1.
Neo-eclectic architecture
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Neo-eclectic architecture is a name for an architectural style that has influenced residential building construction in North America in the later part of the 20th century and early part of the 21st. It is a version of Architectural Revivalism that has perennially occurred since Neoclassical architecture developed in the mid 18th century. Neo-eclectic architecture combines an array of decorative techniques taken from an assortment of different house styles. It is an outgrowth of postmodern architecture and it differs from postmodernism in that it is not creatively experimental. Some neo-eclectic buildings will combine an array of different historical styles in a single building, a house so designed may have Cape Cod, Mission Revival, Tudor Revival, or Châteauesque and French Provincial elements all at the same time. Often houses, or whole subdivisions, will focus on one revival style, different historical styles predominated in different regions. In California elements from the Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival Style continue to be a vernacular and popular. In New England and the Mid-Atlantic the Colonial Revival Style and Georgian Revival architecture combinations are common, in neo-eclectic architecture the revival elements are almost always decorative, consisting of surface elements such as claddings and windows. The basic construction of houses is unchanged from previous house styles such as the ranch-style house. Neo-eclectic architecture is most prominent in what are known as McMansions. Across North America most suburbs built in the last three decades can largely be described as neo-eclectic, critics of Neo-eclectic architecture see the style as pretentious, wasteful and/or garish. New Classical Architecture, an accurate reference style to historical architecture. Neomodern architecture, a current modernist response, Sustainable architecture Sustainable development Sustainable design Snout house Picture Dictionary of House Styles in North America and Beyond - Neoeclectic Humanities Web - Neo-Eclectic Style
2.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
3.
North York
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North York is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located north of Old Toronto, between Etobicoke to the west and Scarborough to the east. As of the 2011 Census, it had a population of 655,913 and it was first created as a township in 1922 out of the northern part of the former city of York, a municipality that was located along the western border of Old Toronto. Following its inclusion in Metropolitan Toronto in 1954, it was one of the fastest growing parts of the due to its proximity to Old Toronto. In 1998, North York was amalgamated with the rest of Metropolitan Toronto to form the new city of Toronto, the Township of North York was formed on June 13,1922 out of the rural part of the Township of York. The rapidly growing parts of the township remained in that township, as North York became more populous, it became the Borough of North York in 1967, and then on February 14,1979, the City of North York. To commemorate receiving its city charter on St. Valentines Day and it now forms the largest part of the area served by the North York Community Council, a committee of Toronto City Council. North York used to be known as an agricultural hub composed of scattered villages. The area boomed following World War II, and by the 1950s and 1960s, on August 10,2008, a massive explosion occurred at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases propane facility just southwest of the Toronto-Downsview Airport. This destroyed the depot and damaged several homes nearby, about 13,000 residents were evacuated for several days before being allowed back home. One employee at the company was killed in the blast and one died while attending to the scene of the accident. A follow-up investigation to the incident made several recommendations concerning propane supply depots and it asked for a review of setback distances between depots and nearby residential areas but didnt call for restrictions on where they can be located. North York residents are highly multicultural, the neighbourhood with the largest percentage of visible minorities in North York is the Grandravine-Yorkwoods area in Jane and Finch with 93%. The western half of North York is culturally different from the eastern half, chinese cultural groups dominate the eastern half of North York making up 22% of the population from Yonge Street to Victoria Park Avenue. South Asians are mainly spread out evenly in North York, there are large South Asian communities in Emery and Flemingdon Park. The neighbourhood with the largest percentage of South Asians in North York Gateway-Glenway area is Flemingdon Park with 46%, Black Canadians dominate the western half of North York making up 19% of the population past Allen Road. Most of North Yorks Black community is along Jane Street and areas around it, smaller areas such as Jane and Finch, Lawrence Heights, and Trethewey had more than 40% of its population identified as Black. Most are from the Caribbean but there is also a large west African population, the Jane & Wilson neighbourhood has the largest Ghanaian community in Toronto
4.
Bathurst Street (Toronto)
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Bathurst Street is a main north-south thoroughfare in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It begins at an intersection of the Queens Quay roadway, just north of the Lake Ontario shoreline and it continues north through Toronto to the Toronto boundary at Steeles Avenue. It is a four-lane thoroughfare throughout Toronto, the roadway continues north into York Region where it is known as York Regional Road 38. Bathurst Street begins in the south at the intersection with Queens Quay, the southernmost part of Bathurst, south of the Gardiner Expressway, was heavily industrialized until the 1970s. These factories are now gone, in their place some residential development has occurred, the former Omni Television headquarters are located in this area, before they relocated in October 2008 but Rogers Media still owns the building. North of the Gardiner is Fort York on the western side, the Sir Isaac Brock Bridge connects the section south of Fort York to the section north of the railways. The bridge, dating back to 1910, used to be the bridge over the Humber River and was moved here. North of the tracks, the area is a mix of commercial and residential buildings on the western fringe of downtown. North of Queen Street, the side of Bathurst is the edge of the Alexandria Park cluster of housing projects. North of Dundas Street, Bathurst is dominated by Toronto Western Hospital and this part of the street continues to be a mix of small commercial establishments and residential housing, generally rental apartments. North of College Street, Bathurst becomes more residential, with the exception of areas, chiefly around the intersections with Bloor Street, St. Clair Avenue. The portion of Bathurst Street north of Bloor Street is the boundary of The Annex neighbourhood. The Spadina segment of Toronto Transit Commission Line 1 Yonge–University crosses underneath Bathurst north of St. Clair, North of Eglinton, the street continues as a four-lane arterial road into the former borough of North York. The street has lay-bys for TTC buses and turning lanes at intersections, development along both sides of the road is both residential and commercial, with shopping plazas at many intersections. The West Branch of the Don River crosses Bathurst Street north of Sheppard, North of Steeles Avenue, Bathurst runs through York Region, and is also referred to as York Regional Road 38. From Steeles north, the road is a arterial road. It serves many residential sub-divisions on either side and it serves as the boundary between Vaughan and Richmond Hill north of Highway 407, and between King Township and Newmarket and Aurora. Bathurst Street ends at the Holland Marsh, between Holland Landing and Bradford and it is interrupted for roughly 500 m due to rugged terrain north of Morning Sideroad, north of Newmarket
5.
Ontario Highway 401
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It stretches 828.0 kilometres from Windsor in the west to the Ontario–Quebec border in the east. The part of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto is North Americas busiest highway, the route is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario and patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. The speed limit is 100 km/h throughout its length, unless posted otherwise and these three sections of highway were 11.8,54.7 and 41.2 km, respectively. In 1964, the route became fully navigable from Windsor to the Ontario–Quebec border, in 1965 it was given a second designation, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, in honour of the Fathers of Confederation. At the end of 1968, the Gananoque–Brockville section was bypassed, in 2011, construction began on a westward extension called the Right Honourable Herb Gray Parkway. This new route follows, but does not replace, former Highway 3 between the end of the freeway and the E. C. Row Expressway, at which point it turns and parallels that route towards the site of the future Gordie Howe International Bridge, an 8-kilometre section of the parkway, east of the E. C. Row interchange, opened on June 28,2015, with the remaining section completed and opened on November 21, the expansive twelve-plus-lane collector–express system will also be extended west through Mississauga to Milton and east through Ajax and Whitby. Highway 401 extends across Southwestern, Central and Eastern Ontario, in anticipation of the future expansion of the highway, the transportation ministry purchased a 91. 4-metre-wide right-of-way along the entire length. Generally, the highway occupies only a portion of this allotment and this makes it North Americas busiest roadway, surpassing the Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles and I-75 in Atlanta. Highway 401 also features North Americas busiest multi-structure bridge, located at Hoggs Hollow in Toronto, the four bridges, two for each direction with the collector and express lanes, carried an average of 373,700 vehicles daily in 2006. The highway is one of the backbones of a network in the Great Lakes region, connecting the populous Quebec City–Windsor corridor with Michigan, New York. It is the connection between Toronto and Montreal, becoming Autoroute 20 at the Ontario–Quebec border. At present, Highway 401 begins as a freeway at the west end of the E. C. At the Dougall Parkway, the highway turns east and exits Windsor, from here, Highway 401 mostly parallels the former route of Highway 98 from Windsor to Tilbury. Southwestern Ontario is flat, primarily land, that takes advantage of the fertile clay soil deposited throughout the region. Here the highways flat and straight route is notorious for leading to driver inattention, the section from Windsor to London has become known for deadly car accidents and pile-ups, earning it the nickname Carnage Alley. As the highway approaches London, Highway 402 merges in, resulting in a six-lane cross-section, within London, it intersects the citys two municipal expressways, Highbury Avenue and the Veterans Memorial Parkway
6.
Steeles Avenue
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Steeles Avenue is an east-west street that forms the northern city limit of Toronto and the southern limit of York Region, Ontario, Canada. Steele, who owned the Green Bush Hotel on the northwest corner of the intersection with Yonge Street. York Region refers to Steeles Avenue as Regional Road 95, but the designation is strictly internal, Steeles in Scarborough was once referred to as Scarborough Town Line. The combination of Steeles and Taunton Road is the only road to cross almost the entire Greater Toronto Area without breaks or turnoffs. Steeles Avenue is a rural road east of York Regional Road 69. The area consists of parklands in the east end, a mix of commercial and residential in the middle, like many other east-west arterial roads within Toronto and York Region, Steeles is divided into an east and west segment by Yonge Street. East of Scarborough-Pickering Town Line / York-Durham Line, it becomes Taunton Road or Durham Regional Road 4, West of Albion Road, Steeles Avenue continues into Peel Region, where it is also designated as Peel Regional Road 15. Like the section in Toronto, Steeles Avenue in Brampton has east-west segments and it runs through Brampton and into Halton Region, where it is also designated as Halton Regional Road 8, through the town of Milton, ending at Appleby Line. The road is served predominantly by TTC bus routes 53 Steeles East and 60 Steeles West, both routes turn away from Steeles upon approaching Yonge Street. York Region Transit routes that run along Steeles include 3,10,88,12, work is underway to extend Line 1 Yonge–University through York University and into Vaughan, which will include a station to be called Pioneer Village at Steeles Avenue. MoveOntario 2020 also includes plans to extend the Yonge Line north and add a station at Yonge, Steeles Avenue East will be made the third arterial for Bramptons Züm bus rapid transit. In October 2008, it was crowned the worst road in Ontario. Reasons include potholes and general quality of surface, soon after the results of CAAs survey were made public, some parts of the road between Dufferin Street and Bayview Avenue were resurfaced. The results of the 2009 survey listed Steeles as Ontarios worst road, landmarks and notable sites along Steeles from west to east
7.
Bayview Village
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Bayview Village is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the federal Don Valley North riding and the provincial Willowdale electoral district, in 2006, it had a population of 15,370. The present day Bayview Village neighbourhood was planned in 1954 by a group of developers led by Farlinger Development Ltd, Bayview Village was hailed as contemporary living in the countryside, at the doorstep of the urban concentration of Metropolitan Toronto. The design and layout of Bayview Village is very influenced by the East Don Valley Parklands. Faludis trademark curvilinear street pattern that follows the contours of the land was designed to highlight the natural beauty of the neighbourhood. Nearly a quarter of the space in Bayview Village is green, Bayview Villages winding streets and culs-de-sac are planted with mature birch, cedar, willow, spruce, pine and maple trees. Some of the Bayview Village houses are situated on lots that feature views of the East Don River Valley Parklands. Several of the names in Bayview Village, such as Citation Drive. Ravenscroft Circle recall that the area was a training stable. In the Bayview Village area, there are United, Greek Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican churches, homeowners are actively represented by the Bayview Village Association. Established in 1956, this is a group of residents who work to monitor city and provincial initiatives on a wide range of topics including traffic, local development, parks. In addition, they produce a regular newsletter distributed to all homes covering a range of topical issues. The Bayview Village Association also hosts a number of events throughout the year including clean-up days, all-candidates meetings, community fairs, annual perennial swaps, over 50% of Bayview Village residents are members of the Association. Most Bayview Village homes were built between 1954 and 1964, the mix of housing here includes raised and executive ranch style bungalows, split-level houses, and Georgian Revival-style homes. Most of the houses are original, many homes have undergone renovation and landscaping to fit the park-like neighbourhood. There has been increasing infill housing within the Bayview Village area, there also continues to be high rise condominium development along Sheppard Avenue and in the land south of Sheppard Avenue and north of Highway 401. This development is of a different nature to the single-family suburban low-rise architecture found in the northern area. The western edge of the East Don Parklands winds its way through the centre of Bayview Village and is a vast and expansive green haven with various trails, walkways and bicycle paths
8.
Newtonbrook
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Newtonbrook is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In the 19th century, it was a separate municipality and it is located in the area around Yonge Street and Finch Avenue in the district of North York between the east and west branches of the Don River. North York was a city that was merged with five other municipalities to form the new City of Toronto in 1998, chinese is the second-most spoken language in the area after English. Korean is well behind as the third, together they make up over 40% of the ethnic minorities in the area. The area also has significant Russian and Jewish and Iranian minorities, the average income in the area is above the average for Toronto and a majority of residents live in single detached or semi-detached houses, which they own. As of the end of 2006, Newtonbrook is northernmost area of City of Toronto affected by the infill development, older detached and semi-detached houses from the 1950s are demolished and townhouse complexes are built in their place. There is also a number of new custom built homes in this neighbourhood. A new low-rise condo building had been built on northwest corner of Yonge and it was settled by Europeans in the early 19th century. Newtonbrooks early industries included saw and grist mills on the east and west branches of the Don River, the towns Newton Brook Wesleyan Church was named after Reverend Robert Newton. In 1847, Lieutenant Colonel William S. Durie of The Queens Own Rifles of Canada subdivided part of his Newtonbrook property, the resulting subdivision is now Drewry Avenue. In the 1950s, Newtonbrook was subdivided for a residential development. Most of the landmarks were removed, except for the Newtonbrook Schoolhouse. Just one house from the original Drewry Avenue subdivision remains and it is the birthplace and hometown of Nobel Prize winner and Liberal Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson was born at a manse in the intersection of Yonge Street and Hendon Avenue and his father was the local Methodist minister and Lester was born in the parsonage. Saint Agnes Catholic School is a Catholic day on Otonabee Avenue and it hosts approximately 258 students, in four portables, and a main building complex. Known for hosting the biggest number of teams in the Toronto District School Board. Finch Bus Terminal, located across from the station, serves GO Transit regional buses, York Region Transit. Newtonbrook History Newtonbook history and map Newtonbrook United Church
9.
North York City Centre
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North York City Centre, sometimes known as Downtown North York, is a central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the district of North York. The area along Yonge Street, between Sheppard and Finch Avenues, was chosen by Mel Lastman, former mayor of North York, an official plan by the former Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto encouraged high-density commercial and residential developments in the area. The city centre is served by North York Centre station, while Sheppard-Yonge and Finch stations are located south and north of the area. The North York Civic Centre and Mel Lastman Square, on the west side of Yonge Street, are central to the area, empress Walk is a shopping mall. The station serves Earl Haig Secondary School, North York Central Library, and the Toronto Centre for the Arts are all located in the area
10.
Yonge Street
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Yonge Street is a major arterial route connecting the shores of Lake Ontario in Toronto to Lake Simcoe, a gateway to the Upper Great Lakes. Yonge Street is actually 86 kilometres long, the construction of Yonge Street is designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada. Yonge Street was fundamental in the planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the capital with northern Ontario, today, no section of Yonge Street is a provincial highway. The street was named by Ontarios first colonial administrator, John Graves Simcoe, for his friend Sir George Yonge, in Toronto and York Region, Yonge Street is the north-south baseline from which street numbering is reckoned east and west. See the Public Transit section below, Yonge Street originates on the northern shore of Toronto Bay at Queens Quay, a four-lane arterial road proceeding north by north-west. Torontos Harbourfront is built on landfill extended into the bay, with the industrial area now converted from port, rail. The street passes under the elevated Gardiner Expressway and the rail lines of the Toronto viaduct on their approach to Union Station. The road rises slightly near Front Street, marking the pre-landfill shoreline, beyond Front Street the road passes through the east side of the Financial District, within sight of many of Canadas tallest buildings, fronting an entrance to the Allen Lambert Galleria. Between Front Street and Queen Street, Yonge Street is bounded by historic and commercial buildings, the east side has two historic performance venues, the Ed Mirvish Theatre and the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. In addition, Massey Hall is located just to the east on Shuter Street, opposite the Eaton Centre lies Yonge-Dundas Square. It is used for public events. Another stretch of busy retail lines both sides of Yonge Street north of Dundas Street, including Sam the Record Man until its closure on June 30,2007, the density of businesses diminishes north of Gerrard Street, residential towers flank this section. The Art Deco College Park building, a shopping complex of the T. Eaton Company, occupies most of the west side of Yonge Street from Gerrard Street north to College Street and it was converted into a residential and commercial complex after the building of the Eaton Centre. From College Street north to Bloor Street, Yonge Street serves smaller street-level retail, the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is a major crossroads of Toronto, informally considered the northern edge of the downtown core. Subway Line 2 Bloor–Danforth intersects the Yonge line here, with the transfers between lines making Bloor-Yonge Station the busiest in the city. The Hudsons Bay Centre and Two Bloor West office towers dominate the corner, the Mink Miles borders extend from Yonge to Avenue Road along Bloor
11.
Don River (Ontario)
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The Don River is a watercourse in southern Ontario, that empties into Lake Ontario, at Toronto Harbour. Its mouth was just east of the grid of the town of York, Upper Canada. Of the various watercourses that drained Toronto, the Don, the Humber River, the Don is formed from two rivers, the East and West Branches, that meet about 7 kilometres north of Lake Ontario while flowing southward into the lake. The area below the confluence is known as the lower Don, the Don is also joined at the confluence by a third major branch, Taylor-Massey Creek. The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority is responsible for managing the river, humans first arrived in the Don River area approximately 12,500 years BP, most likely as nomadic hunters. While there is archaeological evidence in the Don valley itself. The most significant recorded find is known as the Withrow Site and it was discovered in 1886 during road building just east of Riverdale Park. It contained human remains and other dating back to about 5000 years BP. It is unclear whether the Don River had a native Canadian name, in 1788, Alexander Aitkin, an English surveyor who worked in southern Ontario, referred to the Don River as Ne cheng qua kekonk. Elizabeth Simcoe, wife of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, reported in her diary that another name used was Wonscotanach and this is an Anishnaabe phrase meaning the river coming from the back burnt grounds which could refer to an earlier forest fire in the poplar plains to the north. The name Don River was given by Lt. Gov. Simcoe because the wide valley reminded him of the River Don in Yorkshire, after the founding of York in 1793, several mills were constructed along the lower Don. One of the first was at Todmorden Mills and these mills initially turned out lumber, flour and paper products. By the 1850s, there were more than 50 mills along the Don, the Lower Don was becoming an industrial setting. Petroleum storage facilities, poultry and pork processing plants were constructed along the banks of the Don, in 1879, the Don Valley Brick Works opened. Polluted effluent from factories and the growing city nearby was turning the Don. In the 1880s, the part of the Don south of the former Winchester St. bridge was straightened and placed in a channel to create additional harbour space. Known as The Don Improvement Project, the river was also supposed to divert the polluted waters into the Ashbridges Bay marsh. This proved unsuccessful so the mouth was turned 90 degrees west where it empties into the inner harbour and this short extension of the harbour is known as the Keating Channel
12.
David Gibson (Canadian politician)
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David Gibson, was a surveyor, farmer and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in Forfarshire, Scotland in 1804 and he apprenticed with a land surveyor in Scotland and came to Upper Canada seeking employment. In 1825, he was named a deputy surveyor of roads and, in 1828, in 1831, he became associated with William Lyon Mackenzie as a Reformer. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada representing 1st York in 1834 and 1836 and he reluctantly joined the rebellion of 1837 and protected the loyalist prisoners at Montgomerys Tavern from abuse. However, despite this, the governor Sir Francis Bond Head ordered his farm burned, Gibson fled to Lockport, New York, where he was employed as an engineer for the Erie Canal. In 1848, having been pardoned in 1843, he returned to his farm and was hired as a land surveyor. In 1853, he was given the post of inspector of crown lands agencies and he also supervised the surveying of roads in the Algoma District from 1861 to 1862. For a time, he operated a large sawmill in the Parry Sound region. He died at Quebec in 1864, an Ontario Historical Plaque was erected in front of the Gibson House Museum in North York Centre, Toronto, Ontario by the province to commemorate David Gibsons role in Ontarios heritage. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
13.
Upper Canada Rebellion
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The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada in December 1837. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the Rebellion in Lower Canada that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to openly revolt soon after and they launched the Patriot War in 1838-39. Some historians argue that the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the context of the late 18th. The United Kingdoms Chartists sought similar democratic goals, the Upper Canada Rebellion is sometimes dismissed as a farmers revolt, an opportunistic action by misled backwoodsmen. The rebellion was, rather, the consequence of a sophisticated political movement that copied the organizational forms of the British reform movement. The British Reform movement, organized as Political Unions, had achieved the Great Reform Bill of 1832 which broadened the electoral franchise, the Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832-3 by Dr Thomas David Morrison while William Lyon Mackenzie was in England. This union collected 19,930 signatures on a petition protesting Mackenzies unjust expulsion from the House of Assembly by the Family Compact and this union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society in 1835. It shared a meeting space in the market buildings with the Mechanics Institute. The Canadian Alliance Society adopted much of the platform of the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, in pursuit of this democratic goal, the Chartists eventually staged a similar armed rebellion, the Newport Rising, in Wales in 1839. The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, the Reformers experienced a disaster at the 1836 elections for the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada, and the Society took its final form as the Toronto Political Union in 1837. It was this group of the disenfranchised that began organizing local Vigilance Committees to elect delegates to a so-called Constitutional Convention in July 1837 and this became the organizational structure for the Rebellion, most of the rebel organizers were elected Constitutional Convention delegates. The first of those meetings to select delegates to the convention were held at Doels Brewery in Toronto on July 28 and 31. The second meeting was called to order by Samuel Hughes, a member of the Children of Peace, the meeting appointed Hughes, Samuel Lount, Nelson Gorham, Silas Fletcher, Jeremiah Graham and John McIntosh, M. P. P. as delegates to the convention. Immediately preceding the Mackenzie rebellion John Doels house and brewery were prominent gathering places for the Reformers, the large meetings were usually held in the brewery while smaller meetings of the leaders were held in the home. Mackenzie’s planned to take foundry-men and axe-makers and seize arms, ammunition, and they would then arouse the citizens of the town and country to proclaim a provincial government. Mr. Doel objected to the plan and there was a fight between Mackenzie, Doel, and Morrison, the meeting was broken up and Mackenzie left the house forever. From this point forward John Doel, his brewery, and his home were not longer part of the rebellion. The meetings in the Home District met with an amount of Orange Order violence, so that the reformers began to protect themselves
14.
Erie Canal
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The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo and it was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. First proposed in the 1780s, then re-proposed in 1807, a survey was authorized, funded, proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents, its construction began in 1817. The canal has 35 numbered locks, plus the Federal Black Rock Lock, and it opened on October 26,1825. In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals and it was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement and it was enlarged between 1834 and 1862. The canals peak year was 1855, when 33,000 commercial shipments took place. In 1918, the part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal, which ran parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal. Mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large ship, the Day Peckinpaugh in 1994. This was not unique to the Americas, and the still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region. An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures — things in the water weighed far less, passengers and freight had to travel overland, a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads. In 1800, it typically took 2.5 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland, the principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain, which was a high-volume, low-priced commodity, bolstered by supplies from the coast. Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far-away population centers and this was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales, and later the Whiskey Rebellion. In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, the successes of the Canal du Midi in France, Bridgewater Canal in Britain, and Eiderkanal in Denmark spurred on what was called in Britain canal mania. Two men, Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson, were proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River. Their efforts led to the creation of the Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in 1792, by 1788, Washingtons Potomac Company was successful in constructing five locks which took boats 4,500 feet past the Potomac Great Falls. However, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal superseded the Potomac Canal in 1823, christopher Colles surveyed the Mohawk Valley, and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784, proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario. The proposal drew attention and some action, but was never implemented, jesse Hawley finally got the canal built
15.
Gibson House
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Gibson House is a historical museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Yonge Street, in the North York Centre neighbourhood of the city of North York. The property was first acquired by David Gibson, a Scottish immigrant, for his activities in the Rebellion, his house was destroyed and he was banished from Upper Canada. Gibson fled to nearby western New York, settling with his family in Lockport, although he was threatened with losing his land, he continued to own the property in what was then York County, near Toronto. His wife was not banished, and she was able to travel between Lockport and Toronto to collect rents and profits on the farmstead, in 1843, Gibson was pardoned, along with many who took part in the Rebellion. He returned with his family to York County in 1848 and built house in 1851. Its style reflects a prosperous man, and some of its furniture, Gibson House is set back from Yonge Street, one of the colonys pioneer roads and today often called the worlds longest street. It is shielded from traffic, however, by construction hoarding for the Gibson Square Condominium development, Gibson House once welcomed carriages to its front door, now shielded from Yonge Street by construction. The house is one of several operated by the City of Toronto. Tours are available, and an attached to the old house offers insight into the lives of a family which continued to reside here into the 20th Century. Childrens programs welcome school groups and birthday parties, and certain days offer guests a chance to play games, sample kitchen treats. The Museum is affiliated with, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada, list of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto Gibson House
16.
United Church of Canada
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The Canadian Conference of the Evangelical United Brethren Church joined the United Church of Canada on 1 January 1968. Membership peaked in 1964 at 1.1 million, and has declined since that time, from 1991 to 2001, the number of people claiming an affiliation with the United Church decreased by 8%, the third largest decrease in mainstream Christian denominations in Canada. Church statistics for the end of 2014 showed 436,292 members, about 139,000 people attend services in 2,170 pastoral charges representing 2,961 congregations on a regular basis. The United Church has a structure, where each council have specific responsibilities. In some areas, each of these councils have sole authority, while in others, the rules for governance are set out in The Manual, first written in 1925, and updated on a regular basis. The voice and face of the church is the Moderator, who is elected to a term at each General Council. Visiting pastoral charges across the country, giving guidance and counsel in all its affairs. Being the primary spokesperson for the United Church presiding at the meetings of the General Council, its Executive, currently, Jordan Cantwell, an ordained minister from Saskatchewan, holds the position after her election August 13,2015 at the 42nd General Council. A pastoral charge that has two or more congregations is described as a two-point charge, three-point charge, etc. The pastoral charge is responsible for their operations, including raising all of the money needed for staff, building maintenance and operation, worship, committee work. Policy decisions at this level are made by a congregational Board or Council. However, budgets and finances, election of Board members and changes to ministry-pastoral relations must be approved at a meeting of the full congregation, there are 85 presbyteries within the United Church, each being a collection of about 20–60 pastoral charges. Each pastoral charge may also send delegates from the congregation to assist in decision-making, the presbytery is responsible for care and oversight of the pastoral charges within it. When a pastoral charge is seeking a new minister, the presbytery provides presbyters who help to assess the congregations ministerial needs as well as taking part in the search process, presbyteries are gathered up into one of 13 conferences. The conference is responsible for the training and education of candidates for ministry, for overall church mission strategy and this is the churchs highest legislative court. Every three years, ministers and lay commissioners who have been elected by the Conferences meet to set church policy, an Executive and Sub-Executive govern between meetings of the council. This change must be approved by a majority of pastoral charges, the clergy of the United Church are called ministers. There are two streams, ordered ministry and lay ministry, ordered ministry includes ordained ministers and diaconal ministers
17.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
18.
Chinese people
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The Han Chinese, Han people or simply Han are an ethnic group native to East Asia. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of China, 95% of Taiwan, 76% of Singapore, 23% of Malaysia, Han Chinese are the worlds largest ethnic group with over 1.3 billion people. Similarly, the Chinese language also came to be named the Han language ever since, in the Oxford Dictionary, the Han are defined as The dominant ethnic group in China. In the Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, the Han are called the dominant population in China, as well as in Taiwan, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the Han are the Chinese peoples especially as distinguished from non-Chinese elements in the population. The name Hanzhong, in turn, was derived from the Han River, which flows through the regions plains. The river, in turn, derives its name from such as Tianhan, Yinhan, Xinghan or Yunhan, all ancient Chinese poetic nicknames for the Milky Way. This gave rise to a commonly used nowadays by overseas Chinese for ethnic identity – Huaren. The term is used in conversation and is also an element in the Cantonese word for Chinatown. The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion of them – live in areas under the jurisdiction of the Peoples Republic of China, where they constitute about 92% of its population. Han Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the administrative regions of the PRC—about 95% and 96% of the population of Hong Kong and Macau. There are over 22 million Han Chinese in Taiwan, they began migrating from the coastal provinces of mainland China to Taiwan during the 13th to 17th century. At first, these migrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, hoklo immigrants from Quanzhou settled in coastal regions, and those from Zhangzhou tended to gather on inland plains, while the Hakka inhabited hilly areas. Clashes between these groups over land, water, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities, of about 40 million overseas Chinese worldwide, nearly 30 million live in Southeast Asia. They are collectively called Nanyang Chinese, according to a population genetic study, Singapore is the country with the biggest proportion of Hans in Southeast Asia. Up until the past few decades, overseas Han communities originated predominantly from areas in southern China, christmas Island has a Chinese majority at 70%, large Chinese populations also live in Malaysia and Thailand. Prior to the 1965 split, Malaysia and Singapore used to have the largest overseas Chinese population in the world and this position has since been taken by Thailand. The prehistory of the Han ethnic group is closely intertwined with both records and mythology. Han Chinese trace their ancestry from a confederation of late neolithic/early bronze-age agricultural tribes that lived along the Guanzhong, the Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with the neighbouring Shennong tribes after defeating their leader, Flame Emperor, at the Battle of Banquan
19.
Koreans
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Koreans are an ethnic group native to the whole Korean Peninsula and southeastern Manchuria. Over the course of the 20th century, significant Korean communities have emerged in Australia, Canada, United States and, to a lesser extent, as of 2013, there were an estimated 7.4 million ethnic Korean expatriates around the planet. South Koreans refer to themselves as Hanguk-in, or Hanguk-saram, both of which mean Korean nation people, when referring to members of the Korean diaspora, Koreans often use the term Han-in. North Koreans refer to themselves as Joseon-in or Joseon-saram, both of which literally mean Joseon people, using similar words, Koreans in China refer to themselves as Chaoxianzu in Chinese or Joseonjok in Korean, which are cognates that literally mean Joseon ethnic group. Ethnic Koreans living in Russia and Central Asia refer to themselves as Koryo-saram, alluding to Goryeo, Koreans are the descendants of the peoples that migrated for over 13. 000-7.000 years from Southeast Asia and todays Russian Far East into the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. Later Chinese and other, often said to be Siberian or paleo-Asian tribes migrated into parts of Korea, archaeological evidence suggests that most of the later arriving tribes were migrants from south-central Siberia. During the Four Commanderies of Han some Chinese clans migrated to northern Korea, susumu Ōno, Ki-Moon Lee and Choong-Soon Kim suspect that proto-Dravidian people migrated to Korea and parts of Japan. Susumu Ōno suggest also an Austronesian immigration into the Korean peninsula, the largest concentration of dolmens in the world is found on the Korean Peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35, 000-100,000 dolmen, Korean males also exhibit a moderate frequency of Haplogroup C-M217. About 2% of Korean males belong to Haplogroup D-M174, the D1b-M55 subclade has been found with maximal frequency in a small sample of the Ainu people of Japan, and is generally frequent throughout the Japanese Archipelago. Haplogroup D4 is the modal haplogroup among Koreans and among Northeast Asians in general. Haplogroup B, which very frequently in many populations of Southeast Asia, Polynesia. Haplogroup A has been detected in approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans, Haplogroup A is the most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Eskimo, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses Hangul as its writing system with some Hanja. There are more than 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide, estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Koreas population has been extremely difficult. Until release of data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population, thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il-sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were made available to the outside world
20.
Demographics of Iran
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Irans population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 75 million by 2011. In recent years, however, Irans birth rate has dropped significantly, studies project that Irans rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes above 100 million by 2050. More than half of Irans population is under 35 years old, in 2009, the number of households stood at 15.3 million. Families earn some 11.8 million rials per month on average, according to the OECD/World Bank statistics population growth in Iran from 1990 to 2008 was 17.6 million and 32%. The literacy rate was 80% in 2007, and 85% in 2008, according to the 2011 population census the population of Iran was 75 million, a fourfold increase since 1956. Between 1976 and 1986, an annual population growth of almost 4% was reached. Structure of the population 2006 and 24.10, the largest linguistic group comprises speakers of Iranian languages, like modern Persian, Kurdish, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Luri, Talysh, and Balochi. The remainder are speakers of Semitic languages such as Arabic. There are small groups using other Indo-European languages such as Armenian, Russian, Pashto, Georgian, spoken in a pocket only by those Iranian Georgians that live in Fereydan. Most of those Georgians who live in the north Iranian provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Tehran Province and the rest of Iran no longer speak the language but keep a Georgian conscience. The Circassians in Iran, a large minority in the past. However, significant pockets do exist spread over the country, Jews have had a continuous presence in Iran since the time of Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. In 1948, there were approximately 140, 000–150,000 Jews living in Iran, however, the official 2011 state census recorded only 8,756 Jews in Iran. For sources prior to and after 2000, see Languages and ethnicities in Iran, in addition to its international migration pattern, Iran also exhibits one of the steepest urban growth rates in the world according to the UN humanitarian information unit. According to 2005 population estimates, approximately 67 percent of Irans population lives in urban areas, less than 1% non-Muslim minorities include Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews, Baháís, Mandeans, and Yarsan. By far the largest group of Christians in Iran are Armenians under the Armenian Apostolic Church which has between 110,000,250,000, and 300,000, adherents, there are hundreds of Christian churches in Iran. The Baháí Faith, Irans largest non-Muslim religious minority with a population around 300,000, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran. Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Baháís has increased with executions, the denial of rights and liberties
21.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
22.
Persian language
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Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages
23.
Korean language
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It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
24.
Newtonbrook Secondary School
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Newtonbrook Secondary School is a high school for students in Grades 9 to 12 in the Newtonbrook neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was part of the North York Board of Education until the Toronto school boards were amalgamated in the late 1990s, opened in 1964 by the then North York Board of Education to provide a closer school for the area. It is considered to be one of the more sports-oriented high schools in the Toronto District School Board, some elective academic programmes offered are, French immersion programme, fashion design, dance, music and a thorough computers science program. The sports field is used by Toronto City Saints rugby team of the Canada Rugby League, in 2009, the independent, Toronto-centric movie Victoria Day was filmed at the school. Protagonist Ben Spektor is a student at Newtonbrook Secondary School in 1988, jMichael Deane CFL Player Ottawa Red Blacks, Former Calgary Stampeder, Graduate Michigan State University Elizabeth Cull, Minister of Health, Minister of Finance, British Columbia, Canada. Michaels Majors Steve Shutt, retired NHL player Montreal Canadiens and Los Angeles Kings Shawn Gore, former NFL player, Green Bay Packers, there are many activities, clubs and teams suited to a variety of interests. The more involved a student is in life the more connected he/she will feel. - Music Organization of Brook Muslim Student Association N. A. C, peer Tutoring Poetry Club Portfolio Club Prom Committee Robotics S. A. C. A. C. Rugby 7s Soccer Tennis Volleyball Winter Alpine Skiing Basketball Hockey Hockey N. A. C, nordic Skiing Snowboarding Swimming Volleyball Wrestling Spring Badminton Baseball N. A. C. It is an opportunity that prepares students for post-secondary education in the field of their choice. Upon having completed the SHSM program students receive a designation on their high school diploma. List of high schools in Ontario Newtonbrook S. S. Website
25.
Empress Walk
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Empress Walk is a large condominum and retail complex at the intersection of Yonge Street and Empress Avenue in the North York Centre area of the former city of North York in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Developed by Menkes Development, Phase 1 was completed in 1997, there is a 3035-seat Cineplex Cinemas movie multi-plex featuring an IMAX Theatre. Above are two 34-storey residential towers with a total of 745 units between them, behind the Empress Walk complex on its east side is Princess Park, commemorating the original sites of the first municipal building and fire hall of North York. The clock tower from the hall has been reconstructed and serves as the centrepiece for the park. Across the street, and connected via the TTC tunnel, are Mel Lastman Square, the North York Civic Centre, next door, and connected via a passageway is the 5075 Yonge Street tower, with Scotiabank and Upper Madison College. It was built as part of Mel Lastmans bid to create a downtown in North York to rival the old city of Toronto and it remains a hub of activity with condominium projects being built north and south of it today. In 2000, the property was acquired by RioCan REIT, a Canadian real estate investment trust, the rear of the build features the façade of the former Township of North York Municipal Offices from the 1940s and the bell tower of the fire station that was on the site. Cineplex had merged with Famous Players in the 1990s and sold off their Empress Walk location as they had a nearby Cineplex Sheppard Grande theatre at Sheppard Avenue and Yonge Street. LCBO Loblaws Empress Market Best Buy Canada Wendys Dollarama (3.934 sq ft. and 10,100 sq ft. respectively vacant space Menkes
26.
Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts
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Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts is a Catholic arts high school located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Admission to the school is granted through audition, serving students from grade 7 to 12, it is one of three schools in the Toronto Catholic District School Board that is an elementary and secondary hybrid. The school was named after Cardinal Gerald Emmett Carter, Ordinary of the Archdiocese of Toronto since 1979, a supporter of education. Cardinal Carter school community is built upon Gospel values and the love of learning, Cardinal Carter was built at the former St. Edward Catholic School which moved to the North York Board of Educations closed Burnett Public School on Eddiefield Avenue in 1985. That same year, it was the campus of the newly established Mary Ward Catholic Secondary School. In 1986, the MSSB reached a deal with Tridel, a Canadian condominium developer, in return, Tridel built a $10 million three-storey school on the boards 1.3 acre property. The first set of auditions were held in January 1990, the school facilities were designed by Makrimichalos Cugini Architects and features a proscenium stage, full orchestra pit, dance, drama, music and art studios, practice and rehearsal rooms. Before the opening of Cardinal Carter, the building was temporarily used by St. Bruno Catholic School, located in Downtown Toronto. Because of budget problems, the MSSB originally delayed the opening to September 1991 citing a tax increase to 9. 5%. However, on May 17,1990, the MSSB trustees reversed the decision proceeding the opening of Carter as planned. On September 4,1990, Cardinal Carter opened its doors to 269 pupils in the seventh, eighth, the school was blessed in 1991 and the first graduates emerged in 1994. One of the original students was the daughter of CBC Televisions hit show Seeing Things. Since 2002, the school operates a second using the TCDSBs Catholic Education Centre building just across the street. The primary intake years are grades 7 and 9, approximately 60 students are admitted in grade 7 and 100 students in grade 9. Admission at senior levels is possible if space is available, audition requirements differ with every arts area. Drama majors must complete a workshop and perform a memorized monologue, Dance students must participate in a 90-minute dance class and perform a one-minute improvisation. Visual artists must first submit a portfolio of assigned exercises, further audition requirements are then sent out, students receive a balanced and thorough education in the arts, and through the arts. The specialized and accelerated arts program allows students to concentrate in one of four majors, Music, Drama, Dance, there is a theoretical and practical aspect within each art major
27.
Claude Watson School for the Arts
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The Toronto District School Board is Canadas largest school board governing 110 secondary schools including X alternative schools, educating over x secondary level students. The Ontario Ministry of Education has set benchmarks in mathematics and literacy in order to compare students between schools, the Education Quality and Accountability Office is an arm’s-length crown agency created by Government of Ontario. The purpose of EQAO tests is to ensure there is accountability between school boards and schools in the publicly funded system in Ontario. Educational accountability is important to three key stakeholders, taxpayers, elected officials, and teachers, all academic and applied students in grade 9 write their respective EQAO math test, and all grade 10 students write a literacy test. Some schools in the TDSB offer specialized programs to provide unique opportunities, each specialized program has specific requirements as well as unique admission criteria. Africentric Secondary Program, Students are given a way of learning in some of their courses through an Africentric lens. Arts Focussed Schools/Arts Program, Special programs offer a focus on the arts, entrepreneurship, A special program that develops the innovation, flexibility and self-reliance required to be successful in a business-driven environment. Centre of Innovation for Skills and Technologies, Customized learning hubs focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering, Students focus on engineering design process through real-world applications with the goal of preparation for University level studies. An Alternative School may be for students who are at risk or failing or it may refer to schools that focus on independent study and are structured like university. In some cases, the EdVance or Diploma program is served to 18- to 20-year-olds who are out of or returning to school similar to a collegiate level, for adults over 21 who are returning to school or improving their skills, an Adult Learning Centres are offered
28.
Earl Haig Secondary School
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Earl Haig Secondary School is a public high school with a student body of about 2,200 students in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In addition to being a secondary school, the school is also host to The Claude Watson Arts Program. The school is named after Field Marshal The 1st Earl Haig, the school was established in 1928, shortly after the Earl Haigs death. The original school was designed by the Toronto architectural firm of Craig and Madill, the building officially opened in 1930 as Earl Haig Collegiate Institute. Additions continued through the 1940s, 50s and 60s, in 1961, the school changed its name from Earl Haig Collegiate Institute to Earl Haig Secondary School. It is currently the largest high school in the Toronto District School Board, the Claude Watson Arts Program began in 1982. The program consists of dance, drama, music, film arts, in 1996, the original building was demolished in sections to make way for a new building. This new building was designed around the auditorium, Cringan Hall. The new 310,000 sq ft building was opened in September 1997 at a cost of CAD$30,800,000. The Claude Watson Arts Program was founded in 1982 and integrated with Earl Haig, the school has two separate programs now, the un-auditioned, open collegiate secondary school and the Claude Watson Arts Program. The Claude Watson program is audition only, each student takes a full academic course load and, additionally, majors in one of five arts disciplines, Dance, Drama, Music, Film Arts, and Visual Arts. The Arts program is similar to the arts-only school Etobicoke School of the Arts, see, List of Earl Haig Secondary School people List of high schools in Ontario Earl Haig SS Website
29.
A. Y. Jackson Secondary School (Toronto)
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A. Y. Jackson Secondary School is a secondary school for grades 9 to 12 located in North York, the northern district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the North York community of Metropolitan Toronto and it was opened in 1970 by the North York Board of Education, and is now operated by its successor, the Toronto District School Board. The school was designed by Toronto architect Raymond Moriyama and named after A. Y, Jackson, a Canadian painter and one of the founders of the Group of Seven. Jackson was opened in 1970 under the North York Board of Education, however, as part of the 1998 amalgamation of North York into the City of Toronto, the Toronto District School Board now operates A. Y. Jackson. In 2016, as part of a TDSB board decision, the school underwent more changes, with the school now supporting grade nine students, the school offers three Specialist High Skills Majors in the fields of Biotechnology, Business, and Non-Profit. On province wide literacy tests, A. Y. Jackson students pass rate is 93 percent, the school also has a fantastic record of success in national and international competitions in mathematics, the sciences, computer studies and business education. Jackson has the sports teams, Aquatics Badminton Basketball Cross Country Curling Flag Football Floor Hockey Soccer Ultimate Frisbee Volleyball Currently. Jackson has 48 different clubs, councils and ensembles, including 20 related to the arts, there are 461 females and 555 males in the school, making A. Y. Henry Lau, member of Super Junior-M List of high schools in Ontario A. Y. Jackson Secondary School website A. Y. Jackson S. S, science Department Website Toronto District School Board, A. Y. Jackson Secondary School, with a school profile
30.
Brebeuf College School
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Brebeuf College School is a publicly funded Roman Catholic all-boys high school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada founded by the Jesuits in 1963 and associated with the Presentation Brothers since 1984. Brebeuf College is part of the Toronto Catholic District School Board, students participate in a various activities, including faith and service-related clubs, music and drama productions, and athletic programs at both the intramural and extramural levels. Extended French, Gifted, ESL, and Co-operative Education programs are available for students with appropriate qualifications, students in this 4-year program study an enriched curriculum in English, Mathematics, and Science. The school operates on the system and has an enrolment of nearly 1,100 students. Almost 20% of the staff are alumni. The school was named after Saint Jean de Brébeuf, a French Jesuit priest who first came to Canada in 1625,17 years after the founding of the country by Champlains French colonists in 1608. Brebeuf journeyed to the area around what is now Midland, Ontario, in 1649 an Iroquois raid on a Huron village captured de Brébeuf, aged 56, and others, they were ritually tortured and killed. De Brébeuf was canonised as a saint in 1930, in 1954 his grave was discovered by Father Denis Hegarty, S. J. at the present site of Ste. -Marie-among the Hurons, near Midland, with a plaque reading P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le 17 de mars lan/1649. de Brebeuf is the patron of Brebeuf College School. The school opened one hundred students in Grades 9 and 10 in September 1963, with a staff of eight Jesuit priests, one Jesuit brother. Bishops Philip Francis Pocock and Francis Anthony Marrocco presided at the opening and solemn blessings on January 5,1964. Brebeufs first graduation class in 1966 consisted of 30 students, among them Michael Daoust and this arrangement happened at most Catholic high schools in Ontario at the request of the bishops of the province. At the same time, the name was officially changed to Brebeuf College School. The first class of Grade 13s graduates from the school consisted of 74 students, St. Agnes Catholic School opened adjacent to the Brebeuf property in 1971. In May 1983, Father William Rye, the Provincial of the Jesuits and this decision was made necessary by the steady decline of available manpower. Immediately, Cardinal Gerald Emmett Carter and the staff of the Archdiocese of Toronto began to explore the possibilities to ensure the operation of Brebeuf. In February 1984, Cardinal Carters office announced that the Presentation Brothers were willing to assume responsibility for Brebeuf College, brother Lawrence Maher FPM was the new Principal until 1996. Thus the school is now associated by the Presentation Brothers
31.
Tyndale University College and Seminary
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Tyndale University College and Seminary is a Canadian accredited Christian institution of higher education in the Protestant Evangelical tradition located in Toronto, Ontario. Tyndale students come from over 40 different Christian denominations and more than 30 different ethnic groups, Tyndale offers undergraduate and graduate programs. A student residence is located on its campus, Tyndale has a BED program leading to certification in the Province of Ontario. The Toronto Bible Training School was founded in 1894 by a group of brethren under the supervision of Elmore Harris pastor of Walmer Road Baptist Church, Elmore Harris became the first President. William Boyd Stewart was the first Principal, the name of the school was changed to Toronto Bible College in 1912 and in September 1928 relocated to 16 Spadina Road when the lease expired. It became the first permanent Canadian Bible school and only the third in North America, the founders vision of TBC was to train laypeople as Sunday School teachers, Pastors Assistants, and as City, Home and Foreign Missionaries. The institutions leadership was largely Baptist and Presbyterian, but also included Methodists, the TBC graduation service was always a significant Toronto event, held initially at Massey Hall, and then moved to the University of Torontos Varsity Stadium to accommodate crowds as large as 6,000. In the 1940s, the president, John McNicol, steered a path between modernism and ultra-fundamentalism --both of which McNicol denounced as threats to the health of the church. This unique position gained TBC the support of evangelicals in a variety of mainline denominations, in 1968, Toronto Bible College merged with the London College of Bible and Missions from London, Ontario. LCBM began in 1935 as the London Bible Institute, led by J. Wilmot Mahood, the newly merged institution was named Ontario Bible College. This merger brought more students to the Toronto-based institution from other denominations including the Associated Gospel Churches, the Brethren. In 1976 OBC relocated to a former Jesuit seminary in Willowdale, Toronto, in the same year, the institution also established a graduate school named Ontario Theological Seminary. OBC/OTS was given degree-granting powers by the Government of Ontario in 1986, by 1995, the institution had become insolvent and filed to make a proposal to creditors under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act in Canada. A new president, Brian Stiller, and CFO, Winston Ling, were brought on, in 1998 the school was renamed Tyndale College and Seminary after William Tyndale, a Reformation theologian of the sixteenth century. The leadership intended the change to indicate their vision to build a world-class centre of Christian higher education in Canada. In 2003, the Ontario Legislature authorized Tyndale to change its name to Tyndale University College & Seminary. In June 2006, Tyndale entered into an agreement to acquire a neighbouring facility, St. Josephs Morrow Park,3377 Bayview Avenue, from the Sisters of St. Joseph of Toronto. A key reason for Vatican approval of the transfer of the campus from Catholic to Protestant hands was Tyndales commitment to maintain the aesthetically significant chapel as sacred space
32.
Toronto District School Board
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The Toronto District School Board is the English-language public-secular school board for Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its headquarters are in North York, the TDSB is Canadas largest school board and the fourth largest school board in North America. The Metropolitan Toronto School Boards head office was located at the former York Mills Public School site on Campbell Crescent, TDSB headquarters was located at 155 College Street, the former offices of the Toronto Board of Education. TDSB head office moved from 155 College Street to 5050 Yonge Street, the TDSB is the largest school board in Canada and the 4th largest in North America. The record was held by the Metropolitan Separate School Board with over 100,000 students until 1998 what is now the Toronto Catholic District School Board. There are more than 250,000 students in nearly 600 schools within the TDSB, of these schools,451 offer elementary education,102 offer secondary level education, and there are five adult day schools. The TDSB has 16 alternative elementary schools as well as 20 alternative secondary schools, TDSB has approximately 31,000 permanent and 8,000 temporary staff, which includes 10,000 elementary school teachers and 5,800 at the secondary level. There has also been an effort to include more student involvement in the Toronto District School Board, the Super Council is an organization which acts as a student council for the entire board. There has also been an attempt to place student input in the TDSBs Equity Department through the second, both groups have put together various events and have had much success in giving input towards the decisions of the Board. The TDSB actively recruits students from outside of Canada, and attracts students from Kindergarten to Grade 12th, the current Director of Education is Dr. John Malloy, who is serving on an interim basis during an 18-month period since January 4,2016, replacing Donna Quan. Malloy is also serving as an Assistant Deputy Minister and Chief Student Achievement Officer with the Ontario Ministry of Education. One option is the Parent Involvement Advisory Committee, parents can design and propose a new school in the TDSB. There is a 2-year process for review, approval and opening the school, in 2002, the Government of Ontario stripped all power and authority from the school board trustees because they failed to balance the boards budget. Paul Christie was appointed by the province to serve as supervisor of the Toronto District School Board, with authority for all financial and this allowed Christie to supersede the authority of elected school trustees. The provincial government argued that the appointment was necessary, as the TDSB had not submitted a budget to the Ontario Minister of Education as legally required. Representatives of the TDSB claimed that they could not find the necessary operating expenses for the year, Christie balanced the TDSBs budget through a dramatic spending reduction of $90 million. Christies staff reports were not made public, and some argued that there were no adequate checks or balances on his authority. Blackstone Partners carried out a review in 2006 and they submitted a 113-page report in January 2007
33.
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College
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The Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College is a non-profit, private higher education institution in Toronto, Canada. It has graduates practising in 37 countries around the world, CMCC focuses on the delivery of education, research and patient care. Founded in 1945, CMCC is a corporation and is a registered charity. CMCC receives no government funding and relies on tuition and membership fees. Pursuant to section 5 of the Province of Ontarios Post-secondary Choices and Excellence Act,2000, CMCC applied for consent to offer a Doctor of Chiropractic degree, CMCC awards a Doctor of Chiropractic Degree. The program is offered under the consent of the Minister of Training. CMCC’s Doctor of Chiropractic program consists of four years of academic and clinical education, years I and II of the curriculum emphasize the foundational courses in the biological sciences. With the Gross Anatomy Laboratory, CMCC is one of only 10 educational institutions designated as a school of anatomy under the authority of the Anatomy Act of the Province of Ontario. CMCC’s Graduate Studies program provides advanced programs of study that emphasize excellence in clinical skills, research, teaching. Among the program’s 94 graduates,69 remain actively involved in academia, CMCC’s Continuing Education Division provides access to high quality educational programs to meet the ever-changing needs of chiropractors in practice. Conferences, seminars, and online or hard copy resources improve practitioners’ knowledge, CE programs are current and relevant to practicing chiropractors, related health care workers and undergraduate chiropractic students. Research informs the undergraduate curriculum and will contribute to the body of knowledge, elevate the quality of CMCC’s education program. CMCC’s research into interprofessional health dynamics has earned international respect, faculty research in this area has included using systems dynamics to explore jurisdictional control in health care delivery. The completion of a research-related literature synthesis is a requirement, an elective research project is available to those students who have special interest or are considering a research track in their career. CMCC student investigations have achieved outstanding success in international research competitions with awards in topics ranging from biomechanics to interprofessional collaboration, recently, CMCC established the McMorland Family Research Chair in Mechanobiology, a first for an independent chiropractic institution. The Division of Clinical Education offers patients a wide range of services in communities throughout the Greater Toronto Area. Community-based clinics are located in a variety of settings allowing a wide spectrum of patients access to evidence-based chiropractic care, CMCC operates eight teaching clinics as primary sites. The external clinics provide an opportunity for interns to experience six months of training in a setting that more closely resembles practice
34.
North York Central Library
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North York Central Library is located in northern Toronto, Ontario, Canada, at the intersection of Yonge Street and Park Home Avenue, north of Sheppard Avenue. The library is located on the west side of Yonge Street beside Mel Lastman Square in the mall of the North York Civic Centre, North York Central Library is served by the North York Centre subway station, which is adjacent to the mall containing the library. In contrast to the Toronto Reference Library, however, most of the items in the North York Central Library can be signed out, research and Reference Libraries are the largest libraries in Toronto and have the most extensive collections. It is the largest library in the city of North York. It has 517,600 items in its collection made up of a range of books, magazines, newspapers, videos, tapes. The library building has six floors and a floor space of 15,626 square metres. The library contains sections on childrens and teen literature, literature and fine arts, language, society and recreation, business and urban affairs, science and technology, and Canadiana. There is, as well, a variety of collections for children. On the sixth floor the houses a large collection of historical Canadian newspapers stored on rolls of film going back to, in some cases. There are special printers which can print the images which are stored on film, also contained within the building is a 1,764 square metres auditorium. Now part of the larger Toronto Public Library system, the first stand-alone facility for the North York Public Library was constructed on Yonge Street at Park Home Avenue in 1959, the Gladys Allison Building acted as a central library for all of North York. The Gladys Allison Building closed on October 5,1985, a support branch, Central-on-Sheppard, opened to serve the community during the transition period between the closure and the opening of the new central library. The new North York Central Library, in the North York City Centre and it was designed by Moriyama and Teshima Architects and is characterised by its seven-storey atrium. Toronto Public Library Ontario Public Libraries North York Central Toronto Public Library Ontario Public Libraries
35.
Georges Vanier Secondary School
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Georges Vanier Secondary School and Woodbine Junior High School are two schools consisted of a junior high school and high school located in North York district of Toronto, Ontario. Owned and Operated by the North York Board of Education, the school was named after Canada’s first French-Canadian Governor General, attached to the Vanier-Woodbine campus is the North-East Year Round Alternative Centre. Opened in 1966, Georges Vanier was selected by the Canadian Education Association as one of 21 exemplary schools across Canada, the school offers specialized programs such as msc2. These programs give students the opportunity to earn nationally recognized certifications, ravi Baichwal, Chicago-based news anchor for ABC News, former national reporter and anchor for CTV News. Kirk McLean, the goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks that lead them to the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals, mark McKoy, Track & Field Olympian Benny Hinn, TV evangelist and faith healer. He was expelled for the prank
36.
York Cemetery, Toronto
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York Cemetery is a cemetery located in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The property of York Cemetery was originally farmed by Joseph Shepard who bought the property in 1805, the brick farm house on the property was constructed by Josephs son, Michael in 1837. Prior to 1940s the land was used as the short-lived Willowdale Airfield. In 1916, the Toronto General Burying grounds bought the property, the cemetery once fronted on Yonge Street, but in 1966, eighteen and a half acres were sold to the city of North York. The cemetery has continued to develop, with the addition of a chapel and reception centre and it is unknown to the public if the Cemetery will develop the land it controls at the bottom of the ravine and neighbouring Burnett Ave Park. Cemetery officials have indicated an intention to develop these lands at community meetings
37.
GO Transit
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GO Transit is a regional public transit system in Southern Ontario, Canada, serving the Golden Horseshoe region. With its hub at Union Station in Toronto, GO Transits operations extend as far as Niagara Falls to the south, Waterloo to the west, Peterborough to the east, GO Transit carried 69.5 million passengers in 2015, and its ridership continues to grow. GO Transit employs diesel trains and coach buses, it connects with all municipal transit providers in its area, as well as Via Rail. Canadas first such public system, GO Transit began regular passenger service on May 23,1967 as a part of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Since then, it has grown from a train line to seven. Cities in and around the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area experienced huge expansions in the 1950s, real improved commuter service was not considered until the 1962 Metropolitan Toronto and Region Transportation Study, which examined land use and traffic in the newly created Metropolitan Toronto. The idea of GO Transit was created out of fear of becoming lost in years of planning, it was approached as a test, GO Train service ran throughout the day from Oakville to Pickering with limited rush hour train service to Hamilton. The experiment proved to be popular, GO Transit carried its first million riders during its first four months. This line, now divided as the Lakeshore East and Lakeshore West lines is the corridor of GO Transit. Expansion of rail service continued in the 1970s and 1980s, aimed at developing ridership in with the introduction of the Georgetown line in 1974 and the Richmond Hill line in 1978. The Milton GO Train line opened in 1981, followed by the Bradford and Stouffville lines a year later, other than establishing new rail corridors, GO Transit introduced the Bi-Level coaches in 1979, in order to increase the number of passengers carried per train. These unique rail cars were developed in partnership with Bombardier Transportation, in that same year, the current GO concourse at Union Station was built to accommodate these additional passengers. GO Bus service also started on September 8,1970, extending the original Lakeshore line to Hamilton and Oshawa, as well as providing service north to Newmarket and Barrie. It eventually became a network in its own right after 1989, feeding rail service. GO extended limited rush hour service on the Bradford, Georgetown. Train service was extended to Burlington on the Lakeshore West line in 1992. In a series of cost-cutting measures, then-Ontario Premier Bob Rae announced a reduction in spending on services. All day train service was restored from Burlington to Whitby, and peak service was brought to Oshawa in 2000
38.
Toronto Transit Commission
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The Toronto Transit Commission is a public transport agency that operates bus, rapid transit, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1921, the TTC comprises four rapid transit lines with 69 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 10 streetcar lines. In 4th quarter 2012, the daily ridership was 2.76 million passengers,1,425,300 by bus,271,100 by streetcar,46,400 by intermediate rail. The TTC also operates paratransit service for the elderly and disabled. The TTC is the third most heavily used urban mass transit system in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority, public transit in Toronto started in 1849 with a privately operated transit service. In later years, the city operated some routes, but in 1921 assumed control over all routes, during this period, streetcars provided the bulk of the service. In 1954, the TTC adopted its present name, opened the first subway line, the system has evolved to feature a wide network of surface routes with the subway lines as the backbone. On February 17,2008, the TTC made many improvements, finally reversing more than a decade of service reductions. The Gloucester subway cars, the first version of TTC subway cars, another common slogan is The Better Way. The TTC has recovered about 70% of its costs from the fare box in recent years. From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations, deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s, followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties, Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when the Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies, the TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009. The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America, for the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45 billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city, in 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget. In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its budget from the provincial government. The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens, the TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department. Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC, Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario
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Viva Rapid Transit
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Viva is a bus rapid transit service operating in York Region, Ontario, Canada. Viva was designed and built using a public-private partnership model, York Region partnered with York Consortium, which comprises seven private sector firms with international experience in transit design, architecture, construction and operations. Under the terms of the agreement, public sector responsibilities include establishing fare policies and service levels, ownership of all assets. Viva opened in stages commencing September 6,2005, the second stage opened on October 16,2005, the third on November 20,2005, the fourth on January 2,2006, and the fifth on January 27,2008. Six routes are in operation, Viva Blue, Viva Purple, Viva Orange, Viva Pink, Viva Green, and Viva Yellow, Viva is the first phase of York Regions rapid transit plan to reduce traffic congestion. The next phase is called VivaNext, the service uses high-end Belgian-built Van Hool and Canadian-built NovaBus buses referred to as rapid transit vehicles. To maximize speed, buses make use of existing or specially lengthened right-turn lanes bypass lineups at intersections, when behind schedule, they are given priority at traffic signals. Viva operates 18 hours a day,7 days a week, during peak hours, buses arrive every three to ten minutes depending on the route. Outside of peak hours, buses arrive 10-45 minutes apart, stops along the routes are referred to as vivastations, and incorporate a ticket vending machine, a ticket validator, and a Presto card reader. A real-time display that notifies passengers when the vehicle is expected to depart. Viva stations are typically blue, except where they are part of a theme, Viva stations located in the historic districts of Thornhill, Richmond Hill, Aurora, and Main Street Markham have a bronze design referred to as vivavintage. Viva stations on York Universitys campus are red to comply with the universitys signage policy, where space is limited, stops are served by miniature vivamicro stations. Viva routes connect to stations on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 4 Sheppard of the Toronto subway, as well as GO Transit railway stations, Viva is integrated with YRTs existing bus network, and passengers pay one fare to use Viva and the regular bus system. Fares are valid for unlimited use for two hours from the time of purchase, to speed up boarding times, Viva uses the proof of payment system. Rather than have drivers sell fares, passengers obtain tickets at vending machines, * Running time based on normal traffic and weather conditions, retrieved from the YRT website. However, TTC customers intending to go to York University can use their TTC transfers and passes as proof-of-payment aboard Viva vehicles, TTC customers heading southbound from York University without a TTC Metropass or TTC transfer, however, must to buy an additional YRT/Viva ticket to board Viva Orange. The TTC pays YRT49 cents for each TTC customer it picks up and it costs the TTC97 cents per passenger boarding on route 196 York University Rocket. In 2009, YRT/Viva bus schedules became available on Google Transit, trip planning, detours, Viva operates at several major locations and terminals, with Viva stations at, Finch Station - north of Finch TTC station
40.
York Region Transit
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York Region Transit is the public transit operator in York Region, Ontario, Canada. Its headquarters are in Richmond Hill, at 50 High Tech Road, YRT operates 65 full-time, rush hour and limited routes,35 school services, and six Viva Rapid Transit routes. Nine Toronto Transit Commission routes run within York Regions boundaries, TTC passengers who cross Steeles Avenue must pay an additional fare to continue on that route. Some YRT routes operate within the City of Toronto, these generally run to. YRT northbound buses are allowed to pick up passengers south of Steeles Avenue if they are heading into York Region. YRT buses heading to a TTC subway station can similarly drop off passengers at designated stops south of Steeles Avenue, average daily ridership is between 150,000 and 200,000 riders on buses and 1,000 on MobilityPlus, a service for people with disabilities. 22 million riders used YRT in 2012, an 11. 6% increase over 2011, YRT is projecting more than 23.5 million riders for 2013. Area served, Newmarket, Aurora, King Township, East Gwillimbury and Georgina Operator, Tok Transit Facility,18106 Yonge Street, Newmarket, First Canada were stored in an outdoor facility at 534 Kent Drive at Mulock Drive in Newmarket. Area served, Richmond Hill Operator, Miller Area served, Vaughan Operator, Transdev Facility,8300 Keele Street, web site, Veolia Transport - Bus rapid transit in York region Service in Division 4 was provided by Tokmakjian Incorporated from 2003 to 2010. Services, Discontinued in Fall 2011 Former Operator, Stock Transportation Facility,550 Edward Avenue and these two routes were operated by Stock using three mini school buses bearing YRT logos and route signage. It was operated by Student Express Limited from 2000 to 2004, Services, Viva Rapid Transit Operator, TOK Transit Facility,55 Orlando Avenue, Richmond Hill BRT division was operated by Transdev from 2005. TOK Transit took over the BRT divisions responsibility on June 28,2015, and uses the new facility at 55 Orlando Avenue and it opened on March 23,2015. All but Transdev are Canadian-based transit operators, all contractors maintain and store the YRT fleet within York Region. YRT Capital Assets and York Region Rapid Transit Corporation are responsible for procurement of vehicles for YRT, in response to escalating congestion on the regions roads, York Regions transit plan included a provision for a bus rapid transit system along the Yonge Street and Highway 7 arterial corridors. This service, known as Viva, was launched in September 2005, fares for riding both York Region Transit and Viva may be paid by cash, tickets, or passes, the latter two offering substantial savings over cash. Conventional YRT vehicles are equipped with fareboxes and, since July 2011, fares allow for unlimited travel within York region for two hours, though a transfer may be required for connecting services. Pass holders and passengers paying by Presto card will not be issued transfers, the YRT/Viva service area is divided into three fare zones. Passengers crossing a boundary must pay a zone fare supplement in addition to the regular fares
41.
Viva Blue
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Viva Blue, or the Finch/Richmond Hill/Aurora/Newmarket line, or the Yonge St. Corridor Line is a line on the Viva bus rapid transit system in York Region, north of Toronto, Canada. It is operated by Tok Transit, under contract from the York Region Transit and this is the busiest and the longest YRT/Viva bus route in the York Region Transit network. There are twenty-five stations on the Viva Blue line, Service from Finch Station to Bernard began on September 4,2005, Service north of Bernard to Newmarket Terminal began November 20,2005. Passengers travelling between north of Bloomington and south of King must pay a fare, all others, including those starting or stopping at one of those stations. There is also a Viva Blue Short Turn route operating from Finch Station to Bernard, according to the original environmental assessments, it is also known as the Finch-Richmond Hill line. In the future, the Yonge Street transit corridor may be served by an extension of the Yonge subway line from Finch Station to Richmond Hill Centre, eventually, the entire portion of rapidway will also be upgraded to allow light rail transit on this corridor. Alternatively, GO Transit plans to run trains between Union Station in downtown Toronto, and its Langstaff train station adjacent to YRTs Richmond Hill Centre terminal daily. Stations along the rapidway will be lengthened and include heated shelters protected from the elements, stations along the subway would conform to the existing subway system. The station at Royal Orchard Boulevard was picked out of two locations serving the Thornhills historic district, the other location being at Centre Street. This was because the station would have a impact on the historic district
42.
Viva Pink
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Viva Pink is a bus rapid transit line in York Region, north of Toronto, Canada. It is operated by Veolia Transportation under contract from the Region of York, Viva Pink runs on Yonge Street from Finch to Richmond Hill Centre and then turns east to run primarily along the Highway 7 corridor. There are 21 stations on the Viva Pink line, on August 18,2013, the rapidway along Highway 7 opened from Richmond Hill Centre to East Beaver Creek. The next year, it opened to Town Centre Blvd, and to Cedarland on December 28,2014
43.
Line 4 Sheppard
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Line 4 Sheppard is the newest and shortest subway line of the Toronto subway system, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. All stations are accessible and are decorated with unique public art, such as the scenic mural at Sheppard−Yonge. When the subway opened, it was given the name Sheppard line, in October 2013, the TTC announced plans to give the lines official numbers to help riders and visitors to navigate the system. The Sheppard line is numbered as Line 4 and the new signage commenced in March 2014, the Sheppard Line was proposed as part of the Network 2011 transportation plan, unveiled in 1985, which called for a line from Yonge Street to Victoria Park Avenue. The plan was approved by Metropolitan Toronto, but funding was delayed by the government of David Petersons Liberal Party. In 1993, the governing New Democratic Party under Bob Rae proposed provincial funding for four projects for the TTC. Included in these four proposals were plans to build new subway lines along Eglinton and Sheppard Avenues, the NDP was defeated in the 1995 provincial election, and the Progressive Conservatives under Mike Harris were elected. Harris cancelled the Eglinton subway, but continued work on the Sheppard Line, funding for the Sheppard Line was rejected by city council. However, after a number of votes on different alterations to the project, after this vote passed city council, a re-vote was taken on the entire Sheppard line project to Don Mills, which then passed by the narrowest of margins. James Bow, a Toronto Transit reporter, has documented that the political clout of North York Mayor Mel Lastman was crucial to the Sheppard Line proposal being implemented, the Sheppard line was opened on November 22,2002. It was the citys first new line since the opening of the Bloor–Danforth line in 1966. It is shorter than had planned, running from Yonge Street east to Don Mills Road rather than further west to Downsview Station. The Sheppard line cost just under C$1 billion and took eight years to build and it is the first subway line in Canada that had plain tunnel sections built entirely by tunnel boring machine. All stations on the line are in sections, and just east of Leslie Station. The Sheppard line is the subway line in Toronto not to have any open sections. It was the first line to have accessibility elevators at every station Yonge Street had to be diverted for several years in order to accommodate the expansion of Sheppard Station, platform screen doors were proposed for the Sheppard line. Installed at the edge of the platforms, platform screen doors would align themselves with the doors when in station for safety. The system was dropped because of the cost, the line was designed so that it can be extended at both ends, allowing for the construction of the planned westward and eastward branches
44.
Bayview station (Toronto)
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Bayview is a station on the Sheppard line of the Toronto subway and RT. It is located at 550 Sheppard Avenue East, at Bayview Avenue, wi-Fi service is available at this station. Bayview opened on November 24,2002, along with the stations of the Sheppard line. Like all the stations on the Sheppard line, Bayview is fully accessible. A second automatic entrance at the southeast corner of the intersection is also accessible, providing elevator, escalator. There is also an entrance at the northwest corner of the intersection that is not accessible. Stevens Group Architects designed the station with Walter Construction being the general contractor, the high-ceilinged entrance pavilion is a distinctive feature of the station, with extensive glazing and long angled roofs overhanging the structure, evoking mid-century architecture. This led travel magazine BootsnAll to declare Bayview one of the 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world in 2011, nearby landmarks include the Bayview Village Shopping Centre and the Kenaston Gardens YMCA, which has an entrance directly adjacent to the station. There is no access to the subway from either Bayview Village or the YMCA. A transfer is needed to connect to both of these routes, bus stops are located directly outside the station
45.
Bessarion station
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Bessarion is a station on Line 4 Sheppard of the Toronto subway. Opened in 2002, it has ranked among the least used stations in the city, only second to Ellesmere. Wi-Fi service is available at this station, Bessarion opened on 24 November 2002, in the first phase of the Sheppard line, and was one of the stations originally planned for the Sheppard line. Due to budget overruns that came up on several occasions, there were suggestions to remove it from the original plan for a cost savings of $34 million. When the site was excavated, the soil was found to be contaminated with levels of hydrocarbons. This was removed and decontaminated during the construction of the subway station, like all stations on the Sheppard line, Bessarion is fully accessible and has been since 2002, the year it opened. The north entrance provides access to the concourse level only with stairs. The subway continues underground in a tunnel in both directions, east into Leslie and west to Bayview. The public art in the station, titled Passing by Toronto artist Sylvie Belanger, is a frieze of hands, feet, and backs of heads, the images of feet appear on the concourse level, while the heads appear on the platform level. The images of hands appear along the stairs between the Sheppard Avenue north side entrance/exit and the concourse, there are no off-street bus platforms at this station, and connecting service is available at the bus stops on Sheppard Avenue with a valid transfer. 85J Sheppard East westbound to Sheppard–Yonge Station and 85J eastbound to Don Mills Station Nearby landmarks include the Bessarion Parkette, a Canadian Tire and the Canadian Tire Park, mountain Equipment Co-ops new North York store is now open a short distance from the station. Media related to Bessarion Station at Wikimedia Commons Bessarion Station at the Toronto Transit Commission Finding Bessarion, a documentary by John Gape featuring Jeremy Woodcock
Willowdale
