1.
East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
2.
Midfielder
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A midfielder is an association football position. Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their teams defenders and forwards, some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders. Others blur the boundaries, being mobile and efficient in passing, they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box. The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the teams formation, most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing teams attacks, while others may be tasked with creating goals, or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence. Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match, central or centre midfielders are players whose role is divided roughly equally between attack and defence. When the opposing team has the ball, a midfielder may drop back to protect the goal or move forward. The 4–3–3 and 4–5–1 formations each use three central midfielders, the 4−4−2 formation may use two central midfielders, and in the 4–2–3–1 formation one of the two deeper midfielders may be a central midfielder. The term box-to-box midfielder refers to central midfielders who have abilities and are skilled at both defending and attacking. These players can track back to their own box to make tackles and block shots. A good box-to-box midfielder needs good passing, vision, control, stamina, tackling and marking in defence, left and right midfielders have a role balanced between attack and defence, similar to that of central midfielders, but they are positioned closer to the touchlines of the pitch. They may be asked to cross the ball into the penalty area to make scoring chances for their teammates. Common modern formations that include left and right midfielders are the 4−4−2, the 4−4−1−1, the 4–2–3–1, a notable example of a right midfielder is David Beckham. Defensive midfielders are players who focus on protecting their teams goal. These players may defend a zone in front of their teams defence, defensive midfielders may also move to the full-back or centre-back positions if those players move forward to join in an attack. Sergio Busquets described his attitude, The coach knows that I am an obedient player who likes to help out and if I have to run to the wing to cover someones position, great. A good defensive midfielder needs good positional awareness, anticipation of play, marking, tackling, interceptions, passing and great stamina. A holding or deep-lying midfielder stays close to their teams defence, a player in this role will try to protect their goal by disrupting the opponents attacking moves and stopping long shots on the goal. The holding midfielder may also have responsibilities when their team has the ball and this player will make mostly short and simple passes to more attacking members of their team but may try some more difficult passes depending on the teams strategy
3.
1. FC Magdeburg
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FC Magdeburg is a German association football club based in the city of Magdeburg. The club was founded in 1965 and spent all but one season in East Germanys top flight and it is the only East German club to have won a European title, winning the European Cup Winners Cup in 1974. It is the only East German club who won the double, winning the league, after German reunification, the club fell on hard times and only entered professional football in 2015 when the side was promoted to the 3. Football has been played in Magdeburg since the end of the 19th century, on 15 June 1896 SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg was founded, a club that had its best days before World War II, when it participated in the German championship finals on several occasions. Later the club participated in the Gauliga Mitte, after World War II, all sports clubs in the Soviet Occupation Zone were dissolved and a number of smaller clubs were created, which at first competed at a local and regional level. In 1945 players from the disbanded clubs Magdeburger SC Prussia 1899 and this club and SG Lemsdorf came together as the sports club BSG Eintracht Sudenburg, which in turn merged with SAG Krupp Gruson in 1950. The next year the club was renamed BSG Stahl Magdeburg, and then in 1952, in 1957 the football department of Motor Mitte was moved to SC Aufbau Magdeburg, a political decision with the goal of achieving higher standards of performance. In 1965, the department was again broken out of SC Aufbau. This was part of a general – again politically motivated – movement in East Germany towards football-only clubs with the goal of achieving higher standards, FC Magdeburg is the oldest of the football clubs created in this period. SC Aufbau were promoted to the first tier of East German football in 1959, at the beginning of the 1960s, the club usually played in the lower midtable of the DDR-Oberliga, but in 1964 the club had its first major success with a surprise win of the FDGB-Pokal. In the final at Dessau, Magdeburg came back from being 0–2 down to beat SC Leipzig 3–2. The cup win meant the first international appearance of a Magdeburg club, legend reports that the coin first stuck upright in the muddy ground, and only the second toss brought about a decision. SC Aufbau finished mid-table again in the 1964–65 season and managed to defend their cup title as the first team in East German football ever, however, the 1965–66 season, when SC Aufbaus footballers became 1. FC Magdeburg, ended in disaster, The club finished last in the table and was relegated to the second-tier DDR-Liga, with their new manager Heinz Krügel, Magdeburg were immediately repromoted and finished third in 1968 and 1969. With their third win of the FDGB-Pokal in 1969 the club had established itself among the top teams of East German football. During the 1970s, the DDR-Oberliga was mostly dominated by two teams,1, FC Magdeburg and SG Dynamo Dresden. One of the figures behind the success at Magdeburg was Heinz Krügel, under his reign, Magdeburg produced 9 East German internationals between 1969 and 1974 alone, four of which were part of the East German team competing at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. The golden age of Magdeburg football began in 1972, when the won the East German championship with the youngest squad in history
4.
VfB Oldenburg
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VfB Oldenburg is a German association football club based in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony. As of the 2012-13 season they play in the Regionalliga Regionalliga Nord, founded by a group of high school boys as FC1897 Oldenburg on 17 October 1897, they merged with FV Germania 1903 Oldenburg in 1919 and adopted their current name. Their interests were football, cricket and track, within a year the club acquired an old velodrome in Donnerschwee – part of the town of Oldenburg today – and converted it to a football ground. The club played for two seasons in the Gauliga Weser-Ems, just before the end of the war, from 1942 to 1944, Oldenburg did not qualify for the new circuit and found themselves in the Regionalliga Nord. They played at that level until the mid-1970s when they slipped into the Amateur Oberliga Nord and they enjoyed their highest league finish in 1991–92. They finished bottom of the level in 1999–2000, and came close to being dissolved due to financial problems. After a decade of lower division play following its relegation from the Regionalliga Nord in 2000 the club returned to level in 2012 and has been playing there since. They play in the Stadion am Marschweg, which was built in 1951, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Official team site Oldenburger Cricket Club e. V
5.
East Germany national football team
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The East Germany national football team was from 1952 to 1990 the football team of East Germany, playing as one of three post-war German teams, along with Saarland and West Germany. In 1949, before the GDR was founded and while regular private clubs were banned under the Soviet occupation. Helmut Schön coached selections of Saxony and the Soviet occupation zone before moving to the West, on 6 February 1951, the GDR applied for FIFA membership, which was protested against by the German Football Association, which was already a full member. FIFA accepted the GDR association on 6 October 1951 as a provisional member, the first international game, not competitive but rather a display of good will, took place on 21 September 1952 against Poland in Warsaw, losing 3-0 in front of a crowd of 35,000. The first home game was on 14 June 1953 against Bulgaria, only three days later, the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany would have prevented the permitted assembly of that many Germans. On 8 May 1954 games resumed, with a 1-0 loss against Romania, the East Germans had not even considered to enter the World Cup which was won by the West Germans two months later. The GDR entered the qualification for the WC1958 and were hosts to Wales on 19 May 1957 at the Zentralstadion in Leipzig,500,000 tickets were requested, officially 100,000 were admitted, but 120,000 in the crowded house witnessed a 1-0 victory. East Germany was not as successful as its Western counterpart in World Cups or European Championships and it never qualified for the finals of the European Championship and only qualified for one World Cup, in 1974. However, they were serious contenders in qualifying throughout their history. That tournament was staged in West Germany, and both German teams were drawn in the group in the first round. With successful games against Chile and Australia, both German teams had qualified early for the round, with the inter-German game determining first. Despite this lack of pressure to succeed, the match on 22 June 1974 in Hamburg was politically and emotionally charged, East Germany beat West Germany 1-0, thanks to a goal by Jürgen Sparwasser. This was rather a Pyhrric victory, as the DFV wound up in the possibly stronger second round Group A, the GDR lost to Brazil and the Netherlands, but secured 3rd place in a final game draw with Argentina. East Germany did however achieve significantly greater success in Olympic football than the teams fielded by the Western NOC of Germany. In 1956,1960, and 1964 both states had sent a United Team of Germany, for 1964, the East German side had beaten their Western counterparts in order to be selected. They went on to win Bronze for Germany, as GDR, they won Bronze in 1972 in Munich, Gold in 1976, and Silver medal in 1980 in Moscow, In absence of boycotting Western nations. East Germany nearly secured qualification for the 1990 World Cup, needing only a draw versus Austria in Vienna in their group match on 15 November 1989 to achieve a place in Italy. However, Toni Polster scored three times as Austria won 3-0 and advanced to the finals instead, millions of East Germans had moved to the West before the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961, and some escaped in a successful Republikflucht attempts also afterwards
6.
BV Cloppenburg
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BV Cloppenburg is a German association football club located in Cloppenburg, Lower Saxony. The club was founded after World War I in 1919 as the successor to SV Cloppenburg 1911, in recent years, BV managed to rise as high as the third division Regionalliga Nord in 1998 for a couple of seasons, before falling back to the Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen. After four seasons in the Regionalliga Nord from 2012 to 2016 Cloppenburg was relegated back to the Oberliga at the end of the 2015–16 season. The club won their first German Cup berth in the 2006–07 tournament by way of a Niedersachsen Cup win last season over third division side VfL Osnabrück and they were eliminated from the competition in the first round after losing 1–0 to Bundesliga side 1. Cloppenburg plays its games in the Stadion an der Friesoyther Strasse which has a capacity of 6,000. Work on improving the venue by expanding it was undertaken
7.
SV Wilhelmshaven
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SV Wilhelmshaven is a German association football club from Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony. SV Wilhelmshaven play in the Regionalliga Nord, SV Wilhelmshaven was founded in 1905. Since 1999, Wilhelmshavens stadium is the Jadestadion, predecessor side SpVgg Wilhelmshaven was formed as FC Comet in 1905 and was quickly renamed FC Deutschland Wilhelmshaven. In 1912 this club was joined by Heppenser BSV, and later, in 1924, in 1939 SV06 merged with VfL1905 Rüstringen to create SpVgg Wilhelmshaven. This side immediately won promotion to the first division Gauliga Niedersachsen, in the aftermath of World War II SpVgg was disbanded as were most other organizations in Germany, including sports and football associations. It was not until 1952 that the club was resurrected, in 1972 they were joined by TSV Germania to form an association under the current name SV Wilhelmshaven. The combined club spent its first three seasons in the Regionalliga Nord /2. Bundesliga Nord, but then fell to the third tier Amateur Oberliga Nord. SV was relegated to the Verbandsliga Niedersachsen for the first time in 1980, in 1992 SVW merged with TSR Olympia Wilhelmshaven, but TSR s footballers left to play on their own on the local city circuit. SV Wilhelmshaven performed well in the Oberliga Nord and a championship in 2005–06 returned the team to the Regionalliga Nord. The club finished last there in the season and returned to Oberliga play. SV enjoyed a successful 2007–08 campaign and, on the strength of a third-place finish and it spent six seasons in the Regionalliga until 2014 when it was demoted to the tier six Landesliga Weser-Ems. The clubs suffered another relegation, now to the Bezirksliga, after the 2015–16 season, SV Wilhelmshaven filed a lawsuit against FIFA, the international governing body of football, regarding the signing in 2007 of free transfer Sergio Sagarzazu. Sagarzazu played 38 times for the club over a year and a half, however, Sagarzazus former clubs River Plate and Atletico Excursionistas filed for compensation in the amount of 157,000 Euros, which is allowed under FIFAs regulations. Wilhelmshaven refused to pay, claiming that such fees violated German law, FIFA demanded that the German FA deduct six points from Wilhelmshaven in the 2011-12 season. Despite this deduction, Wilhelmshaven managed to avoid relegation from the Regionalliga Nord, FIFA imposed another six-point deduction in 2012-13 season for lack of payment, but again, Wilhelmshaven avoided relegation as two other teams went bankrupt. FIFA has demanded that the German FA relegate Wilhelmshaven for lack of payment following the 2013-14 season
8.
Football at the Summer Olympics
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Association football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games as a mens competition sport, except 1896 and 1932. Womens football was added to the program in 1996. Football was not included on the program at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, however, sources claim that an unofficial football tournament was organized during the first competition, in which an Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna, then part of the Ottoman Empire. According to a source, this is an error which has been perpetuated in multiple texts, tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the Intercalated Games of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams. Although the IOC considers the 1900 and 1904 tournaments to be official Olympic events, they are not recognized by FIFA, neither recognizes the Intercalated Games today. In 1906 teams from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France withdrew from a competition and left Denmark, Smyrna, Athens. Denmark won the final against Athens 9–0, in the London Games of 1908 a proper international tournament was organised by the Football Association, featuring just six teams. The number of rose to eleven in 1912, when the competition was organised by the Swedish Football Association. Many of these matches were unbalanced, as evidenced by high scoring games. All players were amateurs, in accordance with the Olympic spirit, the National Olympic Committee for Great Britain and Ireland asked the Football Association to send an English national amateur team. Some of the English members played with clubs, most notably Derby Countys Ivan Sharpe, Bradford City F. C. Harold Walden. England won the first two official tournaments convincingly, beating Denmark both times, in the 1924 and 1928 Olympic games, the first South American teams entered the competition, Uruguay and Argentina. Football returned to controversy at the 1936 Berlin Games, the German organisers were intent on the return of the game to the Olympic movement since it guaranteed income into the organisations coffers. The Italian team intimidated a referee, peru scored a contested victory over Austria in overtime, with a fan invasion of the field at the very end. The Austrian team asked for the result to be annulled, FIFA agreed, the Peruvian team refused and left the Olympics. As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened, the countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. Between 1948 and 1980,23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden, Denmark, for the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. Since 1992 male competitors must be under 23 years old, and since 1996, players under 23 years old, with three over-23 year old players, are allowed per squad
9.
1980 Summer Olympics
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The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe and they were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris and this prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles, the choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics, eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980, Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka competed for the first time under its new name, Benin had competed previously as Dahomey and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under that name. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20,1980,65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming, iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the Olympic Boycott Games, in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, competitors from three countries – New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes. The impact of the boycott was mixed, some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of medals, the Moscow Olympics was Irelands most successful games since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain, third World athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics, There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics
10.
Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics
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The football tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics started on July 20 and ended on August 2. Only one event, the tournament, was contested. A few of the countries which qualified did not participate because of the such as Malaysia. The football tournament was the most attended event on these Olympics,1,821,624 spectators watched 32 matches of it at the stadiums, due to the American-led political boycott, some countries who qualified did not enter the Final Tournament. The following 16 teams qualified for the 1980 Olympics football tournament, Remark, with five goals, Sergey Andreyev of Soviet Union is the top scorer in the tournament. In total,82 goals were scored by 52 different players,5 goals Sergey Andreyev 4 goals 3 goals 2 goals 1 goal Own goals Mahboub Mubarak Below the final ranking after the end of the tournament. Olympic Football Tournament Moscow 1980, FIFA. com RSSSF Summary FIFA Technical Report
11.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
12.
DDR-Oberliga
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The DDR-Oberliga was the top level football league in East Germany. Following World War II, separate sports competitions emerged in the eastern and western halves of Germany. In East Germany, a football competition, the highest league in the East German football league system, was established in 1949 as the DS-Oberliga. Beginning in 1958, it carried the name DDR-Oberliga and was part of the structure within the DFV. In its inaugural season in 1949/50 the DDR-Oberliga was made up of 14 teams with 2 relegation spots, over the course of the next four seasons the number of teams in the division varied and included anywhere from 17 to 19 sides with 3 or 4 relegation spots. Beginning with the 1954/55 season up until merger of the East and West German football associations in 1991/92 the league was made up of 14 teams with 2 relegation spots, initially the DDR-Oberliga was operated on an autumn-spring schedule as was traditional in Germany. From 1956 to 1960 a Soviet-style spring-autumn schedule was in place and this required a transition round in 1955 and, although no champion was formally declared that season, Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt finished atop the division. 1961/62 saw the return of a season and an extended schedule was played with each club meeting the others a total of three times – once at home, once away, and once at a neutral venue. After German reunification the last regular DDR-Oberliga season was played in 1990/91 under the designation NOFV-Oberliga, for the duration of the leagues existence, the league below it was the DDR-Liga. In 1991, the DDR-Oberliga ceased to exist, its clubs being integrated in the German football league system, the fourteen Oberliga clubs went to the following leagues, spread over three tiers, To the Fussball-Bundesliga, Dynamo Dresden F. C. Hansa Rostock To the 2. Bundesliga Nord, FC Stahl Brandenburg To the 2, FC Magdeburg FC Energie Cottbus To the NOFV-Oberliga Süd, FC Sachsen Leipzig In 1994, a new third tier division was established in the area that formerly made up East Germany. The Regionalliga Nordost was made up of most of the big names of the DDR-era alongside clubs from West Berlin. The only clubs from the season of the old DDR-Oberliga not to appear here were F. C. Hansa Rostock, which was competing at the Bundesliga level. The league was disbanded again in 2000 and its clubs were spread between the two remaining Regionalligas and the NOFV-Oberligas, effectively ending the history of the all-East German leagues. The Regionalliga Nordost returned in 2012/13 as one of five regional leagues. Berliner FC Dynamo was the record holder with 10 DDR-Oberliga titles to its credit. Names shown are the ones the clubs carried over most of this seasons, the Chemie Leipzig and Chemie Böhlen merged in 1990, to form FC Sachsen Leipzig
13.
DDR-Liga
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The DDR-Liga was, prior to German reunification in 1990, the second level of football competition in the DDR, being roughly equivalent to the Bundesliga in West Germany. The league was established two divisions of ten teams each in 1950 as the level of play below the DDR-Oberliga. It remained the second tier in various configurations throughout its existence until it was disbanded in 1991, the champion of each division was directly promoted to the Oberliga. While not having geographical tags attached to the division, Staffel 1 was originally equivalent to a Northern Division while Staffel 2 was the Southern Division. The system was not static however, clubs were moved between groups to balance out league numbers, and sometimes also for political reasons. In the same way, clubs were moved between cities out of a variety of reasons. In its second season, the divisions were expanded to twelve teams each, the year 1954 saw the creation of a third group, Staffel 3, making geographical categorizing more difficult, but essentially One was north, Two was south and Three was central. The league system changed completely in 1955, East Germany followed the example of the Soviet Union and switched to a calendar year system, resulting in a shortened autumn competition for 1955 only with a single division, fourteen-team format. From the 1956 season the league continued to operate as a single format with the top two teams gaining promotion. After the 1960 season, the league reverted to the system of playing from autumn to spring. This meant that the 1961-62 season, as a transition season, the year after, the league returned to two divisions, North and South, still with fourteen clubs each and the winners gaining promotion. In 1963, the two divisions were expanded to sixteen clubs each, the year after, all five divisions had twelve clubs. The new system meant that not all league winners could be directly promoted, instead, the five champions played a promotion round with the top two teams gaining entry to the Oberliga. Until 1976, reserve teams of Oberliga clubs were permitted in the DDR-Liga and they were then banned from entering the second tier in order to increase the appeal of the leagues as attendance for matches involving reserve teams in Germany never were particularly high. This also resulted in the promotion round now definitely being played by the league champions, previously, when one of the five divisions was won by a reserve team, the best placed first team from the division was entered in the promotion round. The year 1984 saw the DDR-Liga revert to a system, now with eighteen clubs per division. Also, reserve teams were re-admitted to the league but still barred from promotion to the Oberliga, the 1989-90 season was the last under the old East German system, in the following season the league operated under the name of NOFV-Liga, meaning Nordostdeutscher Fussballverband-Liga. The majority of clubs moved away from their, mostly communist, background, in its final season, 1990–91, the league was under the authority of the DFB, the German Football Association
14.
German reunification
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The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity, celebrated on 3 October. Following German reunification, Berlin was once designated as the capital of united Germany. The East German regime started to falter in May 1989, when the removal of Hungarys border fence with Austria opened a hole in the Iron Curtain and it caused an exodus of thousands of East Germans fleeing to West Germany and Austria via Hungary. The united Germany is the continuation of the Federal Republic. For political and diplomatic reasons, West German politicians carefully avoided the term reunification during the run-up to what Germans frequently refer to as die Wende, after 1990, the term die Wende became more common. The term generally refers to the events led up to the actual reunification, in its usual context. When referring to the events surrounding unification, however, it carries the connotation of the time. However, anti-communist activists from Eastern Germany rejected the term Wende as it was introduced by SEDs Secretary General Egon Krenz, the capital city of Berlin was divided into four occupied sectors of control, under the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Germans lived under such imposed divisions throughout the ensuing Cold War, into the 1980s, the Soviet Union experienced a period of economic and political stagnation, and they correspondingly decreased intervention in Eastern Bloc politics. In 1987, US President Ronald Reagan gave a speech at Brandenburg Gate challenging Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall that had separated Berlin. The wall had stood as an icon for the political and economic division between East and West, a division that Churchill had referred to as the Iron Curtain. In early 1989, under a new era of Soviet policies of glasnost, perestroika and taken to more progressive levels by Gorbachev. Further inspired by images of brave defiance, a wave of revolutions swept throughout the Eastern Bloc that year. In May 1989, Hungary removed their border fence and thousands of East Germans escaped to the West, however, events rapidly came to a head in early 1990. First, in March, the Party of Democratic Socialism—the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany—was heavily defeated in East Germanys first free elections. A grand coalition was formed under Lothar de Maizière, leader of the East German wing of Kohls Christian Democratic Union, on a platform of speedy reunification, second, East Germanys economy and infrastructure underwent a swift and near-total collapse. While East Germany had long been reckoned as having the most robust economy in the Soviet bloc, the East German mark had been practically worthless outside East Germany for some time before the events of 1989–90 further magnified the problem. Discussions immediately began for a merger of the German economies
15.
2. Bundesliga
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Bundesliga is the second division of professional football in Germany. Bundesliga is ranked below the Bundesliga and above the 3, liga in the German football league system. Bundesliga clubs qualify for the DFB-Pokal, the annual German Cup competition, a total of 125 clubs have competed in the 2. The decision to establish the league as the level of football in West Germany was taken in May 1973. The league started operating in August 1974, then two divisions of 20 clubs. It was reduced to a division in 1981. From the 1991–92 season onwards clubs from former East Germany started participating in the league and it returned to a single division format again at the end of that season and has had 18 clubs as its strength since 1994. Bundesliga are directly promoted to the Bundesliga, while a third promoted club has been determined through play-offs from 1974 to 1991, between 1991 and 2008 the third-placed club in the league was directly promoted. The bottom clubs in the league are relegated to the division which has been, from 1974 to 1994 the Oberliga, from 1994 to 2008 the Regionalliga. The number of relegated clubs has fluctuated over the years, since 2008 two clubs are directly relegated while the third-last team has the opportunity to defend its league place in play-offs against the third placed team of the 3. FC Nürnberg holds the number of championships in the league with four. The club also holds the record for number of promotions from the 2, for the 2015–16 season, an average of 19,176 spectators watched 2. Bundesliga the worlds most-watched secondary football league, the decision to establish the 2. Bundesliga as a professional league below the Bundesliga was made at the annual convention of the German Football Association. The league replaced the five Regionalligas that were at this level from 1963 to 1974, the qualified teams were established through a ranking that took the last five seasons of the Regionalliga into account. Bundesliga was split into a northern and a division with 20 clubs each. Each division had its champion directly promoted to the Bundesliga while the two runners-up would contest a two-leg play-off to determine the promoted team. The first-ever game of the league was played on Friday,2 August 1974 between 1, FC Saarbrücken and SV Darmstadt 98 and ended in a 1–0 win for Saarbrücken, with Nikolaus Semlitsch scoring the first-ever goal of the new league
16.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
17.
Czechoslovakia national football team
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The national team was founded in 1901, existing under the previously mentioned names before the separation of Czechoslovakia in 1992. Their first international competition as the Czech Republic was the UEFA Euro 1996, where they finished runners-up, following the separation, however, they have only featured in one FIFA World Cup, the 2006 tournament, where they were eliminated in the first round of the competition. Bohemia also played a match against Yugoslavia, Ostmark and Germany in 1939 while being the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, when the Czech Republic was part of Czechoslovakia, the national team had runner-up finishes in World Cups and a European Championship win in 1976. The newly formed team played their first home game in Ostrava, against Lithuania, in which registered their first home win. Their first competitive match was part of the UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying campaign, in the final tournament, hosted by England, the Czechs progressed from the group stage, despite a 2–0 opening game defeat to Germany. They continued their form, and progressed to the UEFA Euro 1996 final. Given their success at Euro 1996, the Czechs were expected to qualify for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and they finished third in their qualifying group, however, behind Spain and Yugoslavia, and subsequently missed the tournament. The Czech Republic qualified for Euro 2000, winning all ten of their group games, in the finals the team were drawn in Group D, alongside 1998 FIFA World Cup winners France, co-hosts the Netherlands and UEFA Euro 1992 winners Denmark. This was considered to be the most difficult group to advance from in the tournament, the team were unlucky in the first match against the Netherlands as they hit the woodwork multiple times before losing 1–0 to a last-minute penalty. The Czechs lost their match against eventual champions France 2–1 which eliminated them from advancing to the knockout round. Czech Republic managed a 2–0 win against Denmark in their final game courtesy of two goals from Vladimír Šmicer, the team were unbeaten in 2002 and 2003, scoring 53 goals in 19 games and easily qualifying for Euro 2004 in the process. The Czech Republic went on a 20-game unbeaten streak, finally ended in Dublin on 31 March 2004 in a match against the Republic of Ireland. The Czechs entered the Euro finals in Group D, dubbed the tournaments Group of Death alongside the Netherlands, Germany, despite going behind in all three group games, the team won them all. This included trailing 2–0 to the Netherlands in a classic 3–2 win, the Czechs convincingly beat Denmark in the quarter-finals meaning a semi-final against Greece awaited them. It was not to be as the 90 minutes finished goalless, Greece would go on to win the tournament. The Czech Republic recorded their record win during the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, in the same match, Jan Koller became the all-time top scorer for the national team with his 35th international goal. At the end of the campaign, after finishing in place in Group 1 then defeating Norway in a playoff. The team was boosted prior to the matches by the return of Pavel Nedvěd
18.
Oberliga Nord
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The Oberliga Nord was the fourth tier of the German football league system in the north of Germany. It covered the states of Niedersachsen, Bremen, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, with the introduction of the 3rd Liga, the league ceased to exist from 2008. The original league of this name existed from 1947 to 1963 and was then the first tier of German football, the league was formed in 1974 as a continuation of the Regionalliga Nord, the then second tier of German football. With the introduction of the 2nd Bundesliga Nord in that year, below the Oberliga were originally four leagues, one for each of the four states of the region. The Amateurliga of Niedersachsen changed its name to Landesliga from 1974, the leagues in Bremen and Hamburg changed their name to Verbandsliga straight away in 1974. Schleswig-Holstein changed from Landesliga to Verbandsliga in 1978, in 1994, Niedersachsen, the largest of the four states, split its league into an eastern and a western group, a system already in place until 1964. Due to the difference in playing strength of the Verbandsligas, champions were not directly promoted but had to go through a play-off system. In 1975 and 1976, the two first placed teams of the Oberliga took part in the promotion play-off to determine the teams to the 2nd Bundesliga Nord. In 1977 and 1978, the top four teams from the Oberliga Nord went to this competition, with the reduction of the number of Oberligas in 1978, the winner and runners-up of the Oberliga Nord were directly promoted in 1979 and 1980. No promotion was available in 1981 because the 2nd Bundesliga was reduced to one league only, from 1982, the top two teams in the league had to play-off for promotion again. The Oberliga Nord was disbanded in 1994, with the re-introduction of the Regionalliga Nord, fourteen of its sixteen clubs went to the new Regionalliga, the bottom two teams were relegated to the two new Oberligas of Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein and Niedersachsen/Bremen. In 2004, after ten seasons, the Oberliga Nord was reformed, as the league below the Regionalliga Nord, the two Oberligas that replaced it in 1994 were disbanded. With the introduction of the 3rd Liga and of a third Regionalliga in 2008, the northern region therefore became the only region in Germany without an Oberliga after 2008. In future, the five Verbandsliga champions will have to play-off for two spots to the Regionalliga Nord. 1 In 2007 Holstein Kiel II was relegated due to the relegation of its first team,2 In 2007 VfR Neumünster was refused a licence and relegated. The 6th placed team, TuS Heeslingen, was not granted a Regionalliga licence, the Bremen champion, FC Bremerhaven, was also not granted a licence and the best place club from Bremen in the Oberliga, the FC Oberneuland, qualified instead
19.
Regionalliga Nord
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The Regionalliga Nord is the fourth tier of the German football league system in the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg. It is one of five leagues at level, together with the Regionalliga Bayern, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Südwest. Until the introduction of the 3, Liga in 2008 it was the third tier. From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Nord existed as the tier of the German football league system. Previous to the introduction of the four Regionalligas, the leagues below the second division were the Oberligas and those ten Oberliga champions had to go through a promotion play-off rather than being directly promoted. The champions of the Regionalligas Nord and Nordost however had to play-off for a spot in the 2nd Bundesliga from 1996 to 2000, the winner of this contest was promoted, the loser faced the runners-ups of the Regionalligas Süd and West/Südwest for another spot in the second division. The Regionalliga Nord was direct continuation of the Oberliga Nord, which was disbanded in 1994 in favour of the Regionalliga, fourteen out of sixteen Oberliga Nord clubs qualified for the new league, only the bottom two teams were relegated to the two new Oberligas. To replace the Oberliga Nord below the Regionalliga, two new leagues were formed, those being the Oberligas Niedersachsen/Bremen and Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein and this two leagues were in turn disbanded in 2004 when the Oberliga Nord was reformed. FC Union Berlin of this became only the second Regionalliga side to reach a German Cup final. With the league changes in Germany in 2008, the Oberliga Nord was again disbanded and this required a promotion play-off for this league winners as there were not five promotion spots available for their region. No changes were made in the NOFV region were the two Oberligas Nord and Süd will remain, unlike the old Regionalliga, the new one allowed reserve teams to compete in it. After six seasons, in 2000, the number of Regionalligas was reduced from four to two, only the Regionalligas Süd and Nord survived. The clubs of the two were spread according to their geographical location. Only the teams placed two to six were permitted to remain in the league, the league champion, VfL Osnabrück, was promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga and all clubs from place seven to eighteen were relegated to the Verbandsligas. The league was expanded to nineteen teams and fourteen clubs from the 2nd Bundesliga, Regionalliga West/Südwest, with the introduction of the 3rd Liga in 2008 and of a third Regionalliga, the Regionalliga West, the league became the fourth tier of German football. The clubs from North Rhine-Westphalia left the league again and joined the new Regionalliga West, the sixth placed team played-off with the five Verbandsliga winners from this region for one more place in the Regionalliga. The three best teams from the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Süd each and a winner of the two fourth placed teams. The following 18 teams fulfilled the various criteria and were granted a license for play in the new Regionalliga Nord for the 2008-09 season
20.
Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt
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The Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the highest league in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Until the introduction of the 3, liga in 2008 it was the fifth tier of the league system, until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the fourth tier. It compromised the area of the two Bezirksligen of Magdeburg and Halle, each of those two Bezirke contributed seven clubs to the new league, with one club each coming from the 2nd Division. The Verbandsliga was established within the East German football league system and incorporated in the system of the united Germany after the end of its first season. The league expanded to sixteen clubs in its season with two teams relegated. In the 1994-95 season it returned to fourteen clubs, then expanded to eighteen with three relegated teams, a setup it retained for most seasons since. Originally, the league was positioned below the NOFV-Oberliga Mitte, together with some of the clubs from the two halves of Berlin, as such, it was the fourth tier of the German league system. With this change in the system in 1994 went the introduction of the Regionalliga Nordost as third tier of the league system which meant the Verbandsligen slipped to fifth tier. In 2008, the league again was demoted one level when the 3, however, this changed nothing in the leagues status as a feeder league to the NOFV-Oberliga. Three clubs so far have spent time in exile,1, FC Lok Stendal FC Anhalt Dessau, club now ASG Vorwärts Dessau Due to changes in the German league system, the 2007-08 runners-up 1. FC Magdeburg II also had the chance to promotion, having to play the runners-up of the Berlin-Liga. Two drawn games, 1-1 at home and 0-0 away meant promotion for Magdeburgs reserve team on the away-goal rule, the league champions, Source, Verbandsliga Sachsen–Anhalt. The league was established from fourteen clubs from four leagues in 1990, most of the East German clubs changed their names in the years after the reunion, some reverting to their old ones after a brief period. Current names, when different, are listed in addition to the name in 1990, FC Wernigerode, now Germania Wernigerode again Einheit Wernigerode, merged to form 1. FC Weißenfels Chemie Wolfen, later Grün-Weiß Wolfen Arminia Aschersleben, later 1
21.
FDGB-Pokal
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The FDGB-Pokal was an elimination football tournament held annually in the former East Germany. It was the second most important national title in East German football after the DDR-Oberliga championship, the founder of the competition was East Germanys major trade union. The inaugural FDGB Pokal was contested in 1949, four years before the initial DFB-Pokal was played in the half of the country. The first national cup competition had been the Tschammerpokal introduced in 1935, each football club which participated in the East German football league system was entitled to enter the tournament. Clubs from the lower leagues played in qualification rounds, with the winners joining the teams of the DDR-Oberliga and DDR-Liga in the main round of the tournament of the following year. Each elimination was determined by a game held on the ground of one of the two participating teams. Until the mid-80s the field of competition was made up of as many as sixty teams playing in five rounds due to the number of eligible clubs in the country. Beginning in 1975 the final was held each year in the Berliner Stadion der Weltjugend and drew anywhere from 30,000 to 55,000 spectators. The last cup final, played in 1991 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, was a 1–0 victory by Hansa Rostock over Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt, the most successful side in 42 years of competition was 1. FC Magdeburg which celebrated seven FDGB Cup wins, one of those wins ultimately led to victory in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup 1973-74, the only winners of the competition to reach the final of the DFB-Pokal since the re-unification of the country are 1. FC Union Berlin, who appeared in the 2001 German Cup final, to date the only other former East German club to appear in the German Cup final is Energie Cottbus. The performance of clubs is shown in the following table, Notes,1 Also known as SC Rotation Leipzig. 2 Also known as Motor Jena,3 Also known as SG Planitz, Horch Zwickau, Motor Zwickau and Sachsenring Zwickau. 4 In 1953, the club was picked up from Leipzig and moved to East Berlin to play as ZSK Vorwärts Berlin, later ASK Vorwärts Berlin, in 1971, the club was picked up and moved again, this time from the capital to Frankfurt, Brandenburg. The team was known as FC Vorwärts Frankfurt,5 Also known as FC Sachsen Leipzig and SC Lokomotive Leipzig. 6 Also known as SG Freiimfelde Halle and Hallescher FC Chemie,7 Also known as Empor Rostock. 8 Also known as SG Aue, BSG Pneumatik Aue, Zentra Wismut Aue, in 1954 the team moved from Aue to Chemnitz. After German reunification in 1990, the club was renamed FC Wismut Aue before taking on its current name,9 Also known as BSG KWU Erfurt, Fortuna Erfurt, Turbine Erfurt
22.
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
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The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation is an international organization dedicated to collecting statistics about association football. The foundation aims to build an archive of football-related information from around the world. This enterprise according to its founders was created in January 1994 by three regulars of the Rec. Sport. Soccer Usenet newsgroup, Lars Aarhus, Kent Hedlundh, and Karel Stokkermans. It was originally known as the North European Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation, today the RSSSF has members and contributors from around the world, and has spawned seven spin-off projects to more closely follow the leagues of that projects home country. The spin-off projects are dedicated to Albania, Brazil, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Romania, Uruguay and Venezuela. This enterprise was for years closely tied with the newsgroup RSS. Weighting in vain for Fifas ranking aficionados, Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation RSSSF Charter Best of RSS
23.
FIFA
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The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international governing body of association football, futsal, and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations, although FIFA does not control the rules of football, it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2013, FIFA had revenues of over 1.3 billion U. S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million and those among these officials who were also indicted in the U. S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well. Many officials were suspended by FIFAs ethics committee including Sepp Blatter, in early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee during the FIFA congress in May 2017. The need for a body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries, the founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Also, that day, the German Association declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram. The first president of FIFA was Robert Guérin, Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by then a member of the association. Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina in 1912, Canada and Chile in 1913, and the United States in 1914. During World War I, with players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann and it was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations, who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership, the FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum at Urbis in Manchester, England. The first World Cup in the world was in 1930 in Montevideo, FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and is an association established under the Law of Switzerland. FIFAs supreme body is the FIFA Congress, a made up of representatives from each affiliated member association. Each national football association has one vote, regardless of its size or footballing strength, the Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year, and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998. The congress makes decisions relating to FIFAs governing statutes and their method of implementation and application, only the Congress can pass changes to FIFAs statutes
24.
Frank Baum (footballer)
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Frank Baum is a retired German footballer, who played as a defender for several German football clubs and the East Germany national football team between 1963 and 1997. Baum spent his playing for BSG Aktivist Zwenkau and 1. Between 1974 and 1979 Baum played for BSG Chemie Leipzig and by the 1978–79 season was a regular first-team player, on 28 February 1979 he gained his first cap for East Germany in a 1–0 loss to Bulgaria. The same year saw Baum transfer to city rivals Lokomotiv Leipzig, following the transfer, he won the FDGB Pokal three times and played the European Cup. He was part of the team who reached the final of the 1986–87 UEFA Cup Winners Cup in Athens, in total, Baum played in 248 games in the DDR-Oberliga, scoring ten goals. Between 1979 and 1984 he made 17 appearanced for East Germany and he won a silver medal in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow with the GDR Olympic team. After leaving Lokomotive Leipzig in 1989, Baum had spells at Chemie Böhlen, Sachsen Leipzig, Baum became first-team player-coach at SV LVB Leipzig and also coached Kickers 94 Markkleeberg in 1995. Currently, he is coaching the mens first team of the Leipzig Transport Authority team in the Leipzig District League
25.
Frank Terletzki
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Frank Terletzki is a Germany football coach and former football player. Frank Terletzki played from 1966 to 1986 for the Berliner FC Dynamo, the midfield player obtained 91 goals for the citizens of Berlin in the GDR upper league in 373 plays. The captain of many years of the Dynamo could celebrate 8 titles in this time, in the national soccer team it brought it to the GDR on 4 employments and a goals. Terlitzki had his largest success with the olympia selection 1980 and he won and in all plays was used at the 1980 Summer Olympics, won the silver medal. After his career as player, Terletzki became a coach, after it became to dismiss 2004 with beautiful oak, he became a coach of the MSV19 Rüdersdorf with Berlin. Franc Terletzki lives today in Schöneiche and still plays for the Hertha BSC Oldies, career stats Frank Terletzki at National-Football-Teams. com
26.
Werner Peter
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Werner Peter is a former football player from East Germany, who won the silver medal with the East German national team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. He played 255 Oberliga matches for Hallescher FC Chemie, Werner Peter obtained a total number of nine caps for his native country, scoring one goal. Werner Peter at weltfussball. de Werner Peter at Fussballdaten
27.
Matthias Liebers
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Matthias Liebers is a former German professional footballer. He began his career with Lokomotive Leipzig in 1965, and was promoted to the senior squad in 1968. He played 321 games for the club, scoring 37 goals, FC Lokomotive was renamed to VfB Leipzig. The midfielder played 25 Bundesliga games with VfB in 1993–94, and 74 2nd Bundesliga games between 1991 and 1996, between 1980 and 1988 he played 59 times for East Germany, making him the 12th most-capped player. He competed for East Germany at the 1980 Summer Olympics
28.
Andreas Trautmann
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Andreas Trautmann is a former German footballer who played as a midfielder. Trautmann spent much of his career with Dynamo Dresden, for whom he played 270 games in the DDR-Oberliga, during this time he earned 14 caps for East Germany, and won the silver medal at the 1980 Olympics. After reunification, Trautmann moved west, joining Fortuna Köln alongside teammates Matthias Döschner and Hans-Uwe Pilz, but it did not work out and he played out his career across town with Dresdner SC, before retiring in 1994. DDR-Oberliga,1978,1989,1990 FDGB Pokal,1982,1984,1985,1990 Andreas Trautmann at Fussballdaten Andreas Trautmann at weltfussball. de
