1.
Royal Victorian Order
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The Royal Victorian Order is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms, members of the monarchs family, the present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the Sovereign of the order, its motto is Victoria, and its official day is 20 June. The orders chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London, the organisation was founded a year preceding Victorias Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The orders official day was made 20 June of each year, in 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order. It is today distinct from the order, though it is issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order. The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes, Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal, to the position in 2007. Foreigners may be admitted as members, there are no limits to the number of any grade. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St, prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members and Members, respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals LVO. Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia of the organisation, each grade being represented by different emblems and robes. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the orders ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bearing an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is 82.5 millimetres wide, for Dames Grand Cross 57.1 millimetres, for Knights and Dames Commander 44.4 millimetres, and for all other members 31.7 millimetres. Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin. Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the Queens Chapel of the Savoy, in central London, upon the occupants death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the orders Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. There is insufficient space in the chapel for the display of knights and dames banners, founded by Michael Jackson, the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, in Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the Royal Visit Order, as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country. Persons have been removed from the order at the monarchs command, anthony Blunt, a former surveyor of the Queens Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood, after it was revealed that he had been a spy
2.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
3.
Governor-General of New Zealand
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The Governor-General of New Zealand is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The office is mandated by letters patent and the officeholder is formally titled the Governor-General, when travelling abroad, the governor-general is seen as the representative of New Zealand, and of the Queen of New Zealand. For this reason, the governor-general is viewed by some as the de facto head of state, under the Niue Constitution Act, the governor-general also represents the monarch in Niue. The governor-general initially represented the British monarch and the government of the United Kingdom, therefore, many officeholders have been British statesmen. In 1972, Sir Denis Blundell became the first New Zealand resident to be appointed to the office, governors-general are not appointed for a specific term, but are generally expected to serve for five years. The current Governor-General is Dame Patsy Reddy, who has served since 28 September 2016, administrative support for the governor-general is provided by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Appointment to the Office is made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, the Prime Ministers advice has sometimes been the result of a decision by Cabinet, although there is no requirement for this. The appointment of Anand Satyanand met with the approval of every leader in the House of Representatives, by convention the Leader of the Opposition is also consulted on the appointment, however this too has not always been the case. This suggestion was in turn criticised by the Government, as Sir Edmund had backed Labour in 1975 as part of the Citizens for Rowling campaign, however, the right granted by the convention was not exercised directly by a New Zealand Prime Minister until 1967. Although non-partisan while in office, there have been a number of appointments of Governors-General to the office that have attracted considerable controversy, despite their political backgrounds, neither of these appointments could be said to have discharged their duties in a partisan way. There has often been speculation that a member of the Royal Family might take up the position, before the Governor-General enters office, his or her commission of appointment is publicly read in the presence of the Chief Justice of New Zealand and the members of the Executive Council. The Governor-General must take the Oath of Allegiance and the oath for the due execution of the office, from time to time, there have been proposals to elect the Governor-General. When first drafted by then Governor George Grey, the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 contained provision for the Governor to be elected by New Zealands Parliament. This provision was removed from the enactment, probably because the Colonial Office wanted to keep a check on New Zealands colonial government. In 1887 Sir George Grey, by then also a former Premier, the Bill was narrowly defeated 46–48, being opposed by the government of Harry Atkinson. In 2006 political commentator Colin James suggested that the Governor-General could be elected by a 60% majority of votes cast in Parliament, James argued that the New Zealand public should be given the ability to choose the Queens representative, and that the current system is undemocratic and not transparent. National MP Nikki Kaye queried whether several one-member parties in parliament could veto the decision, the Republican Movement responded that the method would ensure appointments were made that most MPs and parties found acceptable. The Governor-General holds office at the pleasure of the Queen, under clause II of the Letters Patent
4.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
5.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
6.
Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly
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Uchter John Mark Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly GCMG PC JP DL was a British politician and colonial governor. He was Governor of New Zealand from 1897 to 1904, Lord Ranfurly was born in Guernsey, the second son of Thomas Knox, 3rd Earl of Ranfurly, by his wife Harriet, daughter of John Rimmington, of Broomhead Hall, Yorkshire. Becoming a cadet on board H. M. S, britannia, he passed for the Royal Navy, but, giving up a naval career, entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of eighteen. He succeeded in the earldom in May 1875 when his brother died on a shooting expedition in Abyssinia. Ranfurly served as a Lord-in-Waiting under Lord Salisbury between 1895 and 1897 and was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and he was appointed to succeed The Earl of Glasgow as Governor of New Zealand on 6 April 1897, assuming office on 10 August. Lord Ranfurly became Honorary Colonel of the 1st Wellington Battalion and of the 1st South Canterbury Mounted Rifles. He was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in June 1901, on the occasion of the visit of TRH the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York to New Zealand. His term ended on 19 June 1904, when he handed over office to Lord Plunket. He is remembered for his donation of the Ranfurly Shield, a New Zealand sporting trophy, on his return to England Ranfurly was made an Irish Privy Counsellor, then for a time he returned to farm in Mildura, Victoria, Australia. But he soon devoted more and more time to his great interest. In 1914 he was a Knight of Justice, and Registrar of the Order in London, in 1919 the French Government made him an Officer of the Legion of Honour for his services in this connection during the war. After the partition of Ireland, Lord Ranfurly was made a Privy Counsellor for Northern Ireland in 1923, also serving as Deputy Lieutenant and he continued his association with the Order of St. John, becoming Bailiff Grand Cross in 1926. Lord Ranfurly died on 1 October 1933, aged 77, and was succeeded by his grandson, Daniel Knox, Lord Ranfurly married the Honourable Constance Caulfeild, only child of James Alfred Caulfeild, 7th Viscount Charlemont, on 10 February 1880. C. Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John, Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace, County Tyrone by Bernard John Foster, research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Ranfurly Media related to Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly at Wikimedia Commons
7.
John Dickson-Poynder, 1st Baron Islington
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John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, 1st Baron Islington GCMG GBE DSO PC, born John Poynder Dickson and known as Sir John Poynder Dickson from 1884 to 1910, was a British politician. He was Governor of New Zealand between 1910 and 1912, the son of Rear Admiral John Bourmaster Dickson, he was born on the Isle of Wight and educated at Twyford School, Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1884 he succeeded his uncle as sixth baronet, and on succeeding to his uncles property he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Poynder in 1888. He was appointed High Sheriff of Wiltshire in 1890, elected Conservative Member of Parliament for the Chippenham constituency in 1892, he joined the Liberals in 1905. He was a member of London County Council from 1898 to 1904, dickson-Pynder was originally commissioned into the volunteer battalion of the Royal Scots, but transferred to the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry where he was promoted to Captain on 7 December 1898. Following his resignation from the Imperial Yeomanry, he was on 5 February 1901 granted the rank of honorary Lieutenant of the Army, the following year, he was promoted to Major in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry on 31 May 1902. In 1910 Dickson was appointed Governor of New Zealand, a post he held for two years, and on 27 April that same year, was created Baron Islington, of Islington in the County of London. He was the last Governor of New Zealand to hold the title before it changed to Governor General during the office of his successor, two years later he became Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and in 1915 he became Under-Secretary of State for India. Lord Islington died on 6 December 1936 aged 70 at Hyde Park Gardens, London, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Lord Islington
8.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
9.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
10.
William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket
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William Conyngham Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket was Dean of Christ Church Cathedral and Archbishop of Dublin in the Church of Ireland. Born in Dublin, he was the eldest son of John Plunket, 3rd Baron Plunket and Charlotte Bushe. Plunket was educated at Cheltenham College and Trinity College, Dublin before being appointed chaplain and private secretary to his uncle, the Bishop of Tuam, in 1857, the following year, he became Rector of Kilmoyan and Cummer in County Galway. In 1864, he returned to Dublin as Treasurer of St Patricks Cathedral, in 1876, Lord Plunket was consecrated Bishop of Meath, and in 1884 he was finally appointed Archbishop of Dublin, an office he held until his death. In 1871 he inherited Old Connaught and decided to move into the house and he was Dean of Christ Church Cathedral from 1884 until 1887. Plunket received a degree from Cambridge University in 1888. He also served as a Commissioner of Education from 1895 onwards and he was instrumental in developing the Kildare Place Schools, and he was an advocate and supporter of the reformed faith in Spain, Portugal and Italy. In 1863 he married Anne Lee Guinness, daughter of Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness and their son William was to have a successful career in government administration. Another son, Benjamin, served as Bishop of Meath and was the father of Olive and his sister married John Darley, bishop of Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh. His wife having precedeased him in 1889, Lord Plunket died aged 68 in Dublin and his statue near Leinster House in Kildare Street, Dublin is a landmark
11.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
12.
Harrow School
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Harrow School /ˈhæroʊ/ is an independent boarding school for boys in Harrow, London, England. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243, Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were regulated by the Public Schools Act 1868. For the academic year 2016/17, Harrow charges boarders up to £12,450 per term, being the fourth most expensive boarding school in the Headmasters, the school has an enrolment of 805 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full-time. It remains one of four all-boys, full-boarding schools in Britain, harrows uniform includes straw hats, morning suits, top hats and canes. The school in its current form was founded in February 1572 under a Royal Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I to John Lyon, a wealthy local farmer. In the original charter, six governors were named, including two members of the Gerard family of Flambards, and two members of the Page family of Wembley and Sudbury Court. It was only after the death of Lyons wife in 1608 that the construction of the first school building began and it was completed in 1615 and remains to this day, however it is now much larger. Lyon died in 1592, leaving his assets to two causes, the lesser was the School, and by far the greater beneficiary was the maintenance of a road to London,10 miles away. The school owned and maintained road for many years following Lyons death. At first the subject taught was Latin, and the only sport was archery. Both subjects were compulsory, archery was dropped in 1771, although most boys were taught for free, their tuition paid for by Lyons endowment, there were a number of fee-paying foreigners. It was their presence that amplified the need for boarding facilities, by 1701 for every local there were two foreign pupils, these generated funds for the School as fees increased. It is now known as The John Lyon School and is a prominent independent school and it maintains close links with Harrow. The majority of the boarding houses were constructed in Victorian times. The 20th century saw the innovation of a dining hall. Presently there are about 800 boys boarding at Harrow, according to a 2009 article, the school has expanded overseas, opening additional schools in Beijing, China, Shanghai, China, Bangkok, Thailand, and New Territories, Hong Kong. Boys at Harrow have two uniforms, the photograph was placed on the front cover of the News Chronicle the next morning under the tagline Every picture tells a story. The picture was reproduced in other national publications and became
13.
Trinity College, Dublin
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Trinity College is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Ireland. It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, originally it was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the dissolved Augustinian Priory of All Hallows. Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland, although Catholics and Dissenters had been permitted to enter as early as 1793, certain restrictions on their membership of the college remained until 1873. From 1871 to 1970, the Catholic Church in Ireland forbade its adherents from attending Trinity College without permission, women were first admitted to the college as full members in January 1904. Trinity College is now surrounded by Dublin and is located on College Green, the college proper occupies 190,000 m2, with many of its buildings ranged around large quadrangles and two playing fields. Academically, it is divided into three faculties comprising 25 schools, offering degree and diploma courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Library of Trinity College is a deposit library for Ireland. The first University of Dublin was created by the Pope in 1311, following this, and some debate about a new university at St. The first Provost of the College was the Archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, two years after foundation, a few Fellows and students began to work in the new College, which then lay around one small square. During the eighteenth century Trinity College was seen as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy, Parliament, meeting on the other side of College Green, made generous grants for building. The first building of this period was the Old Library building, begun in 1712, followed by the Printing House, during the second half of the century Parliament Square slowly emerged. The great building drive was completed in the nineteenth century by Botany Bay. In December 1845 Denis Caulfield Heron was the subject of a hearing at Trinity College, Heron had previously been examined and, on merit, declared a scholar of the college but had not been allowed to take up his place due to his Catholic religion. Heron appealed to the Courts which issued a writ of mandamus requiring the case to be adjudicated by the Archbishop of Dublin, the decision of Richard Whately and John George de la Poer Beresford was that Heron would remain excluded from Scholarship. This decision confirmed that the position remained that persons who were not Anglicans could not be elected to Scholarship, Fellowship or be made a Professor. However within less than three decades of this all disabilities imposed on Catholics were repealed as in 1873, all tests were abolished. Prior to 1956 it was the responsibility of the local Bishop, the nineteenth century was also marked by important developments in the professional schools. The Law School was reorganised after the middle of the century, the Engineering School was established in 1842 and was one of the first of its kind in Ireland and Britain
14.
Benjamin Guinness
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Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, 1st Baronet was an Irish brewer and philanthropist. Born in Dublin, he was the son of the second Arthur Guinness, and his wife Anne Lee, and a grandson of the first Arthur. He joined his father in the business in his teens, without attending university. From 1855, when his father died, Guinness had become the richest man in Ireland, having built up an export trade. In numbers, sales of his single and double stouts had been 78,000 hogsheads in 1855, of these, some 112,000 were sold in Ireland, as the rural economy recovered from the 1840s potato famine, and 94,000 were exported to Britain. By 1870, soon after his death, sales had risen further to 256,000 hogsheads, Benjamin had also created the capacity for his sons to expand sales much further, and by 1879 these reached 565,000 hogsheads. As a part of the expansion, and to ensure deliveries. By 1867 the firm owned £86, 000-worth of Irish railway stock, in 1851 he was elected the first Lord Mayor of Dublin under the reformed corporation. Guinness was elected to the House of Commons in 1865 as a Conservative representative for Dublin City and his partys leader was Lord Derby. Previously he had supported the Liberal Lord Palmerston, but in the 1860s the Liberals proposed higher taxation on drinks such as beer, before 1865 the Irish Conservative Party did not entirely support British conservative policy, but did so after the Irish Church Act 1869. The governments most notable reform was the Reform Act 1867 that expanded the franchise, from 1860 to 1865, he undertook at his own expense, and without hiring an architect, the restoration of the citys St Patricks Cathedral, an enterprise that cost him over £150,000. In 1865 the building was restored to the dean and chapter, the citizens of Dublin and the dean and chapter of St. Patricks presented him with addresses on 31 December 1865, expressive of their gratitude for what he had done for the city. The addresses were in two volumes, which were exhibited at the Paris Exhibition. In recognition of his generosity, he was made a baronet in 1867 and he was one of the ecclesiastical commissioners for Ireland, a governor of Simpsons Hospital, and vice-chairman of the Dublin Exhibition Palace. He died the year at his Park Lane London home. At the time of his death he was engaged in the restoration of Archbishop Marshs public library, a building which adjoins St. Patricks Cathedral, which was finished by his son Arthur. He showed his practical interest in Irish archæology by carefully preserving the antiquarian remains existing on his estates around Ashford Castle in County Galway. Nearby Cong Abbey was well-known, and the famous Cross of Cong had been moved to a Dublin museum in 1839, in 1856 he bought what is now Iveagh House at 80 St Stephens Green
15.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
16.
Constantinople
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Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire, and also of the brief Latin, and the later Ottoman empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, Constantinople never truly recovered from the devastation of the Fourth Crusade and the decades of misrule by the Latins. The origins of the name of Byzantion, more known by the later Latin Byzantium, are not entirely clear. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was likely just a play on the word Byzantion. During this time, the city was also called Second Rome, Eastern Rome, and Roma Constantinopolitana. As the city became the remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently, the medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr, and later Miklagard and Miklagarth. In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al-kubra and in Persian as Takht-e Rum, in East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad or Carigrad, City of the Caesar, from the Slavonic words tsar and grad. This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις, the modern Turkish name for the city, İstanbul, derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin, meaning into the city or to the city. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script, in time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. In Greece today, the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis/Konstantinoúpoli or simply just the City, apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement, except that it was abandoned by the time the Megarian colonists settled the site anew. A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c.150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed. The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour. He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina, fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Constantinople was built over 6 years, and consecrated on 11 May 330, Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis
17.
Baron Plunket
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Baron Plunket, of Newtown in the County of Cork, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1827 for the prominent Irish lawyer and Whig politician William Plunket and he served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1830 and 1834 and again from 1835 to 1841. His eldest son, the second Baron, was Bishop of Tuam, Killala and he was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baron. His eldest son, the fourth Baron, served as Archbishop of Dublin between 1884 and 1897 and he was succeeded by his eldest son, the fifth Baron. He was a diplomat and held office as Governor of New Zealand between 1904 and 1910 and his grandson, Patrick, the seventh Baron, was Equerry to both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. He was succeeded by his brother, Robin who died in 2013 and was in turn succeeded by his nephew. Two other members of the family have gained distinction. The Hon. David Plunket, second son of the third Baron, was a Conservative politician and was created Baron Rathmore in 1895, the Most Reverend the Hon. Benjamin Plunket, second son of the fourth Baron, was Bishop of Meath from 1919 to 1925. The seventh and eighth barons were related to the Marquesses of Londonderry and their mother, wife of the sixth baron, was the illegitimate daughter of the actress Fannie Ward and Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry. After the sixth baron and his wife were killed in an air accident in 1938, Baron Rathmore Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages
18.
George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan
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George Henry Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan KG PC JP was a British Conservative politician. Cadogan was the eldest son of Henry Cadogan, 4th Earl Cadogan, by his wife Mary, daughter of Reverend Gerald Wellesley, younger brother of Arthur Wellesley and he was born in the city of Durham and baptised at St Jamess, Westminster, London. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford and he was made Under-Secretary for War in 1875 and Under-Secretary to the Colonies in 1878 by Disraeli. He served under Lord Salisbury as Lord Privy Seal from 1886 to 1892 and he was first Mayor of Chelsea in 1900 and a Justice of the Peace for the counties of Middlesex, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and London. Money was found for the installation of an organ by James John Walker. The church remain a testament to a very particularly focussed example of aristocratic patronage, as Lord of the Manor of Chelsea he held large estates there, much of which he dedicated to houses for the working class. During his lifetime Lord Cadogan commissioned a mausoleum for family interments at Brookwood Cemetery, on 16 May 1865, he married Lady Beatrix Craven, fourth daughter of William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven. They had nine children, Albert Edward George Henry, briefly Viscount Chelsea, Henry Arthur, Viscount Chelsea Gerald Oakley, 6th Earl Cadogan and briefly Viscount Chelsea Lady Emily Julia, married William Brownlow, 3rd Baron Lurgan. Hon. Lewin Edward Lady Sophie Beatrix Mary, married Sir Samuel Scott, Hon. William George Sydney, killed in action. Hon. Edward Cecil George Hon. Alexander George Montagu He bought Culford Park, Culford, Suffolk and it is now a private school. Lord Cadogans wife died in 1907 and on 12 January 1911, he married his first cousin once removed, Adele, daughter of Lippo Neri, Count Palagi del Palagio, Lord Cadogan died in Chelsea, London, on 6 March 1915, aged 74. The Countess Cadogan died in February 1960, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl Cadogan
19.
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
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Lord Lieutenant was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 till the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the viceroy, from the French vice roi or deputy king, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, although in the Middle Ages some Lords Deputy were Irish noblemen, only men from Great Britain, usually peers, were appointed to the office of Lord Lieutenant. The Kings representative possessed a number of overlapping roles and he was the representative of the King, the head of the executive in Ireland, a member of the English or British Cabinet, the font of mercy, justice and patronage, commander-in-chief in Ireland. His Government exercised effective control of parliament through the exercise of the powers of patronage, namely the awarding of peerages, baronetcies. Critics accused successive viceroys of using their power as a corrupt means of controlling parliament. On one day in July 1777, Lord Buckinghamshire as Lord Lieutenant promoted 5 viscounts to earls,7 barons to viscounts, under-Secretary for Ireland, The head of the civil service in Ireland. Lord Justices, Three office-holders who acted in the Lord Lieutenants stead during his absence, the Lord Justices were before 1800 the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh as Primate of All Ireland. Lords Lieutenant were appointed for no set term but served for His/Her Majestys pleasure, in reality that meant for as long as wished by the British Government. Where a ministry fell, the Lord Lieutenant was usually replaced by a supporter of the new ministry, until the 16th century, Irish or Anglo-Irish noblemen such as the 8th Earl of Kildare and the 9th Earl of Kildare traditionally held the post of Justiciar or Lord Deputy. Following the plantations, however, noblemen from Great Britain were given the post, the last Irish Catholic to hold the position was Lord Tyrconnell from 1685–91, during the brief Catholic Ascendancy in the reign of James II that was ended by the Williamite war in Ireland. Until 1767 none of the latter lived full-time in Ireland, instead they resided in Ireland during meetings of the Irish Parliament. However the British cabinet decided in 1765 that full-time residency should be required to enable the Lord Lieutenant to keep a eye on public affairs in Ireland. The office was restricted to members of the Anglican faith, the first Catholic appointed to the post since the reign of the Catholic King James II was in fact the last viceroy, Lord FitzAlan of Derwent, in April 1921. His appointment was possible because the Government of Ireland Act 1920 ended the prohibition on Catholics being appointed to the position, FitzAlan was also the only Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ever to hold office when the former Ireland was partitioned into Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland. The post ebbed and flowed in importance, being used on occasion as a form of exile for prominent British politicians who had fallen foul of the Court of St. Jamess or Westminster, on other occasions it was a stepping stone to a future career. Two Lords Lieutenant, Lord Hartington and the Duke of Portland, instead it was the Chief Secretary for Ireland who became central, with he, not the Lord Lieutenant, sitting on occasion in the British cabinet. The official residence of the Lord Lieutenant was the Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle, the Geraldine Lords Deputy, the 8th Earl of Kildare and the 9th Earl of Kildare, being native Irish, both lived in, among other locations, their castle in Maynooth, County Kildare
20.
William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley
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William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley KP, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, KStJ, TD, PC, DL, styled Viscount Ednam before 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1902 and 1905 and the fourth Governor-General of Australia between 1908 and 1911, in 1920 he sold his country seat Witley Court to Sir Herbert Smith. Dudley was born in London, the son of William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley and he visited Australia in 1886–87 as part of a yachting cruise. Dudley became part of the circle of the Prince of Wales. From 1895 to 1896 he was Mayor of Dudley, Dudley became a Major in the Queens Own Worcestershire Hussars in 1885. He was present at operations in the Oranje Free State in February to May 1900, some of the actions he was involved with were at Poplar Grover, Driefontein, Vet River, and Zand River. From May to June 1900 he was present at operations in the Transvaal, some of the actions he was involved with were Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Diamond Hill. He then return to the United Kingdom, and in July to November 1900 he was involved with the suppression of the Irish troubles in Belfast. When war was declared in 1914, the Worcestershires formed into the 1st South Midland Mounted Brigade, the Brigade was ordered to Egypt and was based in Chatby Camp, near Alexandria, by April 1915. The brigade didnt see any action until they were ordered to prepare to fight as infantry in August and it was at this time that the men were sent to Suvla Bay, and took part in the Gallipoli campaign. The regiment were in support of the Anzacs in their attempt to break through the Turkish defenses and this attack obviously failed miserably, and they were evacuated in January 1916. Lord Dudley had already left the area in 1915, and had posted to East Mudros as Commandant. In 1916, Lord Dudley was then attached to the staff of the 40th Infantry Division. Leaving the military in 1916, Lord Dudley retired as a lieutenant colonel, Dudley sat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords and served under Lord Salisbury as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1895 to 1902. He is immortalized in Joyces description of his Vice-Regal progress through Dublin in Ulysses, during this time he was also the Grand Master of the Order of St. Not long after his arrival, he found himself swearing in a Labor cabinet under Andrew Fisher, the new Governor-General soon found himself involved in another controversy. It was part of Labor policy to establish an independent Australian navy, the Liberal opposition, on the other hand, supported the campaign for Australia to raise money to build ships for the Royal Navy, the so-called Dreadnought campaign. So when Dudley made a speech in support of the Dreadnought campaign, he was straying into party politics, in 1909 Fishers minority government resigned, and Dudley refused him an early election
21.
Order of St Michael and St George
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It is named in honour of two military saints, St Michael and St George. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it, British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs or CMGs. It is the award for members of the FCO. The Orders motto is Auspicium melioris ævi and its patron saints, as the name suggests, are St. Michael the Archangel, and St. George, patron saint of England. One of its symbols is that of St Michael trampling over. The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer fully a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse, the last of the Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that countrys independence in 1947. In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became a part of Greece, accordingly, numerous Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order. In 1965, the order was open for women, with Evelyn Bark becoming the first CMG, the British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master, the office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Members of the Royal Family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, like many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod, he not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent. On the left side is a representation of the star, the mantle is bound with two large tassels. The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and it consists of depictions of crowned lions, Maltese Crosses, and the cyphers SM and SG, all alternately. In the centre are two winged lions, each holding a book and seven arrows, at less important occasions, simpler insignia are used, The star is an insignia used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. It is worn pinned to the left breast, the Knight and Dame Grand Cross star includes seven-armed, silver-rayed Maltese Asterisk, with a gold ray in between each pair of arms. The Knight and Dame Commanders star is a slightly smaller eight-pointed silver figure formed by two Maltese Crosses, it does not include any gold rays, in each case, the star bears a red cross of St George. In the centre of the star is a blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ring is a representation of St Michael trampling on Satan, the badge is the only insignia used by all members of the Order, it is suspended on a blue-crimson-blue ribbon
22.
Arthur Guinness (New Zealand politician)
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Sir Arthur Robert Guinness was a New Zealand politician, and Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was born in Calcutta, India, son of Frank V. Guinness and he was educated at Christs College, Christchurch 1854–1859. He received his education from Edward Harston and then from Garrick and Cowlishaw. Guinness first stood for two-member Grey Valley in the 1876 election and out of the four candidates, in his second attempt in 1884, he defeated the incumbent, Joseph Petrie, in the single-member electorate that was by now called Greymouth. He remained a member of the House of Representatives for Greymouth until 1890 and he belonged to the Liberal Party. He was Chairman of Committees from 1893 to 1902, then the 7th Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1903 until his death in 1913, upon the death of William Steward on 30 October 1912, he became Father of the House. When he died, his replacement from the Grey by-election was Paddy Webb, in 1875, Guinness married Elisabeth Westbrook, daughter of Mr James Westbrook of Launceston. Guinness died on 10 June 1913 and is buried at Greymouth Cemetery and he was a great-grandson of his namesake the Dublin brewer Arthur Guinness. The School list of Christ’s College,1850 to 1995, Christchurch, the Cyclopedia of New Zealand, Wellington Provincial District. Wellington, The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, who’s who in New Zealand and the western Pacific 1908, Wellington, Gordon & Gotch,1908 Kitchingman, Frederick A. Guinness and his days, Greymouth, Greymouth Evening Star Scholefield, Guy, a Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, A–L. I
23.
Putney Vale Cemetery
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Putney Vale Cemetery and Crematorium in southwest London is located in Putney Vale, surrounded by Putney Heath and Wimbledon Common and Richmond Park. It is located within 47 acres of parkland, the cemetery was opened in 1891 and the crematorium in 1938. The cemetery was laid out on land which had belonged to Newlands Farm. The cemetery has two chapels, one being a traditional Church of England chapel and the other being used for multi-denomination or non-religious services and it has a large Garden of Remembrance. There are 87 Commonwealth war grave burials from World War I and 97 from World War II in the cemetery, six Victoria Cross recipients have been buried or cremated here. The burials are scattered throughout the grounds of the cemetery and a Screen Wall Memorial has been erected to record the names of whose graves are not marked by headstones. Those who have been cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium also have their names recorded on these panels. Admiral Herbert Charles Campbell da Costa, Royal Navy flag officer in First World War Harry Cunningham Brodie, MP for Reigate and major in Middlesex Yeomanry John Bindon, actor and well known face. Sandy Denny, singer, songwriter and member of Fairport Convention Henry Fielding Dickens, barrister, buried yards from where he fell, leaving a pregnant wife and infant daughter. Every May 22, local resident John Cooper lays flowers on the mans grave, J. Jennifer Paterson, TV chef of Two Fat Ladies fame Lance Percival, actor and singer Jon Pertwee, noted Doctor Who actor. The surplus of his estate was to be given to other London hospitals to support Annie Zunz wards
24.
Plunket Society
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The Plunket Society mission is to ensure that New Zealand children are among the healthiest in the world. A lot of Plunkets work is organised by volunteer bases all around New Zealand, there are many different ways to get involved in the Plunket Society. The society is most commonly referred to in the community as Plunket, with the motivation to form a society that would help mothers and save babies, Dr Frederic Truby King worked on an article focusing on child welfare. A meeting, which led to the founding of the society, was held on 14 May 1907, in Dunedin, King was a medical superintendent and lecturer in mental diseases. He believed that by providing services to parents, the society could ensure children were fed on a nutritious diet. He also believed that this would improve adult health as the children got older, originally called the Society for the Health of Women and Children, the society gained royal recognition and the prefix Royal in 1915. Plunkets name derives from a patron of the Society, Victoria Alexandrina Plunket, mother of eight and wife of then Governor of New Zealand, William Plunket. Later that year, the society first opened The Karitane Home For Babies in Dunedin, and then opened centres in Auckland, Wellington and these centres were used for both training camps for the nurses and for the babies that were failing to flourish. In 1912, King made a tour on the Plunket Society. In these tours he was successful in attracting support for the society. As a result of his tour,60 new centres opened around New Zealand, the centres were badged as Plunket Rooms, however they are now referred to as Plunket Clinics. King published several manuals, among them Feeding and Care of Baby and this latter publication was given to every applicant for a marriage licence. Mothers were even given practices to inform them of domestic hygiene and they included the regularity of feeding, eating and bowel habits. In New Zealand the Plunket philosophy become parenting lore and within three decades New Zealand had the lowest infant mortality rate in the world, many changes have been made to Plunket teaching and organisation over the years. The initial strict parenting regimes have given way to more care and support. 1981 saw the introduction of a car seat rental scheme, and in 1994 a telephone advice service, today, there are hundreds of centres across New Zealand. The Plunket society is continuing to grow, through the help of technology being able to promote the society, instead of just having clinics they have centres/services that help with car seats, they also have Facebook chats online so parents/caregivers can ask questions or simply find an answer. The Royal New Zealand Plunket Society Bibliography on Dr Frederick Truby King Developing a Nursing Speciality - Plunket Nursing 1905 -1920 Thesis by Christine Mary Andrews
25.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
26.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
27.
William Hobson
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Captain William Hobson RN was the first Governor of New Zealand and co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi. William Hobson was born in Waterford, Ireland, the son of Samuel Hobson, some sources put his year of birth in 1793. He joined the Royal Navy on 25 August 1803 as a second-class volunteer and he served in the Napoleonic wars and was later involved in the suppression of piracy in the Caribbean. He became a midshipman in 1806 and some seven years later was a first lieutenant and he was promoted to commander in May 1824 and commanded HMS Scylla between 1826 and 1828. In December 1834, he obtained a commission from Lord Auckland to the East Indies on HMS Rattlesnake, in 1836, he was ordered to Australia, arriving at Hobart on 5 August 1836 and at Sydney 18 days later. On 18 September 1836, HMS Rattlesnake left for Port Phillip District conveying Captain Lonsdale and other officials to the new colony. During the next three months, Hobson and his officers thoroughly surveyed Port Phillip, the portion of which, by direction of Governor Sir Richard Bourke, was named Hobsons Bay. His ship was involved in the founding of Williamstown, on 26 May 1837 Hobson sailed to the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, in response to a request for help from James Busby, the British Resident, who felt threatened by wars between Māori tribes. For three months in 1837 Pōmare II fought with Titore until an agreement was negotiated by Tareha. At the time, the British government recognised the sovereignty of the Māori people, as represented in the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand of October 1835, which Busby had organised. Hobson was appointed Lieutenant Governor under the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, on 14 August 1839 Lord Normanby issued him with detailed instructions, giving reasons for intervention in New Zealand and directions for the purchase of land by fair and equal contracts. The Legislative Council comprised the above officials and three Justices of the Peace, Hobson appointed as three Magistrates, Messrs. Upon arrival, Hobson almost immediately drafted the Treaty of Waitangi together with his secretary James Freeman, after obtaining signatures to the Treaty at the Bay of Islands, he travelled to Waitemata Harbour to obtain more signatures and to survey a suitable location for a new capital. After suffering a stroke on 1 March 1840, he was back to the Bay of Islands. He sent Willoughby Shortland and some soldiers to Port Nicholson on 25 May 1840, and their leader, William Wakefield, later travelled to the Bay of Islands to pledge allegiance to the Crown. His suggestion to make Port Nicholson the capital was rejected in favour of Hobsons plan for a new town on Waitemata Harbour, to be named Auckland after the Earl of Auckland. On 11 July 1840 the French frigate LAube arrived at the Bay of Islands on its way to Banks Peninsula as part of the settlement plan of the Nanto-Bordelaise Company, Hobson immediately sent two magistrates to the area to establish the British claim to sovereignty by holding courts. Near the end of 1840, the Port Nicholson settlers sent a petition to Queen Victoria calling for Hobsons dismissal over his treatment of them, Hobson responded on 26 May 1841 to the Foreign Secretary
28.
Robert FitzRoy
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Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy RN was an English officer of the Royal Navy and a scientist. He achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwins famous voyage, FitzRoys second expedition to Tierra del Fuego, FitzRoy was a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate daily weather predictions, which he called by a new name of his own invention, forecasts. In 1854 he established what would later be called the Met Office and he was an able surveyor and hydrographer. As Governor of New Zealand, serving from 1843 to 1845, Robert FitzRoy was born at Ampton Hall, Ampton, Suffolk, England, into the upper echelons of the British aristocracy and a tradition of public service. Through his father, General Lord Charles FitzRoy, Robert was a fourth great-grandson of Charles II of England, his grandfather was Augustus Henry FitzRoy. His mother, Lady Frances Stewart, was the daughter of the first Marquess of Londonderry and the half-sister of Viscount Castlereagh, from the age of four, Robert FitzRoy lived with his family at Wakefield Lodge, their Palladian mansion in Northamptonshire. Roberts half-brother Sir Charles FitzRoy later served as Governor of New South Wales, Governor of Prince Edward Island, in February 1818 at the age of 12, FitzRoy entered the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and in the following year he entered the Royal Navy. At the age of 14, he embarked as a voluntary student aboard the frigate HMS Owen Glendower, which sailed to South America in the middle of 1820 and he was promoted to midshipman while on the vessel. FitzRoy served on HMS Hind as a midshipman and he completed his course with distinction and was promoted lieutenant on 7 September 1824, having passed the examination with full numbers, the first to achieve this result. After serving on HMS Thetis, in 1828 he was appointed lieutenant to Rear-Admiral Sir Robert Waller Otway, commander-in-chief of the South American station. At that time Beagle, under Captain Pringle Stokes, was carrying out a survey of Tierra del Fuego. Pringle Stokes became severely depressed and fatally shot himself, under Lieutenant Skyring, the ship sailed to Rio de Janeiro, where Otway appointed FitzRoy as captain of the Beagle on 15 December 1828. By the ships return to England on 14 October 1830, FitzRoy had established his reputation as a surveyor, during the survey, some of his men were camping onshore when a group of Fuegian natives made off with their boat. His ship gave chase and, after a scuffle, the families were brought on board as hostages. Eventually FitzRoy held two boys, a girl and two men As it was not possible to put them ashore conveniently, he decided to civilise the savages, and the use of common tools before returning them as missionaries. The sailors gave them names, the girl was called Fuegia Basket, the boy Jemmy Button, the second boy was called Boat Memory. FitzRoy brought the four back with the ship to England, Boat Memory died following a smallpox vaccination. In early May 1831 FitzRoy stood as Tory candidate for Ipswich in the General Election and his hopes of obtaining a new posting and organising a missionary project to Tierra del Fuego appeared to be failing
29.
George Grey
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Sir George Grey, KCB was a British soldier, explorer, Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony, the 11th Premier of New Zealand and a writer. By political philosophy a Gladstonian liberal and Georgist, Grey eschewed the class system for the life of Aucklands new governance he helped to establish. Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, of the 30th Regiment of Foot, who was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain just a few days before. His mother, Elizabeth Anne née Vignoles, on the balcony of her hotel in Lisbon and she was the daughter of a retired soldier turned Irish clergyman, Major later Rev. John Vignoles. Greys grandfather was Owen Wynne Gray, Greys uncle was John Gray, who was Owen Wynne Grays son from his second marriage. Grey was sent to the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in Surrey, early in 1830, he was gazetted ensign in the 83rd Regiment of Foot. In 1830, his regiment having been sent to Ireland, he developed much sympathy with the Irish peasantry whose misery made an impression on him. He was promoted lieutenant in 1833 and obtained a certificate at the examinations of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1837, at the age of 25, Grey led a catastrophically ill-prepared expedition of exploration of north-west Australia – only one man of his party had seen northern Australia before. It was at that time believed that a great river entered the Indian Ocean from the north-west of Australia, others joined the party at Cape Town, and early in December they landed at Hanover Bay. Wrecked, almost drowned, and completely lost, with Grey speared in the hip in a skirmish with Aborigines and they were picked up by the Beagle and Lynher and taken to Mauritius to recover. At about this time, Grey became one of the few Europeans to learn the Noongar language of south-west Western Australia, on 2 November 1839 at King George Sound, Grey married Eliza Lucy Spencer, daughter of the late Government Resident. Their only child, born in 1841 in South Australia, died aged 5 months and it was not a happy marriage. She lived a life of misery until old age brought a formal reunion, Grey adopted Annie Maria Matthews in 1861, following the death of her father, his half-brother, Sir Godfrey Thomas. She married Seymour Thorne George on 3 December 1872 on Kawau Island, Grey was the third Governor of South Australia, from 1841 to 1845, as a replacement for George Gawler, under whose stewardship the colony had become bankrupt. Gawler was also responsible for the illegal retribution exacted by Major OHalloran on an Aboriginal tribe. Grey served as Governor of New Zealand twice, from 1845 to 1853 and he was arguably the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand during much of the 19th century
30.
Thomas Gore Browne
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Colonel Sir Thomas Robert Gore Browne KCMG CB was a British colonial administrator, who was Governor of St Helena, Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Tasmania and Governor of Bermuda. In 1824 he purchased an Ensigncy in the 44th Foot, in 1829 he purchased a Captaincy. In 1836, as a Major, he exchanged into the 41st Foot, in 1842 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army, in 1845 he purchased the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the 41st Foot, and in 1849 he exchanged into the 21st Foot. He was Governor of St Helena from July 1851 to December 1854 and he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army in 1854, by which time he was back in his original regiment, the 44th Foot. In 1857, he exchanged from the 14th Foot to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the 43rd Foot, in September 1855, he was appointed Governor of New Zealand, replacing temporary Administrator Robert Wynyard. On 5 March 1860, Browne ordered the occupation of the land. The town of Gore, New Zealand was named after him, from 1861 until 1868 he was Governor of Tasmania. He was promoted Colonel in the Army in 1864, from September 1870 to April 1871, he was Administrator of Bermuda. He died in London on 17 April 1887 and he married Harriet, daughter of James Campbell of Craigie, Ayrshire, who survived him. The eldest son, Harold, commanded the first battalion kings royal rifle corps in the Boer war of 1899-1900 and his daughter Ethel married Hugh Locke King, they built the Brooklands motor racing circuit on estate they farmed. His youngest son, Wilfrid was the first Bishop of Kimberley, first Taranaki War New Zealand wars Waitara, New Zealand History of New Plymouth DNZB World statesmen – St. Helena
31.
George Bowen
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Sir George Ferguson Bowen, GCMG was a British author and colonial administrator whose appointments included postings to the Ionian Islands, Queensland, New Zealand, Victoria, Mauritius and Hong Kong. Bowen was born the eldest son of the Rev. Edward Bowen, Bowen was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Oxford. Bowen, twice President of the Oxford Union, was awarded a first class Bachelor of Arts degree in classics in 1844, Bowen was called to the bar by Lincolns Inn in 1844 and obtained his Master of Arts three years later. In 1846 Bowen had some training, serving for sixteen days on HMS Victory. In 1847 Bowen was appointed president of the Ionian University located in Corfu, Bowen became the chief secretary to the government of the Ionian Islands in 1854. While in that post, he married the Contessa Diamantina di Roma on 28 April 1856, Diamantina was the daughter of Conte Giorgio-Candiano Roma and his wife Contessa Orsola, née di Balsamo. The Roma family were local aristocracy, her father being the President of the Ionian Senate, titular head of the Islands and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1855 and was advanced to Knight Commander in the following year. In 1859, Bowen was appointed the first Governor of Queensland, but overall, he was quite popular in Queensland, so that the citizens requested an extension of his five-year term as governor, resulting in his staying for further two years. In 1867 Bowen was made Governor of New Zealand, where he was successful in reconciling the Māori reaction to the British rule, Bowen also instituted the New Zealand Cross for colonial soldiers, one of the rarest bravery awards in the world and equivalent to the Victoria Cross. In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham, first lieutenant of HMS Blanche submitted a design to Bowen for an ensign for New Zealand. His proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved and remains in use to this day, in March 1873 Bowen was transferred to Victoria as Governor of Victoria, where he embarked on an endeavour to reduce the expenses of the colony. In May that year, Bowen said that my reluctant consent, purely on constitutional grounds, to these dismissals. has damaged my further reputation and it will never be forgotten either in England or in the Colony. However several others, including Hugh Childers and William Ewart Gladstone, approved of Bowens actions, Bowen arrived on Mauritius on 4 April 1879 and served as 13th Governor of the colony until 9 December 1880. On 30 March 1883, Bowen was made Governor of Hong Kong, during his tenure, his administration established the Hong Kong Observatory, which also served as the meteorological institute of the territory. He founded the first college in Hong Kong, and ordered the construction of the Typhoon Shelter in Causeway Bay, and he retired in 1887, due to ill health. Bowen returned to England after his time in Hong Kong and was appointed chief of a Royal Commission sent to Malta in December 1887 to help to draft the new constitution for the island, all recommendations made by the commission were adopted. Afterwards, Bowen was sworn of the Privy Council and his first wife was Contessa Diamantina di Roma, only daughter of Count Candiano di Roma. George married his wife, Letitia Florence White, in late 1896 at Chelsea
32.
Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet
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Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet GCSI PC was a British soldier, Conservative politician and colonial administrator. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Fergusson was the eldest son of Sir Charles Fergusson, 5th Baronet and he was educated at Cheam, Rugby, and University College, Oxford. He entered the Grenadier Guards in 1851 and served in the Crimean War where he was wounded and he retired from the army in 1859. Fergusson was elected Member of Parliament for Ayrshire and represented the constituency in parliament from 1854 to 1857 and 1859 to 1868. He served as Governor of South Australia from 1868 to 1873, following his retirement, he returned to the House of Commons, as Member of Parliament for Manchester North East, which he represented between 1885 and 1906. He again held office as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1886 and 1891 and as Postmaster General between 1891 and 1892 in Lord Salisburys Conservative administration. Fergusson married firstly Lady Edith Christian, daughter of James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie and they had two sons and two daughters. Lady Edith died in October 1871, aged 32, Fergusson married secondly Olive, daughter of John Henry Richman, in 1873. She died of cholera in January 1882 and he married thirdly Isabella Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Twysden and widow of Charles Hugh Hoare, in 1893. Fergussons son Charles and grandson Bernard Fergusson both became Governors-General of New Zealand, Fergusson was killed in an earthquake in Jamaica in 1907, aged 74. The town of Jamestown, South Australia, Fergusson Island in Papua New Guinea and Fergusson College in Pune, newspaper report 1897 New Zealand Governor biography Mennell, Philip. Dictionary of National Biography,1912 supplement, Fergusson, Sir James, of Kilkerran, sixth baronet. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir James Fergusson, Bt
33.
George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby
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Normanby was born in London, the son of Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby, by his wife the Hon. Maria, daughter of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth. He gained the courtesy title Viscount Normanby when his father succeeded as Earl of Mulgrave in 1831, when his father was made Marquess of Normanby in 1838, he became known by the courtesy title Earl of Mulgrave. Normanby entered the Coldstream Guards as an ensign, and became a lieutenant in 1838, Normanby was returned to parliament for Scarborough in 1847, a seat he held until 1851 and again between 1852 and 1857. He was appointed Comptroller of the Household by Lord John Russell in 1851, when Lord Aberdeen became prime minister in early 1852, he became Treasurer of the Household, a post he held until 1858, the last three years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston. In the latter year he was appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, in 1863 he also succeeded his father in the marquessate and took his seat in the House of Lords. Normanby returned to the government in 1868 when he was appointed a Lord-in-Waiting by William Ewart Gladstone, the following year he was promoted to Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. In 1871 he became Governor of Queensland and he continued in this post until 1874, and was then Governor of New Zealand from 1874 to 1879 and Governor of Victoria from 1879 to 1881. Lord Normanby married Laura, daughter of Captain Robert Russell, R. N. in 1844, when he served as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, he and his wife had the Prince of Wales and his brother, Prince Alfred as their guests at Government House. The Marchioness of Normanby died in London in January 1885, aged 69, Lord Normanby died at Brighton, Sussex, in April 1890, aged 70, and was succeeded by their eldest son, Constantine. One of their daughters, Lady Katherine Louisa Phipps, married the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere
34.
Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead
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From June 1859 until August 1896, he was known as Sir Hercules Robinson. He was of Irish descent on both sides, his father was Admiral Hercules Robinson, his mother was Frances Elizabeth Wood, from Rosmead, County Westmeath, from which he afterwards took his title. However, in 1846, through the influence of Lord Naas, Robinson obtained a post in the Board of Public Works in Ireland and he proposed a civil service examination held in the UK that selected the successful candidates to learn Chinese and subsequently work in Hong Kong. Subsequently, Robinson was appointed lieutenant-governor of Saint Kitts on 6 November 1855, on 17 June 1859, at age of 35 Robinson was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, the youngest in Hong Kong colonial history, as which he served until March 1865. On 28 June 1859, he was knighted in recognition of his services for introducing coolie labour into the territory, during his tenure, Robinson secured the control of the Kowloon Peninsula from the Imperial Chinese Government, thus expanding the size of the territory. Up to this point, the Colony of Hong Kong only consisted of Hong Kong Island, also, Robinson ordered the construction of the Pokfulam Reservoir, which would provide a steady supply of water for Hong Kong people for years to come. Robinson was also credited with establishing Towngas, the territorys premier gas provider, during Robertsons administration, HSBC, along with Standard Chartered, were established in Hong Kong. Both were given the responsibility to print banknotes on the behalf of the Government, on 6 March 1865, Robinson was appointed Governor of Ceylon. On 30 June 1869, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael, from 4 March 1872 to 24 February 1879, he served as the Governor of New South Wales. Before his arrival in the colony, the Australian Town and Country Journal apprised its readers of Robinsons high reputation for administrative ability and he attended the official opening of Sydneys grand new General Post Office on 1 September 1874. He temporarily served as Governor of Fiji from 10 October 1874 to June 1875, while concurrently Governor of New South Wales. On 24 February 1879, Robinson was transferred to New Zealand, Robinson arrived in South Africa shortly before the disaster of Majuba, and was one of the commissioners for negotiating a peace and determining the future status of Transvaal. In 1883, Robinson was called home to advise the government on the terms of the new convention concluded with the Transvaal Boers, and was appointed a member of the Privy Council. On 27 February 1884 Robinson signed the London Convention for the British government, with Paul Kruger, smit signing for the South African Republic. John Mackenzie and later Cecil Rhodes were sent to secure the submission of the Boers. Sir Hercules Robinson succeeded in winning the confidence of President Kruger by his fair-mindedness, while he seconded Rhodes efforts to unite the British and his mind, however, was that of the administrator as distinguished from the statesman, and he was content to settle difficulties as they arose. In 1887 Robinson was induced by Rhodes to give his consent to the conclusion of a treaty with Lobengula which secured British rights in Matabele, in his farewell speech, he declared that there was no permanent place in South Africa for direct Imperial rule. This was interpreted to mean that South Africa must ultimately become independent – an idea repugnant to him and he explained in a letter to The Times in 1895 that he had referred to the direct rule of Downing Street over the crown colonies, as contrasted with responsible colonial government
35.
Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore
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Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore GCMG KStJ was a British Liberal Party politician and colonial administrator. He had extensive contact with Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, gordon was born in London in 1829. He was the youngest son of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen and his second wife and his mother was the widow of Viscount Hamilton. Gordon was educated privately and then at Trinity College, Cambridge, 11th Governor of Mauritius,21 Feb 1871 –18 August 1874 Governor of Fiji from 1875 to 1880 Governor of New Zealand,29 November 1880 –24 June 1882 Governor of Ceylon, 1883–1890. He was created Baron Stanmore, of Great Stanmore, in the County of Middlesex on 21 August 1893, john T. Arundel and Lord Stanmore were responsible for financing the new opportunities and negotiating with the German company that controlled the licences to mine in Nauru. In 1902 the interests of PIC were merged with Jaluit Gesellschaft of Hamburg, to form the Pacific Phosphate Company, to engage in mining in Nauru. Gordons ethnographic collection from Fiji, which was assembled during his Governorship, was donated to the British Museum in 1878, William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore. Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896, selections from the correspondence of a British Prime Minister. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
36.
William Jervois
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Lieutenant General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois GCMG CB FRS was a British military engineer and diplomat. After joining the British Army in 1839, he saw service, from 1875 to 1888 he was, consecutively, Governor of the Straits Settlements, Governor of South Australia and Governor-General of New Zealand. Born on 10 September 1821 in Cowes in the Isle of Wight, Jervois was the son of General William Jervois, belonging to a military family of Huguenot descent, he was educated at Dr. Burneys Academy, Gosport, before entering the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Upon graduating from Woolwich, Jervois was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in March 1839. From then until 1841, Jervois was trained at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, in 1842, having been promoted to lieutenant the year before, Jervois was sent to South Africa where he served as a brigade major. As a second captain he saw service in the 7th Xhosa War, following a visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to inspect the progress of the fortifications in 1854, he was promoted to the rank of major. Jervois became Secretary of a Royal Commission set up on 20 August 1859 to examine the state and it was specifically tasked to consider Portsmouth, Spithead, the Isle of Wight, Plymouth, Portland, Pembroke Dock, Dover, Chatham and the Medway. The commissions report was published on 7 February 1860, amongst other things, it proposed several options for a ring of defences around London, none of which were adopted, although elements were used in the later London Defence Scheme. Jervois went on to oversee the design of the fortifications that became known as the Palmerston Forts. He then lectured about iron fortifications, and inspected and provided advice regarding the defences of various British colonies including Gibraltar and he was promoted to colonel in 1867. In 1871 he was sent to India, and then worked on the defences of Cork harbour, following the withdrawal of British garrison troops from Australia in 1870, Jervois and Lieutenant Colonel Peter Scratchley were commissioned by a group of colonies to advise on defence matters. They inspected each colonys defences and produced the Jervois-Scratchley reports of 1877 and 1878 and these emphasised the importance of shore-based fortifications to defend against naval attack and also led to the establishment of local infantry and artillery units. Jervois was raised to the rank of general in 1877. In April 1875, Jervois was appointed the Governor of the Straits Settlements and he took office in Singapore on 8 May 1875, and served until 3 April 1877. Decisions he made during his tenure cemented Britains foothold on the Malay peninsula, he was instrumental in the formation of a local militia and the quelling of a Malay uprising. Although distrustful of Malays, he was sympathetic to the Chinese, during an 1877 inspection of Australian maritime defences, Jervois was appointed Governor of South Australia. He was given notice of his promotion while in Melbourne in June, Jervois arrived in South Australia on HMS Sapphire on 2 October 1877. Jervois arrived in the colony during a time of political crisis, later in October, the Colton Ministry resigned over a disagreement with the Legislative Council about the new Parliamentary buildings
37.
William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow
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William Hillier Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow GCMG PC DL was a British Conservative politician. He held several governmental positions between 1880 and 1905 and was also Governor of New Zealand between 1889 and 1892. Born at Old Alresford, Hampshire, Onslow was the son of George Augustus Cranley Onslow, son of the Hon. Thomas Cranley Onslow, second son of Thomas Onslow. His mother was Mary Harriet Anne Loftus, in 1870, at the age of 17, he succeeded his great-uncle in the earldom of Onslow. He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford, in November 1888 Onslow was appointed Governor of New Zealand. As a result of the downturn in the late 1880s. At 35, he was the youngest governor of New Zealand since George Grey was appointed in 1845, the New Zealand government had recently cut allowances for the governor, and Onslow was able to obtain the position mainly as it was no longer attractive to more senior colonial administrators. He assumed the office on 2 May 1889, shortly after his arrival in Wellington, there was an outbreak of typhoid fever in the town. Onslows twelve-year-old son and heir, Viscount Cranley, caught the disease and was at one time seen to be in danger of his life, after this Onslow and his family avoided the capital as much as they could - which did not endear them to the New Zealand people. According to the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Onslow did not have the flair or flamboyance which helped some later governors win popular support. In 1890 Onslow became embroiled in controversy over appointments to the Legislative Council, up until then Prime Minister Harry Atkinson had not made any recommendations on appointements. However, this year Atkinsons conservative supporters became more and more concerned that the Liberals under John Ballance would gain power, Atkinson was put under pressure to assure that there was a conservative majority in the Council. He informed Atkinson that a little list of nominations for the Legislative Council could be agreed upon, Atkinson lost ground in the election of December 1890, although it was unclear if the Liberals under Ballance would get enough support to form an administration. However, despite public opposition Onslow followed Atkinsons recommendations and nominated six people to the council, Onslows actions even further damaged the reputation of the council. Several independent members were pressurised into supporting Ballance, who was able to form an administration, in 1891 Ballance asked Onslow to nominate 18 representatives to the council in order to counterbalance Atkinsons nominations of the previous year. He agreed to eight representatives, a compromise Ballance declined. The matter was deferred to Onslows successor, the Earl of Glasgow. Onslow resigned in February 1892 and returned to England, in 1903 he entered Balfours cabinet as President of the Board of Agriculture and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year
38.
David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow
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David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow GCMG was a British naval commander and colonial governor. He served as Governor of New Zealand between 1892 and 1897, Boyle was the son of Patrick Boyle, eldest son of David Boyle, Lord Boyle, by his first wife Elizabeth Montgomerie. His mother was Mary Frances Elphinstone-Dalrymple, daughter of Sir Robert Dalrymple-Horn-Elphinstone and he succeeded in the earldom in 1890. Boyle served with the Royal Navy during the Crimean and Second Opium Wars and he was the commander of the HMS Niobe that was wrecked in 1874. He retired with the rank of captain, Boyle was the Governor of New Zealand from 1892 to 1897. He was the cousin of another Governor, Sir James Fergusson, the Wellington suburb of Kelburn in New Zealand is named after Viscount Kelburn, the son of Boyle. Upon his return to the UK, Lord Glasgow was elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1897 as Baron Fairlie, of Fairlie in the County of Ayr, Lord Glasgow took an active interest in the city of Glasgow. He received the honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Glasgow when they celebrated the 450th jubilee in June 1901, Lord Glasgow married Dorothea Elizabeth Thomasina Hunter Blair, on 23 July 1873. They had five sons and three daughters, Captain Patrick James Boyle, 8th Earl of Glasgow Lt Hon Edward George Boyle, the Countess of Glasgow died in January 1923. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Glasgow
39.
Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
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On his mothers side he descended from Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, the architect. He was educated at Eton and the Sandhurst before joining the Rifle Brigade, Foljambe served in the Second Boer War and was promoted to Captain. In July 1901 he was appointed an extra aide-de-camp to the Earl Cadogan and he retired from the army in 1906. Liverpool succeeded his father in the earldom in 1907 and took his seat in the House of Lords on the Liberal benches, in July 1909 he was appointed Comptroller of the Household in the Liberal administration of H. H. Asquith, a post he held until 1912. The latter year he was appointed Governor of New Zealand, in 1917 the office was raised in dignity to that of Governor-General of New Zealand. The same year Liverpool was also admitted to the Privy Council and his term was extended to cover the visit of the Prince of Wales. He retired as Governor-General in 1920 and was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 7 October 1920, during the First World War, Liverpool conferred his name upon a New Zealand infantry regiment. The New Zealand Rifle Brigade was formed in 1915, served with the New Zealand Division during the war and was disbanded in 1919, Lord Liverpool married the Hon. Annette Louise Monck, daughter of Henry Monck, 5th Viscount Monck, in 1897. In the 1918 New Year Honours, Annette, Countess of Liverpool was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire and he owned Hartsholme Hall from 1909 to 1939. He died at his home Canwick Hall in May 1941, aged 70, the Countess of Liverpool died in May 1948, aged 73. Works by or about Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool at Internet Archive
40.
John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
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Admiral of the Fleet John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, GCB, OM, GCVO, SGM, DL was a Royal Navy officer. He fought in the Anglo-Egyptian War and the Boxer Rebellion and commanded the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 during the First World War. Jellicoe later served as First Sea Lord, overseeing the expansion of the Naval Staff at the Admiralty and the introduction of convoys and he also served as the Governor-General of New Zealand in the early 1920s. He was made a midshipman in the steam frigate HMS Newcastle in September 1874 before transferring to the ironclad HMS Agincourt in the Mediterranean Fleet in July 1877. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 5 December 1878, he joined HMS Alexandra, flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet, as signal sub-lieutenant in 1880. Promoted to lieutenant on 23 September 1880, he returned to HMS Agincourt in February 1881, Jellicoe qualified as a gunnery officer in 1883 and was appointed to the staff of the gunnery school HMS Excellent in May 1884. He joined the turret ship HMS Monarch as gunnery officer in September 1885 and was awarded the Board of Trade Silver Medal for rescuing the crew of a steamer near Gibraltar in May 1886. Promoted to commander on 30 June 1891, Jellicoe joined the battleship HMS Sans Pareil in the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1892. He transferred to the battleship HMS Victoria in 1893 and was aboard when it collided with HMS Camperdown and was wrecked off Tripoli in Lebanon on 22 June 1893 and he was then appointed to the new flagship, HMS Ramillies, in October 1893. Promoted to captain on 1 January 1897, Jellicoe became a member of the Admiraltys Ordnance Committee and he was badly wounded during the Battle of Beicang and told he would die but confounded the attending doctor and chaplain by living. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath and given the German Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class, centurion returned to the United Kingdom in August 1901, and was paid off the following month, when Captain Jellicoe and the crew went on leave. Promoted to rear admiral on 8 February 1907, he pushed hard for funds to modernise the navy, supporting the construction of new Dreadnought-type battleships and Invincible-class battlecruisers. Dreyers improvements in gunnery fire-control systems, and favoured the adoption of Dreyers Fire Control Table, Jellicoe arranged for the output of naval ordnance to be transferred from the War Office to the Admiralty. Jellicoe was appointed second-in-command of the Atlantic Fleet in August 1907 and he was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on the occasion of the Kings Review of the Home Fleet in the Solent on 3 August 1907. He advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on the Coronation of King George V on 19 June 1911 and he became Second Sea Lord in December 1912. At the start of the First World War, the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill, removed Admiral George Callaghan, Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet. Jellicoe was promoted to admiral on 4 August 1914 and assigned command of the renamed Grand Fleet in Admiral Callaghans place. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 8 February 1915, Jellicoe commanded the British Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, the largest clash of dreadnoughts, albeit an indecisive one
41.
Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet
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General Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet GCB, GCMG, DSO, MVO was a British Army officer and the third Governor-General of New Zealand. Charles was the son of Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet and he was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before joining the Grenadier Guards in 1883. He served in Sudan from 1896 to 1898, becoming Commanding Officer of the 15th Sudanese Regiment in 1899 and Commander of the Omdurman District in 1900. He was made Adjutant General of the Egyptian Army 1901 and Commanding Officer of 3rd Bn Grenadier Guards in 1904 before becoming a Brigadier-General on the staff of the Irish Command in 1907. He took the 5th Division to France in August 1914 at the start of the First World War and he commanded II Corps from January 1915 and then, from May 1916, XVII Corps which he led until the end of the war. After the war he was a Military Governor of Cologne before he retired in 1922 and his father, Sir James Fergusson, had served as a Governor of New Zealand, and his son Bernard Ballantrae was the tenth and last British-appointed Governor-General. On 20 June 1929 Fergusson was involved in a railway accident, the train hit a slip between Paekakariki and Pukerua Bay, with the locomotive falling down a steep bank and injuring the driver. The first three carriages of the train left the rails, but the Viceregal carriage remained on the tracks. Fergusson married Lady Alice Mary Boyle on 18 July 1901 and she was a daughter of David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow. During his term as Governor-General, he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand, after his term in New Zealand, he became chairman of the West Indies Closer Union Commission and was Lord Lieutenant of Ayrshire from 1937 until his death on 20 February 1951
42.
Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe
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Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe GCMG KBE PC, was a British Conservative politician and colonial governor. He was Governor-General of New Zealand from 1930 to 1935 and he was born in London, the second son of Charles Bathurst, of Lydney Park and Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Col. Thomas Hay by Georgette Arnaud. He was educated at Sherborne School, Eton and then University College, Oxford and he then studied law and was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1892, when he gained an MA from Oxford. He was also called to the bar and he inherited Lydney Park on the death of his elder brother. Bathurst worked as a barrister and conveyancer and in 1910 entered parliament representing the Conservative Party as MP for the South or Wilton division of Wiltshire. He carried the task of ensuring the country had a supply of sugar when asked to chair the Royal Commission on Sugar Supply until 1919. Bathurst was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 and he remained in parliament until 1928, serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1924 onwards. The following year he granted an honorary Doctorate of Science by Bristol University and was a member of the Privy Council from 1926, stanley Baldwin appointed Lord Bledisloe to chair the Royal Commission on Land Drainage probably owing to his own experiences on the banks of the Severn in Gloucestershire. But it was his last such honour until being posted overseas and his social conscience was much appreciated during the Depression era, as was his insistence that his salary should be cut as were the salaries of public servants at the time. Bledisloe also contributed to improved Pākehā – Māori relations, purchasing the site where the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, in 1934, the site was dedicated as a national reserve. The dedication ceremony attracted thousands of people, both Māori and Pākehā, Bledisloe continued to take an interest in the site even after his term expired and he returned to England. Bledisloe also contributed to the recognition of the Māori King Movement by developing a friendship with King Koroki and Te Puea Herangi, and his willingness to use the title king without reticence. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. and honorary doctorate of laws from Oxford. Upon returning to England he was elevated on 24 June 1935 to Viscount Bledisloe. He continued to serve on a number of committees and councils and he received the Kings Coronation Medal from George VI in 1937, being admitted at the same time as Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Bledisloe was a director of LLoyds Bank and the Australasian Mutual Provident Society, Lord Bledisloe died, aged 90, at Lydney on 3 July 1958, and was succeeded as Viscount Bledisloe by his eldest son, Benjamin Ludlow Bathurst. During his term as Governor-General, he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand, Charles Bathurst married Hon Bertha Susan, daughter of Henry Charles Lopes, 1st Baron Ludlow by Cordelia Clark. They had issue, two boys and a girl and he held this position for 70 years until his death and was succeeded as by his eldest son, Benjamin Ludlow Bathurst
43.
George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway
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George Vere Arundel Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway GCMG, DSO, OBE was a British politician. He served as the fifth Governor-General of New Zealand from 1935 to 1941, George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell Galway was born on 24 March 1882. His parents were George Monckton-Arundell and Vere Gosling and he had one sibling, Violet Frances Monckton-Arundell. He received his education at a school in Berkshire before attending Eton. He graduated with a Master of Arts in modern history, Viscount Galway married Lucia Margaret White, daughter of the 3rd Baron Annaly, in 1922. They had four children, Mary Victoria Monckton, Celia Ella Vere Monckton, Monckton-Arundell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Nottinghamshire Yeomanry on 1 January 1900, and promoted to lieutenant on 11 June 1902. In 1904, he joined the First Life Guards, the regiment of the British Army that makes up the Household Cavalry. During the First World War he was appointed as adjutant general and he was of the Royal Artillery. In 1933 he was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Honourable Artillery Company until 1934, upon retirement from his post as Governor General he returned as Colonel Commandant of the HAC until his death. In 1910, he attempted to follow his father into the House of Commons and he contested the Scarborough constituency in the 1910 general election, but was unsuccessful. Viscount Galway was Governor-General of New Zealand from 12 April 1935 to 3 February 1941 and his military background made an impression with cabinet ministers of the time. His term was extended because of World War II. Viscount Galway and his wife received numerous gifts during his time as Governor-General, some were returned to New Zealand around the time of the sale of the family house Selby Hall and were donated to the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in 1980. During his term as governor-general, he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand, upon his return to England, he held the honorary post of Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire under the 7th Duke of Portland. He died suddenly on 27 March 1943 in Blyth, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Galway Short biography by the office of the Governor-General
44.
Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall
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Marshal of the Royal Air Force Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall, GCB, OM, GCMG, CBE, AM was a senior officer of the British Army and Royal Air Force. He commanded units of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force in the First World War, from 1941 to 1946 he was the Governor-General of New Zealand. Born to a family, Newall studied at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. After transferring to the 2nd Gurkha Rifles in the Indian Army, he saw service on the North West Frontier. He served in staff positions through the 1920s and was Air Officer Commanding the Middle East Command in the early 1930s before becoming Air Member for Supply, however, he was sacked after the Battle of Britain after political intrigue caused him to lose Churchills confidence. In 1941 he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, holding office until 1946, Newall was born to Lieutenant Colonel William Potter Newall and Edith Gwendoline Caroline Newall. After education at Bedford School, he attended the Royal Military College, after leaving Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 16 August 1905. He was promoted to lieutenant on 18 November 1908, and transferred to the 2nd King Edward VIIs Own Gurkha Rifles on 16 September 1909. Newall began to turn towards a career in aviation in 1911 and he held certificate No.144 issued by the Royal Aero Club. On the outbreak of war, Newall was in England, on 12 September 1914, he was given the temporary rank of captain, and attached to the Royal Flying Corps as a flight commander, to serve with No.1 Squadron on the Western Front. He was promoted to the permanent rank of captain on 22 September, on 24 March 1915 he was promoted to major and appointed to command No.12 Squadron, flying BE2c aircraft in France from September onwards. The squadron took part in the Battle of Loos, bombing railways, in December 1916 he took command of No.9 Wing in France, a long-range bomber and reconnaissance formation, and in October 1917 took command of the newly formed No.41 Wing. This was upgraded as the 8th Brigade in December, with Newall promoted accordingly to the rank of brigadier-general on 28 December 1917. During 1918, it joined the Independent Bombing Force, which was the strategic bombing arm of the newly formed Royal Air Force. In June 1918 Newall was appointed the Deputy Commander of the Independent Bombing Force, Newall was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1919 and promoted to group captain on 8 August 1919. He became Deputy Director of Personnel at the Air Ministry in August 1919 and he married May Weddell in 1922, she died in September 1924, and he remarried the following year to Olive Foster, an American woman. He had three children with Foster, a son and two daughters, Newall was promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1925, and took command of the newly formed Auxiliary Air Force in May 1925. He was appointed to a League of Nations disarmament committee in December 1925 and then became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence on 12 April 1926
