1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
City of Industry, California
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City of Industry, or simply referred to as Industry, is an industrial suburb of Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. Home to over 2,500 businesses and 80,000 jobs, but only 219 residents according to the 2010 census and it was incorporated on June 18,1957 to prevent surrounding cities from annexing industrial land for tax revenue. Industry is located at 34°1′N 117°57′W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.1 square miles. 11.8 square miles of it is land and 0.3 square miles of it is water, Industry is a suburb of Los Angeles 22 miles away from Downtown L. A. In the California State Legislature, Industry is in the 22nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Ed Hernandez, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department operates the Industry Station in Industry. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pomona Health Center in Pomona, the citys zoning is primarily devoted to business, 92% is Industrial, 8% is Commercial. In addition, there are residents at the El Encanto Healthcare Center, the City of Industry has no business taxes and is primarily funded through retail sales tax from shopping centers located within the city limits, and property tax on parcels within the City. The city has the highest property tax rate in Los Angeles County, for convenience many Chinese entrepreneurs and staff live in nearby Rowland Heights, Hacienda Heights, West Covina, Diamond Bar and Walnut. Some of the companies headquarters in Industry are, Arconic Alta Dena AMI ClubWear CSC Enterprise Corp. Dacor Hot Topic Newegg. com iStarUSA Group Metro United Bank DUB Emtek Products Serec of California ITC-Diligence, the population density was 18.2 people per square mile. The population of Industry was 58. 9% White,0. 5% Black or African American, hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 52. 5% of the population. The Census reported that 214 people lived in households,5 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 3 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 12 households were made up of individuals and 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.1. There were 53 families, the family size was 3.6. The median age was 37.5 years, for every 100 females there were 108.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males, there were 73 housing units at an average density of 6.1 per square mile, of which 22 were owner-occupied, and 47 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%, the vacancy rate was 6%. 66 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 148 people lived in housing units
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Ezra F. Kysor
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Ezra Frank Kysor was an American architect from Los Angeles, California. He is believed to be the first professional architect to practice in Southern California, ezra Kysor was born on August 6,1835, in Cattaraugus, New York. Around the age of thirty, he traveled west to Virginia City, upon his arrival in Virginia City c.1865, Kysor established himself as a carpenter. He may also have maintained an architectural office, by 1868, however, he had settled in Los Angeles, California, as an architect. He practiced alone until March 1875, when he established Kysor & Mathews with Walter J. Mathews and this firm was dissolved in April 1876. He was again alone until 1879, when John F. Hennessy became a member of Kysor & Hennessy, Hennessy, who was born in Ireland and came to the United States in 1875 or 1876, left Los Angeles for Australia in late 1880. Upon Hennessys departure, Kysor made his chief draftsman, Octavius Morgan, Walls was added, the firm becoming Kysor, Morgan & Walls. It was around this time the Kysor began to withdraw from practice and he retired from the firm completely in 1890, which became Morgan & Walls. He was married to Clara Perry and they had a son, Charles H. Kysor, who was also an architect. Episcopal Church of Our Savior,535 W. Roses Rd, san Gabriel, CA Pico House,494 N. Main St. Los Angeles, CA Merced Theatre,420 N, main St. Los Angeles, CA William Workman House,15415 E. Don Julian Rd. Industry, CA Congregation Bnai Brith,218 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, samuel C. Foy House,1337 Carroll Ave. Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles High School, N. Broadway & Temple St. Los Angeles, main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished. Harris Newmark House,233 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Anaheim Hotel,182 W. Center St. Anaheim, CA - Demolished. Main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished, cathedral of St. Vibiana,214 S. Main St. Los Angeles, CA Herman W. Hellman House,125 W. 4th St. Los Angeles, main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished. William H. Perry House,3800 Homer St. Los Angeles, CA Joseph Mullally House,850 N. Broadway, Los Angeles, Hellman & Mascarel Block, 230-240 N. Main St. Los Angeles, CA - Demolished, horticultural Pavilion, Temple St. Los Angeles, CA - Burned
5.
Historic house museum
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A historic house museum is a house that has been transformed into a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way reflects their original placement. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums, houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of writers are frequently turned into writers home museums to support literary tourism. Also known as a ‘memory museum’, which is a used to suggest that historic house museum contains a collection of the traces of memory of the people who once lived there. It is often made up of the belongings and objects – this approach is mostly concerned with authenticity. Some museums are organised around the person who lived there or the role the house had. Other historic house museums may be partially or completely reconstructed in order to tell the story of a particular area, the ‘narrative’ of the people who lived there guides this approach, and dictates the manner in which it is completed. In each kind of museum visitors learn about the previous inhabitants through an explanation and exploration of Social History, the idea of a historic house museum derives from a branch of history called Social History that is solely based on people and their way of living. It became very popular in the century among scholars who were interested in the history of people. Social history remains a branch of history. Philip J. Ethington is a Professor of history and political science, further adds to social history, the past is the set of places made by human action. History is a map of these places, following this historical movement, the concept of ‘Open Air Museums’ became prominent. These particular types of museums had interpreters in costume re-enact the lives of communities in earlier eras and they often occupied large wooden architecture buildings or outdoor sites and landscapes, that were true to the era adding to authenticity. Collective memory is used in the resurrection of historic house museums, however. The notion of Collective Memory originated from philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs and this extended thesis examines the role of people and place, and how collective memory is not only associated with the individual but is a shared experience. It also focused on the way individual memory is influenced by social structures, an example of a site that utilizes collective memory is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. It was restored and is based on the dialectics of memory, the ‘Hiroshima Traces’ text takes a look the importance of collective memory and how it is embedded in culture and place
6.
Cemetery
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A cemetery or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word cemetery implies that the land is designated as a burial ground. The term graveyard is used interchangeably with cemetery, but primarily referred to a burial ground within a churchyard. The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave, commonly referred to as burial, or in a tomb, an above-ground grave, in Western cultures, funeral ceremonies are often observed in cemeteries. These ceremonies or rites of passage according to cultural practices. Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some previously used for both, continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a cemetery as a burial-ground generally, a large public park or ground laid out expressly for the interment of the dead, and not being the ‘yard’ of any church. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the term grave field. From about the 7th century, European burial was under the control of the Church, practices varied, but in continental Europe, bodies were usually buried in a mass grave until they had decomposed. The bones were exhumed and stored in ossuaries, either along the arcaded bounding walls of the cemetery, or within the church under floor slabs. In Europe this was accompanied with a depiction of their coat of arms. Most others were buried in graveyards again divided by social status, mourners who could afford the work of a stonemason had a headstone engraved with a name, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and set up over the place of burial. Usually, the writing and symbols carved on the headstone. Some families hired a blacksmith and had large crosses made from various metals put on the place of burial, in many European states, burial in graveyards was eventually outlawed altogether through government legislation. Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from populated areas and outside of old towns. Many new cemeteries became municipally owned or were run by their own corporations, in some cases, skeletons were exhumed from graveyards and moved into ossuaries or catacombs. A large action of this occurred in 18th century Paris when human remains were transferred from graveyards all over the city to the Catacombs of Paris. The bones of an estimated 6 million people are to be found there, an early example of a landscape-style cemetery is Père Lachaise in Paris
7.
Workman-Temple family
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William Workman was born in Temple Sowerby, Westmorland, now Cumbria, England, to Thomas Workman and Nancy Hook. When William was eleven years old, his father inherited a home and property in nearby Clifton from a childless aunt and uncle. In 1814, the Workmans issued cash bequests upon their three sons, with the eldest, David Workman, using half his money to migrate to America in 1817. In the process, David convinced William to join him and the two brothers sailed from Liverpool and landed at Philadelphia in September 1822. He then settled in Taos where he did some fur trapping, opened a store, after a counter-revolt squashed the Taoseño rebellion, Workman and his partner Rowland were arrested for smuggling. A few years later, when the independent Republic of Texas and its president, lamar, sought to extend its boundary to the Rio Grande, thereby annexing the principal towns of New Mexico, Workman and Rowland were named agents of the Texans in New Mexico. Although it is whether they sought the position and were soon replaced. In September of that year, a group of up to sixty-five or so members, including Americans, Europeans and New Mexicans left New Mexico and took the Old Spanish Trail to the Los Angeles pueblo. Workman commemorated his arrival in Southern California with a plaque that dated his landfall as November 5,1841. Rowland obtained a Mexican land grant to the Rancho La Puente, at that time 18,000 acres, William Workman was not officially an owner at that time, though he received an official document allowing him the privileges of an owner in settling on the rancho. Workman occupied the western portions of the rancho and built a home on the property in 1842 that was subsequently expanded by 1856. Notably, Pío Pico had been ordered by the legislature of Alta California to go to Mexico, when Pico returned to Los Angeles in 1848, he spent some time at Workmans residence. Suspicion by the US military was also cast toward the motives of Hugo Reid, nine days before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was ratified by the Mexican Congress, James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutters Mill on 24 January 1848. The resulting California Gold Rush brought an economic windfall to Workman. The wealth generated allowed Workman to expand his enterprises, enlarge his house, build a cemetery and chapel on his grounds. Workman later had interests in todays Beverly Hills and Glendale and also had a claim to the Lytle Canyon area near Rancho Cucamonga, by 1861 Workman was engaged predominantly in livestock raising with 3,000 head of cattle and 600 horses. He had about ten acre vineyard and fruit trees and a garden of about 90 square feet at the back of the house with tropical fruit. The chapel that was being built was with brick made on site, Workman provided horses to the US government during the Civil War
8.
San Gabriel Valley
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The San Gabriel Valley is one of the principal valleys of Southern California, lying generally to the east of the city of Los Angeles. At one time predominantly agricultural, the San Gabriel Valley is today almost entirely urbanized and is an part of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the country, about 200 square miles in size, the valley includes thirty-one cities and five unincorporated communities. In 1886, Pasadena was the first independent incorporated city located in Los Angeles County. The San Gabriel Valley is in Los Angeles County, some of Whittier sits below the Puente Hills. Although these hills are small compared to the San Gabriel Mountains and this is similar to Montebello, which is a member of the Gateway Cities Council of Governments, despite geographically being part of the San Gabriel Valley. The 57 Freeway is generally considered the line between the Pomona and San Gabriel valleys. However, for statistical and economic development purposes, the County of Los Angeles generally includes these six cities as part of the San Gabriel Valley, the community of El Sereno, in the city of Los Angeles, is situated at the westernmost edge of the Valley. Unofficial estimates place the population of the San Gabriel Valley at around 2 million—roughly a fifth of the population of Los Angeles County. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the land along the Rio Hondo River, the Tongva occupied much of the Los Angeles basin and the islands of Santa Catalina, San Nicolas, San Clemente and Santa Barbara. In 1542, when the Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho arrived off the shores of San Pedro, the Tongva were the people who rowed the remarkable Tiats out to meet Cabrilho. The language of the Tongva was different from the neighboring Indian tribes, the Tongva also provide the origin of many current names, Piwongna – Pomona, Pasakeg-na – Pasadena, Cucomog-na – Cucamonga. The Gabrielinos lived in structures with thatched exteriors. Both sexes wore long hair styles and tattooed their bodies, during warm weather the men wore little clothing, but the women would wear minimal skirts made of animal hides. During the cold weather they would wear animal skin capes, European diseases killed many of the Tongva and by 1870 the area had few remaining native inhabitants. Today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area, on July 30, the expedition crossed the San Gabriel River and continued north toward what is now the city of Los Angeles. To cross the river, the built an rough bridge, which gave the name La Puente to todays San Gabriel Valley city. A few years later, a mission was established near the river crossing, Mission San Gabriel Arcangel was founded by Franciscan Father Junipero Serra, first head of the Spanish missions in California, on September 8,1771
9.
Adobe
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Adobe is a building material made from earth and often organic material. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world, modern methods of construction allow the pouring of whole adobe walls that are reinforced with steel. In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, the 2003 Bam earthquake and the 2010 Chile earthquake. Puebloan peoples built their structures with handfuls or basketfuls of adobe. Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages and its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture, and economics. A distinction is made between the smaller adobes, which are about the size of ordinary baked bricks, and the larger adobines. The word adobe /əˈdoʊbiː/ has existed for around 4000 years with little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian word ɟbt mudbrick, Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic or pre-Coptic, and finally to Coptic, where it appeared as τωωβε tōʾpə. This was borrowed into Arabic as الطوب aṭ-ṭawbu or aṭ-ṭūbu, with the definite article al- attached, tuba, English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century. In more modern English usage, the adobe has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America. An adobe brick is a material made of earth mixed with water. The soil composition typically contains sand, silt and clay, straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick. The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15% clay, 10–30% silt, another source quotes 15–25% clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles 50 to 250 mm with no deleterious effect. Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 10% by weight, no more than half the clay content should be expansive clays with the remainder non-expansive illite or kaolinite. Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the resulting in cracking. Typically the soils of the Southwest United States, where construction is in use, are an adequate composition. Adobe walls are bearing, i. e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure
10.
St. Vibiana's Cathedral
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The Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, often called St. Vibianas, is a former cathedral church building and parish of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels was dedicated in 2002 as the successor to St. Vibianas Cathedral, in the late 2000s, the former cathedral building became an event venue called Vibiana. The Little Tokyo branch of the Los Angeles Public Library is also located on the site, the 1885 cathedral structure is one of the last remaining buildings from the early period of Los Angeles history. Plans for a cathedral dated back to 1859, and land for the facility was donated by Amiel Cavalier, the complex, on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets in downtown Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1876 and cost $80,000 USD to build. The Cathedrals architects, Kysor & Mathews, also designed the landmark Pico House, the Baroque-inspired Italianate structure was a landmark in the early days of Los Angeles. When first opened, it held one-tenth of the towns population. The interior was remodeled around 1895, using onyx and marble, pope Pius IX chose the Cathedrals name, choosing third-century Roman martyr Saint Vibiana. During the 1940s, a rectory and school building were added, the school closed in 1969 because the parish could not afford it. It became a convent for the Disciples of the Divine Master, the situation was complicated further when the 1994 Northridge earthquake caused extensive damage to the cathedral and its 1, 200-seat sanctuary. Deciding that the damage was not worth repairing in such a small structure, the Archdiocese argued that it had the right to level its own facility, preservationists and the city wanted the church to be preserved. The structure was listed on the countrys 11 Most Endangered Places by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, finally a compromise was reached, the City of Los Angeles agreed to swap land with the Archdiocese, giving the Church a much larger plot next to the 101 Freeway. The Archdiocese agreed and the land was developed into the new Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, some items from St. Vibianas Cathedral were used in the new Cathedral. The stained glass and sarcophagus were placed in the new Cathedrals crypt mausoleum, pipes from the 1980 Austin pipe organ have been incorporated into the organ at the new Cathedral. An oratorio about Saint Vibiana was written by Peter Boyd and performed in Pacoima in 1997, the cathedral site was taken over by the city. The city sold the former building to downtown developer Tom Gilmore in 1999 for $4.6 million. The non-historic 1940s Education Building was demolished, making way for the new Little Tokyo Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library, the building celebrated the end of its renovation with a gala on November 12,2005, though plans for its use were still undecided. In August 2007, the 3, 500-pound cupola was returned to the top of the 83-foot -tall bell tower, in 2016, the venue hosted 4 episodes of the final season of American Idol. Vibiana, the former Archdiocese cathedral, An events venue, wedding and reception site, and performing arts space Cathedrals of California
11.
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture
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The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego, highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue, is credited with giving the style national exposure. Embraced principally in California and Florida, the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931, the antecedents of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style can be traced to the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and they also integrated porticoes, pediments and colonnades influenced by Beaux Arts classicism as well. By the early years of the 1910s, architects in Florida had begun to work in a Spanish Colonial Revival style, Frederick H. Trimbles Farmers Bank in Vero Beach, completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of St. Cloud, Florida, espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a collection of subtle stucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners Ida Annah Ryan, the major location of design and construction in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San Diego Panama-California Exposition, with architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr. popularized the style in the state and it is best exemplified in the California Quadrangle, built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect Lilian Jeannette Rice designed the style in the development of the town of Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County, the city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. Its County Courthouse is an example of the style. Real estate developer Ole Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of San Clemente, the Pasadena City Hall, as well as the Sonoma and Beverly Hills City Halls are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in Riverside California, many houses of this style can still be seen in the Colonia Nápoles, Condesa, Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. By the time the United States liberated the Philippines from the Spaniards, American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, given the Philippines Spanish heritage, but at the same time modernizing the buildings with American amenities. The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout the country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, the majority of these buildings though were lost through earthquakes and most especially during World War II when the Americans bombed Manila to counter the Japanese. Mediterranean style became popular in places like Sydney suburbs Manly and Bondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of, Spanish mission houses began to appear in the wealthier suburbs, the most famous being Boomerang, at Elizabeth Bay. The Plaza Theatre in Sydney is a cinema in the style. In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in Shanghai, although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in the city at the time
12.
Guadalajara
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Guadalajara is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is in the region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,495,189 it is Mexicos fourth most populous municipality, the municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico, the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico. It is a business and economic center in the Bajio region. Guadalajara is the 10th largest city in Latin America in population, urban area, the city is named after the Spanish city of Guadalajara, the name of which came from the Andalusian Arabic wād l-ḥijāra, meaning river/valley of stones. Other, more industries, such as shoes, textiles. Guadalajara, one of the most popular clubs in Mexico. This city was named the American Capital of Culture for 2005, Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games. The city was established in five other places before moving to its current location, the first settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistlán, Zacatecas. This site was settled by Cristóbal de Oñate as commissioned by Nuño de Guzmán, with the purpose of securing recent conquests, the settlement did not last long at this spot due to the lack of water, in 1533 it was moved to a location near Tonalá. Four years later, Guzmán ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotán, while the settlement was in Tlacotán, the Spanish king Charles I granted the coat of arms that the city still has today. This settlement was attacked during the Mixtón War in 1543 by Caxcan, Portecuex. The war was initiated by the due to the cruel treatment of Indians by Nuño de Guzmán. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza had to control of the campaign to suppress the revolt after the Spanish were defeated in several engagements. The conflict ended after Mendoza made some concessions to the Indians such as freeing the Indian slaves, the village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and the villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel Michael, who remains the patron of the city. It was decided to move the city again, this time to Atemajac. The city has remained there to this day, in 1542, records indicate that 126 people were living in Guadalajara and, in the same year, the status of city was granted by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was officially founded on February 14,1550 in the Valley of Atemajac, the settlements name came from the Spanish hometown of Nuño de Guzmán
13.
El Campo Santo Cemetery
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El Campo Santo is a cemetery located at the Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum,15415 East Don Julian Road, in City of Industry, California. Within its low walls, the one-half acre cemetery features a Neoclassical mausoleum. In the early 1850s, the family of William Workman established El Campo Santo, or the sacred ground, along with a cemetery plot enclosed by an ornate cast-iron fence, they built a Gothic Revival brick chapel dedicated to Saint Nicholas by Bishop Thaddeus Amat of Los Angeles. Among the first to be buried here was William Workmans brother David Workman, at the turn of the century, the cemetery was abandoned and its brick chapel destroyed by fire. Walter P. Temple, a grandson of the Workmans, successfully filed a lawsuit preventing any further desecration of the cemetery, in 1917, he was able to purchase the cemetery and the surrounding 75 acres and began restoration. In place of the chapel, however, he built a cast stone Neoclassical mausoleum, the Workman Home and Family Cemetery are designated California Historical Landmark No.874. The cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, El Campo Santo is open to visitors through a self-guided tour described in the free brochure available at the museum office. El Campo Santo Cemetery at Find A Grave Homestead Museum Official Website Workman House at the Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum National Register of Historic Places
14.
Thaddeus Amat y Brusi
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Thaddeus Amat y Brusi, C. M. was a Roman Catholic cleric who became the first Bishop of Los Angeles, California. Amat was born in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, Spain, subsequently, he was sent to the United States as a missionary in Louisiana, later serving as a novice master for his congregation in Missouri and Pennsylvania. On 28 July 1853, while serving as the Rector of St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia, the dioceses previous bishop, Joseph Sadoc Alemany, O. P. had been promoted to archbishop of the newly created Archdiocese of San Francisco. Amat was consecrated as a bishop in Rome on 12 March 1854 by Cardinal Fransoni, recognizing the growth of Los Angeles and the decline of Monterey, he petitioned the Holy See to move the see to Los Angeles and to be known as Bishop of Los Angeles. Amat arrived in the pueblo of Los Angeles in 1855, on July 7,1859, the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles. Father Amat travelled to Rome in 1869 to attend the First Vatican Council called upon by Pope Pius IX, on the 28th of June 1870, Father Amat was an orator during the official mass of the 78th Congregation celebrated in the Vatican. The Council was interrupted when King Victor Emmanuel II attacked Rome, Pius IX suspended the Council indefinitely on October 20,1870. Amat founded some of the first schools in Los Angeles and asked his fellow Vincentians to open St. Vincents College and it was the first institution of higher learning in Southern California. He welcomed the Franciscan Brothers of Ireland into his diocese to work in the schools, as well as the Daughters of Charity. Amat formally consecrated Calvary Cemetery on North Broadway at Bishops Road in 1866, the area had been set aside in 1844. The graves in Calvary Cemetery were moved to the present cemetery location to make way for Cathedral High School and he founded the 30-acre Santa Clara Cemetery in Oxnard in 1874. St. Marys Cemetery in San Buenaventura was acquired by Amat in 1862 and he dedicated the Gothic Revival brick chapel to Saint Nicholas at the Workman Family Cemetery in the City of Industry. Amat died on May 12,1878, at Los Angeles, California, and was succeeded by his bishop, Francisco Mora y Borrell. Bishop Amat Memorial High School in La Puente, California, is named for him, who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Vatican Biography on Father Amat Father Amat listed as an orator during the Vatican Mass of 28 June 1870
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Alta California
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Alta California, founded in 1769 by Gaspar de Portolà, was a polity of New Spain and after the Mexican War of Independence in 1822, a territory of Mexico. The region included all of the states of California, Nevada, and Utah. Large areas east of the Sierra Nevada and San Gabriel Mountains were claimed to be part of Alta California, to the southeast, beyond the deserts and the Colorado River, lay the Spanish settlements in Arizona. The areas formerly comprising Alta California were ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War in 1848, two years later, California joined the union as the 31st state. Other parts of Alta California became all or part of the later U. S. states of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. The Spanish explored the area of Alta California by sea beginning in the 16th century. During the following two centuries there were plans to settle the area, none of which were effectively carried out. Ultimately, New Spain did not have the resources nor population to settle such a far northern outpost. To ascertain the Russian threat a number of Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest were launched, the Spanish Crown funded the construction and subsidized the operation of the missions, with the goal that the relocation, conversion and enforced labor of Native people would bolster Spanish rule. The first Alta California mission and presidio were established by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra, the following year,1770, the second mission and presidio were founded in Monterey. In 1773 a boundary between the Baja California missions and the Franciscan missions of Alta California was set by Francisco Palóu, the missionary effort coincided with the construction of presidios and pueblos, which were to be manned and populated by Hispanic people. The first pueblo founded was San José in 1777, followed by Los Ángeles in 1781, by law, mission land and property were to pass to the indigenous population after a period of about ten years, when the natives would become Spanish subjects. In the interim period, the Franciscans were to act as mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Native residents, the transfer of property never occurred under the Franciscans. As the number of Spanish settlers grew in Alta California, the boundaries, conflicts between the Crown and the Church and between Natives and settlers arose. State and ecclesiastical bureaucrats debated over authority of the missions and they advocated that the Natives owned property and had the right to defend it. Governor Diego de Borica is credited with defining Alta and Baja Californias official borders, Mexico won independence in 1822, and Alta California became a territory of Mexico. The Spanish and later Mexican governments rewarded retired soldados de cuera with large grants, known as ranchos, for the raising of cattle. Hides and tallow from the livestock were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century, the construction, ranching and domestic work on these vast estates was primarily done by Native Americans, who had learned to speak Spanish and ride horses
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California Historical Landmark
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California Historical Landmarks are buildings, structures, sites, or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical landmark significance. Historical significance is determined by meeting at least one of the criteria listed below, The first, last, only, associated with an individual or group having a profound influence on the history of California. California Historical Landmarks of #770 and above are listed in the California Register of Historical Resources. By contrast, a site, building, feature, or event that is of local significance may be designated as a California Point of Historical Interest. List of California Historical Landmarks by county National Historic Sites National Register of Historic Places listings in California — with links to list articles by county, los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments San Francisco Designated Landmarks Johnson, Marael. A Guide to California Roadside Historical Markers, official OHP—California Office of Historic Preservation website OHP, California Historical Sites searchpage — links to lists by county
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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KCET
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KCET, channel 28, is a non-commercial educational, independent television station located in Los Angeles, California, USA owned by KCETLink. The stations studios are located in Burbank, California, and its transmitter is located atop Mount Wilson, KCET was a charter member of the Public Broadcasting Service at its inception in 1970. KCETs management cited unsolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS. For much of its time on air, KCET had broadcast from its studios in Hollywood until moving to new offices in Burbanks media district in 2012. The move has left CW affiliate KTLA as the last remaining radio or TV broadcaster in that neighborhood as stations have moved on to other cities, the merger is intended to also broadcast a local affiliate feed of LinkTV on one of KCETs subchannels. KCET, licensed to the non-profit group Community Television of Southern California, KCET initially broadcast in black and white from Monday through Friday. James Loper, a co-founder of CTSC, served as the director of education from 1964 to 1966 and then vice president. Loper then served as president of KCET from 1971 to 1983, prior to applying for and receiving a construction permit to build channel 28, CTSC attempted to acquire one of Los Angeless seven existing VHF commercial stations. In 1968, Community Television of Southern California emerged as a buyer of KTLAs license from then-owner Gene Autry. In 1970, KCET became a member of PBS. For most of the next 40 years, it was the second most-watched PBS station in the country, previously, KCET was headquartered in a historic area of Hollywood, used as a film and television studio from 1912 to 1970. KCET purchased the former Monogram Pictures property in 1971, assisted financially in part by both the Ford Foundation and the Michael Connell Foundation. In 1994, KCET and Store of Knowledge Inc. a Carson-based company, the other half of the $50 million grants for the show and supporting outreach programs came from First 5 California plus additional funding from a secret donor. The show would win Peabody and local Emmy awards and be shown national over PBS, KCET renamed its production studio to BP Studios in thanks. KCET originally planned to purchase the KOCE-TV PBS station together with the KOCE-TV Foundation from the Coast Community College District, in 2006, KCET launched a digital channel, KCET Desert Cities, for digital television and cable for the Coachella Valley. In September, KCET announced a channel for Orange County in partnership with California State University. The PBS dues for KCET had previously been $4.9 million, other large funding sources that had previously been counted on were shrinking and thus could not be tapped to pay the dues. PBS rejected the offer, insisting the station to remain as the primary affiliate, on October 8,2010, KCET announced that it could not reach an agreement to remain with PBS and would become an independent public television station on January 1,2011
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California Department of Parks and Recreation
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The California Department of Parks and Recreation, also known as California State Parks, manages the California state parks system. Headquartered in Sacramento, park administration is divided into 25 districts, the California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States. Californias first state park was the Yosemite Grant, which constitutes part of Yosemite National Park. In 1864, the government set aside Yosemite Valley for preservation and ceded the land to the state. Californias oldest state park, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, was founded in 1902, until 1921, each park was managed by an independent commission or agency. In 1927, the California Legislature, with the support of Governor C. C. Young, established the State Park Commission, and its membership included, Major Frederick R. Burnham, W. F. Chandler, William E. Colby, Henry W. OMelveny. The following year, a newly established State Park Commission began gathering support for the first state park bond issue and its efforts were rewarded in 1928 when Californians voted nearly three-to-one in favor of a $6 million park bond act. With Newton B. Drury serving as officer, the new system of state parks rapidly began to grow. William Penn Mott, Jr. served as director of the agency under Governor Ronald Reagan, responsible for almost one-third of Californias scenic coastline, California State Parks manages the states finest coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. California State Parks contains the largest and most diverse natural and cultural heritage holdings of any agency in the nation. The Department employs State Park Peace Officers Law Enforcement to protect and preserve the State Parks, Parks are patrolled by sworn State Park Peace Officers, of which there are two classifications, State Park Ranger and State Park Lifeguards. In May 2008 The National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the system as a whole on their list of Americas Most Endangered Places. The Parks Forward commission issued a report in 2015 that noted the lack of maintenance for many parks along with visitors who do not reflect the diversity of Californias population. The report also said the agency is using outdated technology for managing the parks, at least $1 million of more than $14 million in total proposed cuts resulting from park closures would take place during the current budget year. The deficit reducing measure would reduce or eliminate over 100 staff positions in addition to seasonal lifeguards at many state beaches. On May 29,2009, the State of California announced that it planned to close 220 parks, examples of service reductions included some parks only being open on weekends and holidays, or closing accessibility to portions of an otherwise open park. On May 11,2011, state officials announced that seventy parks would be closed due to department budget cuts in response to Californias continuing budget crises
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Heritage Documentation Programs
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These programs were established to document historic places in the United States. Records consist of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports, in 1933, NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey following a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, a young landscape architect in the agency. It was founded as a constructive program for architects, draftsmen. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D. C. the first HABS recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of Americas architectural heritage, by creating an archive of historic architecture, HABS provided a database of primary source material and documentation for the then-fledgling historic preservation movement. Earlier private projects included the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, notable HABS photographers include Jack Boucher, who worked for the project for over 40 years. The Historic American Engineering Record program was founded on January 10,1969, by NPS, HAER documents historic mechanical and engineering artifacts. Since the advent of HAER, the program is typically called HABS/HAER. Today much of the work of HABS/HAER is done by student teams during the summer, eric DeLony headed HAER from 1971 to 2003. In October 2000, NPS and the American Society of Landscape Architects established a sister program, a predecessor, the Historic American Landscape and Garden Project, recorded historic Massachusetts gardens between 1935 and 1940. That project was funded by the Works Progress Administration, but was administered by HABS, the permanent collection of HABS/HAER/HALS are housed at the Library of Congress, which was established in 1790 as the replacement reference library of the United States Congress. It has since expanded to serve as the National Library of the United States, U. S. publishers are required to deposit a copy of every copyrighted and published work, book monograph. As a branch of the United States Government, its works are in the public domain in the US. Many images, drawings, and documents are available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, including proposed, demolished, and existing structures, locales, projects, and designs. Jack Boucher, former HABS/HAER photographer Jet Lowe, former HAER photographer National Register of Historic Places HAER,30 Years of Recording Our Technological Heritage, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Documenting Complexity, The Historic American Engineering Record and Americas Technological History, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. National Park Service−NPS, official Heritage Documentation Programs website
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Puente Hills Mall
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Puente Hills Mall, located in the City of Industry, California, United States, is a major regional shopping center in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County. It is most famous for serving as the site for the Twin Pines/Lone Pine Mall for the 1985 movie Back to the Future starring Michael J. Fox. Puente Hills Mall was built in 1974 after the completion of the Pomona Freeway a few years earlier and it opened with four primary anchors in a cross-shaped design by The Hahn Company. One of the original tenants was the first Foot Locker store. Two anchors departed in 1996, The Broadway and JCPenney, at the time of JCPenneys departure, the mall had about a 50% occupancy. It also includes popular stores such as Forever 21, Hollister, Old Navy, Hot Topic, Zumiez, Aéropostale, the newest addition to the mall, Toys R Us, opened its doors in June 2011. Today the mall is almost fully occupied and is the hub of a shopping and entertainment district that includes restaurants, auto dealerships, big-box stores. An East Asian-style koi pond replaced the carousel, but was removed as of 2006, the koi were moved to Sycamore Lake at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier. The mall underwent an interior makeover in 2007, shortly after the removal of the koi pond. Puente Hills Mall also caters to a large Latino population that reside in the La Puente, El Monte, Hacienda Heights. Puente Hills Mall served as a location for the fictional Twin Pines Mall in the 1985 film Back to the Future. In the film, Doc Brown uses the south parking lot to stage his time travel experiments with the DeLorean time machine. A JCPenney store and Robinsons features prominently in the background, a Ross Dress For Less store can be seen in a strip mall across the street. The scenes were filmed in January 1985, Puente Hills Mall featured replicas of the Twin Pines Mall sign, the time machine, and Dr. E. Brown Enterprises truck in its parking lot in October 2015. Nobel Son, a 2007 American comedy featuring Alan Rickman, Mary Steenburgen, Bryan Greenberg and Danny DeVito was filmed at Puente Hills Mall in 2005
