which is especially important for illuminated manuscripts—and preserve defects. Facsimiles are best suited to printed or hand-written documents, and not to such as three-dimensional objects or oil paintings with unique surface texture. Reproductions of those objects are often referred to as replicas
Facsimile
–
Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, a famous
illuminated manuscript, is on view to both the public and to scholars only in the form of a high-quality facsimile
Facsimile
–
Facsimile of Edgar Allan Poe's original manuscript for The Murders in the Rue Morgue
43.
University of New England (Australia)
–
The University of New England is a public university in Australia with approximately 22,500 higher education students. Its original and main campus is located in the city of Armidale in northern central New South Wales, the University of New England was the first Australian university established outside a state capital city. Each year, the University offers students more than $5 million in scholarships, prizes, the University of New England was originally established in 1938 as the New England University College, a College of the University of Sydney. It became fully independent in 1954, the University of New England has undergone two major changes since 1989. The following year the Orange Agricultural College joined the network University, the network also included the UNE-Coffs Harbour Centre, which provided courses from within academic departments of the Armidale and Lismore campuses. The University of New England was re-formed once again, with legislation passed by both Houses of the New South Wales Parliament in November,1993 and this legislation had the effect of dismantling the network University. The University of New England from 1994 has only one campus, a new University was created with campuses in Lismore and Coffs Harbour, the Orange campus was amalgamated with the University of Sydney. This process of amalgamation was complete by the time of the new legislation in 1993, the University was notified of plagiarism issues in November 2006. The University initiated several procedures, systems, and policies to fortify its academic integrity, in research, among many areas, it is particularly active in agricultural science, economics, linguistics and archaeology. The university averages approximately 700 PhD candidates at a given time, the University of New England is on several sites in Armidale. The northern campus is five kilometres to the northwest of the city centre, in a rural, part of this campus includes the original property presented by T R Forster to the University of Sydney for the establishment of a University College. This property comprised the old homestead, Booloominbah, with other buildings and 74 hectares of land. Since the original gift, other generous benefactors have presented properties to the university, Booloominbah and the Vice-Chancellors residence Trevenna were designed by architect John Horbury Hunt. The university possesses rural properties close to the campus, providing facilities for teaching, in addition, there are the Tullimba rural research property at Kingstown and the Douglas McMaster Rural Research Station at Warialda. The University of New England has one of the most extensive residential college systems in Australia, around half of UNE’s on campus students live in one of the colleges. Since 1955 teaching off-campus students by distance education has been an important part of the Universitys activities, UNE is now Australias longest continuous provider of distance education and with more than 15,000 external students, is one of Australias major providers of awards to off-campus students. Each subject requires approximately 15 hours of study per week, with the load for distance students being two units per semester. Over 600 subjects offered by UNE are available by distance education and are predominantly online, the University has students all over the world studying by this mode
University of New England (Australia)
–
Boolominbah Homestead at night
University of New England (Australia)
–
University of New England
44.
Armidale, New South Wales
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Armidale is a city in the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. Armidale had an population of 23,674 as at 30 June 2015. It is the centre for the Northern Tablelands region. It is approximately halfway between Sydney and Brisbane at the junction of the New England Highway and Waterfall Way, Armidale traditional owners are Anaiwan people. Many Gumbaynggirr people have settled in Armidale since colonisation, a short distance to the east of Armidale are heavily forested steep gorges dropping down to the eastern coastal plain. Large parts of the highlands are covered by Palaeozoic aged metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, intruding into these meta-sediments are granite plutons which decompose to form sandy soil, slightly deficient in nutrients. There are also basalt flows which are fertile for the soil substrates. Those areas away from the deep gorge country tend to display gently undulating terrain mainly used for pastures, to the west is Mount Yarrowyck Nature Reserve. The coastal plain can be reached directly at Coffs Harbour via Waterfall Way to Dorrigo and Bellingen on the Bellinger River, Armidale has a noted problem with air pollution caused by the use of solid fuel domestic wood heaters during the winter months. A local retired doctor said he is so concerned by the wood smoke situation, Armidale has a subtropical highland climate influence. Armidales elevation gives it a climate, but the summers are still very warm. Winters are long and cool, with frosty nights. Snowfall is extremely rare, on only one day in every three years. The presence of four seasons, unlike most of the rest of Australia, is the reason for the New England moniker. Summers are characterised by warm to very warm days followed almost always by cool, sometimes cold, thunderstorms often produce heavy falls of rain and occasionally hail in the afternoons and early evenings, also bringing a sudden drop in temperature. Unlike nearby coastal areas, Armidale does not usually high humidity levels making most of the summer days quite comfortable. Temperatures exceed 30 °C on average of 13 days per year, the highest temperature recorded at Armidale Airport was 37.0 °C, recorded in January 2014. As the leaves turn yellow and fall, day temperatures are still warm, particularly in March
Armidale, New South Wales
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Looking across Armidale city
Armidale, New South Wales
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Woodsmoke pollution, Armidale, 27 May 2011
Armidale, New South Wales
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21 December 2006 hailstorm.
Armidale, New South Wales
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The Catholic Cathedral of St Mary and St Joseph, Armidale
45.
William Herbert Ifould
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William Herbert Ifould OBE was an Australian librarian and floriculturalist who was instrumental in the development of library services in New South Wales. He was the Principal Librarian at the Public Library of New South Wales from 1912 until his retirement in 1942, William Ifould was born at One Tree Hill near Gawler, South Australia on 28 August 1877. He was the son of Edward Lomer Ifould and Marion Burn Ifould and he attended the Sturt Street School and Norwood State School in Adelaide before winning a scholarship to the Adelaide Collegiate School. He attended the University of Adelaide from 1902–07 and he married Carrie Eugenie Foale on 5 March 1907. William Ifould began his career as a cadet at the Public Library, Museum. He held a number of different positions over twenty years at the Library and he introduced the Dewey Decimal classification system to the Library, overseeing a twelve-year project reclassifying the collections. Ifould had a lifelong interest in horticulture and he was passionate about architecture and the arts, and for 39 years served as a trustee on the Board of the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Ifould was active in Rotary International, representing Australia at the International Rotary Convention in St. Louis in June 1923. When Ifould took up his position at the Library, the new Mitchell Library building had opened in 1910 while the public library remained in a building on Bent Street. The poor state of the Bent Street building was noted in Library Annual Reports, as the collections grew in the 1920s the conditions at the library became very crowded in both the Mitchell Wing and the Bent Street building. The Mitchell wing had been designed as the first instalment of a proposed National Library, William Ifould cultivated the interest of Sir William Dixson as a library benefactor. Dixson, a bachelor with an interest in collecting paintings, manuscripts. In 1919 Dixson wrote to Ifould, offering his pictures collection to the NSW Government if they would provide a space for them to be stored and displayed. Ifould persistently advocated the completion of the building to the government. In 1925 the Library Trustees reported that work was to begin on the new sections of the library building, Ifould was very involved in the design and decoration of the Library. Ifould built the reputation of the Library as an institution in the Commonwealth for collecting records. As Principal Librarian during World War I, William Ifould recognised the significance of the stories of Australian servicemen in World War I to the nations historical record. In December 1918 he launched The European War Collecting Project, approximately 500 diaries were collected by the Library through the campaign
William Herbert Ifould
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Portrait of William Ifould in 1927
William Herbert Ifould
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Group photograph of the delegates attending the Australian Institute of Librarians' inaugural meeting at Canberra, 20 August 1937.
William Herbert Ifould
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Bronze bust on marble stand by sculptor Arthur Fleischmann
46.
H. V. Evatt
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Herbert Vere Evatt, QC KStJ, usually known as H. V. Evatt or Bert Evatt, and often as Doc Evatt on account of his Doctor of Laws degree, was an Australian judge, lawyer, parliamentarian and writer. Evatt was born in Maitland, New South Wales, the fifth of eight sons of John Ashmore Evatt, an English publican from British India and his younger brother was the politician and lawyer Clive Evatt. Their father died when Bert was seven years old, and his mother shouldered the task of encouraging an intellectually gifted family, Evatt played cricket, rugby league football, hockey and baseball. He was also the Editor of Hermes, the student literary journal, was a Tutor at St Andrews College. He graduated Legum Doctor in 1924 from the University of Sydney with a thesis on the royal prerogative, because of poor eyesight, Evatt was unable to serve in the First World War, in which two of his brothers were killed. He became a prominent industrial lawyer in Sydney, working mainly for trade union clients, in 1925 Evatt was elected as an Australian Labor Party member for Balmain in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Re-elected as an Independent Labor candidate in 1927, Evatt served in the Legislative Assembly until 1930, in 1930 the Labor government headed by James Scullin appointed Evatt as the youngest-ever justice of the High Court of Australia. Regarded by some as a brilliant and innovative judge, he delivered a number of minority judgments, Evatt could, however, be partial on the bench. Sir Owen Dixon noted in Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v F. S, Ltd that Evatt was on that occasion full of antagonism to the respondent. Whenever Evatt was not particularly interested in a case he appears to have gone along with Dixon. Evatt was one of six justices of the High Court who had served in the Parliament of New South Wales, along with Edmund Barton, Richard OConnor, Adrian Knox, Albert Piddington and Edward McTiernan. In 1940 Evatt resigned from the High Court to return to politics, when Labor came to power under John Curtin in 1941, Evatt became Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs. He became deputy leader of the Labor Party after the 1946 election, Evatt joined the diplomatic councils of the allies during World War II. In 1945, he played a role in the founding of the UN. He was President of the U. N. General Assembly from 1948 to 1949 and he wrote in his memoirs, I regard the establishment of Israel as a great victory of the United Nations. He helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and he put forward convincing arguments as to the need to re-establish sporting relations and the financial benefits of the tour and the MCC agreed to the 1946–47 Ashes series. Don Bradman would later aver that the resumption of Anglo-Australian Tests had justified itself in every way. In the 1949 election, Labor was defeated by Menzies new Liberal Party
H. V. Evatt
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The Right Honourable Dr Herbert Vere Evatt BA
LLB MA
LLD QC KStJ
H. V. Evatt
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Evatt in 1925
H. V. Evatt
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Evatt (left) and
Ben Chifley (middle) with
Clement Attlee (right) at the Dominion and British Leaders Conference, London, 1946
H. V. Evatt
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H. V. Evatt
47.
Australian National University
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The Australian National University is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, founded in 1946, it is the only university to have been created by the Parliament of Australia. ANU enrolls 10,052 undergraduate and 10,840 postgraduate students, the universitys endowment stood at A$1.13 billion in 2012. ANU is ranked 22nd in the world by the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings, ANU was named the worlds 7th most international university in a 2017 study by Times Higher Education. In the 2016 Times Higher Education Global Employability University Ranking, a ranking of university graduates employability. ANU is ranked 100th in the CWTS Leiden ranking, ANU counts six Nobel laureates and 49 Rhodes scholars among its faculty and alumni. The university has educated two prime ministers,30 current Australian ambassadors and more than a dozen current heads of Government departments of Australia, calls for the establishment of a national university in Australia began as early as 1900. After the location of the capital, Canberra, was determined in 1908. A group of eminent Australian scholars returned from overseas to join the university, including Sir Howard Florey, Sir Mark Oliphant, Sir Keith Hancock, economist Sir Douglas Copland was appointed as ANUs first Vice-Chancellor and former Prime Minister Stanley Bruce served as the first Chancellor. ANU was originally organised into four centres—the Research Schools of Physical Sciences, Social Sciences and Pacific Studies, the first residents’ hall, University House, was opened in 1954 for faculty members and postgraduate students. Mount Stromlo Observatory, established by the government in 1924. The first locations of the ANU Library, the Menzies and Chifley buildings, the Australian Forestry School, located in Canberra since 1927, was amalgamated by ANU in 1965. Canberra University College was the first institution of education in the national capital, having been established in 1929. Its founding was led by Sir Robert Garran, one of the drafters of the Australian Constitution, CUC was affiliated with the University of Melbourne and its degrees were granted by that university. Academic leaders at CUC included historian Manning Clark, political scientist Finlay Crisp, in 1960, CUC was integrated into ANU as the School of General Studies, initially with faculties in arts, economics, law and science. Faculties in Oriental studies and engineering were introduced later, Bruce Hall, the first residential college for undergraduates, opened in 1961. The Canberra School of Music and the Canberra School of Art were amalgamated by ANU in 1992, ANU established its Medical School in 2002, after obtaining federal government approval in 2000. On 18 January 2003, the Canberra bushfires largely destroyed the Mount Stromlo Observatory, ANU astronomers now conduct research from the Siding Spring Observatory, which contains 10 telescopes including the Anglo-Australian Telescope
Australian National University
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Remains of the ANU
homopolar generator designed by
Mark Oliphant
Australian National University
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Coat of arms of ANU
Australian National University
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ANU School of Art located at the former
Canberra High School building
Australian National University
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ANU College of Law
48.
The Sydney Morning Herald
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The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014
The Sydney Morning Herald
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The front page of The Sydney Morning Herald on 30 March 2007.
The Sydney Morning Herald
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The cover of the newspaper's first edition, on 18 April 1831
49.
Royal Australian Historical Society
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The Royal Australian Historical Society is a voluntary organisation founded in Sydney, Australia in 1901 with Andrew Houison as founding president. Its goals are to encourage the study of and interest in Australian history and it has a membership throughout Australia and many of its activities and facilities are funded by contributions from its members and benefactors. The society is a constituent member of the Federation of Australian Historical Societies and it holds an annual conference which addresses current historical issues in local history and heritage. Publications include the magazine, History, and the biannual academic journal, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, containing scholarly articles. The society also has a library with an extensive collection of pictorial. In addition it administers grant schemes on behalf of the New South Wales government for the promotion of heritage, the following persons have been president of the society, James, Alfred. Much Writing, Many Opinions, The making of the Royal Australian Historical Society 1901-2001, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
Royal Australian Historical Society
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History House
50.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
