1.
High-speed rail
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High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design, only in Europe does HSR cross international borders. China has 22,000 kilometres of HSR as of end December 2016, while high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. Multiple definitions for high-speed rail are in use worldwide, the European Union Directive 96/48/EC, Annex 1 defines high-speed rail in terms of, Infrastructure, track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel. Minimum Speed Limit, Minimum speed of 250 km/h on lines built for high speed. This must apply to at least one section of the line, Rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km/h to be considered high speed. Operating conditions, Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service, category II – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h. Category III – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h, the UIC prefers to use definitions because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms. They make use of the European EC Directive 96/48, stating that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the system, infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions. The International Union of Railways states that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km/h in commercial service but are not considered to be high-speed trains. These include the French SNCF Intercités and German DB IC, National domestic standards may vary from the international ones. Railways were the first form of land transportation and had an effective monopoly on passenger traffic until the development of the motor car. Speed had always been an important factor for railroads and they tried to achieve higher speeds. The line used three-phase current at 10 kilovolts and 45 Hz, on 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206.7 km/h and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved 210.2 km/h. These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail, however, after the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with traffic at grade crossings. The physical laws were well-known, i. e. if the speed was doubled, the radius should be quadrupled
2.
Hubei
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Hubei is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the Central China region. The name of the province north of the lake, referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital is Wuhan, a major thoroughfare and the political, cultural. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, the high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province. The Hubei region was home to sophisticated Neolithic cultures, by the Spring and Autumn period, the territory of todays Hubei was part of the powerful State of Chu. During the Warring States period Chu became the major adversary of the upstart State of Qin to the northwest, which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued, Chu lost more and more land, first its dominance over the Sichuan Basin, then its heartland, which correspond to modern Hubei. In 223 BC Qin chased down the remnants of the Chu regime, Qin founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the first unified state in the region. Qin was succeeded by the Han dynasty in 206 BC, which established the province of Jingzhou in what is now Hubei, the Qin and Han played an active role in the agricultural colonization of Hubei, maintaining a system of river dikes to protect farmland from summer floods. Towards the end of the Han Dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century, the incursion of northern nomadic peoples into the region at the beginning of the 4th century began nearly three centuries of division into a nomad-ruled north and a Han Chinese-ruled south. Hubei, to the South, remained under southern rule for this entire period, until the unification of China by the Sui dynasty in 589. After the Tang dynasty disintegrated in the 10th century, Hubei came under the control of several regional regimes, Jingnan in the center, Wu to the east, and the Five Dynasties to the north. The Song dynasty reunified the region in 982 and placed most of Hubei into Jinghubei Circuit, Mongols conquered the region in 1279, and under their rule the province of Huguang was established, covering Hubei, Hunan, and parts of Guangdong and Guangxi. The Ming dynasty drove out the Mongols in 1368 and their version of Huguang province was smaller, and corresponded almost entirely to the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan combined. While Hubei was geographically removed from the centers of the Ming power, during the last years of the Ming, todays Hubei was ravaged several times by the rebel armies of Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng. The Manchu Qing dynasty which had much of the region in 1644, soon split Huguang into the provinces of Hubei. The Huangshi/Daye area, south-east of Wuhan, became an important center of mining, in 1911 the Wuchang Uprising took place in modern-day Wuhan, overthrowing the Qing dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. In 1927 Wuhan became the seat of a government established by left-wing elements of the Kuomintang, led by Wang Jingwei, during World War II the eastern parts of Hubei were conquered and occupied by Japan while the western parts remained under Chinese control
3.
Hunan
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Hunan Province is the 7th most populous Province of China and the 10th most extensive by area. The name Hunan means south of Lake Dongting, a lake in the northeast of the province, vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiang, after the Xiang River, which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province. Hunans primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and it entered the written history of China around 350 BC, when under the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, it became part of the State of Chu. After Qin conquered the Chu heartland in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, the agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han state, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods. To this day many of the villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties Periods, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu. Hunan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until the Qing dynasty, Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723. Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the Yangzi River and it was an important centre of scholarly activity and Confucian thought, particularly in the Yuelu Academy in Changsha. It was also on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China, the land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the century, Hunan became overcrowded. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806, were caused by ethnic tensions, the Taiping Rebellion began in the south in Guangxi Province in 1850. The rebellion spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley, ultimately, it was a Hunanese army under Zeng Guofan who marched into Nanjing to put down the uprising in 1864. Hunan was relatively quiet until 1910 when there were uprisings against the crumbling Qing dynasty and it was led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong, and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained an army in the mountains along the Hunan-Jiangxi border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist Kuomintang forces, they began the Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province, after the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war. They defended the Changsha until it fell in 1944, japan launched Operation Ichigo, a plan to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou. Hunan was relatively unscathed by the war that followed the defeat of the Japanese in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward, as Mao Zedongs home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976
4.
Guangdong
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Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the Peoples Republic of China. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous, the population increase since the census has been modest, the province at 2014 end had 107,240,000 people. Since 1989, Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second. According to state statistics, Guangdongs GDP in 2014 reached RMB6,779 billion, or US$1.104 trillion, since 2011, Guangdong has the highest GDP among all provinces of Mainland China. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRCs national economic output, Guangdong also hosts the largest import and export fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdongs capital city Guangzhou. Guǎng means expanse or vast, and has associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD226. Guangdong and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean expanse east and expanse west, together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong. During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Dōnglù and Guǎngnán Xīlù, one should note that Canton, though etymologically derived from Cantão, refers only to the provincial capital instead of the whole province, as documented by authoritative English dictionaries. The local people of the city of Guangzhou and their language are commonly referred to as Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese sensu lato can also be used for the phylogenetically related residents, Chinese administration and reliable historical records in the region began with the Qin dynasty. After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, the region was independent as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, for example, internal strife in northern China following the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between 740s–750s and 800s–810s. As more migrants arrived, the population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhous foreign quarter, together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit, or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit guǎng nán dōng lù in 971 during the Song dynasty, Guangnan East is the source of Guangdong. As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi and its present name, Guangdong Province was given in early Ming dynasty. Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive links with the rest of the world
5.
Wuhan railway station
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Wuhan Railway Station is one of the three main passenger railway stations of Wuhan, the capital of Chinas Hubei Province. It is located northeast of Wuhans East Lake, near a lake called Yangchunhu. Administratively, the site is within the Wuhans Hongshan District, completed in December 2009, the station has 11 platforms and 20 tracks. It serves the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway, the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu High-Speed Railway, the station was designed by Amenagement, Recherche, Pole dEchanges, the Fourth Survey and Design Institute of China, MaP3, and SNCF-IGOA, after winning a two-phase competition in 2005. The design was inspired by the crane, the symbol of Wuhan City. The distinctive roof is intended to resemble the wings, and is based on a sine curve. The building consists of nine separated parts, symbolizing Chinas nine provinces, Construction of the station began in September 2006, and was completed in December 2009. It was built by China State Construction Engineering Corporation, which built the Wuhan Airport. Construction cost exceeded 14 billion Yuan, including upgrades to surrounding infrastructure, the main arch spans 116 metres and the highest point is 58 metres above the ground. Located on the line of the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway, Wuhan Railway Station is served by almost all trains traveling on this railway to or through Wuhan. Some of the trains running via Wuhan on the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu High-Speed Railway use Wuhan Station as well. The Wuhan station is served by many of the high-speed trains to. The number of trains using Wuhan Station is comparatively small. Wuhan Station is adjacent to a station of the name on Line 4 of the Wuhan Metro. ASCE review - December 2006 MaP3 - Photos and details
6.
Guangzhou South Railway Station
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Guangzhou South Railway Station, also known as New Guangzhou Station or Shibi Station, is located in Shibi, Panyu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is a modern rail terminal 17 kilometres south of central Guangzhou. For a brief time it was Asias largest railway station when it officially opened operations in early 2010, the station, designed by TFP Farrells, remains the largest in Guangzhou. It is one of the four largest railway passenger transportation hubs in China and this station is intended to replace the existing Guangzhou Railway Station in being the dominant station in Guangzhou. Expected 2020 passenger delivery volume will be 80.14 million passengers, Guangzhou South Railway Station is also a comprehensive transportation hub, passengers can interchange between high-speed long distance trains, Metro, long distance and local buses, taxi, etc. Guangzhou Metro Line 2 and Line 7 subway lines are located at or near the bottom of station complex Metro station, the formation of a centralized transfer center will see connections with the future Guangzhou Metro Lines 18 &20, as well as the FMetro Line 2. December 30,2004 - Construction commenced, the whole building including the main station house is under a single canopy with no pillar support. It was built with an investment of 13 billion yuan. 28 tracks serve 15 platforms, including 13 island platforms and two side platform, Station building area is of approximately 168,000 square meters. Station waiting room using online elevated structures, including two house and stuff Elevated house, and set before overhead and drop-off station platforms. The total height of the whole building stations rises to more than 50 meters, in addition, the station roof has an installed area of about 2,000 square metres of solar panels, directing power to the station. The main structure consists of 4 layers, including three above ground and a basement level, the underground basement level contains the Guangzhou Metro and future Foshan Metro station hall, as well as to provide 1,808 parking spaces. The ground floor is mostly the arrivals hall and also the Hong Kong cross border port of entry, level three features an elevated passenger waiting room, of 71,722 square meters, plus an area 14,694 square meters of commercial space. The station also has space reserved for high speed and local rail developments. F Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link
7.
China Railways CRH2
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The CRH2 is one of the high-speed train models in China. In 2004, the Ministry of Railway in China purchased an initial 60 sets of the train from Kawasaki Heavy Industries with a speed of 250 km/h. However, the versions of the CRH2 are not related to the E2-1000 Series despite having the same exterior shell. On October 20,2004, the Ministry of Railway in China ordered 60 sets of CRH2A trains from Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Japan. Along with 60 sets of Bombardiers Regina-based CRH1A, and 40 sets of Alstoms Pendolino-based CRH5A, each of the CRH2A set consists of 8 cars. The first 3 sets were built in Japan, the next 6 sets were delivered in complete knock down form and assembled by CSR Sifang Locomotive, the remaining 51 sets were built by Sifang through technology transfer from Japan. The first train arrived at Qingdao port on March 8,2006 with little fanfare and these trains have a maximum operation speed of 250 km/h and started providing high-speed train service from April 18,2007, the date of the sixth national railway speed-up. According to Chinese and Japanese media, CRH2A trains started test trials ahead of commercial operation on the Shanghai-Hangzhou, on September 14,2010, the Chinese MOR ordered additional 40 sets of CRH2A trains from CSR Sifang. In November 2007, the Ministry of Railway in China ordered 10 CRH2 sets with 16 cars per set and these trains have been given designations CRH2B. Each CRH2B has three 1st seating cars, twelve 2nd seating cars, and one dining car, designed maximum operation speed is 250 km/h with a power of 9,600 kW. The first units were delivered on June 29,2008, after the introduction of the modified E2-1000 Series, Sifang built its own CRH2 with a maximum safe operating speed of 350 km/h. The original train sets imported from Kawasaki had a safe operating speed of 250 km/h. During June 2005 and September 2005, The Chinese Ministry of Railways launched bidding for High speed trains with a top speed over 300 km/h. Along with Siemenss Velaro-based CRH3C, CSR Sifang bid 60 sets of CRH2C, includes 30 sets of CRH2C stage one with a top speed of 300 km/h, in development and research of the 350 km/h high speed train, The CRH2-300 project was launched by Chinese MOR and CSR. In 2006 the China Development Bank provided CNY15 billion developmental financial loans to CSR Group for the projects of 200–300 km/h high speed trains, over 50 academics,150,000 technicians,600 contractors were involved in the project. This trains livery is not like the CRH2A and its blue stripe does not end at the fronts of trainsets. CRH2C Stage one is a version of CRH2A. It has a operating speed up to 300 km/h by replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motorized cars
8.
China Railways CRH3
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In November 2005 the Ministry of Railways ordered 60 Velaro trains for use on the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail line. On 27 July 2006, the joint project office was opened at Tangshan, the first three trains were built in Germany by Siemens, and these imported trains were labelled CRH3A. These trains are based on the German Deutsche Bahns ICE3 high-speed trains and were given designations of CRH3A. Of these German trains, the first one was shipped from Bremerhaven on 19 December 2007, on 30 November 2012, the CNR announced new design of CRH3A, with three styles that can operate at top speed of 160 km/h,200 km/h and 250 km/h. The first train was rolled out on June 3,2013, after December 2008, the three imported CRH3A were repainted and renamed to CRH3C. The rest of the trains are now being built by Tangshan Railway Vehicle with some components from Germany, the first Chinese-built CRH3 was unveiled on 11 April 2008. Each train sets consists of four cars and four trailer cars. The bogies are improved versions of the SF500 bogie, innovations include the body bolster, vibration damper, spring parameters, transmission ratio, widening the carbody and increasing the speed of the trainsets. The trains are designed for running at 350 km/h, on 24 June 2008, CRH3-001C reached a top speed of 394.3 km/h during a test on the Beijing to Tianjin high speed line. On 9 December 2009, a pair of CRH3 EMUs reached a top speed of 394.2 km/h during a test on the Zhengzhou to Xian high speed line, on 28 September 2009, an additional 20 CRH3C sets was ordered by the Chinese MOR. In March 2009, a new contract was signed with China Northern Railways to supply 100 16-car trainsets for 39. 2B RMB with delivery from October 2010 onwards. This order for a total of 1600 railway cars is greater than the production of all Velaro. It is planned that the trains will be produced by CNR subsidiaries, Tangshan Railway Vehicles and Changchun Railway Vehicles, in this contract, Siemens acts as a component supplier, with 85% of the content actually made by the company. An additional order for 40 16-car sets and 40 8-car sets was made on 28 September 2009 for 25. 32B RMB, top travel speed for this variant is 380 km/h, though it is capable of attaining even higher speeds. These trains have been designated as CRH380B and CRH380BL in September 2010, the first CRH380BL set with series number CRH380B-6401L rolled off the production line and was unveiled to the public in September 2010. It was manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle, on October 2010, the 16-car train was sent to Beijing loop line for test. On November 2010, the train was sent to Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway for trial run, the trainset reached the maximum speed of 457 km/h on 5 December 2010. More recently, during a subsequent test on 10 January 2011, since 13 January 2011, the CRH380BL enter regular service at the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway
9.
China Railways CRH380A
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The CRH380A is a Chinese electric high-speed train that was developed by CSR Corporation Limited and is currently manufactured by CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co. Ltd. As a continuation of the CRH2-350 program it both replaces foreign technology in the CRH2 with Chinese developments and increases the top speed, the CRH380A is designed to operate at a cruise speed of 350 km/h and a maximum of 380 km/h in commercial service. The trains have had their operating speed reduced to 300 km/h after the Wenzhou train collision, CSR discovered the technology to increase the maximum speed. These research findings were fed into the design for the new-generation high-speed train, the original project was named CRH2-350. The new generations of rolling stock are expected to be used on the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, the project officially launched in 2009, and was included in the Eleventh Five-Year Plans National technology support program for key technology and equipment development of China s high speed train. The design work includes four categories, schematic, technical, construction, based on the analysis of large amounts of data and experience from the operation of the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail. The MOR completed a series of system and optimized subsystem design, then provided CSR sifang with primary data. CSR presented more than 20 types of designs, after further comparison, calculation, optimization, simulation and testwork, on April 12,2010, the final design was published on the Official conference held by Sifang. The train model was exhibited in May at the China Railway Pavilion in the Shanghai World Expo Park, on September 2009, the Ministry of Railway had ordered 100 16-car and 40 eight-car new-generation high-speed trains from CSR Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock, the contract worth ¥45 billion. On April 18,2012, the MTR ordered 9 CRH380A train sets for Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, according to CSR, the overall design of CRH380A reflects ten major goals. It also designed the bogie to match the performance of the body and optimized the train bodys natural frequencies, which helps reduce structural vibrations at high speeds and improves ride comfort. The pressure change rate inside the train is less than 200 Pa /s and this ensures good ride quality at high speed. The train is equipped with SWMB-400/SWTB-400 bolster-less bogies and these are a redesign of the SWMB-350/SWTB-350 bogies used by CRH2C, their critical instability speed is 550 km/h. The new trains derail coefficient is 0.34 at a speed of 386 km/h while the maximum coefficient of the CRH2A is 0.73. By reducing sources of noise and adopting new sound absorbing and insulating materials, the noise level is at 67 dB -69 dB when running at 350 km/h, which is similar to the CRH2A running at 250 km/h. High-performance traction system, with YQ-365 motors manufactured by CSR Zhuzhou Electric Co, Ltd and CI11 Traction converters by Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric. The CRH380A has a new power unit configuration to maximize traction power and this allows the train to accelerate to 380 km/h in 7 minutes. Regenerative braking with a maximum energy feedback rate of 95%, with each stop nearly 800 kWh of electric power can be fed back to the electric grid
10.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
11.
Grade (slope)
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The grade of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of tilt, often slope is calculated as a ratio of rise to run, or as a fraction in which run is the horizontal distance and rise is the vertical distance. The grades or slopes of existing physical features such as canyons and hillsides, stream and river banks, grades are typically specified for new linear constructions. The grade may refer to the slope or the perpendicular cross slope. There are several ways to express slope, as an angle of inclination to the horizontal, as a percentage, the formula for which is 100 rise run which could also be expressed as the tangent of the angle of inclination times 100. In the U. S. this percentage grade is the most commonly used unit for communicating slopes in transportation, surveying, construction, and civil engineering. As a per mille figure, the formula for which is 1000 rise run which could also be expressed as the tangent of the angle of inclination times 1000 and this is commonly used in Europe to denote the incline of a railway. As a ratio of one part rise to so many parts run, for example, a slope that has a rise of 5 feet for every 100 feet of run would have a slope ratio of 1 in 20. This is generally the method used to describe railway grades in Australia, any of these may be used. Grade is usually expressed as a percentage, but this is converted to the angle α from horizontal or the other expressions. Slope may still be expressed when the run is not known. This is not the way to specify slope, it follows the sine function rather than the tangent function. But in practice the way to calculate slope is to measure the distance along the slope and the vertical rise. When the angle of inclination is small, using the slope length rather than the horizontal displacement makes only an insignificant difference, Railway gradients are usually expressed in terms of the rise in relation to the distance along the track as a practical measure. In cases where the difference between sin and tan is significant, the tangent is used. In any case, the identity holds for all inclinations up to 90 degrees, tan α = sin α1 − sin 2 α In Europe. Grades are related using the equations with symbols from the figure at top
12.
Changsha South Railway Station
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Changsha South Railway Station is a railway station of Wuguang Passenger Railway and Hukun Passenger Railway. The station is located in Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan and it is a hub and the connecting point of Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway, Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway and the proposed Xiamen-Changsha-Chongqing High-Speed Railway. The station, located in Lituo Street, Yuhua District, was opened Dec 26,2009, the designer of the station building is from the 3rd department of Central South Architectural Design Institute, INC. The roof features the waves and ripples of water and it has a total construction area of 273,000 square meters and the depot area is 137,000 square meters. The station opened on December 26,2009, when the station was first open, the surrounded area—which is away from Changshas city center—was mostly industrial. Since then, however, high-rise residential and office development has taken place around the station, the passenger volume has also increased greatly. Metro Line 2 connects Changsha South Railway Station with the city, Changsha South Railway Station is the second station from the east. All other stops are in the west and the terminal is Wangchengpo to which the ride takes about 40 minutes. There are lots of buses departing from Changsha South Railway Station, No.16,124,135,159,160,348,503, check the timetables and routes at the bus terminal. The distance to city center is approximately 10 kilometers and the standards are as following. The Maglev line is 18.5 km long and trains run at a speed of 120kph to finish the journey in just over 10 minutes, Changsha Railway Station Changsha Metro Changsha Metro Group website
