1.
Petronas Twin Towers
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The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers, are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The buildings are a landmark of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower, the towers were designed by Argentine architect Cesar Pelli. They chose a distinctive style to create a 21st-century icon for Kuala Lumpur. Planning on the Petronas Towers started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous tests and simulations of wind, the construction of the superstructure commenced on 1 April 1994. The building was opened by the Prime Minister of Malaysias Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad on 1 August 1999. The twin towers were built on the site of Kuala Lumpurs race track, test boreholes found that the original construction site effectively sat on the edge of a cliff. One half of the site was decayed limestone while the half was soft rock. The entire site was moved 61 metres to allow the buildings to sit entirely on the soft rock, because of the depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the worlds deepest foundations. 104 concrete piles, ranging from 60 to 114 metres deep, were bored into the ground, the concrete raft foundation, comprising 13,200 cubic metres of concrete was continuously poured through a period of 54 hours for each tower. The raft is 4.6 metres thick, weighs 32,500 tonnes, the foundations were completed within 12 months by Bachy Soletanche and required massive amounts of concrete. The Petronas Towers structural system is a tube in tube design, applying a tube-structure for extreme tall buildings is a common phenomenon. The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysias Muslim religion. Another Islamic influence on the design is that the section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb. As a result of the Malaysian government specifying that the buildings be completed in six years, two construction consortiums were hired to meet the deadline, one for each tower. Tower 1, the west tower was built by a Japanese consortium led by the Hazama Corporation while Tower 2, the east tower was built by a South Korean consortium led by the Samsung C&T Corporation. Ekovest Berhad, with Tan Sri Datuk Lim Kang Hoo at its helm also played a role in the construction as well as final fit outs of the towers. Early into construction a batch of concrete failed a routine strength test causing construction to come to a complete halt, All the completed floors were tested but it was found that only one had used a bad batch and it was demolished. As a result of the failure, each new batch was tested before being poured
Petronas Twin Towers
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The Petronas Towers as seen from the ground in April 2010
Petronas Twin Towers
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The Petronas Towers from their bases.
Petronas Twin Towers
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The Petronas Towers at dusk.
Petronas Twin Towers
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In accordance with CTBUH, the pinnacles contributed to the overall height of the towers, thus surpassing
Willis Tower.
2.
International Style (architecture)
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A visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction. Glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete, are the materials of the construction. Commissioned in 1931 by the director of the Museum of Modern Art, Alfred H. Barr Jr. The original exhibition catalogue was then followed up immediately by the book titled The International Style, the aesthetics-based definition of The International Style identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristics said to be common to Modernism across the world and its stylistic aspects. Hitchcock and Johnson identified three principles, the expression of volume rather than mass, the emphasis on rather than preconceived symmetry. The aim of Hitchcock and Johnson was to define a style that would encapsulate this modern architecture, all the works in the 1932 Museum of Modern Art exhibition were carefully selected, only displaying those that strictly followed these rules. Many Modernists disliked the term, believing that they had arrived at an approach to architecture that transcended style, the British architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner commented, To me what had been achieved in 1914 was the style of the century. It never occurred to me to look beyond, here was the one and only style which fitted all those aspects which mattered, aspects of economics and sociology, of materials and function. It seems folly to think anybody would wish to abandon it. The exhibition Modern Architecture, International Exhibition opened on February 9,1932, at the Museum of Modern Art, in the Heckscher Building at Fifth Avenue and 56th Street in New York. In the largest exhibition space, Room C, were works by Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Room B was a section titled Housing, presenting the need for a new domestic environment” as it had been identified by historian and critic Lewis Mumford. In Room D were works by Raymond Hood and Richard Neutra, among these works was shown Alvar Aaltos Turun Sanomat newspaper offices building in Turku, Finland. The exhibition is significant for its approach to the architectural exhibition. Highly curated in nature, the 1932 exhibition was driven by a desire to promote and consolidate the theory of international modernism, as such, the exhibition featured prominently the work of the core of the modernist group. With Van Der Rohe, Corbusier, Oud, and Gropius at the forefront, moMAs then director Alfred H. Barr hired art historians Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock to curate the museums first architectural exhibition. In 1929, Johnson attended the ceremony of his sister in Wellesley College, where he met Barr. In one month, Barr would be interviewed by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller for the position of the director of the MOMA, Barr added Johnson to MOMAs Junior Advisory Committee. Hitchcock graduated in 1924 after having completed his studies in three years and spending his senior year in architecture
International Style (architecture)
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Cover of "The International Style" (1932) by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson
International Style (architecture)
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Philip Johnson (pictured in 2002) co-defined the International Style with
Henry-Russell Hitchcock as a young college graduate, and later became one of its practicioners.
International Style (architecture)
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Villa Savoye, Paris, Le Corbusier
International Style (architecture)
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Bauhaus, Dessau, Walter Gropius
3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
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Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
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An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
United Airlines
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United Air Lines route map, 1940
United Airlines
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United Boeing 727-200 in the Stars and Bars Friend Ship livery at
Los Angeles International Airport in August 1974
United Airlines
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United Boeing 747SP in the 1974–1993 Rainbow Scheme
United Airlines
–
Three United
Boeing 777-200ERs and one
Boeing 747-400 at
San Francisco International Airport in 2008
6.
Willis Group
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Willis Group Holdings plc is a multinational risk advisor, insurance brokerage and reinsurance brokerage company with its headquarters in the Willis Building in London. It is the worlds fourth-largest insurance broker when measured by revenues, Willis has around 400 offices in 120 countries and approximately 18,000 employees. Willis was previously listed on the New York Stock Exchange before its merger of equals with Towers Watson. After the deal closed, the company began trading on the Nasdaq exchange under the symbol. The Willis Group is not related to Willis Lease Finance Corporation of Novato, California The company was founded by Henry Willis in London in 1828, and initially operated as Henry Willis & Co. In 1898 it merged with Faber Brothers to form Willis Faber and it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1976 as Willis Faber. It expanded into the United States in 1990 when it merged with Corroon & Black to form the Willis Corroon Group, in 1998 in a leveraged buyout the Company was acquired by Trinity Acquisition on behalf of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and in 1999 the name Willis Group was adopted. It was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 2001, in October 2008, Willis acquired Hilb, Rogal & Hobbs Co. Willis announced plans in 2009 to relocate its registered office from Bermuda to Ireland. On June 30,2015, Willis Group announced it would merge with Towers Watson to create Willis Towers Watson, the combined company operates in 120 countries, with a workforce of approximately 39,000 employees, revenues of $8.2 billion and a value of $18 billion. The merger was concluded on 5 January 2016 after all regulatory approvals were received, Willis moved into the Willis Building, its new London headquarters, in May 2008. The Willis Building in Ipswich, England, is one of the earliest buildings designed by Norman Foster after establishing Foster Associates, constructed between 1970 and 1975 it is now seen as a landmark in the development of the high tech architectural style. It is one of the youngest buildings to be given Grade I listed building status in Britain, the 108-story Sears Tower in Chicago was renamed the Willis Tower in July 2009. Willis secured the rights as part of its agreement to lease 140,000 square feet of space in the 3,800. It was the worlds tallest building from 1974 until 1998, when it was surpassed by the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Willis has 400 offices in more than 100 countries. Willis Group is sponsor of The Willis Resilience Expedition, a program in Antarctica to better understand our changing climate. Marsh & McLennan Companies Official website
Willis Group
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The
Willis Building in London
Willis Group
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Willis Group Holdings plc
Willis Group
–
The
Willis Tower in Chicago
7.
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8,1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor, George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States, in addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin, early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edisons electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouses chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, in 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, Florida, was sold to Siemens AG, a year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was sold to Toshiba in 2007. The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine generator, a 1,500 kW unit. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by a utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties, during the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died years later in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology and it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into broadcasting by establishing Pittsburghs KDKA, the first commercial radio station. Westinghouse expanded into the business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
–
George Westinghouse
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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Pittsburgh Plant (before 1888)
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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Close up of Westinghouse logo on historic kitchen stove at John & Mable Ringling Museum, Sarasota
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
–
Pittsburgh
Westinghouse Sign, 1967.
8.
Schindler Group
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The Schindler Group is a manufacturer of escalators, elevators, and moving walkways worldwide, founded in Switzerland in 1874. Schindler produces, installs, maintains and modernizes elevators and escalators in many types of buildings including residential, commercial, the company is present in more than 140 countries and employs more than 56,000 persons worldwide. The production facilities are located in Brazil, China, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, India, the company was founded in Switzerland in 1874, by Robert Schindler and Eduard Villiger who established the collective joint partnership Schindler & Villiger. Shortly thereafter, an engineering workshop was built on an island in the river Reuss in Lucerne, Switzerland, for the production of lifting equipment. Schindler founded the first foreign subsidiary in Berlin in 1906, thereafter, the company expanded continuously and mainly throughout Europe. In 1980 Schindler founded the first Western industrial joint venture in the Peoples Republic of China, with the takeover of Atlas in Brazil in 1999 Schindler became a major market player in South America. Schindler entered the North American elevator market with the purchase of Toledo-based Haughton Elevator Company in 1979 - briefly branding their products as Schindler-Haughton, currently, Schindler Elevator Corporation, the United States operations of Schindler Group, is based in Morristown, New Jersey. In February 2007, Schindler, along with competitors Otis Elevator Co, thyssenKrupp, Kone, and Mitsubishi Elevator Europe were fined by the European Union for a price-fixing cartel. Schindler was fined 144 million euros, or about $189.3 million US dollars, since 2011, Schindler have sponsored Solar Impulse, a solar-powered aircraft. Schindler 9300AE, Fits in any designs, has a height of 20 meters, step width of 600,800. Inclination is 27. 3/ 30/35 degrees, versions include 9300AE-10, 9300AE-20, inclination is 24. 5/27. 3/30 degrees. The advanced edition of this model is also not available in the United States. Schindler 3300, Fits in any design, capability is 400 kg to 1,125 kg, height is up to 60 meters in 20 floors. Schindler 5300, Space can be configurable for all needs, hold up to 630 kg to 2,500 kg, height is up 150 meters in 50 floors, speed is 1.0 meters up to 3.0 meters MMR and MRL. Schindler 7000, Fits mostly for high landmark buildings, capability is 4,000 kg for single deck and 2x 2,250 for double deck, speed is 10 meters, france,1969 Joint venture with Jardine, Matheson & Co. Haughton Elevator, Toledo, Ohio, USA,1979, Joint venture with Suzhou Elevator Company, China,1988. Joint venture with Saigon Engineering Co. Ltd, doppelmayr Aufzüge AG, Austria,2003 Saudi Elevator Corp. Joint venture with Xuchang Xiji Elevator, China,2011 Andino, the companys name for their proprietary control system, was introduced in 1995
Schindler Group
–
Schindler Test Tower at the Head Office in Ebikon, Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland
Schindler Group
–
Schindler Group
Schindler Group
–
Schindler Test Tower in Ebikon with old logo, Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland
Schindler Group
–
Schindler Miconic 10 keypad. This is the version in
Hong Kong.
9.
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings, with a portfolio spanning thousands of projects across 50 countries, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or glass box skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohes ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them The Three Blind Mies. Notable SOM architects include, Edward Charles Bassett, Natalie de Blois, Gordon Bunshaft, David Childs, Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Gertrude Kerbis, Fazlur Rahman Khan. Lucien Lagrange, Walter Netsch, Larry Oltmanns, Brigitte Peterhans, Adrian Smith, indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa, to support the towers record heights and slim footprint, he developed the buttressed core structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape. Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a tenure at SOM. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized more than 1,700 awards for quality. More than 900 of these awards have received since 1998. In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award from the American Institute of Architects, SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine. In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, london, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi. Smaller field offices supplement these in such as the Philippines. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m, construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The towers architect and engineer was Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, george J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically, Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner. The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, one World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in Manhattan, New York City, and is 1,776 ft high, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
SOM's original three partners —
Louis Skidmore,
Nathaniel Owings and
John O. Merrill.
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Lever House, 390
Park Avenue,
Manhattan
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
–
Manufacturers Trust Company Building at 510
Fifth Avenue, Manhattan
10.
Fazlur Khan
–
Fazlur Rahman Khan was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers. Considered the father of tubular designs for high-rises, Khan was also a pioneer in computer-aided design and he was the structural designer of the Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, and the 100-story John Hancock Center. Khan, more than any individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century. In his honor, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat established the Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal, Fazlur Rahman Khan was born 3 April 1929 in British ruled Dhaka, later East Pakistan, which is now present day Bangladesh. He was brought up in the village of Bhandarikandii, in the Faridpur District near Dhaka and his father Abdur was a high school mathematics teacher and textbook author. He eventually became the Director of Public Instruction in the region of Bengal and after retirement served as Principal of Jagannath College, Khan attended Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. After that, he studied Civil Engineering in Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur and he received a Fulbright Scholarship and a Pakistan government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to the United States in 1952. There he studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1967, he elected to become a United States citizen. Khan introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture and his first building to employ the tube structure was the Chestnut De-Witt apartment building. In 1955, employed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, he working in Chicago, Illinois. He was made a partner in 1966 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1967, Khans personal papers, most of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio tapes, slides. Khans central innovation in design and construction was the idea of the tube structural system for tall buildings, including the framed tube, trussed tube. His tube concept, using all the wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube. Most buildings over 40 stories constructed since the 1960s now use a design derived from Khans structural engineering principles. Lateral loads such as forces, seismic forces, etc. begin to dominate the structural system. Wind forces become very substantial, and forces caused by earthquakes, the tubular designs resist such forces for tall buildings. Tube structures are stiff and have significant advantages over other framing systems and they not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, but also significantly reduce the structural material requirements
Fazlur Khan
–
Fazlur Rahman Khan
Fazlur Khan
–
Sears Tower (now Willis Tower), engineered by Khan and designed by
Bruce Graham, was the tallest building in the world for over two decades. The design for this 1450-foot-tall tower introduced the bundled tube structural system, as well as a new vocabulary in architectural form.
Fazlur Khan
–
In 1960, buildings over 20 stories were still newsworthy; by the close of the decade, people were "living in the sky." Apartments in the
John Hancock Center in
Chicago - shown here with its distinctive exterior X-bracing - are located as high as the 90th floor.
11.
Bruce Graham
–
Bruce John Graham was a Colombian-American architect. Among his most notable buildings are the Inland Steel Building, the Willis Tower, and he worked with Fazlur Khan on all three constructions. He was also responsible for planning the Broadgate and Canary Wharf developments in London, architectural historian Franz Schulze called him the Burnham of his generation. He was a 1993 Pew Fellow, born on December 1,1925 in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Graham was the son of a Canadian-born father who was an international banker, and a Peruvian mother. He attended Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras in Puerto Rico and he studied at the University of Dayton, Ohio, and at the Case School of Applied Sciences in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1948 with a degree in architecture, when he first came to Chicago, he worked for Holabird and Root and joined the Chicago office Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the largest architectural firm in the United States in 1951. During his 40-year tenure at SOM, Bruce Graham designed notable buildings all over the world from his home in Chicago, to Guatemala, Hong Kong, London, Cairo, and many other cities. With Fazlur Khan he designed the Willis Tower, tallest building in the world for nearly 36 years and he was extremely involved with the University of Pennsylvania, especially the School of Fine Arts. He believed that teachers of architecture should be involved in its practice. He was committed to the study of theory and started the SOM Foundation. He also taught a studio at Harvard. Graham was a collector of art. He befriended Alexander Calder, Joan Miró, Chryssa and Chillida and he invited these artists to create public works of art for the city of Chicago. He believed that to create great work an architect should be informed by philosophy, history, music, Graham was highly influenced by Fazlur Khans design philosophy of Structural art. Khan said, A building’s natural strength should be expressed, Khan did not believe a building should be covered with granite slabs, or aluminum sheets. John Hancock Centers distinctive diagonally braced tube is an example, the building uses structural design for esthetic expression. Graham later expressed this in Hotel Arts in Barcelona and many other buildings, to Khan, for architectural design to reach its highest levels it had to be grounded in structural realities. Bruce Graham firmly believed in this, Graham left a major influence on London, where he was responsible for designing the master plans for the massive Broadgate and Canary Wharf developments
Bruce Graham
–
Bruce Graham
Bruce Graham
–
Willis Tower
Bruce Graham
–
John Hancock Center
Bruce Graham
–
Hotel Arts
12.
Emporis
–
Emporis GmbH is a real estate data mining company with headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The company collects and publishes data and photographs of buildings worldwide, Emporis offers a variety of information on its public database, Emporis. com, located at www. emporis. com. Emporis is frequently cited by media sources as an authority on building data. Emporis previously focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defines as buildings between 35 and 100 metres tall and at least 100 metres tall, respectively, today, the database has expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996, in 2000 he started skyscrapers. com which was folded into Emporis in 2003. In 2004, Stephan R. Boehm assumed the role of Chairman, Wutzke was Chief Technology Officer and managing director until 2010, when he left the company. In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million Euro in the company, effective January 1,2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg, in 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year
Emporis
–
Emporis
13.
Storey
–
A storey is any level part of a building that could be used by people. The plurals are storeys and stories respectively, the terms floor, level, or deck can also be used in this sense, except that one may use ground floor and ground level for the floor closer to what is considered the ground or street level. The words storey and floor also generally exclude levels of the building that have no roof, houses commonly have only one or two floors. Buildings are often classified as low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise according to how many levels they contain, the tallest skyscraper in the world, Burj Khalifa, has 163 floors. As of 2013, the tallest planned skyscraper, Sky City, is planned to have 202 floors, the height of each storey is based on the ceiling height of the rooms plus the thickness of the floors between each pane. Generally this is around 10 feet total, however, it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it, storeys within a building need not be all the same height — often the lobby is more spacious, for example. Additionally, higher levels may be smaller in volume than the ones beneath them, in English, the principal floor or main floor of a house is the floor that contains the chief apartments, it is usually the ground floor, or the floor above. In Italy the main floor of a home is usually above the ground level, the attic or loft is a storey just below the buildings roof, its ceiling is often pitched and/or at a different height than that of other floors. A penthouse is an apartment on the topmost storey of a building. A basement is a storey below the main or ground floor, split-level homes have floors that offset from each other by less than the height of a full storey. A mezzanine, in particular, is typically a floor halfway between the floor and the next higher floor. Homes with a split-level entry have the main floor raised half a storey height above the street entrance level. In Macys Herald Square, there is a one and a floor between the first and second, this can be considered a split level floor. There are also car parks, also known as parking garages. Floor numbering is the scheme used for a buildings floors. There are two major schemes in use across the world, in one system, used in the majority of European countries, the ground floor is the floor literally on the ground and often has no number or is assigned the number 0. Therefore, the floor up is assigned the number 1 and is the first floor. The other system, used primarily in the United States and Canada, counts the bottom floor as the first floor, the existence of two incompatible conventions is a common source of confusion in international communication, sometimes even between communities who speak the same language
Storey
–
Unusual floor numbering that reads B (basement floor), LG (lower ground floor), G, (ground floor), UG (upper ground floor), 1 (first floor), L2 (lower 2nd floor) and 2 (second floor).
Storey
–
A storey plan
Storey
–
A large elevator panel in a North American high-rise omits several floors as well as designating three separate levels as penthouse floors.
Storey
–
An elevator control panel in an apartment building in
Shanghai. Floors 4, 13 and 14 are missing.
14.
Skyscraper
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
Skyscraper
–
The
Burj Khalifa, in
Dubai (
United Arab Emirates), has been the
tallest skyscraper in the world since 2009, with a height of 829.8 m.
Skyscraper
–
The 16th-century city of
Shibam consisted entirely of over 500 high-rise tower houses.
Skyscraper
–
The
Two Towers of Bologna in the 12th century reached 97.2 m (319 ft) in height.
Skyscraper
–
Oriel Chambers, Liverpool. The world's first glass curtain walled building. The stone
mullions are decorative.
15.
One World Trade Center
–
One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest in the world, the supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was completely destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, the building is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east. The buildings architect was David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill also designed the Burj Khalifa, the construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27,2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30,2012, the towers steel structure was topped out on August 30,2012. On May 10,2013, the component of the skyscrapers spire was installed, making the building, including its spire. Its height in feet is a reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3,2014, the One World Observatory opened on May 29,2015, the building is 104 standard floors high, but the tower has only 94 actual stories. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize, the construction of the World Trade Center, of which the Twin Towers were the centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan, the project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki. Yamasaki came up with the idea of building twin towers, to satisfy the New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to buy the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, which transported commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan. The towers were designed as framed tube structures, giving tenants open floor plans and this design was accomplished by using many closely spaced perimeter columns, providing much of the structures strength, with the gravity load shared with the core columns. The elevator system, which use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators. The design and construction of the towers involved many other techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments. Construction of the North Tower began in August 1966, extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process, the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970. In the 1970s, four other buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex. A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s, each tower was over 1,350 feet high, and occupied about 1 acre of the total 16 acres of the sites land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, Why two 110-story buildings and his response was, I didnt want to lose the human scale
One World Trade Center
–
One World Trade Center, the tallest skyscraper in the
Western Hemisphere, in July 2013.
One World Trade Center
–
One World Trade Center under construction in 1971
One World Trade Center
–
Underground damage from 1993 bombing
One World Trade Center
–
The remains (from bottom to top) of One,
Six, and
Seven World Trade Center on September 17, 2001
16.
Fazlur Rahman Khan
–
Fazlur Rahman Khan was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers. Considered the father of tubular designs for high-rises, Khan was also a pioneer in computer-aided design and he was the structural designer of the Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, and the 100-story John Hancock Center. Khan, more than any individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century. In his honor, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat established the Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal, Fazlur Rahman Khan was born 3 April 1929 in British ruled Dhaka, later East Pakistan, which is now present day Bangladesh. He was brought up in the village of Bhandarikandii, in the Faridpur District near Dhaka and his father Abdur was a high school mathematics teacher and textbook author. He eventually became the Director of Public Instruction in the region of Bengal and after retirement served as Principal of Jagannath College, Khan attended Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. After that, he studied Civil Engineering in Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur and he received a Fulbright Scholarship and a Pakistan government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to the United States in 1952. There he studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1967, he elected to become a United States citizen. Khan introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture and his first building to employ the tube structure was the Chestnut De-Witt apartment building. In 1955, employed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, he working in Chicago, Illinois. He was made a partner in 1966 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1967, Khans personal papers, most of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio tapes, slides. Khans central innovation in design and construction was the idea of the tube structural system for tall buildings, including the framed tube, trussed tube. His tube concept, using all the wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube. Most buildings over 40 stories constructed since the 1960s now use a design derived from Khans structural engineering principles. Lateral loads such as forces, seismic forces, etc. begin to dominate the structural system. Wind forces become very substantial, and forces caused by earthquakes, the tubular designs resist such forces for tall buildings. Tube structures are stiff and have significant advantages over other framing systems and they not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, but also significantly reduce the structural material requirements
Fazlur Rahman Khan
–
Fazlur Rahman Khan
Fazlur Rahman Khan
–
Sears Tower (now Willis Tower), engineered by Khan and designed by
Bruce Graham, was the tallest building in the world for over two decades. The design for this 1450-foot-tall tower introduced the bundled tube structural system, as well as a new vocabulary in architectural form.
Fazlur Rahman Khan
–
In 1960, buildings over 20 stories were still newsworthy; by the close of the decade, people were "living in the sky." Apartments in the
John Hancock Center in
Chicago - shown here with its distinctive exterior X-bracing - are located as high as the 90th floor.
17.
List of tallest buildings in the United States
–
The worlds first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1885. Since that time, the United States has been home and still is home to some of the worlds tallest skyscrapers, New York City, specifically the borough of Manhattan, notably has the tallest skyline in the country. Eleven American buildings have held the title of tallest building in the world, New York City and Chicago have always been the centers of American skyscraper building. As of 2013, One World Trade Center, also referred by the name of Freedom Tower. Prior to the September 11,2001 attacks in New York City, the North Tower stood at 1,368 feet, while the South Tower was 1, 362-foot-tall. If they were standing today, they would occupy the fourth and fifth positions on the list below. There are numerous supertall buildings both proposed and under construction throughout the country, concentrated in New York City and Chicago and this list ranks completed and topped out buildings in the United States that stand at least 700 feet tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details, as well as antenna masts, an equal sign following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The Year column indicates the year in which a building was completed and this lists ranks completed and topped out buildings in the United States that stand at least 800 feet tall based on pinnacle height measurement, which includes antenna masts. Standard architectural height measurement, which excludes antennas in building height, is included for comparative purposes, * Indicates building is still under construction, but has been topped out. American cities with at least 15 completed skyscrapers over 400 feet high and this lists buildings that are under construction in the United States and are planned to rise at least 700 feet. Buildings that have already topped out are excluded. * Table entries with dashes indicate that information regarding building dates of completion has not yet been released and this lists buildings that are proposed for construction in the United States and are planned to rise at least 700 feet. A floor count of 50 stories is used as the cutoff for buildings whose heights have not yet released by their developers. * Table entries with dashes indicate that information regarding building heights and this table lists the 10 tallest buildings in the United States that have been demolished, destroyed, or are undergoing demolition. This is a list of the history of the tallest buildings in the United States and this lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in the United States. ^ According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, freestanding observation towers are not considered to be buildings and this structure is included for comparative purposes. Diagram of United States skyscrapers on SkyscraperPage
List of tallest buildings in the United States
List of tallest buildings in the United States
–
Tallest Buildings in the United States.
List of tallest buildings in the United States
List of tallest buildings in the United States
18.
List of tallest buildings in the world
–
This list of tallest buildings in the world ranks skyscrapers by height. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures and it maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world. The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, however, and some buildings listed within these list articles are not considered complete by the CTBUH. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are ranked higher than the Willis Tower with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers lower roofs. Until 1996, the worlds tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires and this led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 927 ft tall and had a higher top occupied floor. At present, the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin, as of 2017, this list includes all 139 buildings which reach a height of 300 metres or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. Worldwide, as there are plans in the five years for more than 80 buildings in the same height range. This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point and this measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are added, removed. This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower in height, the former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latters antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof categories and this is a list of 82 buildings taller than 300 metres or 65 floors that are currently under construction. More than half of the buildings are located in China, ^ Destroyed buildings not included B. ^ Topped out but not completed, ^ Topped out in 1992, when construction was halted. Work was restarted in 2008, exterior work completed in 2011, council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat BuildingHeights
List of tallest buildings in the world
–
The 828m tall
Burj Khalifa in
Dubai has been the tallest building in the world since 2008. The Burj Khalifa has been classified as Megatall.
List of tallest buildings in the world
–
Shanghai Tower in
Shanghai,
China is the 2nd tallest building in the world.
List of tallest buildings in the world
–
The
Abraj Al-Bait Towers in
Mecca,
Saudi Arabia, is the tallest hotel, and the 3rd tallest building in the world.
List of tallest buildings in the world
–
One World Trade Center in
New York City, is the 5th tallest building in the world and tallest in the Western Hemisphere.
19.
United Building (Chicago)
–
77 West Wacker Drive, previously the United Building, is an office building in the Loop, Chicago. Finished in 1992, the rises to a height of 668 ft with around 944,000 square feet of interior space. The building, with 50 floors, was designed by Ricardo Bofill and it was formerly known as the RR Donnelley Building when the RR Donnelley printing company was the primary tenant. RR Donnelley moved its headquarters to a different location in May 2005. The deal included naming rights to the building and this was the world headquarters of Chicago-based United Airlines and its parent company, United Continental Holdings. It also served as the headquarters for United Continental subsidiary Continental Airlines until its certificate was merged with United on November 30,2011, archer Daniels Midland moved its headquarters to the building in August 2014 from Decatur, Illinois. The building has a newsletter called FOCUS, published by Prime Group Realty Trust, brokers who were familiar with the lease negotiations stated that Sears was trying to keep Keck, Mahin & Cate in the building. Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move into 77 West Wacker, in 1991, RR Donnelley leased 215,000 square feet on floors 9 through 19 for its world headquarters, and Kemper Securities leased 150,000 square feet. With the lease deals concluded,77 West Wacker had 86% of its tenant space occupied, jerry C. Davis of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the remaining space would be too small for some prospective tenants. Davis added that the leases to RR Donnelley and Kemper significantly altered the complexion of the office market. In 2004, RR Donnelley signed a letter of intent to move out of 77 West Wacker, during the same year, McGuireWoods extended its lease by 8 years, changing the end date from December 31,2010 to December 31,2018. In addition, McGuireWoods expanded its space, effective February 1,2004. The company gained an extra 65,756 square feet of space in addition to its existing 67,819 square feet, as a result of the lease expansion of McGuireWoods, as of February 2004,77 West Wacker was 92. 2% leased. In 2004, the lease of the firm Jones Day of 138,764 square feet in 77 West Wacker was extended by 15 years, with the end date changed from September 30,2007 to September 30,2022. In 2006, Microsoft extended the term of its lease and expanded its space to 12,391 square feet. During the same year, Greenberg Traurig agreed to expand its lease by 22,565 square feet, in 2006, United Airlines agreed to move its 350 executives and some staff members from its Elk Grove Township campus to 77 West Wacker. On August 13,2012, United Continental Holdings announced its intention to again relocate its world headquarters. The company vacated their current offices at 77 W. Wacker with the future of the building left unknown
United Building (Chicago)
–
77 West Wacker Drive
United Building (Chicago)
–
77 West Wacker is shown in context between the
Leo Burnett Building and the partially constructed
Waterview Tower.
20.
Wacker Drive
–
Wacker Drive is a major street in Chicago, Illinois, United States, running along the south side of the main branch and the east side of the south branch of the Chicago River. The vast majority of it is double-decked, the upper level intended for traffic. It is sometimes cited as a precursor to the modern freeway and it is the only street in the city that is prefixed with all four cardinal directions, albeit on different parts of its route. The upper level is known as Upper Wacker Drive and the lower level is Lower Wacker Drive. A short part has a level, sometimes called Lower Lower Wacker Drive. In 1909, architects Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett drew up a plan for the Commercial Club of Chicago to unify the citys urban design, the improvement of traffic flow in Chicago was a major part of the plan. Charles H. Wacker, chairman of the Chicago Plan Commission, the original double-decker road, replacing South Water and River Streets, was completed in 1926 at a cost of $8 million and named after Charles Wacker. The 1926 section stretched from Lake Street to Michigan Avenue, the latter of which was rebuilt into a two-level road. An extension south to Congress Parkway and Harrison Street was built between 1948 and 1954, replacing Market Street, extensions east were built in 1963 and 1975, with the latter taking it to Lake Shore Drive, and a new lower level starting at Stetson Avenue. At the time, Lake Shore Drive had an S-curve at the river and this S-curve was on a viaduct over the Illinois Central Railroads rail yard, and was at the level of Upper Wacker, the middle and lower levels dead-ended at that point. The current alignment of Lake Shore Drive was finished in 1986, the ramps to bring upper traffic down had already been built, upper has been dead-ended where it used to end at Lake Shore Drive. In 2001-2002, Wacker Drive was redesigned and reconstructed between Michigan Avenue and Randolph Street, the original upper deck was crumbling, and the entire roadway did not meet modern standards for road widths and clearances. Using a specially-developed flat-slab, longitudinally post-tensioned, reinforced, high-performance concrete cast-in-place system, walkways along the river were meant to make the drive more pedestrian-friendly, while restoration of historic limestone elements and reproduction lighting evoked the drives original 1926 appearance. The 20-month, $200-million project was completed on time and within budget, in spring of 2010, work commenced on rebuilding the north-south section of Wacker, from Randolph Street to Congress Parkway, including the upper and lower levels. This is a continuation of the Revive Wacker Drive project started in 2001, Wacker is the only street to intersect both State Street and Madison Street, although Lake Shore Drive also crosses both dividing lines. In April 2014, The American Council of Engineering Companies awarded the Wacker Drive, the project team was led by TranSystems and included roadway, bridge and tunnel improvement work. The project involved complex staging to keep 135,000 vehicles and 150,000 pedestrians moving through the construction zone each day, the following streets intersect Wacker Drive, from south to north and west to east. Most upper-level streets that end at Wacker Drive, with only right turns allowed, are not included, the car chase scene in The Dark Knight was filmed on Lower Wacker Drive
Wacker Drive
–
Left:
Navy Pier 's fireworks over
Lake Michigan beyond the
Chicago River and the
Michigan Avenue and
Link Bridges with East Wacker on right; Left center:
Willis Tower at 233 South Wacker; Right center:
333 West Wacker sits at the junction of east-west and north-south traffic; Right:
360 North Michigan,
Mather Tower and
35 East Wacker on East Wacker west of
Michigan Avenue and the
Michigan Avenue Bridge.
Wacker Drive
–
Wacker Drive
Wacker Drive
Wacker Drive
21.
Tube (structure)
–
In structural engineering, the tube is a system where, to resist lateral loads, a building is designed to act like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground. This system was introduced by Fazlur Rahman Khan while at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the first example of the tube’s use is the 43-story Khan-designed DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building, since renamed Plaza on DeWitt, in Chicago, Illinois, finished in 1966. The system can be built using steel, concrete, or composite construction and it can be used for office, apartment, and mixed-use buildings. Most buildings of over 40 stories built since the 1960s are of structural type. The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground. In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections. This assembly of columns and beams forms a frame that amounts to a dense. This exterior framing is designed sufficiently strong to resist all lateral loads on the building, interior columns are comparatively few and located at the core. The distance between the exterior and the frames is spanned with beams or trusses and can be column-free. This maximizes the effectiveness of the tube by transferring some of the gravity loads within the structure to it. By 1963, a new system of framed tubes had appeared in skyscraper design. Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube, lateral or horizontal loads are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so allow more usable floor space, where larger openings like garage doors are needed, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed, from its conception, the tube has been varied to suit different structural needs. This is the simplest incarnation of the tube and it can appear in a variety of floor plan shapes, including square, rectangular, circular, and freeform. The trussed tube, also termed braced tube, is similar to the tube but with comparatively fewer. Steel bracings or concrete walls are introduced along the exterior walls to compensate for the fewer columns by tying them together
Tube (structure)
–
John Hancock Center in
Chicago, designed in 1965 and completed in 1969, is an example of the trussed tube structural design
Tube (structure)
–
Willis Tower, completed in 1973, introduced the bundled tube structural design and was the world's tallest building until 1998
22.
Sears
–
Sears, Roebuck & Company, also known simply as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck in 1886. Formerly based at the Sears Tower in Chicago and currently headquartered in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, it began as a mail ordering catalog company and began opening retail locations in 1925. The company was bought by the American big box chain Kmart in 2005, in terms of domestic revenue, Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until October 1989, when Walmart surpassed the record. It is currently the fifth-largest American department store company by sales as of October 2013, Sears operates divisions in Canada and Mexico, as well as several other subsidiaries within its brand. Richard Warren Sears was a station agent in North Redwood, Minnesota. Sears purchased them, then sold the watches for a profit to other station agents. Soon he started a business selling watches through mail order catalogs, the next year, he moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he met Alvah C. Roebuck, who joined him in the business, farmers did business in small rural towns. Before the Sears catalog, farmers typically bought supplies from local general stores with narrow selections of goods, prices were negotiated, and depended on the storekeepers estimate of a customers creditworthiness. Sears took advantage of this by publishing catalogs offering customers a selection of products at clearly stated prices. The first Sears catalog was published in 1888, in 1893, Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck renamed their watch company Sears, Roebuck & Company and began to diversify. By 1894, the Sears catalog had grown to 322 pages, featuring sewing machines, bicycles, sporting goods, automobiles, by 1895, the company was producing a 532-page catalog. Sales were greater than $400,000 in 1893 and more than $750,000 two years later, by 1896, dolls, stoves and groceries had been added to the catalog. The company had sales of $800,000 in 1895, but the national Panic of 1893—a full scale depression—caused a cash squeeze and large quantities of unsold merchandise. Sears offered Roebucks half of the company to Chicago businessman Aaron Nusbaum, in August 1895, they bought Roebucks half of the company for $75,000. The new Sears, Roebuck and Company was re-incorporated in Illinois with a stock of $150,000 in August 1895. The transaction was handled by Albert Henry Loeb of the Chicago Law Firm of Loeb & Adler, copies of the transaction documents are now displayed on the walls of the Law Firm. Sears and Rosenwald got along well with other, but not with Nusbaum
Sears
–
Richard Warren Sears
Sears
–
The exterior of the
Sears Merchandise Building Tower.
Sears
–
Sears Tower
Sears
–
Sears building in the
Edificio La Nacional building in Mexico City, across from the
Palacio de Bellas Artes.
23.
Chicago Loop
–
The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the citys 77 designated community areas, the Loop is home to Chicagos commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area. In what is now the Loop, on the bank of the Chicago River, near todays Michigan Avenue Bridge. It was the first settlement in the sponsored by the United States. Other research has concluded that the Loop was not used as a proper noun until after the 1895–97 construction of the Union elevated railway loop, Loop architecture has been dominated by skyscrapers and high-rises since early in its history. Some of the buildings in this district were instrumental in the development of towers. Chicagos street numbering system – dividing addresses into North, South, East, Chicago is still the nations rail transportation hub and passenger lines once reached seven Loop-area stations by the 1890s. Transfers from one to the other was a business for taxi drivers until the long-distance lines gave way to Amtrak in the 1970s with the majority of trains concentrated at Chicago Union Station. This area abounds in shopping opportunities, including the Loop Retail Historic District and it includes Chicagos former Marshall Fields department store location in the Marshall Field and Company Building, the original Sullivan Center Carson Pirie Scott store location. Chicagos Downtown Theatre District is also found within this area, along with numerous restaurants, Chicago has a famous skyline which features many of the tallest buildings in the world as well as the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Chicagos skyline is spaced out throughout the area, giving it a graceful beautiful appearance. Chicagos third tallest building, the Aon Center, is located just south of Illinois Center, the complex is at the east end of the Loop, east of Michigan Avenue. Two Prudential Plaza is also located here, just to the west of the Aon Center, the Loop contains a wealth of outdoor sculpture, including works by Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Alexander Calder, and Jean Dubuffet. Chicagos waterfront, which is almost exclusively recreational beach and park areas from north to south, the area also hosts the annual music festival Lollapalooza which features popular alternative rock, heavy metal, EDM, hop hop and punk rock artists. Trips down the Chicago River, including tours, by commercial boat operators are great favorites with both locals and tourists alike. The Loop is the seat of Chicagos government and it is also the government seat of Cook County, Illinois and houses an office for the governor of the State of Illinois. The century old City Hall/County Building houses the chambers of the Mayor, City Council, across the street, the Richard J. Daley Center accommodates a famous Picasso sculpture and the state law courts
Chicago Loop
–
The Loop
Chicago Loop
–
In 1900
Chicago Loop
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View of the
Chicago 'L' tracks,
35 East Wacker, and
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
Chicago Loop
–
East Monroe Drive
24.
Supertall
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
Supertall
–
The
Burj Khalifa, in
Dubai (
United Arab Emirates), has been the
tallest skyscraper in the world since 2009, with a height of 829.8 m.
Supertall
–
The
Two Towers of Bologna in the 12th century reached 97.2 m (319 ft) in height.
Supertall
–
The 16th-century city of
Shibam consisted entirely of over 500 high-rise tower houses.
Supertall
–
Oriel Chambers, Liverpool. The world's first glass curtain walled building. The stone
mullions are decorative.
25.
Burj Khalifa
–
The Burj Khalifa, known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has a height of 828 m, and with its antenna included, it stands a total height of 829.8 m, making it the tallest building. Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009, the primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai and it is designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to build the building is based on the governments decision to diversify from an oil-based economy. The building was named in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Abu Dhabi, the building broke numerous height records, including its designation as the tallest tower in the world. Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whose firm designed the Willis Tower, Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, the Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building, although this design was derived from Tower Palace III, the Burj Khalifa’s central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings. The structure also features a system which is designed to withstand Dubais hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators, critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has received many awards. However, the issues during construction were controversial, since the building was built primarily by migrant workers from South Asia with several allegations of mistreatment. Poor working conditions are common, as the result of the lack of minimum wage laws in the United Arab Emirates, several instances of suicides have been reported, which is not uncommon for migrant construction workers in Dubai despite safety precautions in place. Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exterior of the completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010, and is part of the new 2 km2 development called Downtown Dubai at the First Interchange along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubais main business district. The towers architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, the primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. The towers construction was done by the division of Al Ghurair Investment group. The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service
Burj Khalifa
–
The Burj Khalifa in October 2012
Burj Khalifa
–
The spiral minaret at the
Great Mosque of Samarra
Burj Khalifa
–
The Dubai Fountain
Burj Khalifa
–
View of
Downtown Dubai from the observation deck
26.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower
Federal Aviation Administration
–
FAA Headquarters,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Aviation Administration
–
FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar,
Canton, Michigan
27.
Taipei 101
–
Taipei 101 – stylized as TAIPEI101 and formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center – is a landmark supertall skyscraper in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. The building was classified as the worlds tallest in 2004. It used to have the fastest elevator in the world, traveling at 60.6 km/h, in 2016, the title for the fastest elevator was given to one in Shanghai Tower. Construction on the 101-story tower started in 1999 and finished in 2004, the tower has served as an icon of modern Taiwan ever since its opening. The building was created as a symbol of the evolution of technology. Its postmodernist approach to style incorporates traditional design elements and gives them modern treatments, the tower is designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes. A multi-level shopping mall adjoining the tower houses hundreds of stores, restaurants, fireworks launched from Taipei 101 feature prominently in international New Years Eve broadcasts and the structure appears frequently in travel literature and international media. Taipei 101 is primarily owned by pan-government shareholders, the name that was originally planned for the building, Taipei World Financial Center, until 2003, was derived from the name of the owner. The original name in Chinese was Taipei International Financial Center, Taipei 101 comprises 101 floors above ground, as well as 5 basement levels. It was not only the first building in the world to break the mark in height. As of 28 July 2011, it is still the worlds largest and highest-use green building. It also surpassed the 85-story,347.5 m Tuntex Sky Tower in Kaohsiung as the tallest building in Taiwan, Taipei 101 claimed the official records for the worlds tallest sundial and the worlds largest New Years Eve countdown clock. Various sources, including the owners, give the height of Taipei 101 as 508 m, roof height. This lower figure is derived by measuring from the top of a 1.2 m platform at the base. CTBUH standards, though, include the height of the platform in calculating the overall height, Taipei 101 displaced the Petronas Towers as the tallest building in the world by 57.3 m. The record it claimed for greatest height from ground to pinnacle was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which is 829.8 m in height. Taipei 101s records for roof height and highest occupied floor briefly passed to the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008, Taipei 101 is designed to withstand the typhoon winds and earthquake tremors that are common in the area east of Taiwan. Evergreen Consulting Engineering, the engineer, designed Taipei 101 to withstand gale winds of 60 metres per second, as well as the strongest earthquakes in a 2
Taipei 101
–
Taipei 101 Tower in August 2008
Taipei 101
–
Base of the tower
Taipei 101
–
Location of Taipei 101's largest
tuned mass damper
Taipei 101
–
Tuned mass damper
28.
Truss
–
In engineering, a truss is a structure that consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object. A two-force member is a component where force is applied to only two points. In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members. A planar truss is one all members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions. The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the beams are called bottom chords. The interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the webs are called panels, Truss derives from the Old French word trousse, from around 1200, which means collection of things bound together. The term truss has often used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters. One engineering definition is, A truss is a single plane framework of individual structural member connected at their ends of forms a series of triangle to span a large distance, a truss consists of typically straight members connected at joints, traditionally termed panel points. Trusses are typically composed of triangles because of the stability of that shape. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed, in comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape. The joint at which a truss is designed to be supported is commonly referred to as the Munter Point, the simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in a roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist. Because of the stability of this shape and the methods of used to calculate the forces within it. The traditional diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an example of a simple truss, a planar truss lies in a single plane. Planar trusses are used in parallel to form roofs and bridges. The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords, is what makes it an efficient structural form, a solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material cost as compared to a truss. For a given span, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords, an optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency
Truss
–
Truss bridge for a single-track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support
Truss
–
Planar roof trusses
Truss
–
The roof trusses of the
basilica di Santa Croce (
Florence)
Truss
29.
NBC
–
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
NBC
–
The
Comcast Building in
New York City (or the GE Building, originally the
RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.
NBC
–
National Broadcasting Company
NBC
–
Radio City West was located at
Sunset Boulevard and
Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.
NBC
–
Entrance at the GE Building.
30.
WMAQ-TV
–
WMAQ-TV, channel 5, is an NBC owned-and-operated television station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. In the few areas of the eastern United States where an NBC station is not receivable over-the-air, WMAQ-TV is available on satellite via DirecTV, the station first signed on the air on October 8,1948 as WNBQ, the fourth television station to sign on in Chicago. It was also the third of NBCs five original owned-and-operated television stations to begin operations, after outlets in New York City and Washington, D. C. and before Cleveland, WNBQ initially broadcast a minimum of two hours of programming per day. The stations first mid-week broadcast came the month following its sign-on, when Paul Winchell and Joseph Dunninger were featured on the NBC variety series, the half-hour program was recorded via kinescope, and rebroadcast on WNBQ at 8,30 p. m. on Thursdays. Television critics referred to the broadcasts – often low-budget with few celebrity guests but a good deal of inventiveness – as examples of the Chicago School of Television. The calls of its radio station were initially assigned by the government, but went on to form the phrase We Must Ask Questions. On October 1,1989, the station relocated its operations from the Merchandise Mart after 40 years and began broadcasting from the NBC Tower. Ratings for WMAQ-TVs newscasts overtook those of WBBM-TV in the 1980s, for most of its years, The station did include the networks logo next to theirs, branding solely with the channel number and/or call letters vocally and visually until 1995. To improve its reception of the station, on June 5,2000, the LMA ended on July 1,2005 upon Paxs rebranding as i, Independent Television. WSNS-TV subsequently integrated its operations into WMAQ-TVs NBC Tower facilities, three days later on March 18,2016, the company announced it will continue to carry WMAQ-TV, WSNS-TV and five other cable channels for another 10 days while seeking arbitration from the FCC. It will be the first dispute with that provider in 15 years, the dispute involves the 6 NBC owned-and-operated stations, USA Network, Syfy, Bravo, CNBC, MSNBC, NBCSN, E. Oxygen and the other NBCU-owned cable channels, on the same day, the cable company announces that they continue to watch WMAQ-TV and other NBCU-owned cable channels. The companies’ negotiations over a deal to replace the one that expires on said date have been extended after midnight. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, WMAQ-TV also maintains a Mobile DTV feed of digital subchannel 5.2, raw coverage of various live events, including Barack Obamas victory rally in Grant Park and Governor Rod Blagojevichs impeachment trial have also been carried on 5.2. The stations digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. From June 13 to July 12,2009, WMAQ-TV had simulcast most of its newscasts as a contributor to WWME-CA s analog lifeline service for the Chicago area, in an unprecedented four-station partnership. The lifeline programming provided on analog UHF channel 23 included WMAQs weekday and Saturday morning, weeknight 6,00 p. m. and weekend 5,00 p. m. newscasts along with WGN-TV s 9,00 p. m. newscast. The lifeline continued only as a simulcast of entertainment programming from WWMEs sister station WCIU-TV until January 2011, as typical for a network-owned station, WMAQ-TV generally carries the vast majority of the NBC network schedule
WMAQ-TV
–
Station camera in 1951. Singer-actress
Connie Russell from Garroway at Large and her daughter are pictured.
WMAQ-TV
–
WMAQ-TV
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