1.
William Henry Murray
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William Henry Wood Murray a Scottish actor, manager and theatre owner in Edinburgh, was a friend of Walter Scott particularly associated with dramatisations of Scotts Waverley Novels. Born in Bath on 26 August 1790, he moved to Edinburgh in 1809 and worked there for forty years as an actor, manager. Around that time, he married Anne Dyke, the sister of tragedienne Mary Ann Duff and he managed the Theatre Royal by the North Bridge, at first jointly with Henry Siddons, then after 1816 on his own. This incident may have contributed to Scotts antiquarian interest in the family. 10 June 1818 saw the first performance of Murrays operatic adaption of Walter Scotts novel Rob Roy and it was titled Rob Roy MacGregor. When Scott was preparing for the visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 he was quick to draw on Murrays expertise for the management of events, Murray created the settings at various venues, contrived the revived ancient dresses and arranged the traditional pageants. The Kings last and least formal public appearance during the visit to Edinburgh was at a performance of Scotts Rob Roy adapted and produced by Murray. He died in St Andrews on 5 May 1852 and is buried against the wall of St Andrews Cathedral churchyard. The Kings Jaunt, John Prebble, Birlinn Limited, Edinburgh 2000, ISBN 1-84158-068-6
2.
Governor of Oklahoma
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The governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the U. S. state of Oklahoma. Under the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor is also the head of government, serving as the executive of the Oklahoma executive branch. The governor is the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use, despite being an executive branch official, the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers. The governors term is four years in length, the office was created in 1907 when Oklahoma was officially admitted to the United States as the 46th state. Prior to statehood in 1907, the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Oklahoma Territory with similar powers, the 27th and current Governor of Oklahoma is Mary Fallin. Before statehood in 1907, modern day Oklahoma was composed of Oklahoma, while Indian Territory was semi-independent of the federal government as Indian nations land, Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory under the supervision of the United States Congress. Within the Oklahoma Territory, a tripartite government existed, including a territorial legislature, a supreme court. The President of the United States appointed territorial governors to four-year terms, despite a set term, the governor served at the pleasure of the U. S. president, meaning that the president could replace him before his term was up. The governor was the head of the territorial government and he had the power to veto legislation proposed by the territorial legislature and the power to appoint members to his cabinet, who in turn had to be ratified by territorial lawmakers. The governor had the power to appoint justices to the high court. The governor was responsible to the U. S. president on addressing issues in the territory and he was also the Commander in Chief of the territorial militia. George Washington Steele served as the first governor of Oklahoma Territory and he vetoed the territorial legislatures attempts to move the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City or Kingfisher. He was instrumental in the establishment of two universities that would become the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University, after only seventeen months in office, Steele resigned effective October 18,1891. In his place, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Abraham Jefferson Seay to the governorship, Robert Martin, Secretary of Oklahoma Territory, served as acting governor from October 18,1891, until February 1892, when Seay took the oath of office. Frank Frantz served as the governor of Oklahoma Territory. He was a candidate for governor in the first state gubernatorial election. After the Oklahoma Constitution was written and accepted in 1907, the Oklahoma, the office of the governor of Oklahoma replaced the office of territorial governor. The new office was similar, but designed with new restrictions, limits and it was crafted as a “weak governor system” to defend the state against abuses of power that had occurred under the territorial government
3.
Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma
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The Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is the second-highest executive official of the state government of Oklahoma. As first in the line of succession, the lieutenant governor becomes the new governor of Oklahoma upon the death, resignation. The lieutenant governor serves as the president of the Oklahoma Senate. The office of the lieutenant governor was created upon the adoption of the constitution in 1907 and was preceded by a Secretary of Oklahoma Territory office. The 16th Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is Todd Lamb and his first term began on January 10,2011, replacing Lieutenant Governor Jari Askins. Two territorial secretaries succeeded territorial governors, Secretary Robert Martin became acting governor of the territory after Governor George Washington Steeles resignation in 1890 and Secretary William C. Grimes served as acting governor of the territory in 1901, when the Oklahoma Constitution was adopted in 1907, it authorized the office of the Oklahoma lieutenant governor. The office, like that of other state lieutenant governors, was modeled after the office of the Vice President of the United States, George W. Bellamy, a pharmacist, served as the first lieutenant governor. Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp went on to succeed Governor Jack C, walton, who was suspended on October 23,1923, and convicted of impeachment charges and removed from office on November 19,1923. George Nigh, Oklahomas eighth lieutenant governor was the youngest lieutenant governor in the United States when he took office on January 12,1959. Today, the lieutenant governor presides over the first day of the session, has a tie-breaking vote. The lieutenant governor is elected directly by the people of Oklahoma every four years on the day as the election of the governor. The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on separate ballots and are not running mates, the election of Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo Winters and Republican Governor Henry Bellmon in the 1960s was the first instance of this occurrence. To hold the office, the lieutenant governor must satisfy the same qualifications as the governor. He or she must be a citizen of the U. S. state of Oklahoma, at least thirty-one years of age and a resident of the United States for ten years. The lieutenant governor’s term lasts for four years and runs coequal with the term of the governor, as originally written, the Oklahoma Constitution placed no limits on the number of terms an individual could serve as lieutenant governor. Following the results of the 2010 state elections, the constitution was amended to limit the lieutenant governor to no more than two terms, consecutive or not. Democratic Lieutenant Governor James E. Berry holds the record for the most terms served in the office, the lieutenant governor is the ex officio president of the Oklahoma Senate
4.
William J. Holloway
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William Judson Holloway was an American principal, lawyer, and politician who served as the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma. Following Henry S. Johnston’s impeachment and removal from office, Holloway became the governor of Oklahoma. Prior to becoming governor, Holloway was a Hugo schoolteacher, a state senator, as governor he was responsible for reforming Oklahomas election laws and addressing transportation problems. Holloway died in 1970 in Oklahoma City and his son, William Judson Holloway Jr. was a United States federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. William Judson Holloway was born on December 15,1888, in Arkadelphia, Holloway’s father, a Baptist pastor, sent him to Ouachita Baptist College. After receiving his degree in 1910, Holloway traveled to Illinois to study at the University of Chicago, after completing his education, Holloway moved his family to Hugo, Oklahoma where he became the principal of a local high school. While in Hugo, Holloway became to study law, admitted to Cumberland School of Law in 1914, Holloway would earn a law degree and return to practice in Hugo. In 1916, running on the Democratic ticket, Holloway became the county attorney for Choctaw County, on June 16,1917, Holloway married Hugo schoolteacher Amy Arnold. Holloway volunteered for training school in World War I. In 1920, he was elected to the Oklahoma Senate to represent Choctaw, McCurtain, in 1925, he was elected by his fellow state senators as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Holloway had only served two years of his term when he ran on the Democratic ticket for election of the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma. At the time, the office was vacant following the succession of former Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp to the governorship after Governor John C. His six years of experience as a senator, and his reputation as a friend to teachers and education reform, earned Holloway the election. During the first session of the 12th Oklahoma Legislature in 1929, effective January 21, Holloway officially became acting governor. Once Johnston was removed on March 20, Holloway was elevated from acting governor to the office of eighth Governor of Oklahoma, like Governor Martin E. Trapp before him, Holloway would become the second lieutenant governor in the state’s history to become the governor following impeachment. With an administration beginning in the middle of great government distrust, Holloway worked to silence political unrest, in the progressive footsteps of his early predecessors, Holloway passed laws redefining child labor limits and instituted a new mining code which improved health and safety regulations. Also in progressive manner, Holloway instituted a statewide Temperance Day in public schools on the Friday nearest January 16, due to the increased number of automobiles on Oklahoma’s highways, public safety issues were being raised. In response, Holloway mandated a statewide speed limit of 45 miles-per-hour, Holloway also reduced the Oklahoma Highway Commission, created by governor Trapp, from five members to three
5.
E. W. Marland
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Ernest Whitworth Marland, known as E. W. Marland, was an American lawyer, oil businessman in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma, and politician who was a U. S. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives from northern Oklahoma in 1932, Marland made fortunes in oil in Pennsylvania in the 1900s and in Oklahoma in the 1920s, and lost each in the volatility of the industry and the times. At the height of his wealth in the 1920s, Marland built a mansion known as the Palace of the Prairies in Ponca City, after introducing fox hunts and it has been designated a National Historic Landmark. The Marland-Paris Mansion, his home on Grand Avenue, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Marland and his first wife Virginia did not have any children, to share their wealth and help her sister Margaret Roberts and her family, in 1916 they adopted their two children, George and Lydie, who were then 19 and 16 years old. The Marlands sent them to school and gave them other advantages. Two years after Virginias death in 1926, Marland had Lydies adoption annulled and he married Lydie Roberts that year, and she later accompanied him to Washington, D. C. and the governors mansion. Ernest Whitworth Marland was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 8,1874, educated in private schools, he did collegiate and law studies on an accelerated schedule, earning his LL. B. from the University of Michigan Law School at the age of 19 in 1893. Unlike many men of the period, Marland waited to marry until he was well-established and he first married Mary Virginia Collins, known as Virginia, on November 5,1903 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By 1907 he had become a millionaire from his oil dealings in Pennsylvania and they decided to move to Oklahoma, where they found renewed success in its oil boom. They had no children of their own, in 1916, to help her sister Margaret Roberts and her husband George and to share their wealth, they adopted the Roberts two children, George and Lydie, then 19 and 16, respectively. They sent them to schools and gave them other opportunities. The Marlands were together until Virginias death on June 6,1926, in Ponca City, Kay County, two years later, E. W. Marland had Lydie Roberts Marlands adoption annulled. On July 14,1928, he married Lydie Roberts in Philadelphia and she was 28 and he was 54. They were together until his death on October 3,1941, after law school, Marland returned to Pittsburgh where he started a private practice. Through his experiences as an attorney, he interested in geology. He invested in new wells and companies and, by the age of 33 and that same year, Marland lost millions in the panic of 1907. By 1908, Marland was broke and without a job, hoping to start their lives over, Marland and Virginia moved to the new state of Oklahoma
6.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
7.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
8.
Oklahoma's 4th congressional district
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Oklahomas Fourth Congressional District is located in south-central Oklahoma and covers a total of 15 counties. Its principal cities include Midwest City, Norman, Moore, Ada, Duncan, the district also includes much of southern Oklahoma City. The district is represented by Republican Tom Cole. As with the rest of the state, the district gives G. O. P. candidates wide margins - George W. Bush received 61 percent of the vote in 2000, 67% in 2004, the district borders Texas along the Red River to the south. The district is 63 percent urban,5 percent Latino, and 3.5 percent foreign-born, in 2010, no Democrat or independent candidate filed to run in the district. The results printed here are from the Republican primary, where the election was decided, oklahomas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
9.
Charles D. Carter
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Charles David Carter was a Native American politician elected as U. S. Representative from Oklahoma, serving from 1907 to 1927, during this period, he also served as Mining Trustee for Indian Territory, 1900–1904, appointed by President William McKinley. Carter had earlier served as auditor for the Chickasaw Nation and was elected to the Chickasaw Council and he also served as superintendent of Chickasaw Schools. Born near Boggy Depot, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, Carter moved with his father to Mill Creek, Carter was of Chickasaw and Cherokee descent. He attended the Indian day schools and Chickasaw Manual Training Academy at Tishomingo and he was employed on a ranch from 1887 to 1889 and in a mercantile establishment in Ardmore, Oklahoma, from 1889 to 1892. He married Ada Gertrude Wilson on December 29,1891 and they had four children, Stella LeFlore, Italy Cecil, Julia Josephine, after Adas death on January 30,1901, he married Cecile Whittington Jones on January 8,1911. Carter served as auditor of accounts of the Chickasaw Nation 1892-1894. He was appointed mining trustee of Indian Territory by President William McKinley in November 1900, Carter was Secretary of the first Democratic executive committee of the proposed State of Oklahoma from June to December 1906. Upon the admission of Oklahoma as a State into the Union, he was elected as a Democrat to the Sixtieth and to the nine succeeding Congresses, serving from November 16,1907, Carter served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. He was a candidate for renomination in 1926. He was appointed to the State highway commission, serving 1927-1929, Carter died in Ardmore, Carter County, Oklahoma, on April 9,1929. He is interred at Rose Hill Cemetery in Ardmore, Charles David Carter Profile and Videos - Chickasaw. TV United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Carter, Charles Charles D. Carter at Find a Grave
10.
Tom D. McKeown
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Thomas Deitz McKeown was a U. S. Born in Blackstock, South Carolina, McKeown was the son of Theodore B. and he attended the common schools, studied under a private tutor and attended lectures at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1898. On January 9,1902, he married Anna Jane Sanders, admitted to the bar in 1899, McKeown began practice in Malvern, Arkansas. He moved to Ada, Indian Territory, in 1901 and resumed the practice of law and he was appointed a member of the first State bar commission and elected president in 1909. He served as judge of the district of Oklahoma from 1910 to 1914. McKeown was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-fifth and Sixty-sixth Congresses and he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1934. For the years 1935 and 1936, McKeown moved to Chicago, Illinois and he returned to Ada, Oklahoma, in 1937 and engaged in farming and oil production. He served as a delegate to the Democratic State convention in 1942 and as county attorney of Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, from April 1,1946 and he was appointed county judge in 1947 and elected in 1948 and again in 1950 and served until his death. McKeown died in Ada, Oklahoma, on October 22,1951 and he is interred at Rosedale Cemetery, Ada, Oklahoma. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, thomas D. McKeown Collection and Photograph Series at the Carl Albert Center Tom D. McKeown at Find a Grave
11.
Oklahoma's at-large congressional seat
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In 1913, Oklahoma was apportioned three additional congressional seats. For just the 63rd Congress, those three members represented the state At-large, in 1933, Oklahoma was apportioned one additional seat. For the 73rd through the 77th congresses, Will Rogers held the seat at-large, in 1943, the seat was eliminated. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
12.
Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
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The Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Oklahoma Legislature, the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The speaker exercises administrative and procedural functions, but remains a representative of his legislative district, the current Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is Jeff W. Hickman, Republican from Fairview, Oklahoma. The position was created in 1907 by the Oklahoma Constitution, members of the Oklahoma House of Representatives vote for the speaker in the first legislative session following an election. Although there is no requirement to elect a speaker from the majority party, in practice. The speaker is third in line of succession to the Governorship of Oklahoma, behind the lieutenant governor, the speaker holds a variety of powers as the presiding officer of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Before any member may speak, he must seek the presiding officers recognition, the presiding officer may call on members as he pleases, and may therefore control the flow of debate. The presiding officer decides questions of order during debate, seats the chamber, calls members to order for violating rules and he or she is responsible for maintaining decorum and enforces the rules. On the floor of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, the officer is always addressed as Mister Speaker. The speaker designates the number of committees and appoints committee leadership and membership, when a bill is introduced, the speaker determines which committee shall consider it. The speaker is an ex officio voting member that can participate in any committee vote, as a state representative, the speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote on the floor of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Following the general election, the Secretary of State of Oklahoma transmits the results of the election to the speaker, no speaker has ever become the governor in that manner. The minority leader is also an officer, but has little authority, article Five of the Oklahoma Constitution authorizes the Oklahoma House of Representatives to elect a speaker at the beginning of each regular session. Unlike the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is required to be a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, in practice, speakers are elected following each biennial general election and serve two-year terms. The Oklahoma House of Representatives formally elects the speaker on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January in odd-numbered years, after the speaker is elected, he is sworn in by the chief justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. An example of a case in which a speaker was elected under special circumstances was in 1983, Speaker Dan Draper was convicted of a felony, election fraud, and his office was declared vacant by Governor George Nigh. Nigh set the date for a special election, by the time Drapers conviction was overturned on judicial appeal, a new speaker had been elected. Following the statehood of Oklahoma in 1907, House members elected the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, unlike present day speaker elections, there was no candidate with prior service in the House to choose from. Since the Democrats controlled the House, members knew the speaker was going to be a Democrat, after much deliberation, state representatives chose former Chickasaw Nation representative and President of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention William H. Murray
13.
Charles N. Haskell
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Charles Nathaniel Haskell was an American lawyer, oilman, and politician who was the first governor of Oklahoma. A prominent businessman in Muskogee, he helped the city grow in importance and he represented the city as a delegate in both the Oklahoma convention and an earlier convention that was a failed attempt to create a U. S. state of Sequoyah. During Oklahomas constitutional convention, Haskell succeeded in pushing for the inclusion of prohibition, as governor, he was responsible for moving the state capital to Oklahoma City, establishing schools and state agencies, reforming the territorial prison system, and enforcing prohibition. Lee Cruce succeeded Haskell, who died of a stroke in 1933, born in West Leipsic, Ohio on March 13,1860, Charles Haskell was the son of George R. Haskell, a cooper who died when the boy was three years old. His mother, Jane H. Reeves Haskell, worked for the local Methodist church as a bell ringer and custodian to support the six children. At the age of 10, he started working as a boy for a farmer named Miller in Putnam County, Ohio. Miller was a teacher, but as the young Haskell had to work. Instead, Millers wife taught him at home and Haskell earned a certificate at age 17. Haskell became a teacher at age 18 and taught for three years in Putnam County, on December 6,1880, he passed the bar exam, and became a practicing attorney at age 20 despite having no academic training in the field. In 1888, Haskell started work as a contractor, for the next 16 years. During this time, he lived in New York City and in San Antonio, Haskell married Lucie Pomeroy, daughter of a prominent Ottawa family, on October 11,1881. After they had three children together, she died in March 1888 and their children were Norman, who became a Muskogee lawyer, Murray, a bank cashier, and Lucie. Haskell remarried in 1889, to Lillie Elizabeth Gallup and they also had three children together, Frances, Joe and Jane. With the Land Run of 1889 and the passage of the Organic Act in 1890, Haskell moved his family to Muskogee, the capital of the Creek Nation, in March 1901. When he arrived, Haskell found Muskogee a dry, sleepy village of some 4,500 people, upon his arrival a movement of building business blocks began and he built the first five-story business block in Oklahoma Territory. Haskell organized and built most of the railroads running into Muskogee and he is said to have built and owned 14 brick buildings in the city. Through his influence, Muskogee grew to be a center of business, Haskell often told others that he hoped Muskogee would become the “Queen City of the Southwest. ”His success earned him clout in the politics of Indian Territory and the attention of the Creek Nation. During this time, the Native American nations in Indian Territory were talking of creating a state, of the six delegates at the Muskogee convention, all were of Native American descent, save two, Haskell and William H. Murray
14.
Collinsville, Texas
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Collinsville is a town in Grayson County, Texas, in the United States. The population was 1,624 at the 2010 census, up from 1,235 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Sherman–Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area. Collinsville is located on U. S. Route 377 south of Whitesboro, in 1904, Collinsville Academy was built. The school had two stories, six rooms, and could accommodate about 400 students, the school was rebuilt in 1941 with Roosevelts New Deal to help the citizens of Collinsville have jobs during the Depression, according to the older citizens of the community. A 20-room school was built to replace it, and continues to be used as an elementary school, a high school and junior high were built in 1995. Collinsville is located in southwestern Grayson County at 33°33′39″N 96°54′40″W, US377 passes through the west side of the town, leading north 7 miles to Whitesboro and south 12 miles to Pilot Point. Sherman, the Grayson County seat, is 22 miles to the northeast, according to the United States Census Bureau, Collinsville has a total area of 0.93 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,235 people,469 households, the population density was 1,720.6 people per square mile. There were 507 housing units at a density of 706.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 60% White,0. 32% African American,0. 40% Native American,4. 37% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 59% of the population. 59. 9% were married couples living together,10. 2% had a householder with no husband present. 23. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.03. In the town, the population was out with 26. 8% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,27. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $32,833, and the median income for a family was $41,000. Males had an income of $27,763 versus $22,232 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,123, about 8. 1% of families and 10. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 9% of those under age 18 and 10. 4% of those age 65 or over. The town is served by the Collinsville Independent School District and is home to the Collinsville High School Pirates, Bill Denton, gymnast who won silver at the 1932 Olympics William H. Alfalfa Bill Murray, ninth governor of Oklahoma City of Collinsville official website Collinsville Chamber of Commerce
15.
Tishomingo, Oklahoma
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Tishomingo is the largest city and the county seat of Johnston County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 3,034 at the 2010 census, a decline of 4.1 percent from 3,162 at the 2000 census and it was the first capital of the Chickasaw Nation, from 1856 until Oklahoma statehood in 1907. The city is home to Murray State College, a community college with an enrollment of 1,600 students. Tishomingo is part of the Texoma Region, the small town had replaced the old campsites with permanent structures and renamed Tishomingo by 1856. It was designated as the Chickasaw capital in 1856, a post office was established in 1857. The Chickasaw capitol building was built in 1897 from local red granite and it housed the tribal governor, the bicameral legislature and other government officials and clerks. The territorial court also met there from time to time, the territorial government was dissolved at statehood. In 1910, the building was sold to Johnston County, becoming the county court house, the Western Oklahoma Railroad was built from Haileyville to Ardmore via Tishomingo in 1902, and bought by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway in the same year. Tishomingo is home of the Texhoma Oil and Refining Company, established in the 1920s by the industrialist Joseph A. Kemp of Wichita Falls, Tishomingo Cemetery dates back to at least 1832. Notables buried there include two former Oklahoma governors William H. Murray and Johnston Murray and Chickasaw Nation governors Douglas H. Johnson, Tishomingo is located at 34°14′8″N 96°40′39″W. It is 31 miles east of Ardmore and 115 miles southeast of Oklahoma City. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,162 people,1,218 households, the population density was 671.0 people per square mile. There were 1,407 housing units at a density of 298.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 73. 12% White,4. 65% African American,15. 24% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 98% from other races, and 5. 53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 04% of the population,32. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was out with 24. 8% under the age of 18,14. 2% from 18 to 24,22. 9% from 25 to 44,19. 8% from 45 to 64
16.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Teacher
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A teacher is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge, competences or values. Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone, in some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family, rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching, in most countries, formal teaching is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their role, to teach others in a formal education context. A teachers role may vary among cultures, Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, a teachers professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline, Teaching is a highly complex activity. This is in part because teaching is a practice, that takes place in a specific context. Factors that influence what is expected of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, so the competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models, the teacher as manager of instruction, the teacher as caring person, the teacher as expert learner, some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings, knowledge craft skills and dispositions and it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the materials on a daily basis. One of the challenges facing teachers is that they may have covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didnt show much enthusiasm for the course materials, Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom, students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom. There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation, teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teachers enthusiasm may contribute to the expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning
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Lawyer
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A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
19.
Chickasaw Nation
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The Chickasaw Nation is a federally recognized Native American nation, located in Oklahoma. They are one of the members of the Five Civilized Tribes, the Chickasaw Nation was created after the Chickasaw people were peacefully removed by the US federal government to Indian Territory in the 1830s. The removals became known as the Trail of Tears, the Chickasaw Nation is headquartered in Ada, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area is in Bryan, Carter, Coal, Garvin, Grady, Jefferson, Johnston, Love, McClain, Marshall, Murray, Pontotoc and their tribal governor is Bill Anoatubby. Governor Bill Anoatubby appointed Charles W. Blackwell as the Chickasaw Nations first Ambassador to the United States in 1995, at the time of his appointment in 1995, Blackwell became the first Native American tribal ambassador to the United States government. Blackwell served in Washington as ambassador from 1995 until his death on January 3,2013, the tribe owns two off-track wagering facilities,18 casinos, two bingo halls,18 tribal smoke shops, seven motor fuel outlets, and two truck stops. Their estimated annual economic impact is over $13.9 billion. In addition, the Chickasaw Nation operates historical sites and museums including the Chickasaw Cultural Center, Chickasaw Nation Capitols, and Kullihoma Grounds. Their casinos include Ada Gaming Center, Chisholm Trail Casino, Gold Mountain Casino, Newcastle Casino, Riverwind Casino, Treasure Valley Casino, SaltCreek Casino and they also own Lone Star Park in Grand Prairie, Texas and Remington Park Casino in Oklahoma City. Hernando de Soto is credited as being the first European to contact the Chickasaw and he discovered them to have an agrarian society with a sophisticated governmental system, complete with their own laws and religion. It consisted of Panola, Wichita, Caddo, and Perry counties, the United States eventually leased the area between the 100th and 98th meridians for the use of the Plains tribes. The area was referred to as the Leased District, the division of the Choctaw Nation was ratified by the Choctaw–Chickasaw Treaty of 1854. The Chickasaw constitution establishing the nation as separate from the Choctaws, was signed August 30,1856, the first Chickasaw governor was Cyrus Harris. The nation consisted of five divisions, Tishomingo County, Pontotoc County, Pickens County, law enforcement was by the Chickasaw Lighthorsemen, although non-Indians fell under the jurisdiction of the Federal court at Fort Smith. Following the Civil War, the United States forced the Chickasaw into new peace treaties because of the support of many of the Five Civilized Tribes for the Confederacy, under the new treaty, the Chickasaw ceded the Leased District to the United States. In 1868, the Chickasaw Montford T. Johnson, with Jesse Chisholms help and his ranch was never raided, although often threatened. He and his family remained the permanent residents of the area until the settlement of Oklahoma after it was admitted as a state. Under the Dawes Act, the Chickasaw nation was dissolved, with government functions transferred to the government before statehood
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Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
21.
State of Sequoyah
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The State of Sequoyah was a proposed state to be established from the Indian Territory in the eastern part of present-day Oklahoma. Their intention was to have a state under Native American constitution, the proposed state was to be named in honor of Sequoyah, the Cherokee who created a writing system in 1825 for the Cherokee language. The Indian Territory had a large Native American population, the territory had been reduced by required land cessions after the Civil War, land runs, and through other treaties with the United States. In the 1900 US Census, Native Americans composed 13.4 percent of the population in the future state, in 1905, the Five Civilized Tribes had a total of about 60,000 persons in the Indian Territory out of a total population of 600,000. Until 1903 the Five Civilized Tribes and other tribes in Indian Territory had generally opposed all local and national efforts for statehood and this changed as the date set by Congress for the break-up of tribal governments and communal lands in the territory approached. The Sequoyah Constitutional Convention met in Muskogee, on August 21,1905, general Pleasant Porter, Principal Chief of the Creek Nation, was selected as president of the convention. The elected delegates decided that the officers of the Five Civilized Tribes would also be appointed as vice-presidents. Muscogee journalist Alexander Posey served as secretary, on November 7,1905, voters in the territory approved the constitution and statehood petition by a vote of 56,279 to 9,073. Territorial leaders realized that the Republican-led Congress was unlikely to admit the heavily Democratic Indian Territory into the Union. Yet, early in the 59th Congress, Representative Arthur P. Murphy of Missouri and Senator Porter J. McCumber of North Dakota introduced Sequoyah statehood bills, president Theodore Roosevelt then proposed a compromise that would join Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a single state. This resulted in passage of the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which he signed June 16,1906, Oklahoma became the 46th state on November 16,1907. Although the State of Sequoyah never came into existence, its made a important contribution to Oklahoma history. It had many similarities to the later Oklahoma Constitution, sharing an underlying populist distrust of elected officials
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Oklahoma House of Representatives
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The Oklahoma House of Representatives is the lower house of the legislature of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. Its members introduce and vote on bills and resolutions, provide legislative oversight for state agencies, the upper house of the Oklahoma Legislature is the Oklahoma Senate. The Oklahoma Constitution established the powers of the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1907, voters further amended those powers through constitutional referenda. One referendum required legislators to balance the state budget. Others specified the length and dates of the legislative session, today, there are 101 House members, each representing a legislative district. District boundaries are redrawn every decade to ensure districts of equal population, one must be 21 years of age at the time of their election and a qualified elector and resident of their legislative district to serve in the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state holds elections every two years coincident with federal elections and special elections to fill vacant seats. The House meets from early February until the last Friday in May, members elect a Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives as the presiding officer and a Speaker Pro Tempore, who serves as the presiding officer in his or her absence. Members organize in political party-based caucuses to develop policy agendas. After the 2016 election, Republicans hold almost three-fourths of the House seats, the Oklahoma Constitution established both the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Oklahoma Senate in 1907. It met in Guthrie until 1910, William H. Murray was the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Less than 50 legislative employees aided lawmakers in the first year, a weakening of the Democratic coalition leading up to the 1908 election allowed Republicans to make gains in the Oklahoma House. Republicans gained a third of the legislative seats. The largest gains came in Holdenville, Okmulgee, and Guthrie, the Oklahoma Democratic lawmakers of the early 1900s opposed integration. The first legislature passed legislation that made it almost impossible for African-Americans to vote, the legislatures first African-American member, A. C. The Democratic Party also pushed to make Oklahoma City the capital over Guthrie, in 1913, a House investigative committee forced the resignation of the state auditor and impeached the state printer and insurance commissioner. Cruce escaped an impeachment trial by one vote of the House investigative committee, women earned the right to vote in Oklahoma in 1918 through a constitutional amendment approved by voters. In 1920, Bessie McColgin became the first woman elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives, a Republican, McColgin and her female colleague in the Oklahoma Senate, focused on the passage of public health bills, but failed in many of their efforts
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Racism
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Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
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Jim Crow laws
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
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Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
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National Guard of the United States
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All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U. S. C. National Guard units are under the control of the state. The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member, local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, the various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title National Guard was used from 1824 by some New York State militia units, National Guard became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control from 1933. The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16,1565, appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World. The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World, Jamestown Colony and Plymouth Colony both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company, as a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792, in 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections, the law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, and Reserve Militia for all others. During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government. The National Guard of the states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States. C. Where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee, the governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. The National Guard may be called up for duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods. The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army, the National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. S. C. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard, today, ADTs bring an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan
27.
Montague, Texas
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Montague is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Montague County, Texas, United States. It is the county seat of Montague County and had an population of 400 in 2000. Its population was 304 as of the 2010 census, Montague is located at 33°39′53″N 97°43′14″W, near the intersection of State Highways 59 and 175 in central Montague County. The community is situated approximately 80 miles northwest of Fort Worth,60 miles southeast of Wichita Falls, Montague was established in 1858 on 160 acres of land donated by the state of Texas. The community was named for Daniel Montague, an early surveyor, a post office opened in 1860. There were an estimated 400 residents living in the community by 1880 as well as five businesses, an attempt that same year by W. A. Morris and C. C. White to save the community from isolation by constructing an independent rail line that would have connected Montague with Bowie proved unsuccessful due to a lack of funds, residents of the town voted to dis-incorporate the community in 1900. In 1915, there were an estimated 300 people living in Montague and that figure reached a low of 284 in 1947. As highway traffic replaced the railroads, a modest recovery began, in 1990 and 2000, there were around 400 residents living in the community. Public education in Montague is provided by the Montague Independent School District, ninth through twelfth graders attend high school in nearby Nocona. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Montague has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. List of Texas county seats Montague from the Handbook of Texas Online Montague ISD – Official site, Montague County, Texas – Official site
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Springtown, Texas
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Springtown is a city in Wise and Parker County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,658 at the 2010 census, Springtown was the site of College Hill Institute. The school was chartered by the State of Texas in 1884 and it operated for ten years, and closed in 1894. Springtown is located at 32°58′3″N 97°40′57″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.8 square miles, all of it land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Springtown has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Students are served by the Springtown Independent School District, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,062 people,773 households, and 586 families residing in the city. The population density was 747.4 people per square mile, there were 842 housing units at an average density of 305.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 68% White,0. 48% African American,0. 34% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 19% Pacific Islander,1. 94% from other races, and 1. 16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 39% of the population,21. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was out with 28. 5% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,20. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $36,432, and the median income for a family was $37,829. Males had an income of $31,567 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,508, about 12. 6% of families and 14. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 4% of those under age 18 and 22. 3% of those age 65 or over. Ona Dodd, Major League Baseball player, william H. Murray, student at College Hill Institute
29.
Parker County, Texas
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Parker County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 116,927, the county was created in 1855 and organized the following year. It is named for Isaac Parker, a legislator who introduced the bill that established the county in 1855. Parker County is included in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 910 square miles, of which 903 square miles is land and 6.6 square miles is water. The county is intersected by the Brazos River, Slipdown Mountain and Slipdown Bluff, at a height of 1,368 feet, are the highest points in Parker County. They are located just east of the Advance community, southwest of Poolville, the population density was 98 people per square mile. There were 34,084 housing units at a density of 38 per square mile. 7. 02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the family size was 3.11. As of the 2010 census, there were about 3.4 same-sex couples per 1,000 households in the county. In the county, the population was out with 27. 50% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,29. 80% from 25 to 44,24. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 104.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $45,497, and the median income for a family was $51,530. Males had an income of $37,913 versus $25,412 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,305, about 5. 90% of families and 8. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 30% of those under age 18 and 9. 60% of those age 65 or over. Republicans have held all public offices since 1999 and the county has not voted for a Democratic Presidential candidate since 1976. W. T, lanham, last Confederate governor of Texas Jim Wright, youngest mayor of Weatherford, TX, Speaker of the U. S
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Jim Hogg
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James Stephen Big Jim Hogg was an American lawyer and statesman, and the 20th Governor of Texas. He was born near Rusk, Texas, Hogg was a follower of the conservative New South Creed which became popular following the U. S. Civil War, and was also associated with populism. He was the first Texas Governor to have born in Texas. Jim Hogg County is named after him, Hogg is often remembered for naming his daughter Ima Hogg, an odd name which derived from a poem written by James brother, Thomas Elisha Hogg. The story that she had a sister named Ura is an urban legend, Hogg was born in Cherokee County, Texas. His parents, Joseph Lewis Hogg and Lucanda McMath had moved to Texas in late 1836, during the Civil War, his father served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. Joseph Hogg died in 1862, and Lucanda died the following year, Hogg and his two brothers were raised by their sister, Frances. The family had money, and Hogg received only a basic education before being asked to go to work. In 1866, Hogg went to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to study, upon returning to Texas, he became a printers devil at the Rusk Chronicle. In 1867, Hogg walked from East Texas to Cleburne, where he found a job with the Cleburne Chronicle, soon after his arrival the building which housed the Cleburne Chronicle burned down, and Hogg returned to East Texas. For the next years he worked as a farmhand and studied law. He later ran the Longview News and founded the Quitman News, in 1873, Hogg was named Justice of the Peace at Quitman. The following year he married Sarah Ann Stinson and they had four children, Will, Ima, Mike, and Tom. Ima was named for the heroine of the poem The Fate of Marvin, although legend states that the Hoggs also had a daughter named Ura, that allegation is false. In 1876, he was defeated by John S. Griffith for a seat in the Texas legislature and he returned to public service in 1878 when he was elected Wood Countys attorney, and he went on to serve from 1880 to 1884 as Texas seventh districts attorney. Hogg was one of the men responsible for making Smith County a Democratic stronghold during the 1884 national elections, although encouraged to run for a seat in the United States Congress, Hogg declined and practiced law in Tyler. Hogg was elected state Attorney General in 1886 with the platform of railroad regulation reform, at that time, the state had the power to regulate the transportation industry, but existing laws were either unenforced or inadequate. Through various legal maneuvers, Hogg forced the out–of–state corporations operating the railroads to establish operating offices in the state and he also put an end to pooling by the railroads and suggested that the legislature propose a constitutional amendment to create the Railroad Commission of Texas
31.
Corsicana, Texas
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Corsicana is a city in Navarro County, Texas, United States. It is located on Interstate 45, some miles south of downtown Dallas. The population was 23,770 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Navarro County. Founded in 1848, Corsicana was named by José Antonio Navarro after the Mediterranean island of Corsica, the birthplace of his father, the first school opened shortly afterwards in 1849. The first public library in Corsicana opened in 1901 by effort of the clubs of the city. A1905 library gift by Andrew Carnegie gave the library a permanent home and its first full-time, the library today is housed in a dedicated building downtown and boasts more than 52,283 books,6,306 audio materials,783 video materials, and 122 serial subscriptions. The Corsicana oil field was discovered in 1894 by water prospectors hired by the Corsicana Water Development authority. It was the first commercially significant oilfield find in Texas, an even larger oil field, the Powell oil field, was discovered in 1923 a few miles east of Corsicana. Another significant area oil and gas find occurred in 1956, each oil and gas discovery brought a renewed development boom to the city. During World War II, a flying school called Corsicana Air Field trained thousands of pilots. Corsicana is located at 32°5′33″N 96°28′10″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.7 square miles, of which 20.7 square miles is land and 1.0 square mile is water. Richland Chambers Reservoir is the third-largest lake by area and the eighth-largest reservoir by water volume in Texas. Corsicana has a humid subtropical climate. The range of average temperatures in January, April, July, and October is 34/55, 53/75, 73/95. Corsicana rainfall averages 39.5 inches per year, leafy oak, pecan, magnolia, and walnut trees are common, and grasses grow tall and green. Rain is fairly distributed throughout the year, with small wetter peaks in May. As of the census of 2010, there were 23,770 people,8,490 households, the population density was 1,048.3 people per square mile. There were 9,491 housing units at a density of 460.5 per square mile
32.
Fort Worth, Texas
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Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. The city is in North Central Texas and covers nearly 350 square miles in the counties of Denton, Parker, Wise, according to the 2015 census, estimates, Fort Worths population is 833,319. The city is the second-largest in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, the city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today, Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture, USS Fort Worth is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city. Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, designed by Tadao Ando. The Amon Carter Museum of American Art, designed by Philip Johnson, the Sid Richardson Museum, redesigned by David M. Schwarz, has one of the most focused collections of Western Art in the U. S. emphasizing Frederic Remington and Charles Russell. The Treaty of Birds Fort between the Republic of Texas and several Native American tribes was signed in 1843 at Birds Fort in present-day Arlington, Texas. Article XI of the treaty provided that no one may pass the line of trading houses without permission of the President of Texas and these trading houses were later established at the junction of the Clear Fork and West Fork of the Trinity River in present-day Fort Worth. At this river junction, the U. S, War Department established Fort Worth in 1849 as the northernmost of a system of 10 forts for protecting the American Frontier following the end of the Mexican–American War. The City of Fort Worth continues to be known as where the West begins, originally 10 forts had been proposed by Major General William Jenkins Worth, who commanded the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849, Worth proposed a line of 10 forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork, One month later, Worth died from cholera in South Texas. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas, Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6,1849, Arnold, advised by Middleton Tate Johnson, established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River, in August 1849, Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff, which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River. The United States War Department officially named the post Fort Worth on November 14,1849, E. S. Terrell from Tennessee claimed to be the first resident of Fort Worth. The fort was flooded the first year and moved to the top of the bluff, the fort was abandoned September 17,1853. As a stop on the legendary Chisholm Trail, Fort Worth was stimulated by the business of the cattle drives, millions of head of cattle were driven north to market along this trail. Fort Worth became the center of the drives, and later. It was given the nickname of Cowtown, during Civil War, Fort Worth suffered from shortages of money, food, and supplies
33.
Indian Territory
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In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in an area purchased by the United States federal government from Napoleonic France, the Louisiana Purchase. The concept of an Indian Territory was an outcome of the 18th-, after the Civil War, the policy of the government was one of assimilation. The term Indian Reserve describes lands the British government set aside for indigenous tribes between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River in the time before the Revolutionary War. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various Organic Acts were passed by Congress to create incorporated territories of the United States. The 1907 Oklahoma Enabling Act created the state of Oklahoma by combining Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory. Indian Territory, also known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land within the United States of America reserved for the forced re-settlement of Native Americans, the general borders were set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834. The territory was located in the Midwest, while Congress passed several Organic Acts that provided a path for statehood for much of the original Indian Country, Congress never passed an Organic Act for the Indian Territory. Indian Territory was never an organized incorporated territory of the United States, in general, tribes could not sell land to non-Indians. The region never had a government until after the American Civil War. Therefore, the location commonly called Indian Territory was not a traditional territory. These re-written treaties included provisions for a legislature with proportional representation from various tribes. In time, the Indian Territory was reduced to what is now Oklahoma, the Organic Act of 1890 reduced Indian Territory to the lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes and the Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Agency. The remaining western portion of the former Indian Territory became the Oklahoma Territory, the Oklahoma organic act applied the laws of Nebraska to the incorporated territory of Oklahoma Territory, and the laws of Arkansas to the still unincorporated Indian Territory. The proclamation limited the settlement of Europeans to Crown-claimed lands east of the Appalachian Mountains, the territory remained active until the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War, and land was ceded to the United States. After the defeat of the British, the Americans twice invaded the Ohio Country and were twice defeated, the period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by Native Americans in the United States were called Indian country, in 1803 the United States of America agreed to purchase Frances claim to French Louisiana for a total of $15 million. President Thomas Jefferson doubted the legality of the purchase, however, the chief negotiator, Robert R. Livingston believed that the 3rd article of the treaty providing for the Louisiana Purchase would be acceptable to congress. Indian removal became the policy of the United States government with the passage of the 1830 Indian Removal Act
34.
Alfalfa
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Alfalfa /ælˈfælfə/, Medicago sativa also called lucerne, is a perennial flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure, the name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is the commonly used name in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia. The plant superficially resembles clover, especially young, when trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflets predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated and it has clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in 2 to 3 turns containing 10–20 seeds. Alfalfa is native to temperate climates. It has been cultivated as livestock fodder since at least the era of the ancient Greeks, Alfalfa sprouts are a common ingredient in dishes made in South Indian cuisine. Alfalfa seems to have originated in south-central Asia, and was first cultivated in ancient Iran, according to Pliny, it was introduced to Greece in about 490 BC when the Persians invaded Greek territory. Alfalfa cultivation is discussed in the fourth-century AD book Opus Agriculturae by Palladius, stating, the crop may be cut four or six times a year. A jugerum of it is sufficient for three horses all the year. It may be given to cattle, but new provender is at first to be administered very sparingly, Pliny and Palladius called alfalfa in Latin medica, a name that referred to the Medes, a people who lived in ancient Iran. The ancient Greeks and Romans believed, probably correctly, that came from the Medes land. This name is the root of the scientific name for the alfalfa genus. In ancient India, Ayurvedic texts prescribe the use of Alfalfa seeds and sprouts for improving blood cell production and its leaves and stem as a source of protein. The medieval Arabic agricultural writer Ibn al-Awwam, who lived in Spain in the later 12th century, discussed how to cultivate alfalfa, a 13th-century general-purpose Arabic dictionary, Lisān al-Arab, says that alfalfa is cultivated as an animal feed and consumed in both fresh and dried forms. It is from the Arabic that the Spanish name alfalfa was derived, in the 16th century, Spanish colonizers introduced alfalfa to the Americas as fodder for their horses. They were aware that alfalfa is better than grass as food for working horses, in the North American colonies of the eastern US in the 18th century, it was called lucerne, and many trials at growing it were made, but generally without sufficiently successful results. Relatively little is grown in the southeastern United States today, lucerne is the name for alfalfa in Britain, Australia, France, Germany, and a number of other countries
35.
Johnston Murray
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Johnston Murray was an American lawyer and the 14th governor of Oklahoma. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as governor from 1951 to 1955, after his term ended, he worked as an attorney for the Oklahoma State Department of Welfare until his death on April 16,1974. His father, William H. Murray, was the governor of Oklahoma. Both are buried in Tishomingo, Oklahoma, Murray was born July 21,1902, in the mansion of the Chickasaw Nations Governor at Emet, Johnston County, Indian Territory. His early education was governed by the location of the work of his famous father, former Gov. William H. Murray, Murray married Marion Draughon of Sulphur, Oklahoma, in 1923, and had one child. After graduation from the Murray State School of Agriculture in 1924, when he returned to Oklahoma, he worked in oil and gas fields, rising to the role of plant manager. Murray divorced his wife in 1929 and married Willie Roberta Emerson in 1933, Murray received his law degree from Oklahoma City University School of Law in 1947. He was chairman of the Oklahoma Electoral College in 1940, before his election to governor, Murray served as Democratic chair of the Oklahoma Eighth Congressional District and as chair of local political groups in Kay and Oklahoma counties. He also served as chair of the Oklahoma Election Board and secretary of the Oklahoma Land Commission, Murray served as governor from 1951 to 1955. He attempted to reduce state spending but was blocked by state legislators, since he was prohibited, constitutionally, from succeeding himself, his wife Willie ran for governor in 1954 but failed to win. A few months there was a bitter divorce with Willie accusing Murray of public drunkenness. The divorce was final in 1956 and he later married Helen Shutt, Murray moved to Fort Worth, Texas, and worked for an oil well servicing company and later with a limousine service. Murray returned to Oklahoma City and formed a law partnership with Whit Pate in February 1960 and he ran for Oklahoma State Treasurer in 1962, surprisingly finishing last in the four-man Democratic primary field with 77,881 votes. He later worked as an attorney for the Oklahoma Department of Welfare. Murray served as an attorney with the Oklahoma Department of Public Welfare until his death April 16,1974 and he is buried in Tishomingo, Oklahoma, where his father, William Murray is also buried. National Governors Association Oklahoma Historical Society
36.
Five Civilized Tribes
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The term Five Civilized Tribes derives from the colonial and early federal period. It refers to five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, the Five Civilized Tribes tended to maintain stable political relations with the Europeans. The Five Civilized Tribes were indigenous peoples of the Americas who lived in the Southeastern United States, most were descendants of what is now called the Mississippian culture, an agrarian culture that grew crops of corn and beans, with hereditary religious and political elites. The Mississippian Culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, before European contact these tribes were generally matrilineal societies. Agriculture was the primary economic pursuit, the bulk of the tribes lived in towns. These communities regulated their space with planned streets, subdivided into residential and their system of government was hereditary. Chiefdoms were of varying size and complexity, with levels of military organization. George Washington and Henry Knox pursued an agenda of cultural transformation in relation to Native Americans, the Cherokee and Choctaw tended, in turn, to adopt and appropriate certain cultural aspects of the federation of colonies. At the time of the Declaration of Independence, the culture of the United States as a nation was, itself, many of the cultural practices appropriated by The Five Tribes were ones that they found useful. This displacement initiative was dubbed the Indian Removal, the Indian Removal forced a significant number of the Five Tribes to Indian Territory in other parts of the North American continent. A significant number were displaced to the area that would, in future, at the time of their removal, the tribes were suzerain nations. The territory to which they were displaced was, at the time, called Indian Territory, the most infamous removal was the Cherokee Trail of Tears of 1838, when President Martin Van Buren enforced the contentious Treaty of New Echota with the Cherokee Nation. During the American Civil War, the politics of the Five Tribes were divergent, the Choctaw and Chickasaw fought predominantly alongside the Confederates while the Creek and Seminole fought alongside the Union. The Cherokee fought a war within their own nation between the majority Confederates and the minority, pro-Union camps. As an element in Reconstruction after the Civil War, new Reconstruction Treaties were signed with the nations that had entered into treaties with the Confederate States of America. The Civil War was not good to the tribes, the first three battles of the Civil War were fought in Indian territory, with some tribes joining treaties with the Confederates, and others with the Union. Once the tribes had been relocated to Indian Territory, the United States government promised that their lands would be free of white settlement, some settlers violated that with impunity, even before 1893, when the government opened the Cherokee Strip to outside settlement in the Oklahoma Land Run. In 1907, the Oklahoma Territory and the Indian Territory were merged to form the state of Oklahoma, relative to other states, all Five Tribes are represented in significant numbers in the population of Oklahoma today
37.
Muskogee, Oklahoma
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Muskogee is a city in and the county seat of Muskogee County, Oklahoma, United States. Home to Bacone College, it lies approximately 48 miles southeast of Tulsa, the population of the city was 39,223 as of the 2010 census, a 2.4 percent increase from 38,310 at the 2000 census, making it the eleventh-largest city in Oklahoma. The 1951 film Jim Thorpe, All American, starring Burt Lancaster, was filmed on the campus of Bacone Indian College at Muskogee, two feature films were recently shot in Muskogee, Salvation and Denizen. After the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 under President Andrew Jackson and they were accompanied by their slaves to this area. The Indian Agency, a stone building, was built here in Muskogee. It was a site for meetings among the leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes, today it serves as a museum. At the top of what is known as Agency Hill, it is within Honor Heights Park on the west side of Muskogee, in 1872, the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad was extended to the area. A federal court was established in Muskogee in 1889, around the time that Congress opened portions of Indian Territory to non-Native settlers via land rushes. The city was incorporated on March 19,1898, ohio native Charles N. Haskell moved to the city in March 1901. Haskell built the first five-story business block in Oklahoma Territory, he built, as Muskogee’s economic and business importance grew, so did its political power. In the years before the territory was admitted as a state and they met together August 21,1905 to propose the State of Sequoyah, to be controlled by Native Americans. They met in Muskogee to draft its constitution, planning to have Muskogee serve as the States capital, the proposal was vetoed by US President Theodore Roosevelt and mostly ignored by Congress, the proposed State of Sequoyah was never authorized. The US admitted the State of Oklahoma to the Union on November 16,1907 as the 46th State, Muskogee attracted national and international attention when, in May 2008, voters elected John Tyler Hammons as mayor. Nineteen years old at the time of his election, Hammons is among the youngest mayors in American history, Muskogee is an economic center for eastern Oklahoma and operates the Port of Muskogee on the Arkansas River, which is accessible from the Gulf of Mexico. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 38.8 square miles. Muskogee is near the confluence of the Arkansas River, Verdigris River and Grand River. It is served by U. S. Route 62, U. S. Route 64, U. S. Route 69, Oklahoma State Highway 16, Oklahoma State Highway 165, Oklahoma State Highway 351 and the Muskogee Turnpike. Muskogee lies in the Arkansas River Valley and has a low, the city is on the boundary of the oak and hickory forest region of eastern Oklahoma and the prairie, Great Plains region of northeastern Oklahoma
38.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
39.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
40.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
41.
Oklahoma Territory
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The 1890 Oklahoma Organic Act organized the western half of Indian Territory and a strip of country known as No Mans Land into Oklahoma Territory. Reservations in the new territory were opened to settlement in land runs later that year. Seven counties were defined upon the creation of the territory, although they were designated by number, they would eventually become Logan County, Cleveland County, Oklahoma County, Canadian County, Kingfisher County, Payne County and Beaver County. The Land Run of 1893 led to the addition of Kay County, Grant County, Woods County, Garfield County, Noble County, Oklahoma Territorys history began with the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 when the United States Congress set aside land for Native Americans. At the time, the land was unorganized territory that consisted of the land west of the Mississippi and not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana. By 1856, the territory had been reduced to approximately the borders of the State of Oklahoma, except for the Oklahoma Panhandle. Until this point, Native Americans had exclusively used the land, in 1866, after the American Civil War, the federal government required new treaties with the tribes that had supported the Confederacy, and forced them into land and other concessions. As a result of the Reconstruction Treaties, The Five Civilized Tribes were required to emancipate their slaves and this forced many of the tribes in Indian Territory into making concessions. U. S. officials forced the cession of some 2,000,000 acres of land in the center of the Indian Nation Territory. Boudinot, then a railroad lobbyist, wrote an article that was published in the Chicago Times on February 17,1879, soon the popular press began referring to the people agitating for its settlement as Boomers. To prevent settlement of the land by European-Americans, President Rutherford B, Hayes, issued a proclamation forbidding unlawful entry into Indian Territory in April 1879. Despite federal obstruction, popular demands for the land did not end, captain David L. Payne was one of the main supporters of the opening of Oklahoma to white settlement. Payne traveled to Kansas, where he founded the Boomer Colonial Association, Paynes organization of 10,000 members hoped to establish a white colony in the Unassigned Lands. The formation of the group prompted President Hayes to issue a proclamation ordering Payne not to enter Indian Territory on February 12,1880, in response, Payne and his group traveled to Camp Alice in the Unassigned Lands, east of Oklahoma City. There, they made plans for a city, which they named Ewing, the Fourth Cavalry arrested them, took them to Ft. Reno and escorted them back to Kansas. Payne was furious, as public law prohibited the military interfering in civil matters. The federal government freed Payne and his party, effectively denying them access to the courts, anxious to prove his case in court, Payne and a larger group returned to Ewing in July. The Army again arrested the party and escorted back to Kansas
42.
Guthrie, Oklahoma
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Guthrie is a city and county seat in Logan County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City Metroplex. The population was 10,191 at the 2010 census, a 2.7 percent increase from the 9,925 at the 2000 census. First known as a station stop, after the April 1889 land run. It was rapidly improved and was designated as the territorial capital, in 1910 state voters chose the larger Oklahoma City as the new capital in a special election. Guthrie is nationally significant for its collection of late 19th and early 20th century commercial architecture, the Guthrie Historic District includes more than 2,000 buildings and is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Guthrie was established in 1887 as a station called Deer Creek on the Southern Kansas Railway running from the Kansas–Oklahoma border to Purcell. The name was changed to Guthrie, named for jurist John Guthrie of Topeka. A post office was established on April 4,1889, in 1889 some fifty thousand potential settlers gathered at the edges of the Unassigned Lands in hopes of staking a claim to a plot. At noon on April 22,1889, cannons resounded at a 2-million acre section of Indian Territory, people ran for both farmlands and towns. During the next six hours, about 10,000 people settled in what became the capital of the new Territory of Oklahoma, hobart Johnstone Whitley, also known as HJ and the Father of Hollywood, was the first president of the Guthrie Chamber of Commerce. Whitley built the first brick building in the territory for his National Loan & Trust Company. He was asked by the people to be the first Governor of Oklahoma. Whitley traveled to Washington, D. C. where he persuaded the U. S. Congress to allow Guthrie to be the new capital of the state of Oklahoma. This was specified in the 1906 Oklahoma Enabling Act, which established requirements for the new state constitution. By 1907, when Guthrie became the capital, it looked like a well-established Eastern city. Guthrie prospered as the center of the territory, but it was eclipsed in economic influence by Oklahoma City early in the 20th century. Oklahoma City had become a junction for several railroads and had also attracted a major industry in the form of meat packing. 96,488 votes were cast for Oklahoma City,31,031 for Guthrie, after the capital was transferred, Guthrie lost much of its government-related business and numerous residents
