1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Graham, Anderson, Probst & White
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Graham, Anderson, Probst & White was a Chicago architectural firm that was founded in 1912 as Graham, Burnham & Co. This firm was the successor to D. H. Burnham & Co. through Daniel Burnhams surviving partner, Ernest R. Graham, and Burnhams sons, Hubert Burnham and Daniel Burnham Jr. In 1917, the Burnhams left to form their own practice, which eventually became Burnham Brothers, and Graham, – Graham, Peirce Anderson, Edward Mathias Probst, and Howard Judson White – formed the resulting practice. The firm also employed Victor Andre Matteson, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White was the largest architectural firm under one roof during the first half of the twentieth century. The firms importance to Chicagos architectural legacy cannot be overstated, nor can its connection to Burnham, the firm was headquartered in Burnhams own Railway Exchange Building. Its only close rival was the equally prolific Holabird and Root, GAP&W also created the iconic Terminal Tower in Cleveland and Federal Reserve Bank in Kansas City. Anderson died in 1924, with Graham and White following just weeks apart in 1936, surviving partner Edward M. Probst took over the firm, assisted by his sons Marvin Probst and Edward E. Probst. After Mr. Probsts death in 1942, son Marvin G. Probst took over as firm president, Edward E. Probst left the firm about 1947. Just prior to Marvin Probsts death in 1970, the firm was sold to an employee, from 1970 to 1993 William Surman was president of the firm. After his death in 1993, the practice was run by his son Robert Surman till the firm closed its doors in the fall of 2006 and those early buildings are still popular favorites today. The firms ultimate expression of the Art Deco style was found in its design of the 1931 Field Building and it was matched that year by Holabird and Roots equally stunning Chicago Board of Trade Building. After 1931, GAP&W for the most part stopped referencing the Beaux-Arts style, Field Museum of Natural History Conway Building,1913 Continental and Commercial Bank Building,1914 Marshall Field & Co. Shedd Aquarium, 1925–31 Pittsfield Building, 1926–27 State Line Generating Plant, 1926–29 Terminal Tower, Public Square, Cleveland, like most of the other prominent architectural firms of the early 20th Century, GAP&W frequently used sculpture to decorate its building designs. As was the custom of the era GAP&W had specific artists that preferred to work with
3.
William Wrigley Jr.
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William L. Wrigley Jr. was an American chewing gum industrialist. He was founder and eponym of the Wm. Wrigley Jr and he was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1891, at the age of 29, Wrigley moved from Philadelphia to Chicago and he had $32 to his name and with it he formed a business to sell Wrigleys Scouring Soap. He offered customers small premiums, particularly baking powder, as an incentive to buy his soap. Finding the baking powder was more popular than his soap, Wrigley switched to selling baking powder, again, Wrigley found that the premium he offered was more popular than his base product, and his company began to concentrate on the manufacture and sale of chewing gum. In this business, Wrigley made his name and fortune, Wrigley played an instrumental role in the development of Santa Catalina Island, California, off the shore of Los Angeles, California. He bought a controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company in 1919, Wrigley improved the island with public utilities, new steamships, a hotel, the Casino building, and extensive plantings of trees, shrubs, and flowers. He also sought to create an enterprise that would help local residents. By making use of clay and minerals found on the island at a beach near Avalon, in 1927 William Wrigley Jr. created the Pebbly Beach quarry, along with creating jobs for Avalon residents, the plant also supplied material for Wrigleys numerous building projects on the island. After the building of Avalons Casino in 1929, the Catalina Clay Products Tile and Pottery Plant began producing glazed tiles, dinnerware, another of Wrigleys legacies was his plan for the future of Catalina Island—that it be protected for future generations to enjoy. In 1972, his son, Philip K. Wrigley, established the Catalina Island Conservancy for this purpose, Wrigley is honored by the Wrigley Memorial in the Wrigley Botanical Gardens on the island. In 1916, Wrigley bought a minority stake in the Chicago Cubs baseball team as part of a group headed by Charles Weeghman, over the next four years, as Weeghmans lunch-counter business declined, he was forced to sell much of his stock in the ball club to Wrigley. By 1918, Weeghman had sold all of his stock to Wrigley, making Wrigley the largest shareholder and principal owner, Wrigley Field, the Cubs ballpark in Chicago, is named for him. The now-demolished former home of the Los Angeles Angels of the Pacific Coast League, Wrigley purchased the Chicago Cubs from Albert Lasker in 1925. The Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix, Arizona, was financed and wholly owned by Wrigley. At 16,000 square feet, it was the smallest of his five residences, in 1947, Wrigleys remains were moved to allow the gardens to be made public. There is a rumor that the remains were moved during World War II due to security concerns. His original grave marker still adorns the tower site
4.
Michigan Avenue (Chicago)
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Michigan Avenue is a major north-south street in Chicago which runs at 100 east on the Chicago grid. The northern end of the street is at Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan in the Gold Coast Historic District, the streets southern terminus is at Sibley Boulevard in the southern suburb of Harvey, though like many Chicago streets it exists in several disjointed segments. Michigan Avenue also is the commercial street of Streeterville. It includes all of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and most of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District, the oldest section of Michigan Avenue is the portion that currently borders Grant Park in the Chicago Loop section of the city. The name came from Lake Michigan, which until 1871 was immediately east of Michigan Avenue, the street at that time ran north to the Chicago River and south to the city limits. Originally, Michigan Avenue was primarily residential, and by the 1860s, large homes, but in the 1900-1907 Ads for the Chicago Musical College, the address was referred to as 202 Michigan Boul. As recently as the 1920s, North Michigan Avenue was referred to as Upper Boul Mich, pariss Boulevard Saint-Michel is the original Boul Mich. In the Great Fire of 1871, all buildings on Michigan Avenue from Congress Street north to the river were destroyed. Beginning in the 1880s, the expansion of the business district replaced houses on Michigan Avenue so that today. The first city showcase on Michigan Avenue was the Exposition Building, which was built on the current site of the Art Institute, the east side of Michigan at Adams, in 1874. By the 1890s, a wall of buildings was constructed on the west side of Michigan Avenue downtown, including the Auditorium Building. As the east side of Michigan Avenue downtown was developed as a park, in 1924, the first traffic lights in Chicago were installed on Michigan Avenue after John D. Hertz fronted the city $34,000 for the purchase, installation, historically, Illinois Route 1 and U. S. Route 41 were routed on Michigan Avenue. Illinois Route 1 has been truncated to Chicagos south side and U. S. Route 41 is now routed on Lake Shore Drive, as early as 1891 plans were proposed to extend Michigan Avenue north across the river. When the Michigan Avenue Bridge was completed, Pine Street was renamed Michigan Avenue, at its north end it merges into Lake Shore Drive near the Drake Hotel. Today, the north of the Chicago River is referred to as the Magnificent Mile. It contains a mixture of upscale department stores, restaurants, high-end retailers, office buildings and hotels, and caters primarily to tourists, the area also has a high concentration of the citys advertising agencies and major media firms, including the Chicago Tribune. North of the center can be found the famous John Hancock Center, the art deco Palmolive Building
5.
Near North Side, Chicago
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The Near North Side is one of 77 defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the northernmost of the four areas that constitute Downtown Chicago, the others being the Near West Side, Near South Side, the community area is located north and east of the Chicago River. To its east is Lake Michigan, and its boundary is the 19th-century city limit of Chicago. Of the downtown community areas, the Near North Side has the second largest total area, after the Near West Side, the highest number of skyscrapers, the Near North Side is the oldest part of Chicago. Today this is marked by Pioneer Court, the Gold Coast consists mostly of high-rise apartment buildings and stone mansions throughout. As with many neighborhoods, its borders are subject to dispute, but, generally, they are North Avenue, to the north, Chicago Avenue, to the south. The Gold Coast became the home of the super-rich in 1885, over the next few decades, Chicagos elite gradually migrated from Prairie Avenue to their new homes north of the Loop. Along almost every boulevard of the Gold Coast, upscale boutiques, also, Aston Martin, BMW, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Maserati, Rolls-Royce, and Tesla all have dealerships in the Gold Coast. Many of Chicagos best known restaurants are located here as well, carmines, Gibsons, Hugos Frog Bar, Lou Malnatis Pizzeria, Maple & Ash, the original Mortons, Nico Osteria, the Pump Room, Spiaggia, and Table Fifty-Two are in the area. The Gold Coast Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 30,1978, the Gold Coast is zoned to the following Chicago Public Schools schools, Ogden School, and Lincoln Park High School. The prestigious Latin School, is located in the neighborhood as well and it crosses portions of the community areas of southern Lincoln Park, as well as the northern Near North Side, and is part of Chicagos 43rd ward. This historic district sits within the Old Town Triangle Association, a Lincoln Park neighborhood bounded by the former Ogden Avenue right-of-way, Clark Street and it sits inside the community area of Lincoln Park and is part of Chicagos 43rd ward. Old Town north of North Avenue is in Lincoln Park, and it is now an affluent gentrified neighborhood. Old Town is now considered an affluent and historic neighborhood, home to many of Chicagos older Victorian-era buildings, the neighborhood is home to St. Michaels Church, originally built to serve German immigrants, and one of only 7 to survive the great Chicago fire. St. Michaels, Holy Name Cathedral, Immaculate Conception, many of the streets and alleys, particularly in the Old Town Triangle section, predate the Great Chicago Fire and do not all adhere to the typical Chicago grid pattern. In 1927, sculptors Sol Kogen and Edgar Miller purchased and subsequently rehabilitated a house on Burton Place, near Wells Street, through the 1930s, an art colony emerged in the neighborhood as artists moved from the Towertown neighborhood near Washington Square Park. Old Town was home to many gays and lesbians from the 1950s through the 1980s and this was the first gay ghetto in Chicago, predating the current Lake View neighborhood. There were numerous gay bars, now closed, along Wells Street
6.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
7.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
8.
Tribune Tower
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The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic structure located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the home of the Chicago Tribune, Tribune Media, WGN Radio broadcasts from the building, while the ground level houses the large restaurant Howells & Hood, whose patio overlooks nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue. CNNs Chicago bureau is located in the building and it is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. The original Tribune Tower was built in 1868, but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, the competition worked brilliantly for months as a publicity stunt, and the resulting entries still reveal a unique turning point in American architectural history. More than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, with buttresses near the top. The entry that many perceived as the best, by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen, took second place, the 1929 Gulf Building in Houston, Texas, designed by architects Alfred C. Finn, Kenneth Franzheim, and J. E. R. Carpenter, is a realization of that Saarinen design. César Pellis 181 West Madison Street Building in Chicago is also thought to be inspired by Saarinens design, archival materials regarding the competition and the building are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. By 1922 the neo-Gothic skyscraper had become an established design tactic and this was a late example, perhaps the last important example, and criticized for its perceived historicism. Construction on the Tribune Tower was completed in 1925 and reached a height of 462 feet above ground, the ornate buttresses surrounding the peak of the tower are especially visible when the tower is lit at night. As was the case with most of Hoods projects, the sculptures, the tower features carved images of Robin Hood and a howling dog near the main entrance to commemorate the architects. Rene Paul Chambellan contributed his talents to the buildings ornamentation, gargoyles. Rene Chambellan worked on projects with Raymond Hood including the American Radiator Building. Also, among the gargoyles on the Tribune Tower is one of a frog and that piece was created by Rene Chambellan to represent himself jokingly as he is of French ancestry. Many of these reliefs have been incorporated into the lowest levels of the building and are labeled with their location of origin, there are 149 fragments in the building. More recently a rock brought from the moon was displayed in a window in the Tribune giftstore, a piece of steel recovered from the World Trade Center has been added to the wall. Several buildings around the world reference to the design of the Tribune tower. Most notably in Australia, the spires of the Grace Building in Sydney, on April 11,2006 the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum opened, occupying two stories of the building, including the previous location of high-end gift store Hammacher-Schlemmer
9.
Magnificent Mile
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The Magnificent Mile, sometimes referred to as The Mag Mile, is an upscale section of Chicagos Michigan Avenue, running from the Chicago River to Oak Street in the Near North Side. The district is located adjacent to downtown, and one block east of Rush Street, the Magnificent Mile serves as the main thoroughfare between Chicagos Loop business district and its Gold Coast. It is generally the boundary of the Streeterville neighborhood, to its east. Real estate developer Arthur Rubloff of Rubloff Company gave the district its nickname in the 1940s, to date, rent on The Magnificent Mile is the eighth most expensive in the country, behind Fifth Avenue in New York and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills. Several of the tallest buildings in the United States, such as the John Hancock Center, landmarks along the Magnificent Mile include Wrigley Building, Tribune Tower, the Chicago Water Tower, and the Allerton Hotel. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, State Street in the downtown Loop, the convenience of mass transit including streetcars and elevated trains, supported a retail corridor along State Street from Lake Street to Van Buren Street. By the 1920s, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts, prior to the bascule bridge construction, swing bridges across the river were open for ship traffic during half the daylight hours. The Rush Street Bridge was the bridge for this area. The opening of the Michigan Avenue Bridge in 1920 created a new commercial district, the concept for the Magnificent Mile was part of the 1909 Burnham Plan of Chicago. It was constructed during the 1920s to replace Pine Street, which had been lined with factories and warehouses near the river, the earliest building constructions varied in style, but challenged new heights in construction. The name the Magnificent Mile is a trademark of the Greater North Michigan Avenue Association. Soon the property values driven by the shopping districts were pricing out the nearby artists of Tower Town. Rubloff and Zeckendorf successfully developed and promoted the area until it became one of the most prestigious addresses of the city and that distinction holds today, and spurred new investment along the Magnificent Mile and throughout the Near North Side. After 1950, suburban development reduced the Loops daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped, however, the Magnificent Mile kept a luxury shopping district close to the central business district. The opening of the 74-story Water Tower Place in 1975 marked the return of Chicago to retailing prominence, by 1979, the State Street commercial corridor had lost its commercial vitality and was closed to street traffic for renovation including sidewalk widening until 1996. The area also has a concentration of the citys major media firms, such as the Chicago Tribune newspaper. The American Planning Association selected The Magnificent Mile as one of the 10 Great Streets for 2007 through its Great Places in America program, in recent years, The Magnificent Mile has added trees and flower-filled medians to reflect the changing seasons. The Magnificent Mile is also notable for its three shopping centers, Water Tower Place, The Shops at North Bridge, and 900 North Michigan Shops
10.
Wrigley Company
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It is wholly owned by Mars, Incorporated. It is currently the largest manufacturer and marketer of chewing gum in the world, in 1892, Wrigley Jr. began packaging chewing gum with each can of baking powder. The chewing gum eventually became more popular than the baking powder, in 2005, Wrigley purchased Life Savers and Altoids from Kraft Foods for US$1.5 billion. On January 23,2007, Wrigley signed an agreement to acquire an 80% initial interest in A. Korkunov for $300 million with the remaining 20% to be acquired over time. On April 28,2008, Mars announced that it would acquire Wrigley for approximately $23 billion, financing for the transaction was provided by Berkshire Hathaway, Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan, Berkshire Hathaway held a minority equity investment in Wrigley until October 2016. The company headquarted in the GIC in 2012 since, in 1891, 29-year-old William Wrigley Jr. came to Chicago from Philadelphia with $32 and the idea to start a business selling Wrigleys Scouring Soap. Wrigley offered premiums as an incentive to buy his soap, such as baking powder, later in his career, he switched to the baking powder business, in which he began offering two packages of chewing gum for each purchase of a can of baking powder. The popular premium, chewing gum, began to more promising. Wrigley also became the majority owner of the Chicago Cubs in 1921, after the death of William Wrigley Jr. his son Philip K. Wrigley assumed his fathers position as CEO of the Wrigley Company. Wrigley launched the Remember this Wrapper ad campaign to keep the Wrigley brands on the minds of the customers during times of wartime rationing, in 1961, Philip K. Wrigley handed control to his son, William Wrigley III. Wrigley led a global expansion through the establishment of Wrigley facilities in nine new countries. On June 26,1974, a Marsh Supermarket in Troy, the first product to be scanned using a Universal Product Code bar code was a 10-pack of Wrigleys Juicy Fruit gum. William Bill Wrigley IV, following the death of Wrigley III, led the sugar-free gum campaign across Europe, Australia, Spain, India, and China. In 2005, Kraft Foods sold the Life Savers and Altoids businesses to Wrigley in exchange for $1.5 billion as part of a reorganization plan, Wrigley led the establishment of the Wrigley Science Institute in 2006 to study the oral health benefits of gum chewing. The WSI investigates the effects of gum chewing on weight management, stress relief, concentration, on October 23,2006, William D. Perez succeeded Bill Wrigley as CEO. He was the first person outside the Wrigley family to head the company, in 2007, the company debuted 5 Gum in the US. The 5 Gum brand was marketed using cinematic TV commercials portraying What it feels like to chew 5 Gum, Perez led the efforts of improving slimmer packaging with flavor improvements across both Extra and Wrigley brands. Dushan Petrovich succeeded Perez almost immediately after Mars, Incorporateds 2008 purchase of Wrigley, in 2009, Wrigleys Global Innovation Center received the LEED Gold Certification through Wrigleys commitment to global sustainability
11.
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
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The Trump International Hotel and Tower, also known as Trump Tower Chicago and Trump Tower, is a skyscraper condo-hotel in downtown Chicago, Illinois. The building, named after businessman and current President of the United States, Donald Trump, was designed by architect Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Bovis Lend Lease built the 98-story structure, which reaches a height of 1,388 feet including its spire and it is next to the main branch of the Chicago River, with a view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges over the river. When topped out in 2009, it became the fourth-tallest building in the US and it surpassed the citys John Hancock Center as the building with the highest residence in the world, and held this title until the completion of the Burj Khalifa. The design of the building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a parking garage, the 339-room hotel opened for business with limited accommodations and services on January 30,2008, then full accommodation and services on April 28. A restaurant on the 16th floor, Sixteen, opened in early 2008 to favorable reviews, the building topped out in late 2008 and construction was completed in 2009. As of 2015, the hotel is three in Chicago with an elite five-star Forbes Travel Guide rating. It hosts a restaurant that is one of three five-star Forbes-rated restaurants in the city and a spa that is one of six that is at least a four-star Forbes-rated in the Chicago area in 2015. Sixteen is one of five restaurants in Chicago with at least a Michelin Guide two-star rating in 2016, the tower sits at 401 North Wabash Avenue in the River North Gallery District, part of the Near North Side community area of Chicago. The building is across the Chicago River from the Chicago Loop and it is a block away from the southern end of the Magnificent Mile portion of Michigan Avenue. The restaurant, Sixteen, has a view of the Chicago Rivers entrance to Lake Michigan. The design of the building incorporates three setback features designed to provide continuity with the surrounding skyline, each reflecting the height of a nearby building. The third setback, on the east side, relates to 330 North Wabash building, however, some views distort the alignment of the second setback. The setbacks and rounded edges of the building combat vortex formation, the body of the building is raised 30 feet above the main Wabash entrance and 70 feet above the Chicago River. The buildings Permasteelisa curtain wall uses clear low-emissivity coated glass and a curved wing-shaped polished stainless-steel mullion system that projects 9 inches from the glass line and it incorporates a brushed stainless steel spandrel panels and clear anodized aluminum. The building has 2,600,000 square feet of space, rises to 98 stories. These include studio apartments, a mixture of suites with one to four bedrooms, the tower also features a luxury hotel condominium with 339 guest rooms. The building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a garage, a hotel
12.
Sixteen (restaurant)
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Sixteen is a restaurant on the sixteenth floor of the Trump International Hotel and Tower, Chicago in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of three food and dining options in the room service offering. Sixteen opened in early February 2008, and an outdoor patio terrace, named The Terrace at Trump. The restaurant and its terrace are known for their views of the city, the eastward view includes Lake Michigan, Chicago River, and the Wrigley Building clock tower. During the summer, the view includes the seasonal semi-weekly fireworks displays over the lake from Navy Pier, in 2014,2015 and 2016, it was one of only 5 restaurants in the city to achieve at least a two-star Michelin rating. Sixteen was designed by Joe Valerio, whose credits included the Garmin flagship store on the Magnificent Mile. He was also obligated to incorporate the skyscrapers aluminum window frames and a garage for window washing equipment, Sixteen opened in February 2008, a few weeks after the lower floors of the Hotel had a partial opening, even though construction on the building had not been completed. Sixteen has been described architecturally as a sequence of spaces that do not reveal themselves at once, the restaurants foyer is T-shaped, and a passageway to the hotel is lined with floor-to-ceiling architectural bronze wine racks in opposing red and white wine rooms. Kamin notes that these views are more intimate than the ones of the Signature Room. The views are described as impressive by day and by night. The main part of the procession is the Tower Room, a room with a 30-foot dome-shaped ceiling made of West African wood. The dome is furnished with Swarovski chandeliers and incorporates mirrors so that all diners can experience the view, the restaurant has two other dining rooms, named for their views, the Bridge Room and the River Room. Thomas Lents was appointed executive chef of Sixteen in January 2012, Lents began his career as executive sous chef of Chicagos four-star restaurant Everest, under the direction of chefs Jean Joho and Thierry Tritsch. After a five-year tenure, he moved to Dublin, Ireland, during his time abroad, Lents staged in acclaimed kitchens, including the Michelin three star-rated Waterside Inn in Bray and Le Manoir Aux Quatres Saisons in Great Milton. In addition to using European techniques, he relies on spices from North Africa, the cuisine, decor and architecture have all drawn impressive reviews. Food is available à la carte or in tasting services, fodors praised the food as a unique fusion of European and Asian flavors. The magazines annual Eating & Drinking guide describes the room as stately and impressive, the staff as attentive and professional. According to the Forbes Travel Guide,2010 City Guide, Chicago, the hotel hosted one of the seven four-star restaurants in Chicago, three years later, according to the Forbes Travel Guide,2013 City Guide the restaurant was one of only three five-star restaurants in Chicago
13.
Chicago River
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The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles that runs through the city of Chicago, including its center. The River is also noteworthy for its natural and man-made history, in 1999, this system was named a Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The river is memorialized, in part, by two blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The source of the North Branch is in the suburbs of Chicago where its three principal tributaries converge. The Skokie River—or East Fork—rises from an area, historically a wetland, near Park City. It then flows southward, paralleling the edge of Lake Michigan, through wetlands, the Greenbelt Forest Preserve, South of Highland Park the river passes the Chicago Botanic Gardens and through an area of former marshlands known as the Skokie Lagoons. The Middle Fork arises near Rondout, Illinois and flows southwards through Lake Forest and these two tributaries merge at Watersmeet Woods west of Wilmette. From there the North Branch flows south towards Morton Grove, the West Fork rises near Mettawa and flows south through Bannockburn, Deerfield, and Northbrook, meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove. South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments, retail parks, the North Branch Canal—or Ogdens Canal—was completed in 1857, and was originally 50 feet wide and 10 feet deep allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend. The 1902 Cherry Avenue Bridge, just south of North Avenue, was constructed to carry the Chicago, Milwaukee and it is a rare example of an asymmetric bob-tail swing bridge and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. From Goose Island the North Branch continues to south east to Wolf Point where it joins the Main Stem. The source of the Main Stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan, acoustic velocity meters at the Columbus Drive Bridge and the T. J. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn, notable buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building. The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower,35 East Wacker, turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, and Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive, since the early 2000s, the south shore of the Main Stem has been developed as the Chicago Riverwalk. It provides a linear, lushly landscaped park intended to offer an escape from the busy Loop. Different sections are named Market, Civic, Arcade, and Confluence, the sections between State Street and Lake Street are currently under construction and scheduled to be completed by the end of 2016. The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the Burnham Plan as early as 1909, the source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and Main stem at Wolf Point
14.
Chewing gum
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Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Modern chewing gum is composed of gum base, sweeteners, softeners/ plasticizers, flavors, colors, and, typically, a hard or powdered polyol coating. The cultural tradition of chewing gum seems to have developed through a convergent evolution process, each of the early precursors to chewing gum were derived from natural growths local to the region and were chewed purely out the instinctual desire to masticate. Early chewers did not necessarily desire to derive benefits from their chewable substances. Chewing gum in many forms has existed since the Neolithic period,6, 000-year-old chewing gum made from birch bark tar, with tooth imprints, has been found in Kierikki in Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and it is chemically similar to petroleum tar and is in this way different from most other early gum. The Aztecs, as the ancient Mayans before them, used chicle, forms of chewing gums were also chewed in Ancient Greece. The Ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum, made from the resin of the mastic tree, mastic gum, like birch bark tar, has antiseptic properties and is believed to have been used to maintain oral health. Both chicle and mastic are tree resins, many other cultures have chewed gum-like substances made from plants, grasses, and resins. Although chewing gum can be traced back to civilizations around the world, the American Indians chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees. The New England settlers picked up this practice, and in 1848, John B. Curtis developed, in this way, the industrializing West, having forgotten about tree gums, rediscovered chewing gum through the First Americans. Around 1850 a gum made from wax, which is a petroleum product, was developed. To sweeten these early gums the chewer would often use of a plate of powdered sugar. William Semple filed a patent on chewing gum, patent number 98,304. The first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by John Colgan, Colgan mixed with powdered sugar the aromatic flavoring tolu, a powder obtained from an extract of the balsam tree, creating small sticks of flavored chewing gum he named Taffy Tolu. Colgan also lead the way in the manufacturing and packaging of chicle-based chewing gum, derived from Manilkara chicle, chicle did not succeed as a replacement for rubber, but as a gum, which was cut into strips and marketed as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871. Black Jack, which is flavored with licorice, Chiclets, Chewing gum gained worldwide popularity through American GIs in WWII, who were supplied chewing gum as a ration and traded it with locals. Synthetic gums were first introduced to the U. S. after chicle no longer satisfied the needs of making chewing gum
15.
Giralda
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The Giralda is the bell tower of the Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain. The Giralda was registered in 1987 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO along with the Alcazar, the tower is 104.1 m in height and remains one of the most important symbols of the city, as it has been since medieval times. Construction of the tower began under architect Ahmad Ben Baso in 1184, after Ben Basos death, other architects continued work on the tower. The mathematician and astronomer Jabir ibn Aflah is also credited with the towers design. The tower was completed March 10,1198 with the installation of copper spheres on the towers top, the Almohads built similar towers in what are now Spain and Morocco during this period. The tower of the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakesh served as a model for the Giralda and its sister, the towers first two-thirds is a former minaret from the Almohad period of Seville, the upper third Spanish Renaissance architecture. After Seville was taken by the Christians in 1248 during the Reconquista, the tower survived the earthquake, but the copper spheres that originally topped the tower fell during a 1365 earthquake, and the spheres were replaced with a cross and bell. This newer section of the tower contains an inscription of Sevilles motto, NO8DO, spoken No me ha dejado. Alfonso X of Castile gave the motto to the city when it continued to support his rule during an insurrection, covering the top of the tower is the Lily section which surrounds the enclosure with the bell. The statue stands 4 m in height –7 m with the pedestal –, the oldest person to have successfully climbed the bell tower was Joan Vane, aged 93, who visited Giralda on October 15th 2016. The base at street level is a square of 13.6 m on the side, the foundation is built with solid, rectangular stones, some taken and reused from the Roman wall nearby. The part which corresponds to the original Moorish minaret is about 51 m high, with the Christian addition it is 98.5 m high, the wind vane, which gives name to the building, is over 4 m tall,7 m including the base. The tower has a ramp with 35 segments wide and tall enough to allow a person to ride on horseback to the top of the Moorish tower, the Christian addition has a final stair with 17 steps leading up to the bells. Many towers have borrowed from the Giraldas design throughout history, several church towers in the province of Seville also bear a resemblance to the tower, and may have been inspired by the Giralda. These towers, most notably those in Lebrija and Carmona, are known as Giraldillas. The building has also inspired buildings outside the US and Spain, such as, seven Sisters, seven Soviet-era skyscrapers in Moscow, Russia Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland Blueprints of Sevilles Cathedral and Giralda, by Hernán Ruiz
16.
Seville Cathedral
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The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See, better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Seville. It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third-largest church in the world. It is also the largest cathedral in the world, as the two churches, the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida and St. Peters Basilica, are not the seats of bishops. It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, along with the Alcázar palace complex, See refers to the episcopal see, i. e. the bishops ecclesiastical jurisdiction. After its completion in the early 16th century, the Seville Cathedral supplanted Hagia Sophia as the largest cathedral in the world, the cathedral is also the burial site of Christopher Columbus. The Archbishops Palace is located on the side of the cathedral. Seville Cathedral was built to demonstrate the wealth, as it had become a major trading center in the years after the Reconquista in 1248. In July 1401 it was decided to build a new cathedral, according to local oral tradition, the members of the cathedral chapter said, Hagamos una Iglesia tan hermosa y tan grandiosa que los que la vieren labrada nos tengan por locos. Construction began in 1402 and continued until 1506, the clergy of the parish gave half their stipends to pay for architects, artists, stained glass artisans, masons, carvers, craftsman and labourers and other expenses. Five years after construction ended, in 1511, the dome collapsed, the dome again collapsed in 1888, and work was still being performed on the dome until at least 1903. The 1888 collapse occurred due to an earthquake and resulted in the destruction of every precious object below the dome at that time, the interior has the longest nave of any cathedral in Spain. The central nave rises to a height of 42 meters and is decorated with a large quantity of gilding. This altarpiece was the work of a single craftsman, Pierre Dancart. The builders used some columns and other elements from the ancient mosque, including its minaret, the Giralda is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville. Its height is 343 feet, and its base is 23 feet above sea level and 44 feet long per side. The Giralda is the minaret of the mosque that stood on the site under Muslim rule. It was converted into a tower for the cathedral after the Reconquista. It was registered in 1987 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the tower is 104.5 m in height and was one of the most important symbols in the medieval city
17.
Clock
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A clock is an instrument to measure, keep, and indicate time. The word clock is derived from the Celtic words clagan and clocca meaning bell, a silent instrument missing such a striking mechanism has traditionally been known as a timepiece. In general usage today a clock refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time, Watches and other timepieces that can be carried on ones person are often distinguished from clocks. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units, the day, the lunar month. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia, a sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface. There is a range of duration timers, an example being the hourglass. Water clocks, along with the sundials, are possibly the oldest time-measuring instruments, spring-driven clocks appeared during the 15th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries, clockmaking flourished, the next development in accuracy occurred after 1656 with the invention of the pendulum clock. A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time-keeping for navigation, the electric clock was patented in 1840. The development of electronics in the 20th century led to clocks with no clockwork parts at all, the timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object that vibrates or oscillates at a particular frequency. This object can be a pendulum, a fork, a quartz crystal. Analog clocks usually indicate time using angles, Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display formats are used on digital clocks, 24-hour notation. Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms and LCD, LED, or VFD displays, for convenience, distance, telephony or blindness, auditory clocks present the time as sounds. There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by using the sense of touch, some of these are similar to normal analog displays, but are constructed so the hands can be felt without damaging them. The evolution of the technology of clocks continues today, the study of timekeeping is known as horology. The apparent position of the Sun in the sky moves over the course of a day, shadows cast by stationary objects move correspondingly, so their positions can be used to indicate the time of day. A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface, sundials can be horizontal, vertical, or in other orientations
18.
Glazed architectural terra-cotta
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Glazed architectural terra-cotta is a ceramic masonry building material used as a decorative skin. It has been popular in the United States from the late 19th century until the 1930s and it is the glazed version of architectural terra-cotta, the material in both its glazed and unglazed versions is sturdy and relatively inexpensive, and can be molded into richly ornamented detail. Glazed terra-cotta played a significant role in architectural styles such as the Chicago School, buildings incorporating glazed terra-cotta include the Woolworth Building in New York City and the Wrigley Building in Chicago. Glazed architectural terra-cotta offered a modular, varied and relatively inexpensive approach to wall and it was particularly adaptable to vigorous and rich ornamental detailing. It was created by Luca della Robbia, and was used in most of his works, terra-cotta is an enriched molded clay brick or block. It was usually hollow cast in blocks which were open in the back, webbing substantially strengthened the hollow blocks with minimal weight increase. The blocks were finished with a glaze, with a wash or an aqueous solution of metal salts. Late 19th century advertising for the material promoted the durable, impervious and it could accommodate subtle nuances of modeling, texture and color. Compared to stone, it was easier to handle, quickly set, the cost of producing the blocks, when compared to carving stone, was a considerable saving, especially when casts were used in a modular fashion—that is, used repeatedly. It never needed paint, and periodic washings restored its appearance, variations in the color and pattern of the glaze could make it look like granite or limestone, this flexibility helped make it attractive for architects. Four major types of terra-cotta were widely used Brownstone was the earliest type, fireproof was developed as a direct result of the growth of the high rise building in America. Cheap, light and fireproof, the hollow blocks were ideally suited to span the I-beam members in floor, wall. Certain varieties are still in production today, veneer was developed during the 1930s and is still used today. Unlike traditional architectural terra-cotta, ceramic veneer is not hollow cast and it is a veneer of glazed ceramic tile which is ribbed on the back like bathroom tile and usually attached to a grid of metal ties which have been anchored to the building. Glazed architectural terra-cotta was the most complex building material developed, the hollow units were hand cast in molds or carved in clay and heavily glazed, then fired. This is the associated with the architecture of Cass Gilbert, Louis Sullivan. It was the last exclusive manufacturer of architectural terra cotta by the time it ceased production in 1966, from its founding in time to rebuild the fire-ravished city of Chicago until its closing, it was the major producer of architectural glazed terra cotta in North America. Guastavino tile was used in places, including the Bridgemarket under the Manhattan side of the Queensboro Bridge
19.
Air conditioning
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Air conditioning is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity. Air conditioning can be used in domestic and commercial environments. Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the air to an occupied space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort. The cooling is achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be based on desiccants and subterraneous pipes that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling. In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air, in common usage, though, air conditioning refers to systems which cool air. In construction, a system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation. Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling, the business of harvesting ice during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century. This practice was replaced by mechanical ice-making machines, the basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window and this process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of houses to cool them. Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season. The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han Dynasty invented a fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m in diameter. During the subsequent Song Dynasty, written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used, in the 17th century, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated Turning Summer into Winter for James I of England by adding salt to water. The introduction of air conditioning in the 1920s helped enable the great migration to the Sun Belt in the United States. In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a professor at Cambridge University. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of volatile liquids could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object and they lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C while the ambient temperature was 18 °C
20.
Beginning of the End (film)
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Beginning of the End is a 1957 American science fiction film directed by Bert I. Gordon starring Peter Graves, Peggie Castle and Morris Ankrum. The film is about an agricultural scientist who has successfully grown gigantic vegetables using radiation, unfortunately, the vegetables are then eaten by locusts, which grow to gigantic size and attack the nearby city of Chicago. The film is recognized for its atrocious special effects and considered to be one of the most poorly written. The film opens with newspaper photojournalist Audrey Aimes accidentally stumbling upon a town which has been inexplicably destroyed. All 150 people in the town are missing, and the evidence indicates they are dead, incredibly, the local fields are also barren, as if a swarm of locusts had eaten all the crops. She meets Dr. Ed Wainwright, who is experimenting with radiation as a means of growing gigantic fruits, Dr. Wainwright reports that there have been a number of mysterious incidents nearby, and that locusts have eaten all the radioactive wheat stored in a nearby grain silo. Gigantic mutant locusts rampage over the countryside, Dr. Wainwright and Ms. Aimes begin to track down the source of the mysterious occurrences, and quickly discover that the locusts which ate the grain have grown to the size of a city bus. The monsters have eaten all the crops in the area, and it is also clear that they are headed for the city of Chicago. Wainwright and Aimes meet with General Hanson, Colonel Sturgeon, machine gun and artillery fire seem ineffective against the creatures, and there are far too many to effectively deal with all at once. The United States Army and Illinois National Guard are called upon to protect the city. But the monsters quickly invade Chicago, and begin to feast on human flesh as well as several buildings, General Hanson concludes that the only way to destroy the beasts en masse is to use a nuclear weapon and destroy Chicago. However, Dr. Wainwright realizes that the locusts are warm-weather creatures and he concludes that he might be able to lure the locusts into Lake Michigan. There, the water will incapacitate them, and they will drown. The lure itself will be a decoy locust mating call, generated electronically with test-tone oscillators, the plan is put into effect, and it works at the last possible moment. The monstrous locusts drown, but Dr. Wainwright and Ms. Aimes wonder if other insects or animals might have eaten other radioactive crops and they ponder whether the whole world might be facing an attack of monstrous creatures. Peter Graves as Dr. Ed Wainwright Peggie Castle as Audrey Aimes Morris Ankrum as Gen, by one film historians count, the modern era of science fiction film began in 1951 with the release of The Day the Earth Stood Still and When Worlds Collide. In 1952, King Kong was re-released theatrically, King Kong proved immensely popular, holding its own against new releases such as Cecil B. DeMilles The Greatest Show on Earth, King Kong earned $2 million to $3 million that year, roughly double the box office gross of its initial release and making the re-release very highly profitable for RKO Pictures
21.
Groupon
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Groupon is an American worldwide e-commerce marketplace connecting millions of subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in more than 28 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched in November 2008, by October 2010 Groupon was available in 150 cities in North America and 100 cities in Europe, Asia and South America, and had 35 million registered users. By the end of March 2015, Groupon served more than 500 cities worldwide, nearly 48.1 million active customers, the idea for Groupon was created by now-ousted CEO and Pittsburgh native Andrew Mason. The idea subsequently gained the attention of his employer, Eric Lefkofsky. In April 2010, the company was valued at $1.35 billion, in its first earnings release as a public company, Groupon reported a 2011 fourth-quarter loss of $9.8 million on an adjusted basis, disappointing investors. Additional investor concern arose after the company restated 2011 revenues downward in March 2012, the idea that would eventually become Groupon was born out of founder Andrew Masons frustration trying to cancel a cell phone contract in 2006. Mason thought that there must be some way to large number of peoples collective bargaining power. In 2007 Mason launched The Point, a web based on the tipping point principle that would utilize social media to get people together to accomplish a goal. The Point was intended to organize people around some sort of cause or goal and it gained only modest traction in Chicago, until a group of users decided their cause would be saving money. They wanted to round up people to buy the product in order to receive a group discount. Founder Eric Lefkofsky wanted the company to pivot in order to focus entirely on group buying, born from The Point, Groupon was launched in November 2008. The name Groupon is a blend of “group” and “coupon”, Groupons first deal was a half-price offer for pizzas at Motel Bar, a restaurant on the first floor of its building in Chicago. The decision to focus on group buying proved wise, in just a year and a half, Groupon grew from a staff of a few dozen to over 350. Revenue and Booking also grew swiftly and the company was valued at over $1 billion after just 16 months in business, fueled by its rapid growth, Groupon went public on November 4,2011. It was the biggest IPO by an Internet company since Google in 2004, prior to the companys fifth anniversary, the Groupon website was completely redesigned and new features were added in November 2013. According to the SVP of product management, the website was designed for a deal of the day. Following the website relaunch, the company rewarded a random selection of one million customers on November 20,2013 with up to US$5,000 worth of Groupon bucks, black Friday and Cyber Monday were the two biggest days in Groupons North American history. Following Amazon. coms December announcement on drone delivery, Groupon reacted with a plan for Groupon catapults, on December 29,2014, Groupons shares rose by 1. 4% after it was reported that Goldman Sachs was weighing an investment in one of the daily deal company’s units
22.
Eric Lefkofsky
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Eric Paul Lefkofsky is an American entrepreneur. He is co-founder and CEO of Tempus and he is also the co-founder and chairman of Groupon, co-founder of Echo Global Logistics, InnerWorkings, Mediaocean, and Uptake. He is also a co-founder of Chicago-based venture capital firm, Lightbank, Lefkofsky grew up in Southfield, Michigan, the son of Bill, a structural engineer, and Sandy, a school teacher. He has a brother, Steven, an attorney practicing in Michigan, after graduating from Southfield-Lathrup High School in 1987, Lefkofsky attended the University of Michigan and graduated with honors in 1991. He continued on at University of Michigan Law School to receive his Juris Doctor in 1993, Lefkofsky began his career selling carpet at the University of Michigan. After law school, in 1993, he and a friend, Brad Keywell, borrowed money from relatives to buy an apparel company in Madison. In 1999, Lefkofsky and Keywell created an early Internet company called Starbelly that specialized in promotional products, Starbelly experienced rapid pre-bubble Internet growth and was sold to Halo Industries in January 2000. Lefkofsky joined Halo to become chief operating officer, a little more than a year later, the company went bankrupt. Halo and Starbelly faced multiple lawsuits from shareholders, all of which were resolved by 2004, after Starbelly, Lefkofsky, co-founded InnerWorkings in the fall of 2001. InnerWorkings provided print procurement services for mid-sized companies and achieved solid year-over-year growth, in August 2006, InnerWorkings had a successful initial public offering in the U. S. stock market. Lefkofsky was on the board of directors of InnerWorkings until October 2012, in February 2005, Lefkofsky and Keywell created a freight logistics company called Echo Global Logistics. Echo attracted series D financing from New Enterprise Associates, one of the largest technology investors in the country, Echo Global Logistics went public on the NASDAQ under the symbol ECHO and is now successfully being traded. In June 2006, Lefkofsky and Keywell founded MediaBank, a technology company. MediaBank provides advertising buyers with planning, buying, accounting and analysis software, in June 2007, MediaBank acquired Datatech, one of the leading media planning and procurement platforms in the advertising industry. In July 2007, New Enterprise Associates invested in MediaBank, in February 2012, the US Department of Justice approved a merger between MediaBank and Donovan Data Systems to create a single company, Mediaocean, in a deal estimated at $1.5 billion. In January 2007, Lefkofsky co-founded and provided $1,000,000 in funding for ThePoint. com, New Enterprise Associates led an early stage investment round in ThePoint. In late 2008, The Point changed its name to Groupon. com, in October 2009, Groupon raised $30 million from Accel Partners and New Enterprise Associates. In April 2010, Digital Sky Technology and Battery Ventures invested $135 million in Groupon at a valuation of $1.35 billion, in August 2010, Forbes reported that Groupon is the fastest growing company in history
23.
Walgreens
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The Walgreen Company is an American company which operates as the second-largest pharmacy store chain in the United States behind CVS Health. It specializes in filling prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, as of August 31,2016, the company operated 8,175 stores in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands. It was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1901, the Walgreens headquarters office is in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois. In 2014, the agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own to form a global business. Under the terms of the purchase, the two merged to form a new holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. on December 31,2014. Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company, which retains its Deerfield headquarters, Walgreens began in 1901, with a drug store on the corner of Bowen Ave and Cottage Grove in Chicago, owned by Galesburg native Charles R. Walgreen, Sr. By 1913, Walgreens had grown to four stores on Chicagos South Side and it opened its fifth in 1915, and four more in 1916. By 1919, there were 20 stores in the chain, as a result of alcohol prohibition, the 1920s was a successful time for Walgreens. Although alcohol was illegal, prescription whiskey was available and sold by Walgreens, in 1922, the company introduced a malted milkshake, which led to its establishing ice cream manufacturing plants. The next year, Walgreen began opening stores away from residential areas, in the mid-1920s, there were 44 stores with annual sales of $1,200,000. Walgreens had expanded into Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, by 1930, it had 397 stores with annual sales of US$4,000,000. This expansion partly was attributed to selling alcohol, mainly whiskey, the stock market crash in October 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression did not greatly affect the company. In 1934, Walgreens was operating in 30 states with 601 stores, after Charles Walgreen, Sr. died in 1939, his son Charles R. Walgreen took over the chain until his retirement. The Charles R. Walgreen years were prosperous, but lacked the massive expansion seen in the early part of the century. Charles Cork R. Walgreen III took over after Walgreen Jr. s retirement in the early 1950s, the Walgreen family was not involved in senior management of the company for a short time following Walgreen IIIs retirement. In 1986, it acquired the MediMart chain from Stop & Shop, in 1995, Kevin P. Walgreen was made a vice-president and promoted to Senior Vice President - Store Operations in 2006. On July 12,2006, David Bernauer stepped down as CEO of Walgreens, greg Wasson, former President of Walgreens Health Services, was named President and Chief Operations Officer. On October 10,2008, Rein abruptly quit as CEO, replaced by Alan G. McNally as Chairman, on January 26,2009, Gregory Wasson was named CEO, effective February 1,2009
24.
Lego Architecture
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Lego Architecture is a sub-brand and product range of the Lego construction toy, which aims to “celebrate the past, present and future of architecture through the Lego Brick”. Adam Reed Tucker earned a degree in architecture at Kansas State University in 1996, while there, he sought a method to join his two passions of art and architecture, and hit upon the idea of using Lego bricks. From this, he founded Brickstructures, Inc. and began to design and his work was noticed by the Lego Group, and together they formed a partnership to release some of his models as commercially available Lego sets under the Lego Architecture brand. Sets in the product line contain a booklet, that – besides the build instructions – also include various information. By the beginning of 2010, six sets had been released in the range, within the Landmark Series are models of the Sears Tower, John Hancock Center, the Empire State Building, and the Seattle Space Needle. Within the Architect Series are models of the Guggenheim Museum and Fallingwater, in the beginning of July 2010, a seventh set, the White House, was released. An eighth set was released in November 2010, New Yorks Rockefeller Center, the ninth set, Farnsworth House, was released in April 2011. A tenth set, The Burj Khalifa, was released in June 2011, the Willis Tower was also released in 2011, this kit was a re-issue of the original Sears Tower kit, the only change was the printed tile to reflect the buildings renaming. An eleventh and twelfth set, the Robie House and the Brandenburg Gate were released in September 2011, in January 2012, it was announced that the next Architecture set would be 21012 Sydney Opera House. The set was released in March 2012, in June 2012, Big Ben was released. In July 2012, the Namdaemun Gate was released, in September 2012, the Villa Savoye was released. The Eames House was scheduled and then canceled, as it never came out as a set, in June 2013, the Leaning Tower of Pisa was announced for the Lego Architecture series. Its set number replaced the original Eames House after it was canceled, united Nations Headquarters came out next. In October 2013, Marina Bay Sands and the Eiffel Tower were both announced, the product range has been reviewed favourably by many commentators. Journalist Jenny Williams said The scale on these kits is pretty small, though, but creating with Lego bricks is quite a fun way to pay homage to great architects
25.
Kronos Incorporated
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Kronos was founded in 1977 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumnus Mark S. Ain. Under Mark Ains leadership, Kronos sustained one of the longest records of growth, Ains brother, Aron Ain, succeeded him as chief executive officer in 2005 with Mark Ain becoming executive chairman of the Board of Directors. Originally a manufacturer of clocks, the majority of Kronos revenue is now derived from software. The company provides cloud applications for management and human capital management, as well as consulting, education. In March 2007, Kronos was bought out for US$1.74 billion by the lead investor Hellman & Friedman, in 2014, private equity firms Blackstone and GIC invested in Kronos alongside Hellman & Friedman and JMI Equity. The charge was brought by a job applicant against Kroger Food Co. who did not hire the job applicant. The Five Factor Model is a model of personality. In the dimensional models of personality disorders, personality disorders are classified according to which characteristics are expressed at which levels. Second, the tests must be administered without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, third, the tests must be routinely reviewed to be sure that they continue to be non-discriminatory as applied and from an adverse impact standpoint. Kronos contends that its assessments are compliant with all applicable requirements
26.
Architecture of Chicago
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The buildings and architecture of Chicago have influenced and reflected the history of American architecture. The built environment of Chicago is reflective of the history and multicultural heritage. Since most structures within the area were destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 Chicago buildings are noted for their originality rather than their antiquity. Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s and these were among the first modern skyscrapers. However, the Montauk Building, designed by John Wellborn Root Sr. shankland, and modern contractors, in particular George A. Fuller. Louis Sullivan was perhaps the citys most philosophical architect, realizing that the skyscraper represented a new form of architecture, he discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This new form of architecture, by Jenney, Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became known as the Commercial Style, but it was called the Chicago School by later historians. In 1892, the Masonic Temple surpassed the New York World Building, breaking its two-year reign as the tallest skyscraper, since 1963, a Second Chicago School emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan were also influential in this movement, in particular his introduction of a new system of framed tubes in skyscraper design. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1966, numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago. Among them are the so-called Chicago seven, James Ingo Freed, Tom Beeby, Larry Booth, Stuart Cohen, James Nagle, Stanley Tigerman and it is true that the White City represented anything other than its host citys architecture. Sullivans comments should be viewed in the context of his relationship with Burnham. Chicago is well known for its wealth of art, including works by such artistic heavyweights as Chagall, Picasso, Miró. City sculptures additionally honor the people and topics reflecting the rich history of Chicago. In the 21st century, Chicago has become an urban focus for landscape architecture. Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie School influenced both building design and the design of furnishings, in the early half of the 20th century, popular residential neighborhoods were developed with Chicago Bungalow style houses, many of which still exist. Ludwig Mies van der Rohes Illinois Institute of Technology campus in Chicago influenced the later Modern or International style, van der Rohes work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School. Many organizations, notably Preservation Chicago and Landmarks Illinois are devoted to promoting the preservation of historic neighborhoods, Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values and urban decline as other major cities
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Aon Center (Chicago)
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With 83 floors and a height of 1,136 feet, it is the third tallest building in Chicago, surpassed in height by the Willis Tower and the Trump International Hotel and Tower. The building is managed by Jones Lang LaSalle, which is headquartered in the building. Aon Center formerly had the headquarters of Aon and Amoco, Aons US operations are headquartered here. The Standard Oil Building was constructed as the new headquarters of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, when it was completed in 1974 it was the tallest building in Chicago and the fourth-tallest in the world, earning it the nickname Big Stan. The building employs a tubular steel-framed structural system with V-shaped perimeter columns to resist earthquakes, reduce sway, minimize column bending and this construction method was also used for the former World Trade Center towers in New York City. When completed, it was the worlds tallest marble-clad building, being sheathed entirely with 43,000 slabs of Italian Carrara marble, the marble used was thinner than previously attempted in cladding a building, this quickly proved to be a mistake. On December 25,1973, during construction a 350-pound marble slab detached from the façade, in 1985, inspection found numerous cracks and bowing in the marble cladding of the building. To alleviate the problem, stainless steel straps were added to hold the marble in place, later, from 1990 to 1992, the entire building was refaced with Mount Airy white granite at an estimated cost of over $80 million. The buildings facade now somewhat resembles that of the former World Trade Center due to the flow of the columns. The Standard Oil Building was renamed the Amoco Building when the company changed names in 1985, in 1998, Amoco sold the building to The Blackstone Group for an undisclosed amount, estimated to be between $430 and $440 million. It was renamed as the Aon Center on December 30,1999, in May 2003, Wells Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. acquired the building for between $465 and $475 million. In recent years, the top floors of the building have been lit at night with colors to reflect a particular season or holiday, orange is used for Thanksgiving, green or red for Christmas, and pink during National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The lighting commonly matches the nighttime lighting on the antenna of Willis Tower, the John Hancock Center, in the plaza, there is a sounding sculpture by Harry Bertoia
28.
Franklin Center (Chicago)
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The Franklin Center is a 60-story supertall skyscraper completed in 1989 as the AT&T Corporate Center to consolidate the central region headquarters of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. It stands at a height of 1,007 ft and contains 1,700,000 sq ft in the Loop neighborhood of downtown Chicago. It is located two blocks east of the Chicago River and northeast of the Willis Tower with an address of 227 West Monroe Street. In the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, the supertall building is the tallest constructed in Chicago in the last quarter of the 20th century. It is the 5th tallest building in Chicago and the 13th tallest in the United States and it contains office and retail space and a 350-space garage. Tishman Speyer acquired the property in 2004 and renamed the adjacent USG Building as Franklin Center in 2007 after USG relocated its offices, the name was later applied to the entire complex. A1982 consent decree split the American Telephone & Telegraph Company monopoly into several entities with local service providers becoming part of a Regional Bell Operating Company, in the decade that followed, AT&T erected new buildings across the country including the AT&T Building in New York City. April 5,1985, AT&T issued a request for proposals that produced eleven respondents, Stein and Co. the winning realtor, sought Skidmore, Owings and Merrill as designers for the purpose of distinguishing a proposal from the nearby Willis Tower. AT&T employees began to occupy the office space April 3,1989, the building was built under a self-imposed comprehensive minority contracting and affirmative action package that met the citys 1985 30% hiring rule for public sector projects. Chicago mayor Harold Washingtons administration had passed an edict that 30% of the work for public sector projects be set aside for minority, in a show of support for this rule, Stein & Co. and AT&T adopted the rule for their private development. Designed by Adrian D. Smith of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the buildings form features setbacks at the 15th, 30th and 45th floors. Designed in the architectural style, it is a granite-clad steel-framed building resting on pile foundations. The structure is characterized by vertical lines, spiked roof pinnacles, granite cladding. The granite is a red color at the base. Above the 5th floor, the lighter rose-beige granite is protected by silk-screened aluminum panels, the building relies on Gothic detailing to showcase verticality. The buildings verticality evokes images of 1920s buildings, and the sturdiness of the structure is reminiscent of the Chicago Board of Trade Building, in addition to its design, the building relies on its location at the farthest corner from the Willis Tower to set it apart. The Otis elevators are spanned by a series of neo-deco light bands extending wall to wall, the building boasts two public lobbies and a mezzanine-level lobby. The lobbies are among the most lavish in Chicago, and they are all decorated with patterned marble floors and walls, bronze, gold-leaf oak trim, and stylized lighting fixtures
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Two Prudential Plaza
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Two Prudential Plaza is a 64-story skyscraper that was built in the Loop area of Chicago, Illinois, United States in 1990. At 995 feet tall, it is currently the sixth-tallest building in Chicago, the building is also currently the tallest building in the world that is under 1000 feet tall. The building was designed by the firm Loebl, Schlossman & Hackl and it has been honored with 8 awards, including winning the Best Structure Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois in 1995. At the time of completion Two Prudential was the worlds tallest reinforced concrete building and its distinctive shape features stacked chevron setbacks on the north and south sides, a pyramidal peak rotated 45°, and an 80-foot spire. The building is attached to One Prudential Plaza, without its spire, the buildings height is still slightly greater than that of One Prudential Plazas pinnacle. The Consulate-General of Canada in Chicago is located in Suite 2400, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office of the Republic of China is on the 57th and 58th floors of the building. C. Frederick Wehba, BentleyForbes Official Site Official website Two Prudential Plaza on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Emporis entry for Two Prudential Plaza
30.
Willis Tower
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The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as Sears Tower, is a 108-story,1, 450-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building is considered an achievement for its architect Fazlur Kahn. The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States, more than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicagos most popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the towers space, the buildings official address is 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicagos Loop. Sears asked its counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow to suggest a location. This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained, the next step was to acquire the property, a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel. Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square tubes, all nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, at the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end, the remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor. The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khans bundled tube structure and this innovative design was structurally efficient and economic, at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area. This structural system would prove influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the worlds tallest building, to honor Khans contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive. Smaller floorplates required a structure to yield sufficient square footage. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration to protect air traffic, the financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts, Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971
31.
35 East Wacker
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It was built from 1925 to 1927, and was co-designed by Joachim G. Giaver and Frederick P. Dinkelberg. It was once considered to be the tallest building in the world outside of New York City, for its first 14 years, the building had a car lift that served the first 23 floors and facilitated safe transfers for jewelry merchants. Currently, the French-American Chamber of Commerce in Chicago is a tenant, and the showroom of architect Helmut Jahn is atop the building inside the dome, the building is currently being renovated, with the facade being maintained, but the interiors converted into a more modern configuration. Both the Chicago chapter of the American Institute of Architects and the City of Chicago have recognized the project with awards. Mercury Records Feeding America The building is featured in scenes of the 2005 film Batman Begins. The 2011 film Transformers, Dark of the Moon features a climax set atop the building, in 2012, episode 2 of the first season of United States of America on the American History Channel featured the buildings historic elevator, made by the Otis Elevator Company. The building is shown in the TV series The Good Wife as the location of the law firm Lockhart/Gardner, emergency Call Ambulance, Arcade racing videogame - the player drives by this building in the third case. In the game however, a gas station that has no relation to reality, is located at the bottom of this building
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55 East Erie Street
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55 East Erie is an all-residential skyscraper in Chicago. The design called for flying buttresses around the penthouse, which were eventually dropped. Early on, the building was envisioned as much taller in order to house a Mandarin Oriental hotel,55 East Erie has 194 residential units, including seven floors of split story penthouse homes. The building also features four “Skyhomes, ” each a unique four story townhome with its own elevator, amenities for residents include a swimming pool, fitness center, mens and womens locker rooms each with their own steam room, and a hospitality room
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77 West Wacker Drive
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77 West Wacker Drive, previously the United Building, is an office building in the Loop, Chicago. Finished in 1992, the rises to a height of 668 ft with around 944,000 square feet of interior space. The building, with 50 floors, was designed by Ricardo Bofill and it was formerly known as the RR Donnelley Building when the RR Donnelley printing company was the primary tenant. RR Donnelley moved its headquarters to a different location in May 2005. The deal included naming rights to the building and this was the world headquarters of Chicago-based United Airlines and its parent company, United Continental Holdings. It also served as the headquarters for United Continental subsidiary Continental Airlines until its certificate was merged with United on November 30,2011, archer Daniels Midland moved its headquarters to the building in August 2014 from Decatur, Illinois. The building has a newsletter called FOCUS, published by Prime Group Realty Trust, brokers who were familiar with the lease negotiations stated that Sears was trying to keep Keck, Mahin & Cate in the building. Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move into 77 West Wacker, in 1991, RR Donnelley leased 215,000 square feet on floors 9 through 19 for its world headquarters, and Kemper Securities leased 150,000 square feet. With the lease deals concluded,77 West Wacker had 86% of its tenant space occupied, jerry C. Davis of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the remaining space would be too small for some prospective tenants. Davis added that the leases to RR Donnelley and Kemper significantly altered the complexion of the office market. In 2004, RR Donnelley signed a letter of intent to move out of 77 West Wacker, during the same year, McGuireWoods extended its lease by 8 years, changing the end date from December 31,2010 to December 31,2018. In addition, McGuireWoods expanded its space, effective February 1,2004. The company gained an extra 65,756 square feet of space in addition to its existing 67,819 square feet, as a result of the lease expansion of McGuireWoods, as of February 2004,77 West Wacker was 92. 2% leased. In 2004, the lease of the firm Jones Day of 138,764 square feet in 77 West Wacker was extended by 15 years, with the end date changed from September 30,2007 to September 30,2022. In 2006, Microsoft extended the term of its lease and expanded its space to 12,391 square feet. During the same year, Greenberg Traurig agreed to expand its lease by 22,565 square feet, in 2006, United Airlines agreed to move its 350 executives and some staff members from its Elk Grove Township campus to 77 West Wacker. On August 13,2012, United Continental Holdings announced its intention to again relocate its world headquarters. The company vacated their current offices at 77 W. Wacker with the future of the building left unknown
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111 South Wacker Drive
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111 South Wacker Drive is an office tower located in Chicago. Completed in 2005 at 681 feet, the 51 story blue-glass structure is one of the tallest in the city and it sits on the site of the former U. S. Gypsum Building, one of the tallest buildings in Chicago to be demolished, designed by Lohan Caprille Goettsch Architects, the building is noted for its unique parking ramp. The ramps cyclical form creates a dramatic sloped ceiling for the main lobby underneath. The ramps corkscrew design is reflected outside as well, the pavement follows the lines set inside. The building is noteworthy for its sustainable design, becoming the first-ever project to be certified LEED-CS Gold by the U. S. Green Building Council. The original design called for a more extreme building and this 35 story,638 foot tower would utilize many of the existing caissons of the former U. S. The bulk of the building would be supported by a 120-foot base and 20 large diagonal braces connected from the corners of the base to the bottom of the office structure, the effect would have been a nearly symmetrical shape and a building that seemingly looked unstable. The minimalistic lobby would have been enclosed in glass and left space for a plaza with artwork. The plan was abandoned with the current design chosen instead. Tenants in the building include Deloitte, RR Donnelley, Harbor Funds, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, Bloomberg, Grippo & Elden LLC, Houlihan Lokey, and Locke Lord LLP. Shelbourne Development, the firm behind the Chicago Spire, had 6, 700-square-foot of office space on the 50th floor but vacated their offices in 2010 due to a dispute over $27,600 in unpaid rent
35.
181 West Madison Street
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181 West Madison Street is a skyscraper located in Chicago. Built in 1990, the building is 680 feet tall and contains 50 floors and it is architect Cesar Pellis first and only completed tower in the city. The glassy office towers most distinctive feature is its recessed crown, the top of the building is illuminated white at the corners, as well as other various colors depending on the holiday. In 1989, the combination of developer and architect envisioned the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle nearby. The 2,000 foot and 125 story building would have been the tallest skyscraper in the world if completed, but plans were scrapped because of a sluggish real estate market
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311 South Wacker Drive
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311 South Wacker Drive in Chicago, USA, is a post-modern 65-story skyscraper completed in 1990. At 961 feet tall, it is the seventh tallest building in Chicago and it was once the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. Until 2015,311 South Wacker was also the tallest building in the world only by its street address. The lower level of the garden was designed for a possible connection via underground passageway to Chicago Union Station. The building also contains three levels of underground parking, the building contains both retail and commercial tenants. The lobby is a two-level 85-foot -tall glass-ceilinged winter garden and it used to have palm trees, still has a fountain, and is supported by a steel structure influenced by the Chicago L tracks and bridges. It was envisioned as a link or pedestrian station serving as a connection from the nearby Union Station through a disused streetcar tunnel under the South Branch of the Chicago River. Raymond Kaskeys bronze sculpture Gem of the Lakes looks over the garden from the Wacker entrance, the top of the building is a 105-foot -tall translucent cylinder, surrounded by four other smaller cylinders, which was inspired by the massing of the Tribune Tower. This makes it among the most visible Chicago skyscrapers at night, the five cylinders on top are lit at night by 1,852 fluorescent tubes, and a lantern at the top changes colors for various holidays and special events. 311 South Wacker is surrounded to the northwest by an area, commonly used as a lounging and public lunch area during warm months. This park is used to host local farmer markets, musical events, to the southwest is a parking lot. This land was originally to be occupied by two towers that were never developed due to office market conditions
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330 North Wabash
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330 North Wabash is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States, at 330 N. Wabash Avenue, designed by famed architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A small bust of the architect by sculptor Marino Marini is displayed in the lobby, the 52-story building is situated on a plaza overlooking the Chicago River. At 695 feet,330 North Wabash is the second-tallest building by Mies van der Rohe and it was his last American building. The buildings original corporate namesake no longer owns nor has offices in the building, IBM sold IBM Plaza to the Blackstone Group in 1996. IBM all but completed its move out of IBM Plaza as of early 2006, current major tenants are the American Medical Association, Langham Chicago managed by Langham Hotels International, and law firm Latham & Watkins. The former IBM Plaza has several features that are rare in an office building. The buildings electrical system, environmental system, floor strength, also, the banked intelligent elevator system is a model of efficiency and rarely keeps anyone waiting for service. IBM Plaza stayed dry during the 1992 Chicago Flood, in 2007, plans were announced to convert floors two through thirteen of the 52-story building into a high-end hotel. The Langham, Chicago which opened in 2013, occupying floors two through thirteen, the Langham Hotel in the building was named the best hotel in the United States by US News in 2017. The building was declared a Chicago Landmark on February 6,2008 and it is also the newest building in Chicago in terms of age on both lists. On December 9,2011, the American Medical Association announced it would move its headquarters, the move occurred in September 2013 and the building was renamed AMA Plaza
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333 North Michigan
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333 North Michigan is an Art Deco skyscraper located in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois in the United States. Architecturally, it is noted for its dramatic upper-level setbacks that were inspired by the 1923 skyscraper zoning laws. Geographically, it is known as one of the four 1920s flanks of the Michigan Avenue Bridge that are contributing properties to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District, the building was designed by Holabird & Roche/Holabird & Root and completed in 1928. It is 396 feet tall, and has 34 storeys and it was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 7,1997. It is located on the quarter mile stretch of Michigan Avenue between the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the Magnificent Mile. Designed by John Wellborn Root, Jr, the building was such a success that Holabird and Root took commercial residence there. The buildings long and slender design optimized use of natural lighting, the buildings interior represents Prohibition era modernism, especially its Art Deco Tavern club. The building is embellished by a marble base, ornamental bands, and reliefs depicting frontiersmen and Native Americans at Fort Dearborn. The Blackhawks Store is located on the level of Michigan Avenue. Fannie May is located on the level of Michigan Avenue. The Consulate-General of Pakistan in Chicago is in Suite 728, psychemedics Corporation, the worlds leading drug testing company using hair to detect drugs of abuse, is located in Suite 1026
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340 on the Park
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340 on the Park is a residential tower in the Lakeshore East development of the neighborhood of New Eastside/ East Loop Chicago and was completed in 2007. The building briefly surpassed 55 East Erie as the tallest all-residential building in Chicago and it is currently the second tallest all-residential building in Chicago at 672 feet with 62 floors. The architectural firm Solomon Cordwell Buenz designed the tower and it was built by Magellan Development, the structural engineering firm Magnusson Klemencic Associates designed the building using Post-Tensioning in order increase the floor-to-ceiling heights. James McHugh Construction Co installed post tensioning tendons supplied by Amsysco Inc, the tower is located in the Lakeshore East complex which, when completed, will house thousands of residents. 340 on the Park is set next to Randolph Street, allowing unobstructed views of Millennium Park, Grant Park, The Park at Lakeshore East. The towers design also allows for buildings to maintain some views of the park. 340 on the Park has also become the first residential tower in the Midwestern United States to achieve Silver LEED certification for its green design, the north side of the building is contoured so that views from The Buckingham next to the building are not interfered with. Residents of 340 on the Park will be zoned to schools in the Chicago Public Schools, ogden School Wells Community Academy High School. Official 340 On the Park website Solomon Cordwell Buenz website
40.
500 West Madison
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500 West Madison is a 42 story, 588-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. Located between Clinton and Canal Streets on Madison Street, the structure was designed by the architecture firm Murphy/Jahn in a late modernist style, the building contains retail shopping and offices, and is connected to the platforms of Ogilvie Transportation Center. Orbitz Worldwide maintains its headquarters in the building, on three floors. List of buildings List of skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States Worlds tallest structures Citigroup Center
41.
900 North Michigan
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900 North Michigan in Chicago is a skyscraper completed in 1989. At 871 feet tall, it is currently the eighth tallest building in Chicago and it was developed by Urban Retail Properties in 1988 as an upscale sister to Water Tower Place, one block southeast, and was the second vertical mall built along the Magnificent Mile. The building features a large, upscale shopping mall called 900 North Michigan Shops, Bloomingdales occupies the rear of its wide, six-story atrium, with other luxury shops and restaurants filling the remaining spaces. For this reason, it is referred to as the Bloomingdales Building. The mall opened with Henri Bendel as a junior anchor, offices originally occupied floors 8-29, but floors 21-29 were converted to condo units in 2007, leaving offices on floors 8-20. The luxurious Four Seasons Hotel occupies the middle floors of the tower, floors 47-66 are part of the 132 East Delaware Residences, these 106 condominiums were part of the original building plan. A large 12-story parking garage, with retail on the ground level, the exterior of the tower is clad in limestone and green glass which reflects the light. The building has a skeleton on which a concrete frame was erected for the upper floors. Because the building changed, cranes used to work on the lower floors could not be used for the concrete portion. Four lit lanterns atop the structure give it a distinctive skyline presence and they change colors for the Christmas season
