1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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New York's 11th congressional district
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New Yorks 11th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York City. The 11th district includes all of Staten Island and parts of southern Brooklyn, including the neighborhoods of Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, the district has significant Italian-American, Jewish, Irish-American, Russian-American, and Arab-American populations. From 2003-2013, the district was located entirely in Brooklyn, and had a majority African-American population, most of the old 11th is now the 9th District. Prior to 2013, most of the currently in the 11th had been the 13th District. The district was the subject of The Colbert Reports Better Know a District segment on December 15,2005, on May 5,2015 the 11th Congressional District of New York held a special election for the U. S. House of Representatives. The three major party candidates were Daniel Donovan, Vincent Gentile, and James Lane, Daniel Donovan from Staten Island defeated his opponents in the special election gathering 58. 7% of the vote. The 11th has historically been a Brooklyn-based district, in the 1992 redistricting much of the old 11th became the new 10th district and the new 11th absorbed much of the old 12th district. In the 2012 redistricting, the new 11th replaced most of the old 13th district, in New York State there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
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William Sulzer
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William Sulzer was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a congressman from the same state. He was the first and so far only New York governor to be impeached and he broke with his sponsors at Tammany Hall, and they produced convincing evidence that Sulzer had falsified his sworn statement of campaign expenditures. William Sulzer was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on March 18,1863, the son of Thomas Sulzer, who was German born and he was the second in a family of eight children. He was reared on is family farm and attended the schools in or near Elizabeth. At age 12 he left home and sailed as a cabin boy aboard a brig and he returned to the family home a year later and became a clerk in a grocery store. Sulzer took night classes at Cooper Union before attending and graduating from Columbia College, then he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1884, and commenced practice in New York City. Even before beginning his law practice he was a member of Tammany Hall political machine serving as a stump speaker. He was married to Clara Rodelheim in 1908 and his participation in the machine helped assure that he was appointed to the Committee on General Laws in his first term. During his time in the Assembly he introduced bills seeking to abolish debtors prisons and his popularity and loyalty to Tammany machine were such that in 1893, Tammany Boss Richard Croker selected Sulzer to be elected as Speaker of the New York State Assembly. The term was noted as being corrupt and highly partisan, as the Democratic machine dominated all committees. Sulzer himself declared during the term ll legislation came from Tammany Hall and was dictated by that great statesmen, during his time in the Assembly, Sulzer was a delegate to the 1892 Democratic National Convention, and returned as such to every national convention until 1912. Sulzer was elected to the 54th United States Congress in 1894, representative in the eight succeeding Congresses, from March 4,1895, to December 31,1912, representing the 10th Congressional District. In Congress he became known as a Populist, and became known for his oratory, repeatedly he called for resolutions condemning Czarist Russia over the issue of pogroms. In the Sixty-second United States Congress he chaired the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Sulzer during his time in Congress supported numerous Progressive goals in terms of popular democracy and efficiency. He was a supporter of the creation of the United States Department of Labor, the election of senators --- for which he proposed a resolution in support of ---. In the Election of 1896 he supported the nomination of and campaigned for William Jennings Bryan, in 1896, for the first time he announced his candidacy for the governorship but was rejected by Tammany and the Democratic Party at large. In 1898 Richard Croker openly opposed his attempt for the Democratic nomination, for the next six elections Sulzer was continually rejected for the Democratic nomination for governor, losing to Tammany supported politicians such as William Randolph Hearst, and John Alden Dix
5.
Charles V. Fornes
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Charles Vincent Fornes was a United States Representative from New York. Born on a farm near Williamsville, Erie County, he attended the public schools and he moved to Buffalo in 1866, taught school in a district school, and then served as principal of a Buffalo public school for three years. He was employed as a clerk for a woolen merchant in Buffalo. In 1877 he moved to New York City and engaged in business as an importer and jobber of woolens and he was president of the board of aldermen of New York City from 1902 to 1907, and was trustee and director of several banks and corporations. Fornes was elected as a Democrat to the Sixtieth, Sixty-first and he declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1912 and resumed his former business pursuits in New York City. He retired from business in 1926 and returned to Buffalo. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, charles V. Fornes at Find a Grave
6.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
7.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
8.
Independence Party (United States)
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The organization was the successor to the Municipal Ownership League, under whose colors Hearst had run for Mayor of New York in 1905. Following its second-place finish in a race for Governor of Massachusetts in 1907, the party set its sights on the Presidency, the party garnered 83,000 votes in the 1908 election, however, and immediately dissolved as a national force. The Independence League of New York continued to nominate candidates for office in New York state until the election of 1914. In 1905 millionaire newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst made a run for Mayor of New York City under the banner of the Municipal Ownership League. Hearst ran on a ticket in opposition to incumbent Tammany Hall Democrat George B. McClellan, Jr. and Republican William Mills Ivins, Sr, in the wake of the defeat the Municipal Ownership League was replaced by a new political organization with a name less socialistically-oriented name, the Independence League of New York. In 1906, Hearst again ran for office, this time going to defeat in the race for Governor of New York on a Democratic-Independence League fusion ticket. Parallel Independence Leagues were active at the time in several other states, including California. In the latter state party nominee Thomas L. Hisgen garnered a number of votes in the 1907 election for governor. Prospects seemed bright for a new political organization to replace the Democrats as the chief opposition party in the United States. The gathering was convened on July 27,1908, in a hall bedecked with patriotic red-white-and-blue bunting, the first person nominated was former Congressman Milford W. Howard of Fort Payne, Alabama, placed into consideration by a long-winded speech which drew catcalls. The Howard nomination was followed by a speech by Rev. Roland D. Sawyer of Massachusetts and this was followed by the nomination of Georgian John Temple Graves, the editor of a Hearst newspaper. I intend, if I am allowed to finish, to nominate Mr. William J. Bryan, the hall broke into a wild uproar, a dozen delegates vainly struggling in the main aisle in an attempt to reach Mr. Sheppard. Canes and fists were shaken at him furiously, while howls of execration went up from all sides of the hall. Only after a period of tumult was order restored and Sheppard ruled out of order on the grounds of having nominated an individual who was not a member of the Independence Party. An announcement shortly followed that Sheppard had been removed as a member of the National Committee of the Independence Party, with the nominations finally complete, convention voting ensued. The first ballot saw a tally of 396 votes for Hisgen,213 for Graves,200 for Howard,71 for Reuben R. Lyon, a second ballot brought Hisgen to the doorstep of nomination, gathering 590 votes, compared to 189 for Graves and 109 for Howard. Only in the morning hours of Wednesday, July 29 did Hisgen go over the top
9.
Millicent Hearst
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Millicent Hearst, was the wife of media tycoon William Randolph Hearst. Willson was a performer in New York City whom Hearst admired. The couple had five sons, but began to drift apart in the mid-1920s and she was the daughter of vaudevillian George Willson and Hannah Murray Willson. Following in their fathers footsteps, Millicent and her older sister Anita performed at the Herald Square Theater on Broadway in 1897 as “bicycle girls” in Edward Rice’s The Girl From Paris. Sixteen-year-old Millicent caught the eye of the 34-year-old Hearst, and their first dates were chaperoned by her sister Anita, after a six-year courtship, the publisher and aspiring politician Hearst married 20-year-old Millicent Willson on April 28,1903. Hearsts mother, Phoebe Apperson Hearst, was dismayed by Millicent’s humble origins and she was a member of the New York State Commission for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915, and acted as chief official hostess at the New York Pavilion during the exposition. New York Mayor John Hylan appointed her Chairman of the Mayor’s Committee of Women on National Defense during World War I. The committee sponsored entertainments for servicemen, operated a canteen, encouraged enlistments, sponsored rallies and provided staples such as coal, milk. Hearst also served on committees to raise funds for the rebuilding of France. In 1921, she founded the Free Milk Fund for Babies, eleanor Roosevelt joined Millicent Hearst at many of these charitable events during the Great Depression. The Hearsts remained married until his death in 1951, but were estranged beginning in 1926 when his liaison with Marion Davies became public. Millicent established a life and residence in New York City as a socialite and philanthropist, rarely visiting her husband at their estate in San Simeon, California. She was close to her five sons throughout her life and they sided with her. Millicent Willson Hearst died on December 5,1974, more than two decades after the death of her husband, and was buried at the Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, finding Aid to the Millicent Willson Hearst Papers, 1914-1947 at The Bancroft Library
10.
Marion Davies
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Marion Davies was an American film actress, producer, screenwriter, and philanthropist. Davies was already building a reputation as a film comedian when newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst, with whom she had begun a romantic relationship. Hearst financed Davies pictures, promoted her heavily through his newspapers and Hearst Newsreels, for this reason, Davies is better remembered today as Hearsts mistress and the hostess of many lavish events for the Hollywood elite. In particular, her name is linked with the 1924 scandal aboard Hearsts yacht when one of his guests, film producer Thomas Ince, in the film Citizen Kane, the title characters second wife—an untalented singer whom he tries to promote—was widely assumed to be based on Davies. But many commentators, including Citizen Kane writer/director Orson Welles himself, have defended Davies record as a gifted actress and she retired from the screen in 1937, choosing to devote herself to Hearst and charitable work. In Hearsts declining years, Davies provided financial as well as support until his death in 1951. She married for the first time eleven weeks after his death, Davies was born Marion Cecilia Douras on January 3,1897, in Brooklyn, the youngest of five children born to Bernard J. Douras, a lawyer and judge in New York City, and Rose Reilly. Her father performed the marriage of Gloria Gould Bishop. Her elder siblings included Rose, Reine, and Ethel, a brother, Charles, drowned at the age of 15 in 1906. His name was given to Davies favorite nephew, screenwriter Charles Lederer. The Douras family lived near Prospect Park in Brooklyn, the sisters changed their surname to Davies, which one of them spotted on a real-estate agents sign in the neighborhood. Even at a time when New York was the pot for new immigrants. Educated in a New York convent, Davies left school to pursue a career and she worked as a chorus girl in Broadway revues and modeled for illustrators Harrison Fisher and Howard Chandler Christy. In 1916, Davies was signed on as a Ziegfeld girl in the Ziegfeld Follies, after making her screen debut in 1916, modelling gowns by Lady Duff-Gordon in a fashion newsreel, she appeared in her first feature film in the 1917 Runaway Romany. Davies wrote the film, which was directed by her brother-in-law, the following year she starred in two films – The Burden of Proof and Cecilia of the Pink Roses. Cecilia of the Pink Roses in 1918 was her first film backed by Hearst and she was on her way to being the most infamously advertised actress in the world. During the next ten years she appeared in 29 films, an average of almost three films a year, one of her most known roles was as Mary Tudor in When Knighthood Was in Flower, directed by Robert G. Vignola, with whom she collaborated on several films. According to her own diaries, she met Hearst long before she had started working in films
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Anne Hearst
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Anne Randolph Hearst is an American socialite, philanthropist, and publishing heiress. Hearst is one of the five daughters of Randolph Apperson Hearst, former president of The San Francisco Examiner, and his first wife and she is the granddaughter of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst. Patricia Hearst, who was kidnapped in 1974 by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army, is one of her sisters, educated at the Crystal Springs Uplands School and Regis College in Denver, Colorado. Hearst is an editor of Town & Country magazine. Hearst has been married three times, Her first husband was Richard McChesney, the couple separated soon after their marriage, and during that separation, Anne Hearst gave birth to their only child, Amanda Hearst. Her second husband was King Harris and they had a son, King Randolph Harris, and divorced. Her third husband, whom she married on 21 November 2006, is the novelist Jay McInerney, in March 1975, Hearst was arrested and charged with misdemeanor possession of crystallized amphetamine. She was arrested at Niagara Falls, NY, along with Daniel Moffet, both of them were later released on $1,000 recognizance bond. During the court hearing, both Moffet and Hearst said that the pills were hers, and so the US attorneys office recommended the charges against Moffet be dropped, Hearst was also questioned by FBI agents about her sister Patty Hearst, a then fugitive. After serving four months probation, the charges against her were dropped, as she had properly served her time of probation without violating any of its conditions
12.
Patty Hearst
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Patricia Campbell Patty Hearst, now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is the granddaughter of American publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. She became nationally known for following her 1974 kidnapping while she was a 19-year-old student living in Berkeley. Hearst was abducted by a left-wing terrorist group known as the Symbionese Liberation Army, after being isolated and threatened with death, she became supportive of their cause, making propaganda announcements for them and taking part in illegal activities. Hearst was found 19 months after her kidnapping, by which time she was a wanted for serious crimes. She was held in custody, despite speculation that her familys resources would prevent her spending time in jail. At her trial, the prosecution suggested that she had joined the Symbionese Liberation Army of her own volition and she was found guilty of bank robbery. Hearsts sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter, and she was pardoned by President Bill Clinton, Hearsts grandfather, William Randolph Hearst, created the largest newspaper, magazine, newsreel and movie business in the world. Her great-grandmother was philanthropist Phoebe Hearst, the family was associated with immense political influence and anti-Communism going back to before World War II. Hearst was born in San Francisco, California, the third of five daughters of Randolph Apperson Hearst and she grew up primarily in Hillsborough. She attended Crystal Springs School for Girls in Hillsborough and the Santa Catalina School in Monterey, Patty attended Menlo College in Atherton, California prior to transferring as a Junior to the University of California, Berkeley. Despite her wealthy grandfather, Patty Hearsts father was one of a number of heirs. Her parents did not consider it necessary to any measures for her personal security. At the time of her abduction, she was a sophomore at the University of California, Berkeley, studying the history of art, on February 4,1974, 19-year-old Hearst was kidnapped from her Berkeley, California apartment. She was beaten and lost consciousness during the abduction, shots were fired from a machine gun during the incident. An urban guerrilla group called the Symbionese Liberation Army claimed responsibility for the abduction, the SLA was formed through contacts made by a leftist-oriented study group, coordinated by a University of California, Berkeley professor. Its purpose was the tutelage of black inmates, and over time the ethos became increasingly radicalized, eventually, black convicts were viewed as heroic political prisoners, victimised by a racist American society. On March 5,1973, Donald DeFreeze escaped from prison, radical penal activists and future SLA members, Russell Little and William Wolfe, took DeFreeze to Patricia Soltysiks house. The SLA was led by DeFreeze, who, after an acquaintance named Wheeler left, was the only African American
13.
Amanda Hearst
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Amanda Randolph Hearst is an American socialite, activist, fashion model, and heiress to the Hearst Corporation, William Randolph Hearsts media conglomerate. She is an associate editor at Marie Claire and the founder of Friends of Finn. She also serves as a co-chair of Riverkeepers Junior Council and she is the child of Anne Hearst, a niece of Patty Hearst, and a great-granddaughter of media mogul William Randolph Hearst. Her father Richard McChesney separated from her mother before Hearsts birth and she is also the stepdaughter of novelist Jay McInerney, and a cousin of Lydia Hearst-Shaw. Hearst attended the Chapin School in New York City, and graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall, after a brief stint at Boston College, she dropped out to pursue modelling. She was eventually persuaded to return to school, and she attended Fordham University, as a former IMG model, Hearst has appeared on the covers of Town & Country, International Harper’s Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, and other major magazines, and has been featured in Vanity Fair. In 2012, Hearst modeled a new line of fashion designed by Liya Kebede. Amanda Hearst at the Fashion Model Directory
14.
Lydia Hearst
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Hearst was born in Wilton, Connecticut, to Patty Hearst and Bernard Shaw. After graduating from Wilton High School, she attended Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, always inspired by fashion, photography and the arts she was discovered by photographer Steven Meisel who shot her first magazine cover for Vogue Italia in April 2004. Hearst has covered fashion magazines in Italy, France, Korea, Japan, Latin America, and the United States. At the 2008 Michael Awards, Lydia was recognized as Model of the Year, as well as acknowledged, in 2007, Hearst appeared in Pumas French 77, which led her to design a line of handbags for the collection. In Spring of 2012, Swarovski launched its Heart Truth campaign naming Hearst as its ambassador and this campaign was a national awareness campaign that aimed to empower women to improve their heart health and sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Hearst briefly was a columnist for the short-lived Page Six magazine and she appeared on the cover of the 30 September 2007 issue of the magazine. She has since launched a blog where she regularly posts. As a child Lydia spent time on the set of John Waters films with her mother and this inspired Hearst in her decision to pursue a career in entertainment. Hearst made an appearance in the video for the Miles Fisher cover of This Must Be the Place. Hearst again starred in a video in 2012 for Cisco Adlers Song for All the Girls. She also has a role in Johnny Polygons LimoSexSuperstar video. Hearst served alongside Anne Vyalitsyna and Naomi Campbell as a coach for the second edition of Oxygens The Face modeling reality competition. The season premiered on March 5,2014, Hearst and Chris Hardwick were married on August 20,2016 in Pasadena, California. Official website Lydia Hearst at the Fashion Model Directory
15.
William Randolph Hearst, Jr.
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William Randolph Hearst Jr. was the second son of the publisher William Randolph Hearst. He became editor-in-chief of Hearst Newspapers after the death of his father in 1951 and he won a Pulitzer Prize for his interview with Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, and associated commentaries in 1955. Hearst attended the University of California, Berkeley and was a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, berlin, who was going senile, to be eased out to become chairman of the trustees for a period. Later William Randolph Hearst Jr. himself headed the trust and served as chairman of the committee of the corporation. Today his branch of the family is represented on the trustees by his son William Randolph Hearst III and he was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Washington Post, May 15,1993, William Randolph Hearst Jr, newspaper Editor, Dies at Age 85. William Randolph Hearst Jr. editor in chief of the Hearst newspapers and he died in New York, said George Raine, assistant city editor at the San Francisco Examiner, flagship newspaper of the Hearst chain. Hearst, the second of five born to William Randolph and Millicent Willson Hearst, found his calling as a reporter. He shared the Pulitzer Prize for international reporting in 1956, michael Cieply and Lindsay Chaney, The Hearsts, family and empire, the later years. Guide to the William Randolph Hearst, Jr, papers at The Bancroft Library William Randolph Hearst Jr. at Find a Grave
16.
Phoebe Hearst
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Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst was an American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist. She was the mother of William Randolph Hearst and wife of George Hearst and she was born Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson in St. Clair, Missouri, in Franklin County, the daughter of Drucilla and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe attended school, intending to become a teacher and her childhood also consisted of helping her father with finances at the family store, learning French, and how to play the piano. George Hearst returned to St. Clair in 1860 to care for his mother, and ran into Phoebe. On June 15,1862, when she was 19, Phoebe married George in the hopes of leaving her mundane home. Soon after their marriage, the couple left Missouri and moved to San Francisco, California, Georges home, George was a successful miner and had struck it rich. In their busy life, George often left Phoebe alone during his work, George later became a U. S. Senator. Phoebe and her son William shared a relationship throughout their time together, sharing many similar interests, one being art. After Phoebes death in 1919, William inherited a $10 million fortune, in the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association and the first president of the Century Club of California. In 1902, Phoebe Hearst funded the construction of a building to provide training and kindergarten classes. The Golden Gate Kindergarten Association had 26 schools at the time of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, Phoebe Hearst was a major benefactor of the University of California, Berkeley and its first woman Regent, serving on the board from 1897 until her death. Also in 1897, she contributed to the establishment of the National Congress of Mothers, in 1900, she co-founded the all-girls National Cathedral School in Washington, DC. A public elementary school near the National Cathedral School bears her name, Phoebe Hearst funded the Hearst Library in Anaconda Montana in 1898. She maintained the library until 1904, in 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Lowie Museum of Anthropology, renamed Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology in 1992, in celebration of the museums ninth decade. The original collection was founded with about 230,000 objects representing cultures, the museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime, and as denoted in her will, Phoebe Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to the Museum and she also funded archaeological and anthropological expeditions such as the Pepper-Hearst Expedition on the coast of Florida, near Tarpon Springs. The purpose of these expeditions was to enable anthropologists and archaeologists to study, most notable are the 1899 expeditions in Egypt by American archaeologist George A. Reisner and in Peru by German archaeologist Max Uhle. These expeditions, among others, found numerous, well-documented objects now in the museums collection, among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest Egyptian collection west of Chicago
17.
George Hearst
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George Hearst was a wealthy American businessman and United States Senator, and the father of newspaperman William Randolph Hearst. Hearst, of Scots-Irish origin, was born near present-day Sullivan, Missouri, to William G. Hearst, Hearst was raised in a log cabin on his familys farm in rural Franklin County. His father operated three small farms, all of which were mortgaged, with slave labor, William Hearst sold his products in his own local general store. George Hearst grew up before public education was accessible in Missouri, so his elementary education was inconsistent. Hearst supplemented the gaps in his education by observing the local mines. When his father died in 1846, Hearst took over the care of his mother, brother and sister, in addition, he did some mining and ran a general store. He first heard of the discovery of gold in California in 1849, before deciding to depart, he continued to read further news on the subject so that he could be more certain it was true. Finally, in 1850, as a member of a party of 16, after arriving in 1850, he and his companions first tried placer mining in the vicinity of Sutters Mill on the American River. After spending a winter and making meager findings, they moved to Grass Valley on the news of a new lode. Using his mining education and experience in Missouri, Hearst switched to prospecting and dealing in quartz mines. After almost ten years, Hearst was making a decent living as a prospector, and otherwise engaged in running a general store, mining, raising livestock and farming in Nevada County. In the summer of 1859, Hearst learned of the wonderful silver assays of the blue stuff someone had picked up over what was to become the Comstock Lode, and sent to a Nevada County assayer. Hearst hurried over to the Washoe district of western Utah territory and that winter, Hearst and his partners managed to mine 38 tons of high-grade silver ore, packed it across the Sierra on muleback, had it smelted in San Francisco, and made $91,000 profit. It was the sight of the bars of Ophir silver that started the rush to Washoe, G. Hearst knew Marcus Daly from the Comstock Lode work and in the summer of 1872 Daly suggested the possibilities of the Ontario silver mine in Park City, Utah. The Ontario carried Hearst through the Panic of 1873 and produced seventeen million dollars in ten years, Hearst later financed Marcus Daly to operate his Anaconda mine in Butte, Montana and acquired an interest in that mine as well. As a partner of Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co, the company grew to be the largest private mining firm in the United States. His son insisted on taking control of one of his fathers holdings, the San Francisco Examiner, Hearst bought the newspaper as a sign of loyalty to his friends by accepting it as payment for a gambling debt owed to him. Hearst primarily used the Examiner to promote the interests of the Democratic Party, one of his biggest investments was the Homestake Mine in South Dakota in 1877
18.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
19.
Harvard College
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Harvard College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of learning in the United States. The school came into existence in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, in 1638, the college became home for North Americas first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. Three years later, the college was renamed in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard who had bequeathed to the school his entire library, Harvards first instructor was schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton, in 1639, he also became its first instructor to be dismissed, for overstrict discipline. The schools first students were graduated in 1642, in 1665, Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck from the Wampanoag … did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period. The colleges of Englands Oxford and Cambridge Universities are communities within the university, each an association of scholars sharing room. The Indian College was active from 1640 to no later than 1693, the body known as The President and Fellows of Harvard College retains its traditional name despite having governance of the entire University. Radcliffe College originally paid Harvard faculty to repeat their lectures for women students, since the 1970s, Harvard has been responsible for undergraduate governance matters for women, women were still formally admitted to and graduated from Radcliffe until a final merger in 1999. About 2,000 students are admitted each year, representing between five and ten percent of those applying, of those admitted, approximately three-quarters choose to attend and these figures make Harvard perhaps the most selective and sought-after college in the world. Midway through the year, most undergraduates join one of fifty standard fields of concentration. Joint concentrations and special concentrations are also possible, a smaller number receive the Scientiarum Baccalaureus. There are also special programs, such as a five-year program leading to both a Harvard undergraduate degree and a Master of Arts from the New England Conservatory of Music. In 2012, dozens of students were disciplined for cheating on an exam in one course. The university instituted a code beginning in the fall of 2015. The total annual cost of attendance, including tuition and room and board, under financial aid guidelines adopted in 2012, families with incomes below $65,000 no longer pay anything for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $65,000 to $150,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual income, grants total 88% of Harvards aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans and work-study. Each house is presided over by a senior-faculty Faculty Dean, while its Allston Burr Resident Dean supervises undergraduates day-to-day academic, many tutors reside in the House, as do the Faculty Dean and Resident Dean. The way in which students come to live in particular Houses has changed greatly over time, under the original draft system, Masters negotiated privately over the assignment of rising sophomores considered most—or least—promising
20.
Hearst Communications
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Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under William Randolph Hearsts will, a board of thirteen trustees administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this, Frank A. Bennack Jr. former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation Gilbert C. In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur, American publisher, on March 4,1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst. He pushed his staff to write exciting stories, and wrote editorials worded with force. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success, in 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. He established Hearsts Chicago American in 1900, renamed the morning edition of the New York Journal as the New York American in 1901, the Los Angeles Examiner was launched in 1903 followed by the Boston American one year later. Hearst experimented with every aspect of publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service. In 1903, Hearst Magazines was begun with the publication of Motor magazine, within the next 10 years Hearst acquired several popular titles, starting in 1905 with Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping in 1911. Also in 1911, Hearst bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914, its title was shortened to Hearsts, and it was ultimately retitled Hearsts International in May 1922. In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine which it kept until 1999 when it was sold to Robert E. Petersen, Hearst began producing film feature in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios, the International Film Service. Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer, in 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged Hearsts International magazine with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, Hearst died in 1951, and the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, in 1924 he also merged his Milwaukee operations with the Pfister family, owners of The Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst owned the evening Wisconsin News while the Pfisters kept the Sentinel adding Hearsts features from the now-folded Telegram, in 1925, Hearst sold the Syracuse Telegram to the owners of the Syracuse Journal, while selling the New York Mirror in 1928
21.
Yellow journalism
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Yellow journalism, or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering or sensationalism, by extension, the term yellow journalism is used today as a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion. The term was used to describe certain major New York City newspapers around 1900 as they battled for circulation. The battle peaked from 1895 to about 1898, and historical usage often refers specifically to this period, both papers were accused by critics of sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation, although the newspapers did serious reporting as well. An English magazine in 1898 noted, All American journalism is not ‘yellow’, the term was coined by Erwin Wardman, the editor of the New York Press. Wardman was the first to publish the term but there is evidence that such as yellow journalism. Wardman never defined the term exactly, possibly it was a mutation from earlier slander where Wardman twisted new journalism into nude journalism. Wardman had also used the yellow kid journalism referring to the then-popular comic strip which was published by both Pulitzer and Hearst during a circulation war. In 1898 the paper simply elaborated, We called them Yellow because they are Yellow, joseph Pulitzer purchased the New York World in 1883 after making the St. Louis Post-Dispatch the dominant daily in that city. Pulitzer strove to make the New York World an entertaining read, crime stories filled many of the pages, with headlines like Was He a Suicide. and Screaming for Mercy. In addition, Pulitzer only charged two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information. While there were many stories in the New York World, they were by no means the only pieces. Pulitzer believed that newspapers were public institutions with a duty to improve society, just two years after Pulitzer took it over, the World became the highest circulation newspaper in New York, aided in part by its strong ties to the Democratic Party. Charles Dana, editor of the New York Sun, attacked The World and said Pulitzer was deficient in judgment, Pulitzers approach made an impression on William Randolph Hearst, a mining heir who acquired the San Francisco Examiner from his father in 1887. Hearst read the World while studying at Harvard University and resolved to make the Examiner as bright as Pulitzers paper. Under his leadership, the Examiner devoted 24 percent of its space to crime, presenting the stories as morality plays, a month after Hearst took over the paper, the Examiner ran this headline about a hotel fire, HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey, leaping Higher, Higher, Higher, With Desperate Desire. Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice, Archway and Facade, rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury
22.
The San Francisco Examiner
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The San Francisco Examiner is a longtime daily newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California. The Examiner is one of the pioneers in the industry and has published continuously since 1863. The San Francisco Examiner was sold to Black Press Group, a Canadian media publisher, as of 2014, The San Francisco Media Company LLC is held under, Oahu Publications Inc. a subsidiary of Black Press Group Ltd. In 1880, mining engineer, entrepreneur and US Senator George Hearst bought the Examiner, seven years later, after being elected to the U. S. Senate, he gave it to his son, William Randolph Hearst, who was then 23 years old. The elder Hearst was said to have received the paper as partial payment of a poker debt. William Randolph Hearst created the masthead with the Hearst Eagle and the slogan Monarch of the Dailies. After the great earthquake and fire of 1906 destroyed much of San Francisco, the Examiner and its rivals — the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Call — brought out a joint edition. The Examiner offices were destroyed on April 18,1906, but when the city was rebuilt, a new structure and it opened in 1909, and in 1937 the facade, entranceway and lobby underwent an extensive remodeling designed by architect Julia Morgan. Ultimately, circulation battles ended in a merging of resources between the two papers, the Examiner published the Sunday papers news sections and glossy magazine, and the Chronicle contributed the features. Circulation was approximately 100,000 on weekdays and 500,000 on Sundays, in its stylebook, the Examiner has traditionally referred to San Francisco as The City, capitalized, both in headlines and text of stories, and continues to do so. San Francisco slang has traditionally referred to the Examiner in abbreviated form as the Ex. When the Chronicle Publishing Company divested its interests, the Hearst Corporation purchased the Chronicle. However, on July 27,2000 a federal judge approved the Fangs assumption of the Examiner name, its archives,35 delivery trucks, from their side, the Fangs paid Hearst $100.00 for the Examiner. On February 24,2003, the Examiner became a daily newspaper and is now printed Sunday through Friday. On February 19,2004, the Fang family sold the Examiner and its printing plant and his new company, Clarity Media Group, launched The Washington Examiner in 2005 and published The Baltimore Examiner from 2006 to 2009. In 2006, Anschutz donated the archives of the Examiner to the University of California, Berkeley Bancroft Library, under Clarity ownership, the Examiner pioneered a new business model for the newspaper industry. Designed to be read quickly, the Examiner is presented in a compact and it focuses on local news, business, entertainment and sports with an emphasis on content relevant to local readers. It is delivered free to select neighborhoods in San Francisco and San Mateo counties, and to single-copy outlets throughout San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Alameda counties, California
23.
New York Journal
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The New York Journal-American was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 to 1966. Both were published by Hearst from 1895 to 1937, the American and Evening Journal merged in 1937. The Journal-American was a publication with several editions in the afternoon, Joseph Pulitzers younger brother Albert founded the New York Morning Journal in 1882. John R. McLean briefly acquired the paper in 1895, Hearst founded the Evening Journal about a year later. Hearst entered into a war with the New York World. In October 1896, Outcault defected to Hearsts New York Journal, many believed that as part of this, aside from any nationalistic sentiment, Hearst may have helped to initiate the Spanish–American War of 1898 to increase sales. A year later, on January 12,1913, McManus launched his Bringing Up Father comic strip, the comics expanded into two full pages daily and a 12-page Sunday color section with leading King Features Syndicate strips. Uncle Remus, Dinglehoofer and His Dog, Donald Duck, Tippie, Right Around Home, Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, tad Dorgan, known for his boxing and dog cartoons as well as the comic character Judge Rummy, joined the Journals staff in 1905. Rube Goldberg also became a cartoonist with the Journal-American, the Evening Journal was home to famed investigative reporter Nellie Bly, who began writing for the paper in 1914 as a war correspondent from the battlefields of World War I. Bly eventually returned to the United States and was given her own column that she wrote right up until her death in 1922, popular columnists included Westbrook Pegler, O. O. McIntyre, Benjamin De Casseres and Dorothy Kilgallen. Kilgallen also wrote articles that appeared on the days as her column on different pages, sometimes the front page. Regular Journal-American contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States, Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym Cholly Knickerbocker, became famous and coined the term Café Society. John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase was the editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke, jack OBrian was television critic for the Journal-American and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that involved cheating on the popular television program Twenty-One. Ford Frick was a sportswriter for the American before becoming president of baseballs National League, Frick was hired by Wilton S. Farnsworth, who was sports editor of the American from 1914–37 until becoming a boxing promoter. Bill Corum was a sportswriter for the Journal-American who also served nine years as president of the Churchill Downs race track, frank Graham covered sports there from 1945–65 and was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame, as were colleagues Charley Feeney and Sid Mercer. Before becoming a news columnist elsewhere, Jimmy Breslin was a Journal-American sportswriter in the early 1960s and he authored the book Cant Anybody Here Play This Game
24.
Joseph Pulitzer
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Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and he became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. Today, he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements in the United States. The prizes are given annually to award achievements in American journalism and photography, as well as literature and history, poetry, music, Pulitzer founded the Columbia School of Journalism by his philanthropic bequest, it opened in 1912. He was born as Pulitzer József in Makó, about 200 km south-east of Budapest in Hungary, the Pulitzers were among several Jewish families living in the area, and had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers. Josephs father was a businessman, regarded as the second of the foremost merchants of Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from Moravia to Hungary at the end of the 18th century, in 1853, Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He moved his family to Pest, where he had the children educated by private tutors, in 1858, after Fülöps death, his business went bankrupt, and the family became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enlist in various European armies for work before emigrating to the United States, Pulitzer arrived in Boston in 1864 at the age of 17, his passage having been paid by Massachusetts military recruiters who were seeking soldiers for the long American Civil War. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lions share of his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer snuck away from the Deer Island recruiting station and he was paid $200 to enroll in the Lincoln Cavalry on September 30. He was a part of Sheridans troopers, in the First New York Lincoln Cavalry in Company L. where he served for eight months. Although he spoke three languages, German, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned little English until after the war because his regiment was composed mostly of German immigrants, after the war, Pulitzer returned to New York City, where he stayed briefly. He moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts for the whaling industry and he returned to New York with little money. Flat broke, he slept in wagons on cobblestone side streets and he decided to travel by side-door Pullman to St. Louis, Missouri. He sold his one possession, a handkerchief, for 75 cents. When Pulitzer arrived at the city, he recalled, The lights of St. Louis looked like a land to me. In the city, his German was as useful as it was in Munich because of the large ethnic German population, in the Westliche Post, he saw an ad for a mule hostler at Benton Barracks
25.
New York World
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The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a role in the history of American newspapers. It was a national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer, it became a pioneer in yellow journalism, capturing readers attention, the World was formed in 1860. From 1862 to 1876, it was edited by Manton Marble, in 1864, the World was shut down for three days after it published forged documents purportedly from Abraham Lincoln. But Scott was unable to meet the newspapers growing losses, Gould, like Scott, used the paper for his own purposes, employing it to help him take over Western Union. But Gould could not turn the state of the newspaper around. Joseph Pulitzer bought the World in 1883 and began an era of circulation building. Reporter Nellie Bly became one of Americas first investigative journalists, often working undercover, as a publicity stunt for the paper, inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days, she traveled around the planet in 72 days in 1889-1890. In 1890, Pulitzer built the New York World Building, the tallest office building in the world at the time, in 1889, Julius Chambers was appointed by Pulitzer as managing editor of the New York World, he served until 1891. In 1896, the World began using a printing press, it was the first newspaper to launch a color supplement. It joined a battle with William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal American. The World was attacked for being sensational, and its battles with Hearsts Journal American gave rise to the term yellow journalism. The charges of sensationalism were most frequently leveled at the paper by more established publishers, and while the World presented its fair share of crime stories, it also published damning exposés of tenement abuses. After a heat wave in 1883 killed a number of poor children. Its coverage spurred action in the city for reform, hearst reproduced Pulitzers approach in the San Francisco Examiner and later in the Journal American. Frank Irving Cobb was employed on a basis as the editor of the World in 1904 by publisher Pulitzer. Cobb was a fiercely independent Kansan who resisted Pulitzers attempts to run the office from his home, the elder man was so invested in the paper that he continually meddled with Cobbs work
26.
History of the United States Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party of the United States is the oldest voter-based political party in the world, tracing its heritage back to the 1820s. During the Second Party System, from 1832 to the mid-1850s, under presidents Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, both parties worked hard to build grassroots organizations and maximize the turnout of voters, which often reached 80 percent or 90 percent. Both parties used patronage extensively to finance their operations, which included emerging big city political machines as well as networks of newspapers. The Democratic party was a proponent for farmers across the country, urban workers and it was especially attractive to Irish immigrants who increasingly controlled the party machinery in the cities. The party was less attractive to businessmen, plantation owners, Evangelical Protestants. The party advocated westward expansion, Manifest Destiny, greater equality among all white men, from the start of the Democratic party which was in 1828, 6th President John Quincy Adams was a Democratic-Republican, and he was not a slave-holder. The 7th through 15th Presidents were either Democratic or Whig and all slaveholders, finally, 16th President Abraham Lincoln was a Republican and the only non-slave-holding President, other than John and John Quincy Adams. Thus in 1860 the Civil War began between the mostly-Republican North against the mostly-Democratic, slaveholding South, the Democrats elected only two presidents to four terms of office for 72 years, Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson. The Party was split between the Bourbon Democrats, representing Eastern business interests, and the elements comprising poor farmers in the South. The agrarian element, marching behind the slogan of free silver, captured the Party in 1896, both Bryan and Wilson were leaders of the Progressive Movement, 1890s–1920s. Starting with 32nd President Franklin D. Eisenhower. S, important Democratic progressive/liberal leaders included Presidents, 33rd – Harry S Truman, and 36th – Lyndon B. Since the Presidential Election of 1976, Democrats have won five out of the last ten presidential elections, winning in the elections of 1976,1992 and 1996. The modern Democratic Party emerged in the 1830s from former factions of the Democratic-Republican Party and it was built by Martin Van Buren who assembled a cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. The spirit of Jacksonian Democracy animated the party from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the Second Party System, the new Democratic Party became a coalition of farmers, city-dwelling laborers, and Irish Catholics. Behind the party platforms, acceptance speeches of candidates, editorials, pamphlets and stump speeches, as Norton explains, The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed the government as the enemy of individual liberty. The 1824 corrupt bargain had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics, Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power. They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative, and Jacksons political power was largely expressed in negative acts
27.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
28.
United States presidential election, 1904
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The United States presidential election of 1904 was the 30th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,1904. During the election campaign, Republicans emphasized Roosevelts success in foreign affairs, the nominee of the Democratic Party was Alton B. Parker, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as there was little difference between the candidates positions, the race was largely based on their personalities, the Democrats argued the Roosevelt presidency was arbitrary and erratic. Roosevelt easily defeated Parker, sweeping every region in the nation except the South, in doing so, he became the first President to win a term in his own right after having ascended to the Presidency upon the death of his predecessor. Since then, Presidents Calvin Coolidge in 1924, Harry S. Truman in 1948, Republican candidates, As Republicans convened in Chicago on June 21–23,1904, President Theodore Roosevelts nomination was assured. He had effectively maneuvered throughout 1902 and 1903 to gain control of the party to ensure it, a dump-Roosevelt movement had centered on the candidacy of conservative Senator Mark Hanna from Ohio, but Hannas death in February 1904 had removed this obstacle. Roosevelts nomination speech was delivered by former governor Frank S. Black of New York, Roosevelt was nominated unanimously on the first ballot with 994 votes. Since conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical, Senator Charles W. Fairbanks from Indiana was the obvious choice, since conservatives thought highly of him, yet he managed not to offend the partys more progressive elements. Roosevelt was far from pleased with the idea of Fairbanks for vice-president and he would have preferred Representative Robert R. Hitt from Illinois, but he did not consider the vice-presidential nomination worth a fight. With solid support from New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, source, US President - R Convention. Source, US Vice President - R Convention, Democratic candidates, In 1904, both William Jennings Bryan and former President Grover Cleveland declined to run for president. Since the two Democratic nominees of the past 20 years did not seek the nomination, Alton B. Parker, a Bourbon Democrat from New York, emerged as the frontrunner, Parker was the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was respected by both Democrats and Republicans in his state. On several occasions, the Republicans paid Parker the honor of running no one against him when he ran for political positions. Parker refused to work actively for the nomination, but did nothing to restrain his conservative supporters, former President Grover Cleveland endorsed Parker. The Democratic Convention that met in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 6–9,1904, has called one of the most exciting. The struggle inside the Democratic Party over the nomination was to prove as contentious as the election itself, despite the fact that Parker had supported Bryan in 1896 and 1900, Bryan hated him for being a Gold Democrat. Bryan wanted the weakest man nominated, one who could not take the control of the party away from him and he denounced Judge Parker as a tool of Wall Street before he was nominated and declared that no self-respecting Democrat could vote for him
29.
Mayor of New York City
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The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York Citys government. The mayors office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, the budget overseen by the mayors office is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $70 billion a year. The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to more than 1.1 million students, levies $27 billion in taxes. The mayors office is located in New York City Hall, it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City, Manhattan, Brooklyn, the mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayors regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules, according to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office. It was changed two to three terms on October 23,2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly, the current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio, who was elected on November 5,2013. In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York, for 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointments in which the governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor, an amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year, gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardias administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum, the mayor is entitled to a salary of $225,000, but early 21st century mayor Michael Bloomberg, the 16th-richest man in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly. Bloomberg had a net worth of $33 billion as of 2014. In 2000 direct control of the public school system was transferred to the mayors office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education, tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner. The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter, the post was created by Fiorello La Guardia to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend
30.
New York state election, 1906
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The Socialist state convention met on June 2 at the Workingmens Educational Building at 247, East Eighty-fourth Street in New York City. Morris Hillquit was chosen Permanent Chairman, the Prohibition state convention met on September 5 at Binghamton, New York. Mott, of Buffalo, for State Engineer, the Independence League state convention met on September 11 and 12 at Carnegie Hall in New York City. The Republican state convention met on September 25 and 26 at Saratoga, merton E. Lewis was nominated for Comptroller, and all the other incumbent state officers were re-nominated, all by acclamation. The Democratic state convention met on September 25,26 and 27 at Buffalo, Lewis Nixon was Temporary and Permanent Chairman. William Randolph Hearst was nominated for Governor on the first ballot, all other candidates were nominated by acclamation, among them the Independence League nominees Chanler and Whalen. The Democratic/Independence League fusion ticket was elected with exception of Hearst who was rejected by a part of the Democratic voters. Although Republican Hughes was elected Governor, this ended a Republican era in state politics which had lasted a dozen years. The incumbents Bruce, OBrien, Mayer, Wallenmeier and Van Alstyne were defeated, the Republican, Democratic, Socialist and Prohibition parties maintained automatic ballot status, the Independence League attained it, and the Socialist Labor Party did not re-attain it. Blank, defective and scattering votes,2,110 Numbers for Hearst, Chanler, Whalen, Glynn, Jackson, Hauser and Skene are total votes on Democratic, hearsts vote was 673,268 Democratic and 17,837 Independence League. Chanler vote was 701,182 Democratic and 17,460 Independence League, Whalen received 700,673 Democratic votes and 17,247 on the Independence League line
31.
Charles Foster Kane
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Charles Foster Kane is a fictional character and the subject of Orson Welles 1941 film Citizen Kane. The character is believed to be based on publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst. Welles played Kane, with Buddy Swan playing Kane as a child, Welles also produced, co-wrote and directed the film. The general consensus is that William Randolph Hearst is the not the only—inspiration behind Charles Foster Kane. In the film, Kane is given the line You provide the prose poems, Ill provide the war, undeniably similar to You furnish the pictures, and Ill furnish the war, a quote widely attributed to Hearst. Also, a shot of Hearsts ranch is shown in the film as Xanadu. The connection with Hearst is strengthened by the fact that Welless co-writer, some biographies of Welles posit that Welles himself was a source of inspiration for the character. Some of the dialogue on how to run a newspaper are direct quotes from Welless comments on how to make a motion picture. Mankiewicz included dialogue about Kanes voracious appetite, also meant to echo Welless character, in recent years, Kane has been compared unfavorably to contemporary media figures such as Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner. Citizen Kane explores the life of the character, who is born of humble origins in the fictional settlement of Little Salem, Colorado. A mine given to his parents–to settle a bill for room and board—happens to be rich in gold, in 1871, Kanes mother puts him under the guardianship of a New York City banker named Walter Parks Thatcher, who raises him in luxury until he becomes an adult. Kane resents Thatcher for ripping him away from his family, and he attends prestigious colleges such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Cornell—and gets himself expelled from all of them. As an adult, Kane takes control of a Thatcher-owned newspaper called the New York Daily Inquirer and his first act as the papers new owner is to publish a declaration of principles stating his duty to be truthful to his readers. Kane also hires staff members away from the rival Chronicle newspaper, to finance the fledgling Inquirer, Kane uses his personal resources, this would allow him to operate it, even at a million dollar annual loss, for decades. Kane eventually marries Emily Monroe Norton, the niece of a President of the United States, the marriage sours as Kanes wealth and power feed his megalomaniacal ego. As his popularity and fortune increases, Kane runs for Governor of New York against reputedly corrupt boss J. W. Gettys, an election victory is almost certain until Gettys reveals evidence of Kanes affair with a young singer named Susan Alexander. Gettys blackmails Kane, meeting him and his wife at Susans apartment. Kane refuses to drop out of the race despite Gettys leverage, the scandal goes public and Kane loses the election decisively
32.
Orson Welles
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George Orson Welles was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre, an independent repertory company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941. It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring, although some contemporary sources claim these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated, they rocketed Welles to notoriety. His first film was Citizen Kane, which he co-wrote, produced, directed, Welles was an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career. He has been praised as the ultimate auteur, Welles followed up Citizen Kane with critically acclaimed films including The Magnificent Ambersons in 1942 and Touch of Evil in 1958. Although these three are his most acclaimed films, critics have argued other works of his, such as The Lady from Shanghai and Chimes at Midnight, are underappreciated. Known for his voice, Welles was an actor in radio and film, a Shakespearean stage actor. George Orson Welles was born May 6,1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, son of Richard Head Welles and he was named after his paternal great-grandfather, influential Kenosha attorney Orson S. Head, and his brother George Head. Despite his familys affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood and his parents separated and moved to Chicago in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a bicycle lamp, became an alcoholic. Beatrice died of hepatitis in a Chicago hospital May 10,1924, the Gordon String Quartet, which had made its first appearance at her home in 1921, played at Beatrices funeral. After his mothers death Welles ceased pursuing music and it was decided that he would spend the summer with the Watson family at a private art colony in Wyoming, New York, established by Lydia Avery Coonley Ward. There he played and became friends with the children of the Aga Khan, Welles briefly attended public school before his alcoholic father left business altogether and took him along on his travels to Jamaica and the Far East. When they returned they settled in a hotel in Grand Detour, Illinois, when the hotel burned down, Welles and his father took to the road again. During the three years that Orson lived with his father, some observers wondered who took care of whom, in some ways, he was never really a young boy, you know, said Roger Hill, who became Welless teacher and lifelong friend. Welles briefly attended school in Madison, Wisconsin, enrolled in the fourth grade. At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there, Todd provided Welles with many valuable experiences, wrote critic Richard France
33.
Citizen Kane
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Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles, its producer, co-screenwriter, director and star. The picture was Welless first feature film, nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories, it won an Academy Award for Best Writing by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles. It topped the American Film Institutes 100 Years,100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. Citizen Kane is particularly praised for its cinematography, music, and narrative structure, upon its release, Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers. Kanes career in the world is born of idealistic social service. Narrated principally through flashbacks, the story is told through the research of a reporter seeking to solve the mystery of the newspaper magnates dying word. After the Broadway successes of Welless Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast The War of the Worlds on The Mercury Theatre on the Air and he signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939. Unusually for a director, he was given the freedom to develop his own story, to use his own cast and crew. Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground, he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane, principal photography took place in 1940 and the film received its American release in 1941. While a critical success, Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office, the film faded from view after its release but was subsequently returned to the publics attention when it was praised by such French critics as André Bazin and given an American revival in 1956. The film was released on Blu-ray on September 13,2011, in a mansion in Xanadu, a vast palatial estate in Florida, the elderly Charles Foster Kane is on his deathbed. Holding a snow globe, he utters a word, Rosebud, and dies, a newsreel obituary tells the life story of Kane, an enormously wealthy newspaper publisher. Kanes death becomes sensational news around the world, and the newsreels producer tasks reporter Jerry Thompson with discovering the meaning of Rosebud, Thompson sets out to interview Kanes friends and associates. He approaches Kanes second wife, Susan Alexander Kane, now an alcoholic who runs her own nightclub, Thompson goes to the private archive of the late banker Walter Parks Thatcher. Through Thatchers written memoirs, Thompson learns that Kanes childhood began in poverty in Colorado, in 1871, after a gold mine was discovered on her property, Kanes mother Mary Kane sends Charles away to live with Thatcher so that he would be properly educated. While Thatcher and Charles parents discuss arrangements inside, the young Kane plays happily with a sled in the snow outside his parents boarding-house and protests being sent to live with Thatcher. Years later, after gaining control over his trust fund at the age of 25, Kane enters the newspaper business. He takes control of the New York Inquirer and starts publishing scandalous articles that attack Thatchers business interests, after the stock market crash in 1929, Kane is forced to sell controlling interest of his newspaper empire to Thatcher
34.
Hearst Castle
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Hearst Castle is a National Historic Landmark and California Historical Landmark mansion located on the Central Coast of California, United States. It was designed by architect Julia Morgan, between 1919 and 1947, as a residence for newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, who died in 1951, in 1954 it became a California State Park. The site was opened to visitors in 1958, since that time it has been operated as the Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument where the estate, and its considerable collection of art and antiques, is open for public tours. Despite its location far from any urban center, the site attracts millions of travelers each year, Hearst formally named the estate La Cuesta Encantada, but usually called it the ranch. Hearst Castle and grounds are sometimes referred to as San Simeon without distinguishing between the Hearst property and the adjacent unincorporated area of the same name. Invitations to Hearst Castle were highly coveted during its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s, the Hollywood and political elite often visited, usually flying into the estates airfield or taking a private Hearst-owned train car from Los Angeles. While guests were expected to attend the formal dinners each evening, since the Ranch had so many facilities, guests were rarely at a loss for things to do. The estates theater usually screened films from Hearsts own movie studio, Hearst Castle was the inspiration for the Xanadu mansion of the 1941 Orson Welles film Citizen Kane, a fictionalization of William Randolph Hearsts career. Hearst Castle was not used as a location for the film, commercial filming is rare at Hearst Castle and most requests are turned down. U. Y. One condition of the Hearst Corporations donation of the estate was that the Hearst family would be allowed to use it when they wished. Patty Hearst, a granddaughter of William Randolph, related that as a child, the house is screened from tourist routes by a dense grove of eucalyptus to provide maximum privacy for the guests. In 2001, Patty Hearst hosted a Travel Channel show on the estate, Hearst Castle joined the National Register of Historic Places on June 22,1972 and became a United States National Historic Landmark on May 11,1976. Hearst Castle was included as one of Americas 10 Amazing Castles by Forbes Travel. com, the estate itself is five miles inland atop a hill of the Santa Lucia Range at an altitude of 1,600 feet. The region is sparsely populated because the Santa Lucia Range abuts the Pacific Ocean, the surrounding countryside visible from the mansion remains largely undeveloped. Its entrance is approximately five miles north of Hearst San Simeon State Park, Hearst Castle was built on Rancho Piedra Blanca that William Randolph Hearsts father, George Hearst, originally purchased in 1865. The younger Hearst grew fond of this site over many childhood family camping trips and he inherited the ranch, which had grown to 250,000 acres and 14 miles of coastline, from his mother Phoebe Hearst in 1919. The Hearst Castle area has a mediterranean climate that is moderated by its relative proximity to the Pacific coastline. Hearst first approached American architect Julia Morgan with ideas for a new project in April 1915, I get tired of going up there and camping in tents
35.
San Simeon, California
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San Simeon is a town and census-designated place on the Pacific coast of San Luis Obispo County, California. Its position along State Route 1 is approximately halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, each of those cities being roughly 230 miles away. A key feature of the area is Hearst Castle, a mansion built by William Randolph Hearst in the early 20th century that is now a tourist attraction. The area is home to a large northern elephant seal rookery. It is located seven miles north of San Simeon on Highway 1, the first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition, traveled northwest along the coast in September,1769. On September 11–12, the party passed the location of San Simeon. At Ragged Point, about 15 miles past San Simeon, the party turned inland across the Santa Lucia Range, San Simeon was founded as an asistencia to Mission San Miguel Arcángel, founded in 1797 and located to the east across the Santa Lucia Range. San Simeon was named for Rancho San Simeon, although the town-site is actually north of that rancho, on the former Rancho Piedra Blanca, in 1865, Pico sold part of the rancho to George Hearst, the father of William Randolph Hearst. The first Europeans to settle in the area near the bay of San Simeon were Portuguese shore whalers under the command of Captain Joseph Clark from the Cape Verde Islands. In 1869, Captain Clark built a wharf near the point for his whaling station, a small community grew near the 1869 wharf, but the waves near the wharf were too high, and the wharf was abandoned. In 1878, Hearst built a new wharf, and the community moved near the new wharf. A general store was built near the Clark wharf, and then relocated near the 1878 wharf, shore whaling continued on the point until the mid-1890s. It ceased for a time, started up again in 1897. In 1953, the Hearst Corporation donated the William Randolph Hearst Memorial Beach, including the Hearst Pier and it is currently part of Hearst San Simeon State Park. The present-day San Simeon pier was built in 1957, the name San Simeon also refers to some geologic structures of the area, particularly elements of the coastal Jurassic Age landforms and ophiolite mineral formations. According to the United States Census Bureau, the census-designated place covers an area of 0.8 square miles, the original townsite of San Simeon is at San Simeon Bay, and was the important 19th-century shipping point with the successive wharves that were built. San Simeon Acres, about four miles south of the townsite at the mouth of Pico Creek. Most of the development at San Simeon Acres was in the 1960s to the 1980s, many motels and cafes serve visitors to Hearst Castle
36.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
37.
Ulster Protestant
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Ulster Protestants are an ethnoreligious group in the Irish province of Ulster, where they make up about 54% of the population. These settlers were mostly Lowland Scottish and Northern English people and predominantly from Galloway, begun privately in 1606, the Plantation of Ulster became government-sponsored in 1609, with much land for settlement being allocated to the Livery Companies of the City of London. By 1622 there was a settler population of about 19,000. Ulster Protestants descend from a variety of lineages, including Scots, English, Irish, and Huguenots. Another influx of an estimated 20,000 Scottish Protestants, mainly to the counties of Antrim, Down. This migration decisively changed the population of Ulster, giving it a Protestant majority, most Ulster Protestants are Presbyterian or Anglican, Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian and the English mostly members of the Church of England. Between 1717 and 1775, an estimated 200,000 migrated to what became the United States of America, some Presbyterians also returned to Scotland during this period, where the Presbyterian Church of Scotland was the state religion. This repression by Anglicans largely ended after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, as Belfast became industrialised in the 19th century, it attracted yet more Protestant immigrants from Scotland. Because of these migrations, Ulster has a proportion of Catholics than the other provinces of Ireland. The vast majority of Ulster Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which is part of the present-day United Kingdom, most tend to support its Union with Great Britain, and are thus known as unionists. Unlike Protestants in the rest of the Republic, some retain a sense of Britishness, most Ulster Protestants speak Ulster English, and some speak one of the Ulster Scots dialects. British nationalism Protestantism in Ireland Unionism in Ireland Amity and enmity, variety in Ulster Protestant culture Ulster Protestants - Blood & Belonging
38.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
39.
Galway
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Galway is a city in the West of Ireland in the province of Connacht. Galway City Council is the authority for the city. Galway lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay and is surrounded by County Galway and it is the fourth most populous urban area in the Republic of Ireland and the sixth most populous city in the island of Ireland. According to the 2016 Irish Census, Galway city has a population of 79,504, however, Galway will be European Capital of Culture in 2020, alongside Rijeka, Croatia. The citys name is from the Irish name for Abhainn na Gaillimhe, historically, the name was Anglicised as Galliv, which is closer to the Irish pronunciation as is the citys name in Latin, Galvia. The city also bears the nickname The City of the Tribes because of the fourteen merchant families called the tribes of Galway led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period. The term tribes was a one, because the merchants saw themselves as Anglo-Irish and were loyal to the King during the English Civil War. They later adopted the term as a badge of honour and pride in defiance of the towns Cromwellian occupier, residents of the city refer to themselves as Galwegians. Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe was constructed in 1124, by the King of Connacht, eventually, a small settlement grew up around this fort. During the Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s, Galway fort was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh, as the de Burghs eventually became Gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the walled city. This led to their complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours, a notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, stated From the Ferocious OFlahertys may God protect us. A by-law forbade the native Irish unrestricted access into Galway, saying neither O’ nor Mac shall strutte nor swagger through the streets of Galway without permission, during the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families. These were the The Tribes of Galway, the city thrived on international trade, and in the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France. The most famous reminder of days is ceann an bhalla, now known as the Spanish Arch. In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands, seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of Imago Mundi, Men of Cathay have come from the west. During the 16th and 17th centuries Galway remained loyal to the English crown for the most part, even during the Gaelic resurgence, however, by 1642 the city had allied itself with the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the resulting Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian forces captured the city after a nine-month siege, the great families of Galway were ruined
40.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
