1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
City of Industry, California
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City of Industry, or simply referred to as Industry, is an industrial suburb of Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. Home to over 2,500 businesses and 80,000 jobs, but only 219 residents according to the 2010 census and it was incorporated on June 18,1957 to prevent surrounding cities from annexing industrial land for tax revenue. Industry is located at 34°1′N 117°57′W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.1 square miles. 11.8 square miles of it is land and 0.3 square miles of it is water, Industry is a suburb of Los Angeles 22 miles away from Downtown L. A. In the California State Legislature, Industry is in the 22nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Ed Hernandez, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department operates the Industry Station in Industry. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pomona Health Center in Pomona, the citys zoning is primarily devoted to business, 92% is Industrial, 8% is Commercial. In addition, there are residents at the El Encanto Healthcare Center, the City of Industry has no business taxes and is primarily funded through retail sales tax from shopping centers located within the city limits, and property tax on parcels within the City. The city has the highest property tax rate in Los Angeles County, for convenience many Chinese entrepreneurs and staff live in nearby Rowland Heights, Hacienda Heights, West Covina, Diamond Bar and Walnut. Some of the companies headquarters in Industry are, Arconic Alta Dena AMI ClubWear CSC Enterprise Corp. Dacor Hot Topic Newegg. com iStarUSA Group Metro United Bank DUB Emtek Products Serec of California ITC-Diligence, the population density was 18.2 people per square mile. The population of Industry was 58. 9% White,0. 5% Black or African American, hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 52. 5% of the population. The Census reported that 214 people lived in households,5 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 3 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 12 households were made up of individuals and 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.1. There were 53 families, the family size was 3.6. The median age was 37.5 years, for every 100 females there were 108.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males, there were 73 housing units at an average density of 6.1 per square mile, of which 22 were owner-occupied, and 47 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%, the vacancy rate was 6%. 66 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 148 people lived in housing units
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Ezra F. Kysor
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Ezra Frank Kysor was an American architect from Los Angeles, California. He is believed to be the first professional architect to practice in Southern California, ezra Kysor was born on August 6,1835, in Cattaraugus, New York. Around the age of thirty, he traveled west to Virginia City, upon his arrival in Virginia City c.1865, Kysor established himself as a carpenter. He may also have maintained an architectural office, by 1868, however, he had settled in Los Angeles, California, as an architect. He practiced alone until March 1875, when he established Kysor & Mathews with Walter J. Mathews and this firm was dissolved in April 1876. He was again alone until 1879, when John F. Hennessy became a member of Kysor & Hennessy, Hennessy, who was born in Ireland and came to the United States in 1875 or 1876, left Los Angeles for Australia in late 1880. Upon Hennessys departure, Kysor made his chief draftsman, Octavius Morgan, Walls was added, the firm becoming Kysor, Morgan & Walls. It was around this time the Kysor began to withdraw from practice and he retired from the firm completely in 1890, which became Morgan & Walls. He was married to Clara Perry and they had a son, Charles H. Kysor, who was also an architect. Episcopal Church of Our Savior,535 W. Roses Rd, san Gabriel, CA Pico House,494 N. Main St. Los Angeles, CA Merced Theatre,420 N, main St. Los Angeles, CA William Workman House,15415 E. Don Julian Rd. Industry, CA Congregation Bnai Brith,218 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, samuel C. Foy House,1337 Carroll Ave. Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles High School, N. Broadway & Temple St. Los Angeles, main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished. Harris Newmark House,233 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Anaheim Hotel,182 W. Center St. Anaheim, CA - Demolished. Main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished, cathedral of St. Vibiana,214 S. Main St. Los Angeles, CA Herman W. Hellman House,125 W. 4th St. Los Angeles, main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished. William H. Perry House,3800 Homer St. Los Angeles, CA Joseph Mullally House,850 N. Broadway, Los Angeles, Hellman & Mascarel Block, 230-240 N. Main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished, horticultural Pavilion, Temple St. Los Angeles, CA - Burned
5.
Historic house museum
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A historic house museum is a house that has been transformed into a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way reflects their original placement. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums, houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of writers are frequently turned into writers home museums to support literary tourism. Also known as a ‘memory museum’, which is a used to suggest that historic house museum contains a collection of the traces of memory of the people who once lived there. It is often made up of the belongings and objects – this approach is mostly concerned with authenticity. Some museums are organised around the person who lived there or the role the house had. Other historic house museums may be partially or completely reconstructed in order to tell the story of a particular area, the ‘narrative’ of the people who lived there guides this approach, and dictates the manner in which it is completed. In each kind of museum visitors learn about the previous inhabitants through an explanation and exploration of Social History, the idea of a historic house museum derives from a branch of history called Social History that is solely based on people and their way of living. It became very popular in the century among scholars who were interested in the history of people. Social history remains a branch of history. Philip J. Ethington is a Professor of history and political science, further adds to social history, the past is the set of places made by human action. History is a map of these places, following this historical movement, the concept of ‘Open Air Museums’ became prominent. These particular types of museums had interpreters in costume re-enact the lives of communities in earlier eras and they often occupied large wooden architecture buildings or outdoor sites and landscapes, that were true to the era adding to authenticity. Collective memory is used in the resurrection of historic house museums, however. The notion of Collective Memory originated from philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs and this extended thesis examines the role of people and place, and how collective memory is not only associated with the individual but is a shared experience. It also focused on the way individual memory is influenced by social structures, an example of a site that utilizes collective memory is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. It was restored and is based on the dialectics of memory, the ‘Hiroshima Traces’ text takes a look the importance of collective memory and how it is embedded in culture and place
6.
Cemetery
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A cemetery or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word cemetery implies that the land is designated as a burial ground. The term graveyard is used interchangeably with cemetery, but primarily referred to a burial ground within a churchyard. The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave, commonly referred to as burial, or in a tomb, an above-ground grave, in Western cultures, funeral ceremonies are often observed in cemeteries. These ceremonies or rites of passage according to cultural practices. Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some previously used for both, continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a cemetery as a burial-ground generally, a large public park or ground laid out expressly for the interment of the dead, and not being the ‘yard’ of any church. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the term grave field. From about the 7th century, European burial was under the control of the Church, practices varied, but in continental Europe, bodies were usually buried in a mass grave until they had decomposed. The bones were exhumed and stored in ossuaries, either along the arcaded bounding walls of the cemetery, or within the church under floor slabs. In Europe this was accompanied with a depiction of their coat of arms. Most others were buried in graveyards again divided by social status, mourners who could afford the work of a stonemason had a headstone engraved with a name, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and set up over the place of burial. Usually, the writing and symbols carved on the headstone. Some families hired a blacksmith and had large crosses made from various metals put on the place of burial, in many European states, burial in graveyards was eventually outlawed altogether through government legislation. Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from populated areas and outside of old towns. Many new cemeteries became municipally owned or were run by their own corporations, in some cases, skeletons were exhumed from graveyards and moved into ossuaries or catacombs. A large action of this occurred in 18th century Paris when human remains were transferred from graveyards all over the city to the Catacombs of Paris. The bones of an estimated 6 million people are to be found there, an early example of a landscape-style cemetery is Père Lachaise in Paris
7.
Workman-Temple family
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William Workman was born in Temple Sowerby, Westmorland, now Cumbria, England, to Thomas Workman and Nancy Hook. When William was eleven years old, his father inherited a home and property in nearby Clifton from a childless aunt and uncle. In 1814, the Workmans issued cash bequests upon their three sons, with the eldest, David Workman, using half his money to migrate to America in 1817. In the process, David convinced William to join him and the two brothers sailed from Liverpool and landed at Philadelphia in September 1822. He then settled in Taos where he did some fur trapping, opened a store, after a counter-revolt squashed the Taoseño rebellion, Workman and his partner Rowland were arrested for smuggling. A few years later, when the independent Republic of Texas and its president, lamar, sought to extend its boundary to the Rio Grande, thereby annexing the principal towns of New Mexico, Workman and Rowland were named agents of the Texans in New Mexico. Although it is whether they sought the position and were soon replaced. In September of that year, a group of up to sixty-five or so members, including Americans, Europeans and New Mexicans left New Mexico and took the Old Spanish Trail to the Los Angeles pueblo. Workman commemorated his arrival in Southern California with a plaque that dated his landfall as November 5,1841. Rowland obtained a Mexican land grant to the Rancho La Puente, at that time 18,000 acres, William Workman was not officially an owner at that time, though he received an official document allowing him the privileges of an owner in settling on the rancho. Workman occupied the western portions of the rancho and built a home on the property in 1842 that was subsequently expanded by 1856. Notably, Pío Pico had been ordered by the legislature of Alta California to go to Mexico, when Pico returned to Los Angeles in 1848, he spent some time at Workmans residence. Suspicion by the US military was also cast toward the motives of Hugo Reid, nine days before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was ratified by the Mexican Congress, James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutters Mill on 24 January 1848. The resulting California Gold Rush brought an economic windfall to Workman. The wealth generated allowed Workman to expand his enterprises, enlarge his house, build a cemetery and chapel on his grounds. Workman later had interests in todays Beverly Hills and Glendale and also had a claim to the Lytle Canyon area near Rancho Cucamonga, by 1861 Workman was engaged predominantly in livestock raising with 3,000 head of cattle and 600 horses. He had about ten acre vineyard and fruit trees and a garden of about 90 square feet at the back of the house with tropical fruit. The chapel that was being built was with brick made on site, Workman provided horses to the US government during the Civil War
8.
San Gabriel Valley
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The San Gabriel Valley is one of the principal valleys of Southern California, lying generally to the east of the city of Los Angeles. At one time predominantly agricultural, the San Gabriel Valley is today almost entirely urbanized and is an part of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the country, about 200 square miles in size, the valley includes thirty-one cities and five unincorporated communities. In 1886, Pasadena was the first independent incorporated city located in Los Angeles County. The San Gabriel Valley is in Los Angeles County, some of Whittier sits below the Puente Hills. Although these hills are small compared to the San Gabriel Mountains and this is similar to Montebello, which is a member of the Gateway Cities Council of Governments, despite geographically being part of the San Gabriel Valley. The 57 Freeway is generally considered the line between the Pomona and San Gabriel valleys. However, for statistical and economic development purposes, the County of Los Angeles generally includes these six cities as part of the San Gabriel Valley, the community of El Sereno, in the city of Los Angeles, is situated at the westernmost edge of the Valley. Unofficial estimates place the population of the San Gabriel Valley at around 2 million—roughly a fifth of the population of Los Angeles County. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the land along the Rio Hondo River, the Tongva occupied much of the Los Angeles basin and the islands of Santa Catalina, San Nicolas, San Clemente and Santa Barbara. In 1542, when the Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho arrived off the shores of San Pedro, the Tongva were the people who rowed the remarkable Tiats out to meet Cabrilho. The language of the Tongva was different from the neighboring Indian tribes, the Tongva also provide the origin of many current names, Piwongna – Pomona, Pasakeg-na – Pasadena, Cucomog-na – Cucamonga. The Gabrielinos lived in structures with thatched exteriors. Both sexes wore long hair styles and tattooed their bodies, during warm weather the men wore little clothing, but the women would wear minimal skirts made of animal hides. During the cold weather they would wear animal skin capes, European diseases killed many of the Tongva and by 1870 the area had few remaining native inhabitants. Today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area, on July 30, the expedition crossed the San Gabriel River and continued north toward what is now the city of Los Angeles. To cross the river, the built an rough bridge, which gave the name La Puente to todays San Gabriel Valley city. A few years later, a mission was established near the river crossing, Mission San Gabriel Arcangel was founded by Franciscan Father Junipero Serra, first head of the Spanish missions in California, on September 8,1771
9.
Adobe
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Adobe is a building material made from earth and often organic material. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world, modern methods of construction allow the pouring of whole adobe walls that are reinforced with steel. In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, the 2003 Bam earthquake and the 2010 Chile earthquake. Puebloan peoples built their structures with handfuls or basketfuls of adobe. Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages and its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture, and economics. A distinction is made between the smaller adobes, which are about the size of ordinary baked bricks, and the larger adobines. The word adobe /əˈdoʊbiː/ has existed for around 4000 years with little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian word ɟbt mudbrick, Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic or pre-Coptic, and finally to Coptic, where it appeared as τωωβε tōʾpə. This was borrowed into Arabic as الطوب aṭ-ṭawbu or aṭ-ṭūbu, with the definite article al- attached, tuba, English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century. In more modern English usage, the adobe has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America. An adobe brick is a material made of earth mixed with water. The soil composition typically contains sand, silt and clay, straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick. The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15% clay, 10–30% silt, another source quotes 15–25% clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles 50 to 250 mm with no deleterious effect. Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 10% by weight, no more than half the clay content should be expansive clays with the remainder non-expansive illite or kaolinite. Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the resulting in cracking. Typically the soils of the Southwest United States, where construction is in use, are an adequate composition. Adobe walls are bearing, i. e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure
