1.
Art Nouveau
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Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. A reaction to the art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants. English uses the French name Art Nouveau, according to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many well-off Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, fabrics, ceramics including tableware, jewellery, cigarette cases, artists desired to combine the fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects. By 1910, Art Nouveau was already out of style and it was replaced as the dominant European architectural and decorative style first by Art Deco and then by Modernism. Art Nouveau took its name from the Maison de lArt Nouveau, in France, Art Nouveau was also sometimes called by the British term Modern Style due to its roots in the Arts and Crafts Movement, Style moderne, or Style 1900. It was also sometimes called Style Jules Verne, Le Style Métro, Art Belle Époque, in Belgium, where the architectural movement began, it was sometimes termed Style nouille or Style coup de fouet. In Britain, it was known as the Modern Style, or, because of the arts and crafts movement led by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, as the Glasgow style. In Italy, because of the popularity in Italy of designs from Londons Liberty & Co department store, in the United States, due to its association with Louis Comfort Tiffany, it was often called the Tiffany style. In Germany and Scandinavia, a style emerged at about the same time, it was called Jugendstil. In Catalonia the related style was known as Modernisme, in Spain as Modernismo, Arte joven, in Russia, it was called Modern, and Jugendstil, and Nieuwe Kunst in the Netherlands. Some names refer specifically to the forms that were popular with the Art Nouveau artists, Stile Floreal in France, Paling Stijl in the Netherlands. The new art movement had its roots in Britain, in the designs of William Morris. Early prototypes of the include the Red House of Morris. In France, the style combined several different tendencies, in architecture, it was influenced by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, a declared enemy of the historical Beaux-Arts architectural style. For each function its material, for each material its form and this book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Antoni Gaudí. The French painters Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard played an important part in integrating fine arts painting with decoration, I believe that before everything a painting must decorate, Denis wrote in 1891. The choice of subjects or scenes is nothing and it is by the value of tones, the colored surface and the harmony of lines that I can reach the spirit and wake up the emotions
2.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
3.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
4.
Catherine Cranston
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Catherine Cranston, widely known as Kate Cranston or Miss Cranston, was a leading figure in the development of tea rooms. She is nowadays chiefly remembered as a patron of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret MacDonald, in Glasgow. The name of Miss Cranstons Tea Rooms lives on in reminiscences of Glasgow in its heyday, cigars, wines, spirits, ales, Newspapers, Time-Tables, Writing Materials. Superior and varied Bill of Fare at the usual moderate charges, Kate went on to create much more of a social facility. Like other cities in the United Kingdom, Glasgow was then a centre of the movement which sought an alternative to male-centred pubs. However it was not until the 1880s that tea rooms and tea became popular. In 1878 Miss Kate Cranston opened her first tearoom, the Crown Luncheon Room, on Argyle Street and her first tearoom was decorated in a contemporary baronial style. On 16 September 1886 she opened her Ingram Street tearoom and in 1888 commissioned George Walton to decorate a new smoking room in the Arts and Crafts style in one of her tea rooms. In 1892 she became happily married to John Cochrane, but continued to trade under the name of Miss Cranstons Tearooms, while other cities offered very expensive and very basic tea rooms by 1901, Kate Cranston set the standard in Glasgow for more welcoming establishments. Rooms were provided for ladies only and for only, as well as luncheon rooms where they could dine together and smoking rooms. Miss Cranstons Tea Rooms became social centres for all, for men and apprentices. The Ladies Rooms were a success, newly allowing respectable women to get out. At the accounting, Glasgow in 1901 reported, One states the amount of ones indebtedness and this, with the corresponding coin or coins, one hands in at the pay-desk, and so home. Nothing could be simpler or less irritating, the city was a centre of artistic innovation at the time, and the tearooms served as art galleries for paintings by the Glasgow Boys. Glasgow in 1901 reported that Glasgow, in truth, is a very Tokio for tea-rooms, nowhere can one have so much for so little, and nowhere are such places more popular and frequented. It is the lack of tea-shops. The original Sauchiehall street tearoom is now run privately along with the Buchanan Street tearooms which are a recreation of the one which was adjacent to it. It is believed that in no other town can you see in a place of refreshment such ingenious, indeed, so general in the city is this belief that it has caused the Glasgow man of the better sort to coin a new adjective denoting the height of beauty. Kate Cranston expanded her first tearoom to take over the building at 114 Argyle Street and commissioned Walton to design a new more modern interior
5.
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism and his work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdonald, was influential on European design movements such as Art Nouveau and Secessionism. He was born in Glasgow and died in London, Mackintosh grew up in the Townhead and Dennistoun areas of Glasgow, and he attended Reids Public School and the Allan Glens Institution. He changed the spelling of his name from McIntosh to Mackintosh for unknown reasons, as his father did before him, confusion continues to surround the use of his name with Rennie sometimes incorrectly substituted for his first name of Charles. The modern use of Rennie Mackintosh as a surname is also incorrect and he was never known as such in his lifetime, signatures took various forms including C. R. Mackintosh and Chas. Upon his return, he resumed work with the Honeyman & Keppie architectural practice where he started his first major architectural project and he was engaged to marry his employers sister, Jessie Keppie. Around 1892, Mackintosh met fellow artist Margaret Macdonald at the Glasgow School of Art, Margaret and Charles married on 22 August 1900. MacNair and Frances also married the previous year, the group worked collaboratively and came to be known as The Four, and were prominent figures in Glasgow Style art and design. In 1904, after he had completed several successful building designs, Mackintosh became a partner in Honeyman & Keppie, when economic hardships were causing many architectural practices to close, in 1913, he resigned from the partnership and attempted to open his own practice. Mackintosh lived most of his life in the city of Glasgow, located on the banks of the River Clyde, during the Industrial Revolution, the city had one of the greatest production centres of heavy engineering and shipbuilding in the world. As the city grew and prospered, a response to the high demand for consumer goods. Industrialized, mass-produced items started to gain popularity, along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging modernist ideas also influenced Mackintoshs designs. When the Japanese isolationist regime softened, they opened themselves to globalisation resulting in notable Japanese influence around the world, Glasgows link with the eastern country became particularly close with shipyards building at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese navy and training engineers. Japanese design became more accessible and gained great popularity, in the old western style, furniture was seen as ornament that displayed the wealth of its owner and the value of the piece was established according to the length of time spent creating it. In the Japanese arts furniture and design focused on the quality of the space, at the same time a new philosophy concerned with creating functional and practical design was emerging throughout Europe, the so-called modernist ideas. The main concept of the Modernist movement was to develop ideas and new technology, design concerned with the present. Heavy ornamentation and inherited styles were discarded, even though Mackintosh became known as the ‘pioneer’ of the movement, his designs were far removed from the bleak utilitarianism of Modernism. His concern was to build around the needs of people, people seen, not as masses, Mackintosh took his inspiration from his Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Art Nouveau and the simplicity of Japanese forms
6.
Teahouse
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A tea house is an establishment which primarily serves tea and other light refreshments. Sometimes the meal is called tea. Although its function varies widely depending on the culture, tea houses often serve as centers of social interaction, some cultures have a variety of distinct tea-centered houses of different types, depending on the national tea culture. For example, the British or American tearoom serves afternoon tea with a variety of small cakes, in China and Nepal, a tea house is traditionally a place which offers tea to its consumers. People gather at tea houses to chat, socialize, and enjoy tea, the Guangdong style tea house is particularly famous outside of China especially in Nepals Himalayas. These tea houses, called chálou serve dim sum, and these plates of food are enjoyed alongside tea. In Japanese tradition a tea house ordinarily refers to a structure designed for holding Japanese tea ceremonies. This structure and specifically the room in it where the tea ceremony takes place is called chashitsu, the architectural space called chashitsu was created for aesthetic and intellectual fulfillment. In Japan during the Edo period, the tea house could also refer to a place of entertainment with geisha or as a place where couples seeking privacy could go. In this case the establishment was referred to as an ochaya, however, these establishments only served tea incidentally, and were instead dedicated to geisha entertainment or to providing discreet rooms for visitors. Contemporary Japanese go to modern tearooms called kissaten on main streets to drink black or green tea as well as coffee, in Central Asia the term tea house could refer to Shayhana in Kazakh, Chaykhana in Kyrgyz and Choyxona in Uzbek, which literally means a tea room. The largest tea houses are Orient Tea house or Chinese Tea house, on the 15th anniversary of Independence in Tajikistan, the people of Isfara town presented Isfara Tea house to Kulyab city for its 2700th anniversary on September 2006. Tea houses are present in parts of Central Asia, notably in Iran. Such tea houses may be referred to, in Persian, as Chay-Khaneh, or in Turkish, çayhane—literally and these tea houses usually serve several beverages in addition to tea. In Arab countries such as Egypt, establishments that serve tea, coffee, in Pakistan, the prominet Pak Tea House is an intellectual tea–café located in Lahore known as the hub of Progressive Writers Movement. Tea drinking is a closely associated with the English. A female manager of Londons Aerated Bread Company is credited with creating the bakerys first public tearoom, Tea rooms were part of the growing opportunities for women in the Victorian era. In the UK today, a tea room is a room or restaurant where beverages and light meals are served
7.
Tea
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Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world, Tea originated in Southwest China, where it was used as a medicinal drink. It was popularized as a drink during the Chinese Tang dynasty. Portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to Europe during the 16th century, during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among Britons, who started large-scale production and commercialization of the plant in India to bypass the Chinese monopoly. The term herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile and these are sometimes called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant. The tea industry often uses the term fruit tea to refer to what are in fact fruit-flavored black teas. The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with a stroke as 荼. The word is pronounced differently in the different varieties of Chinese, such as chá in Mandarin, zo and dzo in Wu Chinese, there were other ancient words for tea, though ming is the only other one still in common use. Most Chinese languages, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, pronounce it along the lines of cha and these two pronunciations have made their separate ways into other languages around the world. Starting in the seventeen century, the Dutch played a dominant role in the early European tea trade via the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch borrowed the word for tea from Min Chinese, either through trade directly from Fujian or Formosa where they had established a port, or from Malay traders in Bantam, Java. The Dutch then introduced to other European languages this Min pronunciation for tea, including English tea, French thé, Spanish té and this pronunciation is also the most common form worldwide. The Portuguese adopted the Cantonese pronunciation chá, and spread it to India, the Korean and Japanese pronunciations of cha were borrowed into Korean and Japanese during earlier periods of Chinese history. A third form, the increasingly widespread chai, came from Persian چای chay, both the châ and chây forms are found in Persian dictionaries. English has all three forms, cha or char, attested from the 16th century, tea, from the 17th, however, the form chai refers specifically to a black tea mixed with honey, spices and milk in contemporary English. Tea plants are native to East Asia, and probably originated around the points of the lands of north Burma. Tea drinking may have begun in the Yunnan region during the Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to Shennong in 2737 BC, although evidence suggests that tea drinking may have been introduced from the southwest of China. The earliest written records of tea come from China, in the Chronicles of Huayang, it was recorded that the Ba people in Sichuan presented tu to the Zhou king
8.
Temperance movement
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The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The temperance movement began in the early 19th century, before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol, an early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence, the American Temperance Society was formed in 1826, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. He mainly concentrated his fire on the elimination of spirits rather than wine, on 14 August 1829 he wrote a letter in the Belfast Telegraph publicizing his views on temperance. He also formed the Ulster Temperance Movement with other Presbyterian clergy, the 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially New Zealand and Australia. In the 1830s a more form of temperance emerged called teetotalism. This movement originated in Preston, England, in 1833, the Catholic temperance movement started in 1838 when the Irish priest Theobald Mathew established the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838. In 1838, the working class movement for universal suffrage for men, Chartism. During the Victorian period, the movement became more radical, advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol. It was also perceived to be tied in both religious renewal and progressive politics, particularly female suffrage. In 1855, an organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work. Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching, the group also campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers. In this period there was success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States, New Zealand. The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time, numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were also published and temperance theatre, which had started in the 1820s, became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time. The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally, maintaining an emphasis on abstinence, many of the most important prohibitionist groups, such as the avowedly prohibitionist United Kingdom Alliance and the US-based Womans Christian Temperance Union, were started in this time. In 1898 the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association was formed by James Cullen, an Irish Catholic, the Anti-Saloon League was an organization that began in 1893 in Ohio. A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was to reduce the heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible
9.
Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh
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Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh was a Scottish artist whose design work became one of the defining features of the Glasgow Style during the 1890s. Born Margaret Macdonald, at Tipton, near Wolverhampton, her father was a manager and engineer. Margaret and her younger sister Frances both attended the Orme Girls School, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, their names are recorded in the school register, in the 1881 census Margaret, aged 16, was a visitor at someone elses house on census night and was listed as a scholar. By 1890 the family had settled in Glasgow and Margaret and her sister, Frances Macdonald, there she worked in a variety of media, including metalwork, embroidery, and textiles. She began collaborating with her sister Frances, and in the 1890s the pair opened the Macdonald Sisters Studio at 128 Hope Street and their innovative work was inspired by Celtic imagery, literature, symbolism, and folklore. She later collaborated with her husband, the architect and designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh and her most well-known works are the gesso panels made for interiors designed with Mackintosh, such as tearooms and private residences. Charles Rennie Mackintosh is commonly recognized as Scotlands most famous architect, yet Macdonald was celebrated in her time by many of her peers, including her husband who once wrote in a letter to Margaret Remember, you are half if not three-quarters in all my architectural work. And reportedly Margaret has genius, I have only talent, active and recognized during her career, between 1895 and 1924 she contributed to more than 40 European and American exhibitions. Poor health cut short Margarets career and, as far as is known and she died in 1933, five years after her husband. She is survived by her relative Patrick Conrad Howell, a history teacher and former sergeant in the US Army. By 1894 they were showing their work together in student exhibitions and they became known locally as The Four. Most collaborative work in the 1890s was with her sister, particularly following the opening of their studio in 1896. Some works were made by both together, while others were series of works, such as a set of four paintings with repoussé frames on the seasons where each two works on the theme. They also created a set of illustrations for William Morris The Defense of Guinevere that was recently re-discovered in the collections of the University at Buffalo. She created several important interior schemes with Mackintosh and she exhibited with Mackintosh at the 1900 Vienna Secession, where she was arguably an influence on the Secessionists Gustav Klimt and Josef Hoffmann. She and her husband also created botanical illustrations together, Macdonald did not keep sketchbooks, which reflects her reliance on imagination rather than on nature. A few sources provided significant inspiration for her works, including the Bible, the Odyssey, poems by Morris and Rossetti, and her works, along with those works of her often collaborating sister, defied her contemporaries conceptions of art. Gleeson White wrote, With a delightfully innocent air these two sisters disclaim any attempt to acknowledge that Egyptian decoration has interested them specially, nor do they advance any theory
10.
Mural
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A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surface. A distinguishing characteristic of painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. Some wall paintings are painted on canvases, which are then attached to the wall. Whether these works can be accurately called murals is a subject of controversy in the art world. Murals of sorts date to Upper Paleolithic times such as the paintings in the Chauvet Cave in Ardèche department of southern France, many ancient murals have been found within ancient Egyptian tombs, the Minoan palaces and in Pompeii. During the Middle Ages murals were executed on dry plaster. The huge collection of Kerala mural painting dating from the 14th century are examples of fresco secco, in Italy, circa 1300, the technique of painting of frescos on wet plaster was reintroduced and led to a significant increase in the quality of mural painting. In modern times, the became more well-known with the Mexican muralism art movement. There are many different styles and techniques, the best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts. The colors lighten as they dry, the marouflage method has also been used for millennia. Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media, the styles can vary from abstract to trompe-lœil. Initiated by the works of artists like Graham Rust or Rainer Maria Latzke in the 1980s, trompe-loeil painting has experienced a renaissance in private. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a layer of wet, fresh. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours. After this the painting stays for a time up to centuries in fresh. Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster, the pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg, glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. By the end of the century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work, in Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used
11.
Buchanan Street
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Buchanan Street is one of the main shopping thoroughfares in Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland. It forms the stretch of Glasgows famous shopping district with a generally more upmarket range of shops than the neighbouring streets, Argyle Street. Buchanan Street was first feued in 1777 and was named after a wealthy Tobacco Lord, Andrew Buchanan of Buchanan, Hastie and he was proprietor of the ground on which it was formed from Argyle Street as far north as Gordon Street. The land around the north and northeast of Buchanan Street was formerly home to Buchanan Street railway station, originally owned by the Caledonian Railway, then the London Midland and Scottish Railway and finally British Railways, Buchanan Street station was closed in 1966. It was not rated highly either for location, architecture or convenience, Glasgow Queen Street station is immediately to the East of Buchanan Street, and the Buchanan Street station on the Glasgow Subway is underneath the North end of Buchanan Street. The St. Enoch station of the subway is at the South end of Buchanan Street, Buchanan bus station was opened at the Northern end in 1978, at the same time as the street itself was pedestrianised between Bath Street and Argyle Street. In 1999, the street was repaved with high quality granite stonework. The area between Argyle Street and St. Vincent Street is particularly popular with buskers, the bus station was also substantially redeveloped following the closure of the bus station at Anderston, and became the principal bus terminus in the city centre. It was renamed simply as Buchanan Bus Station, since the street itself now terminated some distance due to the building of the Concert Hall. In May 2002 the Prime Minister Tony Blair unveiled a statue of the late politician Donald Dewar at the end of the street. The statue was criticized for its ugliness, and was repeatedly vandalized and this new development will extend westward onto West Nile Street, removing the former General Accident office block, and the vacant land on the corner of Bath Street. The development was opened to the public in March 2013 and it runs south from the junction with Sauchiehall Street. At its north end are the Buchanan Galleries and the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Buchanan Street is now entirely pedestrianised, but the streets that cross it are not. At the time and even becoming the first black president of South Africa, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher considered him. Buchanan Street is also adjacent to St Georges-Tron Church and the Glasgow Stock Exchange building, and Royal Exchange Square, Buchanan Street is also the second busiest shopping thoroughfare, second only to Oxford Street in London. Glasgow has been recognized for being the second best shopping destination in the United Kingdom, after London, Glasgow Royal Concert Hall Gallery of Modern Art in Royal Exchange Square The Lighthouse Centre for Architecture, Design and the City, is located off Buchanan Street, on Mitchell Lane. Dr Who Tardis, located halfway up from St Enoch Square List of upscale shopping districts
12.
George Washington Browne
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Sir George Washington Browne FRIBA was a British architect. He was born in Glasgow, and trained there and in London and he practiced mainly in Edinburgh, where he designed a number of large public and commercial buildings, although his work is found throughout Scotland and Britain. He began his career as an architect in around 1869, when he was 16, following completion of his articles in 1873, Browne moved to London in 1875, and joined the Architectural Association. He worked at the practice of Stevenson & Robson for two years, and then moved to the office of Arthur Blomfield, in 1877 he won the Pugin Studentship, funding travel and study in France and Belgium. After a time working for William Eden Nesfield, he returned to Scotland in 1879 to work for Robert Rowand Anderson, in 1885, Browne established his own independent practice, and two years later won the competition for Edinburgh Central Library, on George IV Bridge. At this point he took on Stewart Henbest Capper as his assistant and his Braid Chiuch in Nile Grove, Edinburgh was built in 1886. After being commissioned to design the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in 1892, the partnership designed a number of bank branches, particularly for the British Linen Bank, as well as the Caledonian Hotel, and the main building of Edinburgh College of Art. He did win competitions for the Edward VII Memorial Gates at Holyrood Palace, and for St Pauls Bridge in London, although the former was not built until 1922, Browne was president of the Edinburgh Architectural Association from 1883 until 1886. He was admitted to the Royal Scottish Academy in 1892, becoming the Academys treasurer in 1917, in 1914 he was appointed Head of Architecture at Edinburgh College of Art, holding the post until 1922. In 1926 he was knighted, and was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects and he fell ill in 1938 and moved to Shropshire to be with his daughter, dying there the following year at the age of 85. His body was returned to Edinburgh for burial in the Grange Cemetery with his two wives and three sons, all of whom he outlived, georges first wife, Jessie Brownlie, died on 26 February 1900 aged 43. They had three sons but sadly all three were died as a result of the First World War and she is buried in the family plot in the Grange Cemetery. George Brownlie Washington Browne was a 2nd Lieutenant in the Black Watch and he is buried at Vermelles British Cemetery. Huw Edward Browne, was killed on the first day of the Battle of the Somme,1 July 1916 and he served with the 15th Battalion Royal Scots, the first Edinburgh pals battalion. He died in the attack on Contalmaison and his body was never found and his name is listed on the Thiepval Monument as one of the tens of thousand who had no grave. Leslie Aitchison Browne was a private and was wounded during the war. He died aged 32 of illness contracted during the war and is buried with his parents in the Grange Cemetery, George remarried to Louisa Emma Adams who is buried together with the rest of the family. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28
