1.
Erik Henningsen
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Erik Ludvig Henningsen was a Danish painter and illustrator. He is best known for his Social Realist paintings of poor and he was the younger brother of Frants Henningsen who was also a painter. Erik Henningsen was born on 29 August 1855 in Copenhagen to Frants Ludvig Henningsen, a grocer and he showed an early artistic talent and was articled to decorative painter A. Hellesen. He also took drawing lessons privately with C. V. Nielsen and was admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1873. He graduated in 1877 and won awards and distinctions, including the Academys Annual Medal in 1887 and 1890, the Ancher Prize in 1889. His travels took him to Germany, Italy, France and the Netherlands, Henningsen became part of the group Bogstaveligheden, a forum for the Realists humanitarian ideals about creating a better society through illumination and debate. In his paintings from the 1880s and 1890s, Henningsen was preoccupied with the rights and living conditions of such as the unemployed, women, workers, children. Examples are Summum jus, summa injuria, the infanticide (1886, The Hirschsprung Collection and Evicted. He also depicted the lighter aspects of life, as in his paintings of street life in Copenhagen. Towards the turn of the century Henningsen mainly painted historical scenes, an example is his mural in the banquet hall of the University of Copenhagens main building on Vor Frue Plads in Copenhagen. It depicts the banquet at the Scandinavian Scientist Conference held in Roskilde in 1847 and it completed a series of murals depicting the history of the university of which the earlier painting had been created by Vilhelm Marstrand, Carl Bloch and Vilhelm Rosenstand. During the two first decades of the 20th century he mainly painted genre works from the lives of the bourgeoisie, Henningsen also worked as an illustrator, both for the weekly magazine Ude og Hjemme and books such as Pietro Krohns Peters Jul. In 1900, the Tuborg Breweries announced a competition for an advertisement poster to mark its 25 years jubilee. It has since obtained iconic status and become one of the most immediately recognizable posters in Denmark, morning in Adressekontorets Gaard A snowy day at Gammeltorv Summum jus, summa injuria
2.
National Gallery of Denmark
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National Gallery of Denmark is the Danish national gallery located in the centre of Copenhagen. The museum collects, registers, maintains, researches and handles Danish, the major part of the museums older collections comes from the art chambers of Danish kings. The display of European Art 1300–1800 is a collection of art over the 500-year period, featuring works by Mantegna, Cranach, Titian, Rubens. The art is spread over thirteen rooms, and is the oldest art collection in Denmark, with a emphasis on Danish, Dutch, Flemish, Italian, French, Spanish. Danish and Nordic Art 1750-1900 charts Scandinavian art from the beginnings of Danish painting through the ‘Golden Age’ to the birth of Modernism and it displays over 400 works through 24 galleries. It features work by Abildgaard, Eckersberg, Købke, Ring, SMK gained its modern French art collection in 1928 when it was donated by the late collector Johannes Rump. This collection features some of the museum’s most famous pieces from artists such as Matisse, Picasso, Derain and Braque. The collection was first offered to the SMK by Rump in 1923, housed in the museum’s 1993 extension, this 20th and 21st century collection is predominantly focused on the most important examples of modern Danish art. A long corridor of paintings looking onto Østre Anlæg park works as an overview of the work from this period. The beginnings of this collection were made around the time of Christian II, in his diary from 1521 the German painter Albrecht Dürer says he has given the King the best pieces of all my prints. In 1843 the various works, which had so far been the private collection, were displayed to the public. It was then moved into the Statens Museum for Kunst when the first building was completed in 1896, along with The Royal Collection of Paintings, although the papers contain a great number of foreign works, Danish art constitutes the main part of the collection. This collection is open to the public through the Print Room, the Royal Cast Collection is held at the West India Warehouse, Toldbodgade 40, between The Little Mermaid and Nyhavn in Copenhagen. It consists of over 2,000 naked plaster casts of statues and reliefs from collections, museums, temples, churches, the Royal Cast Collection is only open for special events. At the start of the Second World War the art of antiquity became increasingly unfashionable, associated with an archaic artistic tradition. In 1966, as abstract art became popular, the Royal Cast Collection was removed to a barn outside Copenhagen for storage. The collections of the Danish National Gallery originate in the Art Chamber of the Danish monarchs, when the German Gerhard Morell became Keeper of Frederick Vs Art Chamber about 1750, he suggested that the king create a separate collection of paintings. To ensure that the collection was not inferior to those of other European royal houses and local counts, the collection became particularly well provided with Flemish and Dutch art
3.
Mining
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Mining is extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner, ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water. Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times, Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact. Work safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines, levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up, some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products, due to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone, ceramics and, later and these were used to make early tools and weapons, for example, high quality flint found in northern France, southern England and Poland was used to create flint tools. Flint mines have been found in areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts. The mines at Grimes Graves and Krzemionki are especially famous, other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry based in the English Lake District. The oldest-known mine on archaeological record is the Lion Cave in Swaziland, at this site Paleolithic humans mined hematite to make the red pigment ochre. Mines of an age in Hungary are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons. Ancient Egyptians mined malachite at Maadi, at first, Egyptians used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and pottery. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the area of Wadi Maghareh in order to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself. Quarries for turquoise and copper were found at Wadi Hammamat, Tura, Aswan and various other Nubian sites on the Sinai Peninsula. Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties, the gold mines of Nubia were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt. These mines are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus, who mentions fire-setting as one used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known maps, the miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust
4.
Occupational injury
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An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton and it has been estimated that worldwide there are more than 350,000 workplace fatalities and more than 270 million workplace injuries annually. In 2000 there were approximately 2.9 billion workers worldwide, Occupational injuries resulted in the loss of 3.5 years of healthy life for every 1,000 workers. 300,000 of the injuries resulted in a fatality. The most common occupations associated with these hazards vary throughout the world depending on the industries in a particular country. Overall, the most hazardous occupations are in farming, fishing, in more developed countries, construction and manufacturing occupations are associated with high rates of spine, hand, and wrist injuries.2 billion and 60 million workdays. In 2007,5,488 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men, NIOSH estimates that 4 million workers in the U. S. in 2007 suffered from non-fatal work related injuries or illnesses. In a study in the state of Washington, injured workers were followed for 14 years to determine the long term effects of injury on employment. The work injuries resulted in an average of 1.06 years of lost productivity for each of the 31,588 allowed claims, in the U. S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics makes available extensive statistics on workplace accidents and injuries. For example, As in the United Kingdom, slips, trips and falls are common, often these accidents result in a back injury that can persist to a permanent disability. In the United States, a risk of back injuries occurs in the health care industry. 25% of reported injuries in health care workers in the state of Pennsylvania are for back pain, among nurses, the prevalence of lower back pain may be as high as 72% mostly as a result of transferring patients. Fortunately, some of these injuries can be prevented with the availability of patient lifts, improved worker training, another common type of injury is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with overuse of the hands and wrists. Studies on a cohort of newly hired workers have thus far identified forceful gripping, repetitive lifting of >1 kg, additionally, noise exposure in the workplace can cause hearing loss, which accounted for 14% of reported occupational illnesses in 2007. Many initiatives have been created to prevent this common workplace injury, accidental injection or needlestick injuries are a common injury that plague agriculture workers and veterinarians. The majority of injuries are located to the hands or legs. Due to daily human-animal interactions, livestock related injuries are also a prevalent injury of agriculture workers, additionally, approximately 30 people die of cattle and horse-related deaths in the United States annually. Perhaps the most important personal factor that predisposes to a risk is age
5.
International Labour Organization
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The International Labour Organization is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all. The ILO has 187 member states,186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO, the ILO registers complaints against entities that are violating international rules, however, it does not impose sanctions on governments. Unlike other United Nations specialized agencies, the International Labour Organization has a governing structure – representing governments, employers. The rationale behind the structure is the creation of free and open debate among governments. The ILO secretariat is referred to as the International Labour Office, juan Somavía was the ILOs director-general from 1999 until October 2012, when Guy Ryder was elected as his replacement. This governing body is composed of 28 government representatives,14 workers representatives, ten of the government seats are held by member states that are nations of chief industrial importance, as first considered by an impartial committee. The nations are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the terms of office are three years. The ILO organizes the International Labour Conference in Geneva every year in June, also known as the parliament of labour, the conference also makes decisions about the ILOs general policy, work programme and budget. Each member state has four representatives at the conference, two government delegates, a delegate and a worker delegate. All of them have individual voting rights, and all votes are equal, the employer and worker delegates are normally chosen in agreement with the most representative national organizations of employers and workers. Usually, the workers delegates coordinate their voting, as do the employers delegates, all delegate have the same rights, and are not required to vote in blocs. Through July 2011, the ILO has adopted 189 conventions, if these conventions are ratified by enough governments, they become in force. However, ILO conventions are considered international labour standards regardless of ratification, when a convention comes into force, it creates a legal obligation for ratifying nations to apply its provisions. Every year the International Labour Conferences Committee on the Application of Standards examines a number of alleged breaches of international labour standards, governments are required to submit reports detailing their compliance with the obligations of the conventions they have ratified. Conventions that have not been ratified by member states have the legal force as do recommendations. In 1998, the 86th International Labour Conference adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles, the ILO asserts that its members have an obligation to work towards fully respecting these principles, embodied in relevant ILO Conventions. The ILO Conventions which embody the principles have now been ratified by most member states. Recommendations do not have the force of conventions and are not subject to ratification
6.
Eurostat
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Eurostat is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in Luxembourg. The organisations in the different countries which actively cooperate with Eurostat are summarised under the concept of the European Statistical System, Eurostat operates pursuant to Regulation No 223/2009. As a Directorate-General of the Commission, Eurostat is allocated to the portfolio of the European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs, Skills and Labour Mobility, Marianne Thyssen. The current acting Director-General of Eurostat is Mariana Kotzeva since January 1,2017, former Deputy Director-General of Eurostat,1953 The Statistics Division for the European Coal and Steel Community established. 1958 The European Community founded and the forerunner of Eurostat established,1959 The present name of Eurostat as the Statistical Office of the European Communities adopted. First publication issued - on agricultural statistics,1960 First Community Labour Force Survey. 1970 The European System of Integrated Economic Accounts published and the general Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community established,1974 First domain in the statistical database Cronos databank installed. 1988 European Commission adopts a document defining the first policy for statistical information,1989 The Statistical Programme Committee established and the first programme adopted by the Council as an instrument for implementing statistical information policy. 1990 The Council adopts a directive on transmission of data to Eurostat. 1991 Eurostat’s role extended as a result of the agreement on establishment of the European Economic Area,1993 The single market extends Eurostat’s activities e. g. Intrastat established for statistics on intra-EU trade. Eurostat starts issuing regular news releases, harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices HICP published for the first time - designed for Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union convergence criteria. 1998 The eleven countries in at the start of EMU announced,1999 Start of EMU,1 January 2001. 2001 In April, Eurostat, in collaboration with five other international organisations launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise,2002 Start of the Euro on 1 January, Eurostat supplies key statistics for monetary policy. 2003 Irregularities were suspected in Eurostat, see Eurostat scandal,2004 Start of free-of-charge dissemination of all statistical data except microdata for research purposes. 2007 The currently valid five-year Statistical Programme 2008-2012 was adopted,2009 New European Regulation governing statistical cooperation in the European Union was adopted. 2010 Following strong critics from within and outside the EU on how it did handle falsified Greek data, the European Commission proposes powers for Eurostat to audit the books of national governments in response to the Greek government-debt crisis. 2011 Revision of European Statistics Code of Practice by the European Statistical System Committee, the Eurostat statistical work is structured into Themes and Sub-themes. They are placed on the Eurostat website at 11,00 in the morning and this is also the time that the press release content may be distributed to the public by press agencies
7.
Disease
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A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the study of cause, Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. When caused by pathogens, even in the literature, the term disease is often misleadingly used in the place of its causal agent. This language habitat can cause confusion in the communication of the principle in epidemiology. Diseases can affect not only physically, but also emotionally. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes, there are four main types of disease, infectious diseases, deficiency diseases, genetic diseases, and physiological diseases. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable, the deadliest diseases in humans are coronary artery disease, followed by cerebrovascular disease and lower respiratory infections. In many cases, terms such as disease, disorder, morbidity, there are situations, however, when specific terms are considered preferable. Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body, for this reason, diseases are associated with dysfunctioning of the bodys normal homeostatic processes. The term disease has both a count sense and a noncount sense, by contrast, an infection that is asymptomatic during its incubation period, but expected to produce symptoms later, is usually considered a disease. Non-infectious diseases are all other diseases, including most forms of cancer, heart disease, acquired disease disease that began at some point during ones lifetime, as opposed to disease that was already present at birth, which is congenital disease. Acquired sounds like it could mean caught via contagion, but it simply means acquired sometime after birth and it also sounds like it could imply secondary disease, but acquired disease can be primary disease. It is often, genetic and can be inherited and it can also be the result of a vertically transmitted infection from the mother such as HIV/AIDS. Genetic disease disease that is caused by genetic mutation and it is often inherited, but some mutations are random and de novo. Hereditary or inherited disease a type of disease caused by mutation that is hereditary Iatrogenic disease A disease condition caused by medical intervention. Idiopathic disease disease whose cause is unknown, as medical science has advanced, many diseases whose causes were formerly complete mysteries have been somewhat explained or even extensively explained. Bacterial infections can be primary or secondary to a viral infection or burn. Terminal disease disease with death as an inevitable result Illness Illness is generally used as a synonym for disease, however, this term is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patients personal experience of his or her disease
8.
Mining accident
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A mining accident is an accident that occurs during the process of mining minerals. Thousands of miners die from mining accidents each year, especially from coal mining. Coal mining is considered much more hazardous than hard rock mining due to flat-lying rock strata, generally incompetent rock, the presence of methane gas, most of the deaths these days occur in developing countries, especially China, and rural parts of developed countries. Use of improper explosives underground can also cause methane and coal dust explosions, on April 26,1942 in the Benxihu Colliery, what is believed to have been the worlds worst mining disaster took place, killing 1,549 miners. The disaster occurred in an area that is now within the bounds of modern-day China, the Japanese administrators of the mine had the actual mining work performed by forced Chinese labor under harsh conditions. This reportedly left many unevacuated workers still alive within the area of the mine to eventually also suffocate. Once the fire was put out in this manner and the mine re-opened, of those killed,1,518 were Chinese, and 31 were Japanese. Afterwards, several bodies were buried in a mass grave and this is an incomplete list of notable mining accidents and disasters,1872, Pelsall Hall Colliery disaster in Pelsall, West Midlands. 1885, Mardy Colliery in Rhondda Cynon Taf.85 men, June 17,1890, Dunbar Furnace Company Hill Farm Mine in Connellsville, PA.30 Miners died 1892, Krebs Mine explosion in Krebs, Oklahoma. 1892, St. Mary ore mine fire, příbram, now Czech Republic, then Austria-Hungary,319 died. July 4,1893, Combs Colliery disaster in Thornhill, England,139 men & boys died,1899, Sumitomo Besshi bronze mine area, landslide with debris flow disaster, Niihama, Shikoku, Japan,512 died. March 10,1906, Courrières mine disaster in Courrières, France,1,099 workers died in the worst mine accident in European history. December 1,1907, Naomi Mine Explosion in Fayette City, December 6,1907, Monongah Mining Disaster in Monongah, WV. Official death toll is 362, but due to record keeping. Victims were mostly Italian immigrants, including children, considered the worst coal mining accident in American history. December 19,1907, Darr Mine Disaster in Rostraver Township, PA.239 workers died, November 13,1909, Cherry Mine Disaster in Cherry, IL.259 workers, some as young as eleven, died. The worst mine fire by deaths in America, October 22,1913, Dawson Stag Canon Number 2 Mine Disaster, near Dawson, New Mexico, where 263 workers were killed due to illegal use of dynamite. February 8,1923 Dawson Stag Canon #1 Mine Explosion killed 123, the explosion was due to a derailed mine car that caused sparks and ignited coal dust
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