1.
Warner Center, Los Angeles
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Warner Center is a business development in the Woodland Hills neighborhood of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, California. Warner Center, which began as an area, is designated as a Regional Center within the City’s Canoga Park-West Hills-Winnetka-Woodland Hills Community Plan. Historically, Warner Center is generally bounded by Vanowen Street to the north, the Ventura Freeway to the south, De Soto Avenue to the east, and Topanga Canyon Boulevard on the west. The Warner Center 2035 Plan added the area between Vanowen and the LA River to the area, which comprises approximately 1,100 acres or 1.7 square miles. The area was planned to relieve traffic to and from downtown Los Angeles. It was first envisioned in the late 1960s, Warner Center is named for Harry Warner, the eldest of the Warner Brothers, owned the land since the 1940s, which he used as a horse ranch. His family donated 20 acres of land in 1967 that became the Warner Center Park, situated east of Topanga Canyon Boulevard between Califa Street and Marylee Street. In 1968, Robert Allison, then the manager for the San Fernando Valley office of Coldwell Banker, arranged the sale of 630 acres of the land to Aetna Life and Casualty for $30 million. Aetna acquired the land for investment and development purposes. Mr. Allison spearheaded the early planning, subdivision and development efforts on behalf of Kaiser Aetna. With the sale of the land to Aetna, the pace of development in Warner Center accelerated, Kaiser Aetna acted as a master developer, offering land for sale or lease, buildings for sale or lease, and leased buildings built to owner’s specifications. Development sites from very small parcels up to 100 or more acres were offered, in the ensuing 20 years, much of the build-out of Warner Center occurred, including approximately 4,300 multi-family dwelling units, and millions of square feet of commercial and office space. Notable developments include, The 34 acre Promenade Mall which opened in 1973, Kaiser Permanente Hospital which opened in 1986. The 1.1 million square foot Warner Center Business Park built in the mid to late 1970s, consisting of low and mid-rise office and industrial buildings. The 1.8 million square foot Warner Center Plaza built out from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, the Trillium office project, consisting of twin 17-story office towers totaling 600,000 square feet, built in the late 1980s. Real estate developer Robert Voit, in partnerships with Robert Allison and New England Life Insurance Company, developed the Warner Center Business Park, the partnerships were wound down in the early 1990s and since that time the ownership of the properties has become fragmented. During the 1990s following the completion of the Warner Center Plaza project, the economic slowdown of the early 1990s, combined with the damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, served to put the brakes on new development for the rest of the decade. Also, in the early 2000s, a flurry of new housing projects were built
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
5.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
6.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
7.
Santa Monica Mountains
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The Santa Monica Mountains is a coastal mountain range in Southern California, paralleling the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges, because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California. Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is located in this mountain range, the range extends approximately 40 miles east-west from the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles to Point Mugu in Ventura County. The mountain range contributed to the isolation of this vast coastal plain before regular transportation routes reached western Ventura County, the eastern mountains form a barrier between the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles Basin, separating the Valley on the north and west-central Los Angeles on the south. The Santa Monica Mountains are parallel to Santa Susana Mountains, which are located north of the mountains across the San Fernando Valley. The range is of height, with no particularly craggy or prominent peaks outside the Sandstone Peak. While often rugged and wild, the hosts a substantial amount of human activity. Houses, roads, businesses, and recreational centers are dotted throughout the Santa Monica Mountains, a number of creeks in the Santa Monica Mountains are part of the Los Angeles River watershed. Beginning at the end of the San Fernando Valley the river runs to the north of the mountains. After passing between the range and the Verdugo Mountains it flows south around Elysian Park defining the easternmost extent of the mountains, the Santa Monica Mountains have more than 1,000 archeology sites of significance, primarily from the Californian Native American cultures of the Tongva and Chumash people. The mountains were part of their homelands for over eight thousand years before the arrival of the Spanish. The Spanish mission system had a impact on their culture and by 1831. Geologists consider the northern Channel Islands to be an extension of the Santa Monicas into the Pacific Ocean. The range was created by repeated episodes of uplifting and submergence by the Raymond Fault that created complex layers of sedimentary rock, volcanic intrusions have been exposed, including the poorly named, andesitic, Sandstone Peak the highest in the range at 3,111 feet. Malibu Creek, which eroded its own channel while the mountains were slowly uplifted, the Santa Monica Mountains have dry summers with frequent coastal fog on the ocean side of the range and wet, cooler winters. In the summer, the climate is dry, which makes the range prone to wildfires. Snow is unusual in the Santa Monica Mountains, since they are not as high as the nearby San Gabriel Mountains. The highest slopes of the central and western Santa Monica Mountains average as much as 27 inches of rain per year, the bulk of the rain falls between November and March
8.
San Fernando Valley
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The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Los Angeles County, California, defined by the mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.8 million people, it lies north of the larger, nearly two thirds of the valleys land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, the Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek and Bell Creek, between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. in Canoga Park. These creeks headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the rivers two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin, a seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, the elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft to 1,200 ft above sea level. Universal City, an enclave in the part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, in this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the missions support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops. The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, the unincorporated communities are governed by the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city districts,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city,34 are in the valley, the valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts, the San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the areas which include Sherman Oaks. The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a station, municipal and superior courts. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge, many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley. For independent libraries see Incorporated Cities in the Municipalities and districts list below, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and independent valley city departments
9.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
10.
Calabasas, California
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As of the 2010 census, the citys population was 23,058, up from 20,033 at the 2000 census. The city was incorporated in 1991. It is noted for its residents and gated neighborhoods. The Leonis Adobe, a structure in Old Town Calabasas. It is generally accepted that the name of Calabasas is derived from the Spanish calabaza meaning pumpkin, squash, some historians hold the theory that Calabasas is derived from the Chumash word calahoosa which is said to mean where the wild geese fly. Owing to vast presence of wild plants in the area. The following spring, hundreds of pumpkin seeds sprouted alongside the road, the area was named Las Calabasas - the place where the pumpkins fell. The festival has evolved from a fair to a significant annual event. The citys official logo, depicting a red-tailed hawk flying over the Santa Monica Mountains, symbolizes a commitment to preserving the natural beauty. This logo is featured on the Calabasas city flag which is flown in front of City Hall, the city is located in the southwest corner of the San Fernando Valley and comprises a portion of the Santa Monica Mountains. It is 22 miles away from downtown Los Angeles and it is bordered by the Woodland Hills area of Los Angeles to the northeast, Topanga to the east, Malibu to the south, Agoura Hills to the west, and Hidden Hills to the north. The historic El Camino Real runs east–west through Calabasas as the Ventura Freeway 101, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.0 square miles. 12.9 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is covered by water, in a part of the city near Calabasas High School and A. C. Stelle Middle School, all of the public streets are named patriotically. These include Declaration Ave. America Way, Liberty Bell Rd. Paul Revere Dr. Founders Dr. Bon Homme Rd. one of the oldest neighborhoods in Calabasas is Park Moderne, or the Bird Streets. From Parkway Calabasas, Hidden Hills West, Calabasas Hills, Calabasas Park Estates, from Las Virgenes, Mountain View Estates, Monte Nido, Deer Springs, Stone Creek, El Encanto, Mont Calabasas, Malibu Canyon Park, The Colony at Calabasas, and Avalon Calabasas. Mont Calabasas, a community on Las Virgenes Road, was annexed into the city of Calabasas in 2011, prior to annexation, the neighborhood was located in an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County. From Lost Hills Road, Calabasas View, Saratoga Hills, Saratoga Ranch, Deer Springs, the 2010 United States Census reported Calabasas to have a population of 23,058. The population density was 1,780.4 people per square mile
11.
Tarzana, Los Angeles
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Tarzana /tɑːrˈzænə/ is an affluent neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles, California. Tarzana is on the site of a ranch owned by author Edgar Rice Burroughs. It is named after Burroughs storybook jungle character hero, Tarzan, the area now known as Tarzana was occupied in 1797 by Spanish settlers and missionaries who established the San Fernando Mission. Later absorbed by Mexico, the land was ceded to the United States in 1848 by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War, under US rule it evolved into a series of large cattle ranches owned by local elites. Investors took over in the 1870s, turning grazing into large-scale wheat farm operation, the area was purchased in 1909 by the Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company. LA Times founder and publisher General Harrison Gray Otis invested in the company, in February 1919, Edgar Rice Burroughs, author of the popular Tarzan novels, arrived in California with his family, relocating from Oak Park, Illinois. He and his family had wintered in Southern California twice before, on March 1, Burroughs purchased Otis’s tract and established Tarzana Ranch. Burroughs subdivided and sold the land for development with neighboring small farms following suit. Tarzana, which measures 8.79 square miles, is bounded on the south by Topanga State Park, on the east by Encino, on the north by Reseda and on the west by Woodland Hills. Victory Boulevard marks the edge of the neighborhood, Lindley Avenue the eastern, Corbin Avenue, with a jog to Oakdale Avenue, the western. The U. S. census counted 35,502 people living in Tarzana in 2000, there were 4,038 people per square mile, among the lowest population densities in the city. According to the 2000 U. S. Census, the composition was predominantly white, followed by Asian. The Los Angeles Times considered the area as moderately diverse, thirty-five percent of the population was foreign-born. Iran and Mexico were the most common places of birth. The percentage of divorced men and women was among the countys highest, some 9% of the residents were military veterans, considered high for the city of Los Angeles. The percentages of residents aged 50 and older were among the countys highest, the median age,38, was old when compared to the rest of the city and the county. The median household income in 2008 dollars was considered high, at $73,195. 3% of Tarzana residents aged 25, percentages of those residents with a bachelors degree or with a masters degree are also high for the county. The Los Angeles Public Library operates the Encino-Tarzana Branch on Ventura Boulevard in Tarzana, the Tarzana Recreation Center has a gymnasium that also is used as an auditorium, the buildings capacity is 600
12.
West Hills, Los Angeles
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West Hills is a residential and commercial neighborhood in the western San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. The percentage of residents aged 35 and older is among the highest in Los Angeles County, the neighborhood was formerly the home of many Native American tribes, and during the early Spanish and Mexican era was part of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España. In the American era, West Hills was part of Owensmouth, West Hills was established in western Canoga Park and retained its present name in 1987. Historic landmarks and many city parks are to be found within the community, as are commercial districts, a business district, two private high schools are among the 13 schools within West Hills. West Hills is located in the West San Fernando Valley in the county of Los Angeles and it is off of the 101 Ventura freeway offramp Valley Circle Blvd/Mullholland Highway. Nearby areas, not necessarily adjacent, Bell and Dayton creeks in West Hills are several of the headwaters of the Los Angeles River that originate in the Northwest San Fernando Valley, the Los Angeles River itself begins at the confluence of Arroyo Calabasas and Bell Creek in Canoga Park. These and other small creeks supply stormwater and suburban runoff water to the Los Angeles River, both Bell Creek and Dayton Creek in particular have received attention due to their headwaters origins inside the Santa Susana Field Laboratory in the Simi Hills. It was also the site of a nuclear core meltdown in 1959. Prominent contaminants include radionuclides, VOCs-volatile organic compounds, Chromium, Lead, Benzene and this region experiences warm and dry summers with average temperatures peaking at 96 degree highs throughout August. West Hills has a similar to other locations in the west San Fernando Valley. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, West Hills has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, as of the 2010 census, and according to the Los Angeles Almanac, there were 38,814 people and 10,626 households residing in West Hills. 9. 26% of the population were Hispanic of any race, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 41,426. In 2000 the median age for residents was 39, considered old for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, with a high percentage of white residents. The breakdown was whites,70. 9%, Latinos, 11%, Asians,11. 3%, blacks,2. 5%, and others,4. 3%. Iran and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 22. 7% of the residents who were born abroad—a low percentage for Los Angeles, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $103,008, considered high for the city and county. The percentage of households that earned $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County, renters occupied 12. 6% of the housing stock, and house and condominium-owners occupied 87. 4%. The percentages of married people were among the countys highest, in 2000 there were 785 families headed by single parents, a low percentage for both the city and the county. The 1980 census showed 32,370 people living in the area later became West Hills, of whom 92% were white, 7% Hispanic, 1% black, 4% Asian
13.
Canoga Park, Los Angeles
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Canoga Park is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, United States. Its 60, 000+ residents are considered to be highly diverse ethnically and it joined Los Angeles in 1917 and was renamed Canoga Park on March 1,1931, thanks to the efforts of local prominent civic leader Mary Logan Orcutt. They traded with the north Valley Tataviam-Fernandeño people, Native American civilizations inhabited the Valley for an estimated 8,000 years. Their culture left the Burro Flats Painted Cave nearby, from 1797 to 1846 the area was part of Mission San Fernando Rey de España. After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain the future Canoga Park land became part of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando and it was located in the area west of Fallbrook Avenue and later called Platt Ranch. In 1863 the syndicate San Fernando Homestead Association led by Isaac Lankershim and they established seven wheat ranch operations and were the first to ship wheat to Europe from California. In 1869 Alfred Workman acquired the westernmost ranch, a 13,000 acres wheat farm in future Canoga Park, eucalyptus trees were introduced into the San Fernando Valley by Albert Workman, who imported seedlings from his native Australia and planted them on the Workman Ranch. In time they spread though the Canoga Park area ranches, farms and it has been said that these trees are the parents of all eucalyptus trees in Southern California. The area was included in the part of the southern San Fernando Valley development syndicate. The entire south San Fernando valley, from Roscoe Blvd south to the hills, the town was founded on March 30,1912, and the Suburban Home Company contracted with the Janss Investment Company, to sell properties. A pre-development scheme brought Pacific Electric streetcars and an all purpose highway out all the way from Hollywood through Cahuenga Pass, through the previously subdivided Van Nuys. Highlighting the opening day barbecue was the display of the Owensmouth Baby, Owensmouth, as the junior San Fernando Valley city to Van Nuys, promoted itself with the baby motif—using storks in their advertisement. The baby city of the Valley remained a small community. The lack of an independent water supply made annexation to the City of Los Angeles inevitable, the name was changed to Canoga Park in 1931. The Canoga Park Airstrip occupied the now known as Warner Center. In 1955, Rocketdyne, then a division of North American Aviation and it became a major employer along with the Atomics International and Santa Susana Field Laboratory divisions. Other aerospace companies followed, including Atomics International, Thompson Ramo Wooldridge-TRW, Hughes Aircraft, Rockwell International, Boeing, small machine shops and other ancillary businesses also sprang up to service the aerospace industry. Currently the facility is operated by Aerojet Rocketdyne, and is the only remaining aerospace industry, the Santa Susana Field Lab property has been closed and will be undergoing an extensive environmental cleanup, and become an open-space park
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Winnetka, Los Angeles
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Winnetka is a neighborhood in the west-central San Fernando Valley in the city of Los Angeles. It is a diverse area, both for the city and for Los Angeles County, with a relatively large percentage of Hispanic. Winnetka was founded in 1922 as a farming community. Today there are six public and four schools in the area. The 2000 U. S. census counted 40,943 residents in the 4. 78-square-mile Winnetka neighborhood, or 9,286 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 54,825. In 2000 the median age for residents was 32, considered average for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered highly diverse ethnically within Los Angeles. The breakdown was Latinos,40. 6%, whites,36. 1%, Asians,15. 5%, blacks,4. 3%, and others,3. 5%. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 41. 4% of the residents who were born abroad—an average percentage for Los Angeles, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $62,435, considered average for the city and county. The percentage of households earning $40,000 to $60,000 in 2000 was high for the county, renters occupied 48. 3% of the housing stock and house- or apartment-owners held 51. 7%. Winnetka is bounded on the north by Chatsworth, on the northeast by Northridge, on the east by Reseda, on the south by Woodland Hills and on the west by Canoga Park. A total of 21. 9% of Winnetka residents aged 25 and older have earned a four-year degree, joseph the Worker Elementary School,19812 Cantlay Street St. The farms would be based on the successful formula Weeks developed in East Palo Alto, the poultry colony Weeks created in the Winnetka area of the valley eventually developed into a small farming community named Weeks Poultry Colony. Later Weeks renamed the colony Winnetka, after a farm he owned in Winnetka, Winnetka Recreation Center, The center has an indoor gymnasium without weights, which can be used as an auditorium, it has a capacity of 400. In addition the center has a baseball diamond, a childrens play area, a community room which often hosts election polls. Quimby Park, which is unstaffed, has unlighted outdoor basketball courts, a play area. The park has no toilet facilities, runnymede Park, An unstaffed pocket park, it has a childrens play area, picnic tables, toilet facilities and unlighted tennis courts. Winnetka Child Care Center, Operated by the city in Winnetka, Los Angeles City Council District 3, Councilman Bob Blumenfield. California Congressional District 30, Representative Brad Sherman, California State Senate District 27, State Senator Fran Pavley
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U.S. Route 101
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U. S. Route 101, or U. S. Highway 101 is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as El Camino Real where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos and it merges at some points with California State Route 1. US101 is a major parallel freeway or highway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and is an alternative to the Interstate for most of its length, in 1964, California truncated US 101s southern terminus in Los Angeles, as I-5 replaced it. The old road is known as County Route S21 or Historic Route 101 in northern San Diego County, the southern terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, the worlds busiest freeway interchange. However, the principal routes were assigned numbers ending in 1. Thus, US101 is treated as a primary, two-digit route with a first digit of 10, rather than a spur of US1, thus US101, not US99, is the westernmost north-south route in the U. S. Highway System. US101 is called the Oregon Coast Highway in Oregon, and it is also called The 101 by Southern Californians or simply 101 by residents of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington. From north of San Francisco and continuing almost to Oregon it is signed as the Redwood Highway though not often spoken of as such outside organizations responsible for tourism marketing. Urban portions of the route in Southern California are named the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, in 2003, the portion of US101 in Ventura County was named Screaming Eagles Highway in honor of the US Army 101st Airborne Division. Urban portions of the route in the Bay Area are called the James Lick Freeway, Bayshore Freeway, a portion of the route between Cochrane Road in Morgan Hill and SR85 in San Jose is named the Sig Sanchez Freeway. The section of highway between SR-85 in Mountain View and Embarcadero Road in Palo Alto is officially known as the Fredrick E. Terman Highway, Street routings in San Francisco are more commonly referred to by their street names rather than the route number. Portions of the route between Southern California and the Bay Area are named El Camino Real or El Camino Real Freeway, but such names are used colloquially. In Northern California the section of US101 between Sonoma and Marin counties is referred to as the Novato Narrows because of the reduction from four lanes to two. The route is the Santa Ana Freeway from East Los Angeles to Downtown Los Angeles and it becomes the Hollywood Freeway north of Downtown Los Angeles through the Cahuenga Pass, before turning west and becoming the Ventura Freeway. It is one of two major routes connecting the South Bay and Silicon Valley with San Francisco and the North Bay. It serves as an urban alternative to the rural I-280, as US101 runs through Peninsula cities closer to the Bay and I-280 runs closer to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Through northern San Francisco, US101 remains routed on congested city streets due to freeway revolts and it then departs the immediate coast and continues through wine country and Redwood forests until it re-emerges coast-side at Eureka. In areas where US101 turns inland, SR1 branches off to serve the coastal communities, unlike Washington, California does not sign the long east–west section of US101 between Gaviota and its junction with SR134 and SR170 in North Hollywood as west and east
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Ventura Freeway
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The Ventura Freeway is a freeway in southern California, United States, running from the Santa Barbara/Ventura county line to Pasadena. It is the principal east-west route through Ventura County and in the southern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, east of the Hollywood Freeway intersection, it is signed as State Route 134 which was built by 1971. The Ventura Freeway begins at the Santa Barbara/Ventura county line at the Bates Road exit of U. S.101, the road alternates between a freeway and an expressway up to the seashore community of Mussel Shoals, when it becomes a freeway for the rest of its length. The freeway travels eastward through the orchards and strawberry fields of the Oxnard Plain before ascending the short. Continuing eastward through the northern Santa Monica Mountains, it crosses the Ventura/Los Angeles county line before entering the San Fernando Valley, the freeway continues eastward along the valleys southern rim, crossing the 405 and 5 freeways and the Los Angeles River. The Ventura Freeway suffers from severe congestion and its intersection with the San Diego Freeway, in Sherman Oaks, is consistently rated as one of the five most congested interchanges in the nation. Where it meets the Hollywood Freeway at the Hollywood Split junction, during events at the Rose Bowl, the freeways eastern portions often resemble a parking lot. State Route 134 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, the road is the main connector from the San Fernando Valley and points north to the San Gabriel Valley and points east. The future Interstate 710 dead-ends at California Blvd and is signed as State Route 710, the Interstate 5 offramp at Colorado St. is old SR134, and there are still mileposts that refer to it as such. Old SR134 followed Colorado St. through Glendale and Colorado Boulevard in Eagle Rock to the ramp connecting Colorado Boulevard, old SR134 continued onto the ramp and then onto what is now the Ventura Freeway to Orange Grove Boulevard in Pasadena. The Colorado Boulevard/Figueroa Street ramps and the segment of freeway between the ramps and just east of Orange Grove Boulevard used to be known as the Colorado Freeway, the Ventura Freeway is Routes 101 and 134 from Route 5 to the Santa Barbara County line. This does not include the portion of Route 134 between Route 5 and Route 210 even though local usage extends the name over this portion of freeway, at the freeways eastern terminus with Interstate 210 in Pasadena, highway signs still indicate Ventura as the destination for Route 134. Assembly Concurrent Resolution 54, Chapter 85 in 2003 also designated Route 101 in Ventura County as the Screaming Eagles Highway. This honors the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army and this exit list proceeds from east to west, since the majority of the freeway is the north-south US101. Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines, the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column
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Ventura Boulevard
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It was also U. S. Route 101 before the freeway was built and it was also signed as Business U. S. Route 101. Running 18 miles, Ventura Boulevard is the worlds longest avenue of contiguous businesses and this five acre park now includes the original nine-room De La Osa Adobe and a reservoir shaped like a Spanish guitar that collects the spring water. The Valleys first golf course opened at the corner of Ventura, in 1928, just a couple blocks east of Laurel Canyon, Mack Sennett created his 38-acre Keystone Studios, which produced silent movies with stars such as Fatty Arbuckle, W. C. Fields, Stan Laurel, and the Keystone Kops, after talkies, Keystone became Republic Pictures, and then in 1963 CBS Studio Center. Although closed to the public, this complex, which is located only a few blocks away from Ventura Boulevard, Ventura Boulevard carries Metro Local line 150 and Metro Rapid line 750. The Everly Brothers recorded a song called Ventura Boulevard on their 1968 album Roots, Ventura Boulevard is mentioned in Tom Pettys song Free Fallin. Guitarist John 5 made a song entitled 18969 Ventura Blvd, Ventura Boulevard was also the name of a band from Delhi, India. In the documentary Living with Michael Jackson, it is revealed that Michael Jackson wrote the song Billie Jean while riding down Ventura Boulevard in his car, the boulevard is a prominent location in the movie The 40-Year-Old Virgin. Much of the films Crash and Transformers were filmed on the boulevard, in the Seinfeld episode The Trip, Part 2, Jerry and George were said to be calling from a pay phone on Ventura Boulevard. In reality, the pay phone shown was on Ventura Place, in the Treehouse of Horror VI episode of The Simpsons, Ventura Boulevard features as the location of the shows first ever live-action scene. Steve Allen, who lived in Encino, famously joked that The Valley is the hippest part of town and they even named a boulevard after Charlie Ventura, referring to the renowned jazz saxophonist. Video game developer Infinity Ward, which developed most of the games in the Call of Duty series, has its headquarters on Ventura Boulevard, the studios can be seen at 15821 Ventura Boulevard, Encino. The Ventura Business District is the district along and around Ventura Boulevard. Ventura Boulevard and the run along the northern base of the Santa Monica Mountains. Due to the extended linear size, it is rare for it to be considered one unified district. They include, Studio City Sherman Oaks Encino Tarzana Woodland Hills History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915 Index, San Fernando Valley
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Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
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Chumash people
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They also occupied three of the Channel Islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel, the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source. Modern place names with Chumash origins include Cayucos, Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley and Somis. Archaeological research demonstrates that the Chumash have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area, the Chumash resided between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the California coasts where rivers and tributaries abound. Inside and around the modern-day Santa Barbara region, the Chumash lived with a bounty of resources, the tribe lived in an area of three environments, the interior, the coast, and the Northern Channel Islands. These provided an array of materials to support the Chumash lifestyle. The interior is composed of the land outside the coast and spanning the plains, rivers. The coast covers the cliffs and land close to the ocean and, in reference to resources, the Northern Channel Islands lie off the coast of the Chumash territory. All of the California coastal-interior has a Mediterranean climate due to the ocean winds. The mild temperatures, save for winter, made gathering easy, during the cold months, what villagers gathered and traded during the seasons changed depending on where they resided. With coasts populated by masses of species of fish and land covered by trees and animals. Abundant resources and a winter rarely harsh enough to cause concern meant the tribe lived a lifestyle in addition to a subsistence existence. Villages in the three aforementioned areas contained remains of sea mammals, indicating that trade networks existed for moving materials throughout the Chumash territory, such connections spread out the land’s wealth, allowing the Chumash to live comfortably without agriculture. The closer a village was to the ocean, the greater its reliance on maritime resources, due to advanced canoe designs, coastal and island people could procure fish and aquatic mammals from farther out. Shellfish were a source of nutrition, relatively easy to find. Many of the favored varieties grew in tidal zones, shellfish grew in abundance during winter to early spring, their proximity to shore made collection easier. Some of the species included mussels, abalone, and a wide array of clams. Haliotis rufescens was harvested this species along the Central California coast in the pre-contact era, the Chumash and other California Indians also used red abalone shells to make a variety of fishhooks, beads, ornaments, and other artifacts. Any village could acquire fish, but the coastal and island communities specialized in catching not just smaller fish and this feat, difficult even for today’s technology, was made possible by the tomol plank canoe
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Simi Hills
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The Simi Hills are a low rocky mountain range of the Transverse Ranges in eastern Ventura County and western Los Angeles County, of southern California, United States. The Simi Hills are aligned east-west and run for 26 miles, the Simi Hills are part of the central Transverse Ranges System. They lie almost entirely within southeastern Ventura County, with southern and eastern foothills within western Los Angeles County. The Simi Hills are on the edge of the San Fernando Valley. The Simi Valley lies to the north, and the Conejo Valley lies to the southwest, the San Fernando Valley communities of Chatsworth, West Hills, and Woodland Hills are in the eastern hills and adjacent valley floor in Los Angeles city and county. The cities of Thousand Oaks, Agoura Hills, and Simi Valley city are in the hills, the two nearby mountain ranges are, the higher Santa Susana Mountains adjacent on the northeast across Santa Susana Pass, and the Santa Monica Mountains running nearby along the south. The Simis undeveloped native habitat provides routes that protect larger land wildlife of the Santa Monicas from genetic isolation, large sections of the Simi Hills are protected by parks and open space preserves. The Santa Susana Field Laboratory property, a wildlife corridor to the Santa Susanas, has been proposed for public open space parkland after the closed sites cleanup completion. The hills provide the complete or partial watersheds for several year-round creeks, Bell Creek and Arroyo Calabasas are the headwaters of the Los Angeles River, by name its beginning with their confluence in nearby Canoga Park. 90% of the Santa Susana Field Lab property drains into the Los Angeles River via tributaries, because of its low elevation, the Simi Hills typically experience rainy, mild winters. Snow is rare in the Simi Hills, even in the highest areas, summers are warm and dry and wildfires do occur here. The Simi Hills further block these winds, which bring cool weather in summer and winter from the San Fernando Valley. Peaks in this region include Simi Peak,2,403 ft, Chatsworth Peak,2,314 ft, the southern lower hills are mostly covered in grasslands and oak savanna. The northern rocky hills area is primarily chaparral shrubland and oak woodlands, the Simi Hills are part of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. The oaks include, the evergreen live oak, the deciduous valley oak. Riparian zone plants include California sycamores and arroyo willows, spring wildflowers include the redbush monkey flower, Plummers mariposa lily, and canyon sunflower. Poison oak is also an important member of the plant habitat community here. The Simi Hills were inhabited for over 8,000 years by Paleo-indians and Chumash-Venturaño Native Americans for settlements, the Chumash had the established village of Huwam in Cañon del Escorpión
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Arroyo Calabasas
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Arroyo Calabasas is a 7. 0-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River, in the southwestern San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles County in California. The stream begins with the merging of, Dry Canyon Creek from a Santa Monica Mountains watershed and McCoy Canyon Creek from a Simi Hills watershed, Arroyo Calabasas flows northeast through Woodland Hills and Canoga Park. In Canoga Park it joins Bell Creek, directly east of Canoga Park High School beside Vanowen Avenue, the confluence marks the headwaters of the Los Angeles River,34. 1952°N118. 601838°W /34.1952, -118.601838. The flow of Arroyo Calabasas is entirely encased in a flood control channel. From mouth to source, Source - a. k. a. watershed and headwaters Confluence - a. k. a. headwaters Drainage basin - a. k. a. watershed
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Los Angeles River
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Several tributaries join the once free-flowing and frequently flooding river, forming alluvial flood plains along its banks. It now flows through a channel on a fixed course. Environmental groups and park advocates support the removal of concrete and the restoration of natural vegetation, portions of the river now have earthen bottoms and restored habitat. There are also plans for a series of parks along the rivers city frontage in Los Angeles, the Los Angeles River also flows through several Los Angeles County communities and has been featured in many Hollywood films. Before the opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the river was the source of fresh water for the city. Although the Los Angeles region still gets some of its water from the river and other local sources, the river suffers pollution from agricultural and urban runoff. Fed primarily by rainwater and snowmelt, the Donald C, tillman Water Reclamation Plant in Van Nuys, and urban discharge, it is one of the few low-elevation perennial rivers in Southern California. This is helped by the channel, which limits absorption of water into the earth. Flow, while low in volume, can be extremely brisk even in summer. 1952°N118. 601838°W /34.1952. Bell Creek flows east from the Simi Hills, and Arroyo Calabasas flows north from the Santa Monica Mountains, from there the river flows east through a concrete flood control channel and very soon receives Browns Canyon Wash, which flows south from the Santa Susana Mountains. The river then bends south and receives Aliso Canyon Wash. The river then flows through the district of Winnetka, then Reseda and enters the Sepulveda Basin, as the river proceeds into the usually-dry reservoir, it spills out into a channel that is similar to its historical, unchannelized form. It crosses under Balboa Boulevard and then passes through the works of Sepulveda Dam,43 miles from the mouth. It flows again into a channel and crosses under Interstate 405 as it passes through Van Nuys, Sherman Oaks. Paralleling U. S. Here, the river begins to flow over a natural riverbed, paralleling Interstate 5 for the next few miles, the river runs by the eastern side of Griffith Park and the Harding-Wilson Golf Course. It passes Silver Lake Reservoir, which is to the right and it then receives the Arroyo Seco, another major tributary, from the left. The river flows south past the Mission Junction, a railroad yard on the left. It then makes a turn east and then turns southeast, flowing a few miles before it begins to parallel Interstate 710 near Maywood, Bell, Cudahy
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Alta California
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Alta California, founded in 1769 by Gaspar de Portolà, was a polity of New Spain and after the Mexican War of Independence in 1822, a territory of Mexico. The region included all of the states of California, Nevada, and Utah. Large areas east of the Sierra Nevada and San Gabriel Mountains were claimed to be part of Alta California, to the southeast, beyond the deserts and the Colorado River, lay the Spanish settlements in Arizona. The areas formerly comprising Alta California were ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War in 1848, two years later, California joined the union as the 31st state. Other parts of Alta California became all or part of the later U. S. states of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. The Spanish explored the area of Alta California by sea beginning in the 16th century. During the following two centuries there were plans to settle the area, none of which were effectively carried out. Ultimately, New Spain did not have the resources nor population to settle such a far northern outpost. To ascertain the Russian threat a number of Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest were launched, the Spanish Crown funded the construction and subsidized the operation of the missions, with the goal that the relocation, conversion and enforced labor of Native people would bolster Spanish rule. The first Alta California mission and presidio were established by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra, the following year,1770, the second mission and presidio were founded in Monterey. In 1773 a boundary between the Baja California missions and the Franciscan missions of Alta California was set by Francisco Palóu, the missionary effort coincided with the construction of presidios and pueblos, which were to be manned and populated by Hispanic people. The first pueblo founded was San José in 1777, followed by Los Ángeles in 1781, by law, mission land and property were to pass to the indigenous population after a period of about ten years, when the natives would become Spanish subjects. In the interim period, the Franciscans were to act as mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Native residents, the transfer of property never occurred under the Franciscans. As the number of Spanish settlers grew in Alta California, the boundaries, conflicts between the Crown and the Church and between Natives and settlers arose. State and ecclesiastical bureaucrats debated over authority of the missions and they advocated that the Natives owned property and had the right to defend it. Governor Diego de Borica is credited with defining Alta and Baja Californias official borders, Mexico won independence in 1822, and Alta California became a territory of Mexico. The Spanish and later Mexican governments rewarded retired soldados de cuera with large grants, known as ranchos, for the raising of cattle. Hides and tallow from the livestock were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century, the construction, ranching and domestic work on these vast estates was primarily done by Native Americans, who had learned to speak Spanish and ride horses
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Spanish missions in California
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The missions were part of a major effort by the Spanish Empire to extend colonization into the most northern and western parts of Spains North American claims. Following a long-term secular and religious policy of Spain in Latin America, Mexico achieved independence in 1821, taking Alta California along with it, but the missions maintained authority over native neophytes and control of vast land holdings until the 1830s. At the peak of its development in 1832, the mission system controlled an area equal to approximately one-sixth of Alta California. The Alta California government secularized the missions after the passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833 and this divided the mission lands into land grants, which became many of the Ranchos of California. In the end, the missions had mixed results in their objectives, to convert, educate, today, the surviving mission buildings are the states oldest structures, and its most-visited historic monuments. Prior to 1754, grants of lands were made directly by the Spanish Crown. The missions were to be interconnected by a route which later became known as the Camino Real. The detailed planning and direction of the missions was to be carried out by Friar Junípero Serra, work on the coastal mission chain was concluded in 1823, completed after Serras death in 1784. Plans to build a mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 were canceled. The Santa Ysabel Asistencia had been founded in 1818 as a mother mission, in addition to the presidio and pueblo, the misión was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish sovereign to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories. Each frontier station was forced to be self-supporting, as existing means of supply were inadequate to maintain a colony of any size. California was months away from the nearest base in colonized Mexico, to sustain a mission, the padres required converted Native Americans, called neophytes, to cultivate crops and tend livestock in the volume needed to support a fair-sized establishment. The scarcity of imported materials, together with a lack of skilled laborers, compelled the missionaries to employ simple building materials, although the missions were considered temporary ventures by the Spanish hierarchy, the development of an individual settlement was not simply a matter of priestly whim. The padres blessed the site, and with the aid of their military escort fashioned temporary shelters out of tree limbs or driven stakes and it was these simple huts that ultimately gave way to the stone and adobe buildings that exist to the present. The first priority when beginning a settlement was the location and construction of the church, once the spot for the church had been selected, its position was marked and the remainder of the mission complex was laid out. The cuadrángulo was rarely a perfect square because the missionaries had no surveying instruments at their disposal and it was a doctrine established in 1531, which based the Spanish states right over the land and persons of the Indies on the Papal charge to evangelize them. It was employed wherever the indigenous populations were not already concentrated in native pueblos, the civilized and disciplined culture of the natives, developed over 8,000 year, was not considered. A total of 146 Friars Minor, mostly Spaniards by birth, were ordained as priests, sixty-seven missionaries died at their posts, while the remainder returned to Europe due to illness, or upon completing their ten-year service commitment
25.
Sepulveda Pass
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Sepulveda Pass is a mountain pass through the Santa Monica Mountains in Los Angeles. It connects the Los Angeles Basin to the San Fernando Valley via the San Diego Freeway, the crossing experiences heavy traffic on a regular basis, commonly experiencing major traffic slowdowns lasting hours. The 405 was recently widened by LACMTA, Los Angeless transportation authority, the project took 3 years to complete. Additionally, funding has been secured to construct an expansion to Los Angeless public transportation system through the Sepulveda Pass, northbound I-405 has five lanes, while Southbound I-405 has four lanes plus a carpool lane. Sepulveda Boulevard has two lanes in each direction and runs west of I-405 until the middle of the pass, bel Air Presbyterian Church, founded in 1956, opened its church on Mulholland Drive in 1960. To the south is the campus of the Getty Center
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California oak woodland
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California oak woodland is a plant community found throughout the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion of California in the United States and northwestern Baja California in Mexico. The dominant trees are oaks, interspersed with other broadleaf and coniferous trees, with an understory of grasses, herbs, geophytes, Oak savannas occur where the oaks are more widely spaced due a combination of lack of available moisture, and low-intensity frequent fires. The foothill oak woodlands around the Central Valley are dominated by blue oak, oregon oak woodland is found in Northern Californias Klamath-Siskiyou, Northern Coast Ranges, and southern Cascade Range. Blue oak woodland is found in the inner coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada foothills, primary species are blue oak and interior live oak, together with valley oak, canyon live oak, California scrub oak, gray pine, California buckeye, and western redbud. Valley oak woodland is found in the valleys of northern, central and southern California. Engelmann oak woodland is found in a few locations in the northern Peninsular Ranges of Southern California, including the Santa Rosa Plateau and it consists mostly of Engelmann oak together with coast live oak. Blue oak woodlands cover about 2,939,000 acres of the state and this would make Californias oak woodlands some of the most extensive old growth forests left in the state. However, most oaks of full size are more than one hundred years old. The Oaks 2040 survey estimates that 750,000 acres of California oak woodlands are threatened by 2040 as a burgeoning state population makes ever more use of the wildland. This comprehensive survey includes oak woodland maps and inventory data for the ten oak types found in California, by evaluating this new information against current State of California economic growth projections, the location and extent of oak woodlands most at risk of development are identified. The headwaters area of Yulupa Creek in Annadel State Park is cited as one of the best examples of California oak woodlands, much of this woodland is a relatively pristine ecosystem with considerable biodiversity. An unusual characteristic of this Annadel forest is the content of undisturbed prehistoric bunch grass understory. California chaparral and woodlands Oak savanna Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest California native plants Blue Oak Ranch Reserve Dallman, Plant Life in the Worlds Mediterranean Climates. California Native Plant Society–University of California Press, Berkeley, Oaks 2040, The Status and Future of Oaks in California. Published by the California Oak Foundation, Oakland, muick, Sharon G. Johnson, and Marjorie Popper. Cachuma Press and the California Oak Foundation, Los Olivos, California, californiaoaks. org | Oaks 2040, The Status and Future of Oaks in California UCanr. org | University of California Oak Woodland Management Program
27.
Toluca Lake, Los Angeles
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Toluca Lake is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles located in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California,12 miles northwest of Downtown. The name is given to a private natural lake which is fed by the Los Angeles River. Like most outer-Los Angeles neighborhoods, Toluca Lake functions as an entity, with its own post office, ZIP code. A small part of Toluca Lake spills over into nearby Burbank, the history of Toluca Lake can be traced back to the days of the Tongva Indians, followed by Spanish and Mexican occupation and development. It was part of the rancho system and then it was later divided. In 1923, investors bought and developed the land as Toluca Lake Park, in recent years the neighborhood has been the home of noted entertainment and other personalities and was the site of the wedding reception for Ronald and Nancy Reagan. More recently yet there has been opposition to a development in North Hollywood by NBCUniversal. The Los Angeles portion of Toluca Lake is situated on 1.22 square miles of the southeastern San Fernando Valley, the geologic Toluca Lake is a 6-acre body of water located near the district’s southeastern boundaries. The historic natural lake was fed by springs of upwelling groundwater from the substantial Los Angeles River and San Fernando Valley subterranean aquifers. Late 19th and 20th century L. A. DWP well extraction and 1930s concrete river channelization lowered the water table, the bottom of the lake is surfaced with four inches of asphalt concrete to prevent seepage. Owned by the homeowners, the lake has been maintained by the Toluca Lake Property Owners Association. The lake, surrounded by residences and the Lakeside Golf Club, is inaccessible to the public. The Los Angeles portion of Toluca Lake had a population of 7,782 in the 2000 census, at 6,393 people per square mile, its density was among the lowest in the city of Los Angeles. According to the Los Angeles Times, its percentage of people,71. 9%, was high for the county. Other ethnicities were Latino 14%, black 5. 3% and Asian 5%, german and Irish were the most common ancestries. Only 17. 7% of its residents were foreign-born, a low compared to the city as a whole, of those, Mexico at 14. 7%. The median household income level of its residents was $73,111 in 2008, the average household size was 1.9 people, low for both the city and the county. 62. 2% of its units were occupied by renters and 37. 8% by owners
28.
Isaac Lankershim
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Isaac Lankershim was a German-born American landowner and pioneer in California. He was born in Nuremberg, Kingdom of Bavaria on April 8,1818 and he emigrated to the United States in 1836, at eighteen years old. He settled in St. Louis, Missouri and worked in the grain, in 1854, he moved west to the Napa Valley in California. A year later, in 1855, he sowed and harvested 1,000 acres of wheat in Solano County, shortly after, he expanded to over 14,000 acres near Fresno, California. In 1868, he purchased a ranch in San Diego, California. In 1860, the rest of his family moved from St. Louis to California, in the late 1860s, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he became associated with a businessmen named Harris Newmark. These acres included what is now Woodland Hills, Tarzana, Encino, Sherman Oaks, Van Nuys, by 1873, they raised 40,000 sheep on the ranch. When wool prices fell, they grew wheat instead, to take the wheat from the valley to Santa Monica, California, he built a wagon path now known as Interstate 405. In 1876, he turned it into a toll road, with his son-in-law, Isaac Newton Van Nuys, he started the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Co, and they took over full ownership of the San Fernando Valley Ranch Company. They also established the Lankershim Ranch Land & Water Co. a 12, 000-acre real estate development in what is now known as North Hollywood and he married Annis Lydia Moore, an English immigrant in 1842. He relinquished his Jewish faith and converted to the Baptist faith and they had a son, James Boon Lankershim, and a daughter, Susanna Lankershim, who married Isaac Newton Van Nuys. He died on April 10,1882, Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles is named for the Lankershim family
29.
James Boon Lankershim
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James Boon Lankershim was an American heir, landowner and real estate developer. James Boon Lankershim was born on March 24,1850 in Charleston and his father was Isaac Lankershim, a German-born Californian landowner who owned 60,000 acres in the San Fernando Valley, and his mother was Annis Lydia Moore, an English-born Californian. Lankershim joined his fathers company, the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association, together with his brother in law, Isaac Newton Van Nuys, focusing on real estate while Van Nuys focused on wheat. He built the Hotel Lankershim on the corner of Broadway and 7th Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles and he also built the San Fernando Building on the corner of 4th Avenue and Main Street, where his name is embedded in the tiles at the entrance. In 1885, Lankershim established a unit in the California National Guard, Troop D. Lankershim served as the first president of the Los Angeles Athletic Club, Lankershim married Carolina Carrie Adelaide Jones in 1881. By 1900, they separated and she moved to Paris, only to return briefly during the First World War and they had two children, Jack Lankershim and Doria Lankershim. In the 1920s, he retired and moved to the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles, on April 2,1921, he donated 20 acres of the San Fernando Valley to the Boys Scouts of America, later known as the Arthur Letts Boy Scout Camp after Arthur Letts. In 1940, they built an obelisk in his honor on the donated land, in 1924, silent actress Adele Blood introduced him to Irene Herbert, a nurse who became his companion for four years until his family fired her. He died on October 16,1931 and his ashes were scattered across the San Fernando Valley, after his death, Irene Herbert claimed she had a $500, 000-promisory note from her former employer and sued the Lankershim family, but later gave up and committed suicide. Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles is named for the Lankershim family
30.
Isaac Newton Van Nuys
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Isaac Newton Van Nuys was an American businessman, farmer and rancher who owned the entire southern portion of the San Fernando Valley—an area 15 miles long and 6 miles wide. Still, as a resident and honorary godfather of Van Nuys, there are schools, streets, libraries. Isaac Van Nuys was born in West Sparta, New York and his father was born in Millstone, New Jersey, on February 7,1808. He moved to West Sparta, in 1822, where he became a farmer and he also served as a town supervisor and justice of the peace. The mother of Isaac Van Nuys was born in Cayuga County, New York, Peter and Harriet were married on November 19,1829. They had seven children, Caroline M. Van Nuys, Isaac N. A. Vinton Van Nuys, Ella L. Van Nuys, Harriett E. Van Nuys, Van Nuys, and Herbert K. Van Nuys. He attended the academy at Lima, in which he was a student for one year and his relatives emigrated from the Netherlands and located on Long Island, New York. San Fernando Homestead Association In 1865, at the age of 29 and he first lived in Napa, and later in Monticello where he owned a country store. In 1873, Van Nuys, and future brother-in-law Isaac Lankershims son, James Boon Lankershim, moved to the San Fernando Valley, in 1874, they began raising grain, introducing dryland farming. In 1876 they filled two ships with Valley wheat at the Los Angeles Harbor in San Pedro and it was both the first grain cargo shipped from the L. A. Harbor, and the first grain shipped to Europe from the United States. Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company In 1880, Van Nuys, Isaac Van Nuys was its president and manager. The company had a building for milling to produce flour, meals, cracked wheat, hominy. Aqueduct construction began in 1905, to be completed in 1913, afterwards, land only useful for dryland farming could be turned into residential towns, and irrigated crops and orchards. It was acquired from the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company owned Van Nuys, in the Sale of the Century in November 1910 they sold the remaining livestock and non-land assets of the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company at auction. The Los Angeles Times called the auction the beginning of a new empire, on February 22,1911, lot sales begin for the new town of Van Nuys. The Janss Investment Company was the developer of both it and Owensmouth. The syndicate also built the San Fernando Line, a new 20 miles long extension of the Pacific Electric railway system from Lankershim, through Van Nuys and Marion, to its Owensmouth terminus. In 1880, he married Susanna H. Lankershim of Los Angeles, the daughter of Isaac Lankershim and they had three children, Annis H. James Benton, and Kate
31.
Harry Chandler
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He attended Dartmouth College, and on a dare, he jumped into a vat of starch that had frozen over during winter, which led to severe pneumonia. He withdrew from Dartmouth and moved to Los Angeles for his health, Otis liked this entrepreneurial young man and hired him as the Times’ general manager. Harry married Otis’s daughter, Marian Otis, in 1894, the couple had six children together and also raised two daughters from Harrys first marriage. Upon Otis’s death in 1917, Harry took over the reins as publisher of the Times, transforming it into the newspaper in the West. For three straight years in the 1920s, under his leadership, the Times led all other American newspapers in advertising space, much of his boundless energy and dreams were however directed to transforming Los Angeles. As a community builder and large-scale real estate speculator, he became arguably the leading citizen of Los Angeles in the first half of the 20th century. As a real estate investor, he was a partner in syndicates that owned and developed much of the San Fernando Valley, the Hollywoodland sign was used to promote the development. Chandlers other real estate projects included Mulholland Drive, much of Dana Point, the Tejon Ranch, the Vermejo Park Ranch, and the C&M ranch. Harry Chandler was a notable eugenicist during his time as President of the Los Angeles Times, and was a member of the Human Betterment Foundation, a Congregationalist in religion, he abstained from alcohol, lived frugally, and commuted by foot whenever possible. His favorite charity was the Salvation Army and he was an indefatigable worker and forthright in his editorial positions. For his comments on the decisions in certain labor cases still in the process of appeal. His conviction was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1941 - a landmark decision for freedom of the press, for their role in the decision Chandler and the Times won their first Pulitzer Prize. On February 6,1888, Harry married Magdalena Schlador whose brother worked at the Los Angeles Times and they had a daughter, Francesca, born April 7,1890 and a second daughter, Alice May, born July 24,1892. Sadly Magdalena, who Harry called May, died of fever two weeks after Alice Mays birth on August 4,1892 at the age of twenty nine.3 Chandler went on to marry Marian Otis in 1894. Francesca and Alice May were soon joined by Constance, Ruth, Norman, Harrison Gray Otis, Chandler died on September 23,1944 from a heart attack. He and Marian are buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery on Santa Monica Boulevard, Harrison Gray Otiss memorial is nearby. Harrys oldest son, Norman Chandler, took charge of the Los Angeles Times after Harrys death, Chandler Boulevard, a major street in the San Fernando Valley, is named for Harry Chandler. The Powers That Be, David Halberstam, Dell Books,1986 Privileged Son, Otis Chandler, Times Dynasty, Dennis McDougal, Perseus Publishing,2001 The Ancestry of Harry Chandler by Gwendolyn Garland Babcock
32.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
33.
H.J. Whitley
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Hobart Johnstone Whitley, also known as H. J. Whitley, was the Father of Hollywood. He was a real estate developer who helped create the Hollywood subdivision in Los Angeles and he and his wife Margaret Virginia Whitley named the town while on their honeymoon in 1886. Hobart Johnstone Whitley was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Whitley became a naturalized citizen of the United States in the 1870s. Whitley moved to Chicago and owned a store and candy store. He became interested in development and was elected to the board of directors of the Chicago Rock Island Railroad. In the spring of 1886, Whitley married his second wife, Whitley became one of the nations most successful land developers. During the westward construction of railroads from the late 1870s to the early 1890s, he founded scores of towns in the Oklahoma Territory. Whitley was a friend of Theodore Roosevelt while in the Dakota Territory. Whitley was at the first Oklahoma Land Run of 1889, April 22 and he built the first brick block building in the territory and was asked by the local people to be the first Governor of Oklahoma. He plotted the towns and built brick and stone buildings in Oklahoma City, El Reno, Chickasha, Enid, Medford. Whitley traveled to Washington D. C. where he persuaded the U. S. Congress to allow the City of Guthrie and it is estimated that Whitley founded over 140 towns in his lifetime. J. Whitley donated large parcels of land and money for civic use, the donations were used to finance public schools, libraries, parks, landscaping, streets, transportation, lighting and churches. In the mid-1880s, Whitley arrived in Southern California and he was well known as a land developer and many tried to follow on his coattails. The name Hollywood was coined by H. J. Whitley and he and his wife came up with the name while on their honeymoon in 1886. Whitley built a hotel and a bank as the foundation of almost every town he developed, H. J. Whitley had a quest to make a very fine residential development on the hill of his share of the Hollywood property. He had to bring new ideas to create a development on the side of the hill in the fast changing times and this was at the end of the Victorian culture. Homes were built with the area upstairs, for the views of the ocean. He employed architects to go and study the developments of Spain
34.
Moses Sherman
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He also served on the Los Angeles Water Board. He was also known as M. H. Sherman and General M. H. Sherman, moses Sherman was born in West Rupert, Vermont, on December 3,1853. He obtained a certificate at the Oswego Normal School in Oswego. He began as a teacher in Salem, New York and then Wisconsin, in 1874, he moved to Prescott, Arizona, a small mining town where he continued teaching for two more years. In Prescott, he acquired his capital brokering mines and ranches while a teacher, fremont, then Governor of Arizona, appointed Sherman State Superintendent of Public Instruction. He earned the title, General after his appointment as Adjutant-General of the Territory of Arizona and he would use the title General for the rest of his life. In 1884, he helped found the Valley Bank of Phoenix, acting as President while simultaneously building the Phoenix Railway and some canal and water services. With associate M. E. Collins, he donated ten acres of land for the capitol in Phoenix when the town capital of the territory in 1889. He moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1890 to speculate in land and use the new railway, or trolley system. He made millions and sold control his Los Angeles Pacific lines to E. H, harriman in 1906 for a reported additional six million dollars. He started the Los Angeles Consolidated Electric Railway, and made his brother-in-law, Eli P. Clark, Vice President, the rapid interurban transit of the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad, and the Pacific Electric system, the Big Red Cars, enticed many new residents to Los Angeles. It also helped Los Angeles get out the economic slump of the 1890s and it encouraged new investments in manufacturing. On June 16,1903, Los Angeles Pacific Railroad merged with the Los Angeles-Santa Monica Railroad Company, the new name after this merger was Los Angeles Pacific Railroad of California, but everyone continued to call it the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad. In March,1906, an agreement was reached to sell control of the Los Angeles Pacific to E. H, harriman’s Southern Pacific Railroad for a reported $6 million. At the junction of his lines west of Hollywood, he built carbarns. The town would eventually evolve to become the city of West Hollywood, in the late-19th century, Moye C. Wicks and Louis Mesmer thought of turning the Playa del Rey estuary into a commercial port and they formed the Ballona Development Company in 1888 to develop the area, but three years later the company went bankrupt. Sherman purchased 1,000 acres of land around the Ballona lagoon, Sherman and Clark renamed the land Del Rey
35.
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
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The Historic-Cultural Monument process has its origin in the Historic Buildings Committee formed in 1958 by the Los Angeles chapter of the American Institute of Architects. On April 30,1962, a historic preservation ordinance proposed by the AIA committee was passed. The original Cultural Heritage Board was formed in the summer of 1962, consisting of William Woollett, FAIA, Bonnie H. Riedel, Carl S. Dentzel, Senaida Sullivan and Edith Gibbs Vaughan. The board met for the first time in August 1962, at a time when the owner of the historic Leonis Adobe was attempting to demolish the structure, in its first day of official business, the board designated the Leonis Adobe and four other sites as Historic-Cultural Monuments. The designation of a property as a Historic-Cultural Monument does not prevent demolition or alteration, however, the designation requires permits for demolition or substantial alteration to be presented to the commission. The commission has the power to delay the demolition of a property for up to one year. In the commissions first decade of operation, it designated 101 properties as Historic-Cultural Monuments, by March 2010, there were 979 designated properties. A. Historic-Cultural Monuments website — with ever-updated LAHCM List via PDF link, official Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources website — Homepage Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission website Designated LAHCM Landmarks by Neighborhood — L. A. Bariscale. Bariscales Flickr Photostream — Big Orange Flickr Gallery of L. A. H. C. Monuments
36.
Subtropics
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The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropic circle of latitude at 23.5 latitude and temperate latitudes. Subtropical climates are characterized by warm to hot summers and cool to mild winters with infrequent frost. Subtropical climates can occur at elevations within the tropics, such as in the southern end of the Mexican Plateau and in Vietnam. Six climate classifications use the term to define the various temperature. A great portion of the deserts are located within the subtropics. Within savanna regimes in the subtropics, a wet season is seen annually during the summer, within Mediterranean climate regimes, the wet season occurs during the winter. Areas bordering warm oceans are prone to heavy rainfall from tropical cyclones. Plants such as palms, citrus, mango, lychee, the tropics have been historically defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, located at 23. 45° north and south latitude respectively. The poleward fringe of the subtropics is located at approximately 40° north and south latitude respectively, northern fringes of the type can go further north due to moderating effects of ocean streams, like in parts of Southern Europe due to heat transported by the Gulf Stream. Several methods have used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a temperature greater than 10 °C. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone. According to the E. Neef climate classification, the zone is divided into two parts, Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate. According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the zone is divided into three parts, high-continental, continental, and maritime. According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six zones in the world. Heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the trough or Intertropical convergence zone. The upper-level divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft, as the air moves towards the Mid-Latitudes, it cools and sinks, which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres. This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge, many of the worlds deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas, located within the subtropics
37.
Mediterranean climate
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A Mediterranean climate /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ or dry summer climate, is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry summers and mild, moist winters, Mediterranean climate zones are associated with the four large subtropical high pressure cells of the oceans, the Azores High, South Atlantic High, North Pacific High, and South Pacific High. These climatological high pressure cells migrate by latitude according to the angle of the Sun, shifting north-eastward in the summer. These semi-permanent high pressure systems play a role in the formation of the worlds subtropical and tropical deserts as well as the Mediterranean Basins climate. The Azores High is associated with the Mediterranean climate found in the Mediterranean Basin, the Sahara Desert, the South Atlantic High is similarly associated with the Namib Desert and Kalahari Desert, and the Mediterranean climate of the western part of South Africa. Under the Köppen climate classification, hot climates and cool dry-summer climates are often referred to as mediterranean. Under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group, temperate climates or C zones have an average temperature above 0 °C, but below 18 °C, in their coolest months. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern, Köppen has defined a dry summer month as a month with less than 30 mm of precipitation and with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month. Some, however, use a 40 mm level, the third letter indicates the degree of summer heat, a represents an average temperature in the warmest month above 22 °C, while b indicates the average temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C. Under the Köppen classification, dry-summer climates usually occur on the sides of continents. Under Trewarthas system, at least eight months must have average temperatures of 10 °C or higher, during summer, regions of mediterranean climate are dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry sinking air capping a surface marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall unlikely. In many Mediterranean climates there is a strong character to daily temperatures in the warm months. The majority of the regions with mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters, however winter and summer temperatures can vary greatly between different regions with a mediterranean climate. Or to consider summer, Athens experiences rather high temperatures in that season, in contrast, San Francisco has cool summers with daily highs around. In North America, areas with Csc climate can be found in the Olympic, Cascade, Klamath and these locations are found at high altitude nearby lower altitude regions characterized by a warm-summer mediterranean climate or hot-summer mediterranean climate. A rare instance of this occurs in the tropics, on Haleakalā Summit in Hawaii. In South America, Csc regions can be found along the Andes in Chile, the town of Balmaceda is one of the few towns confirmed to have this climate. Small areas with a Csc climate can also be found at elevations in Corsica
38.
Los Angeles Pierce College
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The college began with 70 students and 18 faculty members on September 15,1947. Originally known as the Clarence W. Pierce School of Agriculture, nine years later, in 1956, the school was renamed to Los Angeles Pierce Junior College, retaining the name of its founder, Dr. Pierce, as well as his commitment to agricultural and veterinary study. Pierce College offers courses on more than 100 subjects in 92 academic disciplines, Students at the school successfully transfer to UC and CSU schools. Students can pursue any of the 44 associate’s degrees or 78 Certificates of Achievement the school offers directly, Pierce College comprises 426 acres amidst a dense metropolis, an area larger than many university campuses, including that of UCLA. The grounds are landscaped with more than 2,200 trees, thousands of roses, the Pierce College farm houses small herds of cattle, sheep, goats, a small poultry flock, as well as a llama and an alpaca for its students to learn from. The Associated Students Organization is the official Student Government of the 23,000 students at Los Angeles Pierce College and it has been in existence since the mid-1950s and has two branches, Senate and Club Council. Club Council is the organization that addresses and improves student life through the actions of the numerous clubs on campus. The Senate is the student government that conducts their meetings in accordance to the Brown Act. ASO is governed under the LACCD Academic Senate policy, Senators are voting members, which have the ability to vote on certain actions taken at Pierce to improve life for the student. Under the actions of shared governance, ASO Senators sit on committees in school including the Diversity. Besides hosting the Brahmas football and womens teams, John Shepard Stadium also has hosted many outdoor professional sporting events in San Fernando Valley history. From 1976 to 1979, the San Fernando Valleys first professional sports team, the Los Angeles Express of the USFL played their last home game here on June 15,1985. The stadium was expanded to 16, 000-person capacity for the game, Shepard Stadium hosts Nuts for Mutts, an annual dog show and pet fair that raises funds for the New Leash on Life Animal Rescue. The stadium is also the home stadium of the San Fernando Valley Quakes mens soccer team. Since the approval of Los Angeles County Propositions A and AA, other key improvements are increased parking, new infrastructure and roadways, and renovations to existing facilities. The 2-acre S. Mark Taper Foundation Life Science Botanic Garden and it features one of the finest collections of drought-resistant plants in the region. The college also has a retention pond beneath its soccer field. The Los Angeles River is nearby to the north, the campus is home to Old Trappers Lodge, California Historical Landmark No
39.
Typical Mediterranean climate
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A Mediterranean climate /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ or dry summer climate, is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry summers and mild, rainy winters and they are located on the western sides of continents, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the Equator. These high pressure belts, called anticyclones, rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, anticyclones cause air in the surrounding atmosphere to diverge and descend, sinking the air in opposing directions until there are no clouds present, leaving clear skies. Climatological high pressure anticyclones migrate by latitude according to the angle of the Sun, shifting northward in the summer. These semi-permanent anticyclones play a role in the formation of the worlds subtropical and tropical deserts as well as the rainless summers associated with the Mediterranean climate. The Azores High, is associated with the Mediterranean climate found in the Mediterranean Basin, the Sahara Desert, the South Atlantic High is similarly associated with the Namib Desert and Kalahari Desert, and the Mediterranean climate of the western part of South Africa. The South Pacific High correlates to the Atacama Desert and Central Chiles climate, under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group. Temperate climates or C zones have a temperature above 0 °C. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern, Köppen has defined a dry summer month as a month with less than 30 mm of precipitation and with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month. Some, however, use a 40 mm level, the third letter indicates the degree of summer heat, a represents an average temperature in the warmest month above 22 °C, while b indicates the average temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C. Under the Köppen classification, dry-summer climates usually occur on the sides of continents. Under Trewarthas system, at least eight months must have average temperatures of 10 °C or higher, during summer, regions of mediterranean climate are dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry sinking air capping a surface marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall unlikely. In many Mediterranean climates there is a strong character to daily temperatures in the warm months. The majority of the regions with mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters, however winter and summer temperatures can vary greatly between different regions with a mediterranean climate. Or to consider summer, Athens experiences rather high temperatures in that season, in contrast, San Francisco has cool summers with daily highs around. In North America, areas with Csc climate can be found in the Olympic, Cascade, Klamath and these locations are found at high altitude nearby lower altitude regions characterized by a warm-summer mediterranean climate or hot-summer mediterranean climate. A rare instance of this occurs in the tropics, on Haleakalā Summit in Hawaii. In South America, Csc regions can be found along the Andes in Chile, the town of Balmaceda is one of the few towns confirmed to have this climate
40.
Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
