Winnowing is a process by which chaff is separated from grain. It can also be used to remove pests from stored grain. Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparation. In its simplest form, it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall back down for recovery. Techniques included using a winnowing fan or using a tool on a pile of harvested grain.
Rice winnowing, Uttarakhand, India
Winnowing in a village in Tamil Nadu, India
Chinese rotary fan winnowing machine, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia (1637)
Le vanneur (The Winnower) by Jean-François Millet, a 19th-century depiction of winnowing by fan
Chaff is dry, scale-like plant material such as the protective seed casings of cereal grains, the scale-like parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw. Chaff cannot be digested by humans, but it may be fed to livestock, ploughed into soil, or burned.
Rice chaff
Spikelets of a hulled wheat, einkorn