Wurlitzer

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For the Boston, Massachusetts-based musical instrument retailer, see E.U. Wurlitzer Music and Sound.

Rudolph Wurlitzer Company
Subsidiary
Founded1853; 166 years ago (1853)
FounderFranz Rudolph Wurlitzer
Headquarters
Cincinnati, Ohio and North Tonawanda, New York
,
United States
ProductsBand organ
Orchestrion
Nickelodeon
Pipe organ
Theatre organ
ParentBaldwin Piano Company
WebsiteWurlitzer Jukeboxes

The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, usually referred to as simply Wurlitzer, is an American company started in Cincinnati in 1853 by German immigrant (Franz) Rudolph Wurlitzer. The company initially imported stringed, woodwind and brass instruments from Germany for resale in the U.S. Wurlitzer enjoyed initial success largely due to defense contracts to provide musical instruments to the U.S. military.[1] In 1880, the company began manufacturing pianos and eventually relocated to North Tonawanda, New York, and quickly expanded to make band organs, orchestrions, player pianos and pipe or theatre organs popular in theatres during the days of silent movies.

Wurlitzer is most known for their production of entry level pianos. During the 1960's they manufactured Spinet, Console, Studio and Grand Pianos.

Over time, Wurlitzer acquired a number of other companies which made a variety of loosely related products including kitchen appliances, carnival rides, player piano rolls, and radios. Wurlitzer also operated a chain of retail stores where the company's products were sold.

As technology evolved, Wurlitzer began producing electric pianos, electronic organs, and jukeboxes and eventually became known more for jukeboxes and vending machines, which are still made by Wurlitzer, rather than for actual musical instruments.

Wurlitzer's jukebox operations were sold and moved to Germany in 1973; the Wurlitzer piano and organ brands and U.S. manufacturing facilities were acquired by the Baldwin Piano & Organ Co. (commonly called the Baldwin Piano Company) in 1988 and most piano manufacturing moved overseas. The Baldwin Co., including its Wurlitzer assets, was subsequently acquired by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in about 1996. Ten years later, Gibson acquired Deutsche Wurlitzer and the Wurlitzer Jukebox and Vending Electronics trademarks, briefly bringing Wurlitzer's best-known products back together under a single corporate banner in 2006. Baldwin ceased making Wurlitzer-brand pianos in 2009. Vending machines are still manufactured in Germany using the Wurlitzer name under Gibson ownership; the company ceased manufacturing jukeboxes in 2013, but still sells replacement parts.

The Rembert Wurlitzer Co., Wurlitzer's rare and historic stringed instrument department, was independently directed by Rudolph Wurlitzer's grandson, Rembert Wurlitzer (1904–1963), from 1948 until his death in 1963. Rembert's shop on 42nd Street in New York City was a leading international center for rare and historic string instruments.[2]

Band organ
Nickelodeon
Jukebox
Theatre organ

History[edit]

Schöneck, Saxony immigrant Franz Rudolph Wurlitzer (1831–1914) founded the Wurlitzer Company in Cincinnati in 1853. Sons Howard, Rudolph, and Farny successively directed the company after his death; the company initially imported musical instruments from the Wurlitzer family in Germany for resale in the U.S. Wurlitzer was an early American defense contractor being a major supplier of musical instruments to the U.S. military during the American Civil War and Spanish–American War. In 1880 Wurlitzer started manufacturing its own pianos which the company sold through its retail outlets in Chicago.[3] In 1896 Wurlitzer manufactured its first coin-operated pianos.[4]

In the late 1800s fairs were popular; as crowds grew and mechanical rides began to appear, there was a need for louder music. The fairground organ was developed. Eugene DeKleist of North Tonawanda, New York was an early builder of such organs (also called "barrel organs") for use in carousels. Wurlitzer bought an interest in DeKleist's North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory in 1897. In 1909 Wurlitzer bought the entire operation, and moved all Wurlitzer manufacturing from Ohio to New York.[3] In 1909, the company began making innovative automatic harps that were more durable than European prototypes, and from 1924 to the 1930s eight models were available; the "Mighty Wurlitzer"  theatre organ was introduced in late 1910 and became Wurlitzer's most famous product. Wurlitzer theatre organs are installed around the world in theatres, museums, churches, and private residences.

American Mohawk Lyric Radio as Mfd. by Wurlitzer circa 1920s

With the onset of World War I, imports from Germany became problematic and Wurlitzer found it necessary to increase manufacturing in the US. In the early 1930s Wurlitzer built a new, state-of-the-art manufacturing and marketing facility in North Tonawanda, complete with employee recreation areas, showers, and a cafeteria.[5] Wurlitzer abandoned production of nickelodeons but continued to manufacture the paper player piano music rolls through a wholly owned subsidiary called the Endless Roll Music Company. Wurlitzer also assumed production of Lyric brand radios from the All American Mohawk Radio Company in Chicago. Lyric radios were a high-end console radio which retailed for as much as $425 in 1929 (approximately $5,800 in 2014 dollars).[6]

In addition to business acquisitions, Wurlitzer entered into several joint ventures with James Armitage, George Herschell, and other businessmen from the area, he constructed a separate plant at Goundry and Oliver Streets in downtown North Tonawanda specializing in short production runs to fabricate organs and hurdy-gurdys for amusement parks, circuses, roller rinks, and carnival midways. Amusement rides, particularly carousels, were assembled at the facility.

Circa 1933, the Wurlitzer name gradually became more associated with jukeboxes than with musical instruments. In 1942, organ production at the North Tonawanda factory ceased and production was shifted to the manufacture of bomb proximity fuses for World War II. After the war, normal production efforts resumed but with more focus on radios, jukeboxes, and small electronic organs for private homes.

Wurlitzer Model 44 electrostatic reed organ (1953–64)[7]
Wurlitzer 4100 BP electronic organ with chord unit (1959–1963)
Wurlitzer Model 805 electronic organ with Orbit III monophonic synth (upper mini key)
Wurlitzer Omni 6500 (1985)

Among Wurlitzer's electronic instruments, beginning with electrostatic reed organs in 1947, the most important have been the fully electronic organs, especially the two-manual-and-pedals spinet type (from 1971 with synthesizer features) for domestic use. In the mid-1950s, Wurlitzer began manufacturing portable electric pianos.

Rembert Wurlitzer (1904–1963) independently directed the firm's violin department from 1949 until his death in 1963, building it into a leading international center for rare string instruments.

In the 1960s Wurlitzer ventured into new instrument markets. In 1964, Wurlitzer bought the rights, registered trademarks, copyrights, patents, engineering records and factory of the Henry C. Martin Band Instrument Company which manufactured brass wind instruments in Elkhart, Indiana (not to be confused with the C.F. Martin & Company guitar maker). In 1967, Wurlitzer entered the guitar market as the sole distributor of Holman-Woodell guitars, which were originally sold under the Wurlitzer brand (see Electric guitars, below). Wurlitzer then switched to an Italian guitar maker, Welson, before abandoning guitar sales altogether in 1969.

While original Wurlitzer jukeboxes sold well, technology soon outpaced Wurlitzer. By the 1950s other companies dominated the jukebox market. Wurlitzer sold its Martin rights to LeBlanc in 1971, to focus on its core markets with pianos and jukeboxes.[8] In 1973, Wurlitzer sold its jukebox brand to a German company and closed the North Tonawanda factory. Piano and organ manufacturing continued in Mississippi and Arkansas factories for several years.

The Baldwin Piano Company purchased Wurlitzer's piano-making assets and brand in 1988. Subsequently, the Gibson Guitar Corporation acquired Baldwin and operated it as a wholly owned subsidiary. Meanwhile, Gibson acquired Deutche Wurlitzer Jukebox and Electronics Vending brand in 2006, briefly bringing the primary Wurlitzer product lines back under the one owner. However, Baldwin stopped using the Wurlitzer name on pianos by the end of 2009. Gibson now uses the Wurlitzer brand name exclusively for jukeboxes and vending machines.[9] Wurlitzer continues to manufacture jukeboxes and vending machines at its factory in Hullhorst, Germany. Wurlitzer headquarters are located in Hullhorst, and has distribution and sales offices in Gurnee, Illinois and Oxfordshire, England.

Products[edit]

Acoustic pianos[edit]

Keyboard of a Wurlitzer acoustic piano

Beginning in about 1880, Wurlitzer built a full line of upright and grand pianos. In 1914, Wurlitzer became the sole distributor of Melville Clark Pianos and in 1919 acquired the Melville Clark company. Wurlitzer continued to manufacture pianos at the Clark factory in DeKalb, Illinois under the Melville Clark name. Other brands which have been manufactured by Wurlitzer are Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium, Schaff Bros. and Underwood.[10]

Wurlitzer excelled in piano design, it developed the "Pentagonal Soundboard", "Tone crafted hammers", and other unique innovations to help its pianos produce a richer, fuller tone. In 1935, it was one of the first manufacturers to offer the spinet piano to the mass market; this 39 inch high piano was an instant sensation. The spinet came at an opportune time, when many Americans could not afford a full upright or grand.

Butterfly grand pianos[edit]

Wurlitzer Butterfly Art Deco Deluxe 88 key piano – Model 1411

In the mid thirties, Wurlitzer unveiled a line of symmetrical grand pianos, or "Butterfly" grands. At this point in Wurlitzer history, all piano manufacturing was exclusively in DeKalb, Illinois. Models ranged from the Student Butterfly having 44 keys, to the 88 key Deluxe Art Deco Streamline Model 1411.

Model 1411 had many innovative patented features. A quartet of raised banding around the body were actually functional sound port slots that radiate all the way around the case, allowing sound to escape the cabinet with the lids closed; the most notable feature was the symmetrical lids that opened like butterfly wings. These lids open to reveal a secondary ported removable inner lid; these lids are decoratively cut out to allow the sound to ring out via a large F hole, similar to a violin, as well as multiple radial slots along the outer edge. Another design innovation was the "Tone Amplifier"; the device consists of a metal flat bar between the piano rim, running under the bass bridge to a fixed point on the soundboard, designed to bring out the tone on a smaller piano. A screw mechanism on top of the bridge allowed adjustment of the tonal output.

Wurlitzer made at least three different versions of the 73 key model butterfly; each had variations in appointments, such as legs, lyres, and sheet music stands.[11]

Band organs[edit]

Wurlitzer 125 Band Organ.
(Pullen Park Carousel, Raleigh, NC)

See also: List of Wurlitzer band organs and North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory

After the United States Government imposed high import tariffs on street and fairground organ importation in 1892,[12] Wurlitzer began producing mechanical organs. Most were small barrel organs, playing from a pinned barrel and powered by either steam or cranked by hand. Many of these organs have cases finished in dark (and sometimes black) wood, with gold incised designs, not unlike those of the European manufacturers of barrel organs.

As parts were not subject to import tariffs, almost all Wurlitzer band organs are copied from designs by European manufacturers. For example, the style 104 and style 105 were copied from a Gebrüder Bruder barrel organ; the style 146 was identical copied from Brüder's model 79 fairground organ, except that the side wings (portions of the façade concealing the drums) were removed. The style 157 was copied from a Gavioli special style of organ (only 2 or 3 of this style of organ are known to exist; the former organ at Dorney Park was one, but it was destroyed in a fire). And, the style 165 is copied from the Gebrüder Bruder "Elite Apollo Orchester."

As demand for organs grew from the fairground operators, Wurlitzer was approached by Eugene de Kleist, an-ex employee of Limonaire Frères and the founder of the North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory. After De Kliest developed the tonophone for the company, which won a gold medal at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, Wurlitzer invested in his company.

Wurlitzer bought De Kliest's interest in the business in 1909 and assumed operation of the North Tonawanda factory; the new company invested in new technology, resulting in the adoption of electric motors, and the music source was changed from pinned barrels to perforated paper rolls similar to a player piano roll. Some larger organs such as the style 157 and style 165 have duplex roll frames, on which one roll plays while the other rewinds, allowing for continuous music; each paper roll contained about 10 songs. During the Great Depression this was changed to 6 longer songs to save money on arranging.

The only substantial changes between the Wurlitzer U.S.-made organs and the European originals they copied is that the Wurlitzer models operated on Wurlitzer's unique roll scale. These included the 41-note style 125 roll (used by styles 103, 104, 105, 106, 125, and 126), the wider 46-note 150 roll (used by styles 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, and 153), or the still wider 75-note 165 roll (used by styles 157, 163, 164, 165, 166, and 175). Due to Wurlitzer's success and domination of the market, many smaller American manufacturers adopted scales similar to Wurlitzer's. Wurlitzer abandoned production of band organs and nickelodeons in the early 1940s but continued to manufacture the paper music rolls through a wholly owned subsidiary called the Endless Roll Music Company.

In addition to manufacturing band organs, Wurlitzer also converted band organs made by other companies to their roll scales; this generally resulted in the converted organ having an expanded musical library due to the vast amount of available Wurlitzer music rolls. However, these conversions sometimes required modifications to the organ's pipes and could permanently change the sound of the converted organ.

A Frati Band Organ.
The Frati & Co. Band Organ at the Lakeside Park Carousel in Port Dalhousie, ON. is an example of a band organ converted by Wurlitzer to play the Wurlitzer 150 roll scale

The production of Wurlitzer organs ceased in 1942, the last organ to leave the factory being a style 165 organ in a 157 case (done because Wurlitzer had an extra 157 case remaining in the factory and the owner didn't mind the change). During the Great Depression leading up to the end of production, various cost-cutting measures were made, such as the substitution of brass horn and trumpet pipes for ones made of wood (though arguably the change from brass to wood may have been due to the shrill sound produced by the brass pipes which some people may have found unpleasant; wood pipes produced a mellower sound).

Some orchestrions made by the company can be found at Clark's Trading Post, Lincoln, New Hampshire, the Music Hall, Nevada City, Montana, and the Jasper Sanfilippo Collection at Victorian Palace, Barrington Hills, Illinois.

See also: List of Wurlitzer Band Organs

Nickelodeons and player pianos[edit]

Wurlitzer nickelodeon

Wurlitzer, starting around 1900 until circa 1935 produced nickelodeon pianos, or coin pianos, which are electrically operated player pianos that take coins to operate, like a jukebox.

The company produced various models of nickelodeons, such as the early Wurlitzer Mandolin Quartette – Wurlitzer's alternative to the Regina Sublima Piano; this machine has a reiterating piano with mandolin attachment along with an accompanying piano. They later introduced the Wurlitzer A.P.P. roll; a universal roll to be used on all subsequent Wurlitzer nickelodeons. Models such as the B(X), C(X), D(X) and I(X) use this roll.

Wurlitzer also produced an automatic roll changer system so when a roll finished rewinding another was put on in a carousel-like system. An 'X' at the end of a model number indicates that model was fitted with a roll changer.

Records indicate Wurlitzer sold player piano mechanisms to other manufacturers who installed Wurlitzer components in their own pianos and sold them under other brand names. One example is the Milner player piano company. Milner pianos were built in Cincinnati at a time consistent with Wurlitzer's presence there. Company records suggest Wurlitzer acquired the Milner company[13] in addition to the several other companies acquired by Wurlitzer over the years, but it is possible that Milner may have simply used Wurlitzer components in their own product.

Theatre organs[edit]

See also: Robert Hope-Jones and Wurlitzers in the United Kingdom

Perhaps the most famous instruments Wurlitzer built were its pipe organs (from 1914 until 1943), which were installed in theatres, homes, churches, and other venues; these were marketed as "The Mighty Wurlitzers".[14]

Englishman Robert Hope-Jones, considered the inventor of the theatre organ, had developed a concept of the organ as a "one man orchestra" to accompany silent movies. Hope-Jones' concept was based on two principles:

  • That a pipe organ should be able to imitate the instruments of an orchestra
  • That the console should be detachable from the organ.[15]

Among his sound innovations were a kind of electro-pneumatic action, the Diaphone and the modern Tibia Clausa with its strong 8′ flute tone; the Tibia Clausa eventually became a staple of theater organs. Hope-Jones organs were also noted for such innovations as stopkeys instead of drawknobs and very high wind pressures of 10″–50″ to imitate orchestral instruments, he also used a system of unification, which multiplied considerably the number of stops relative to the number of ranks.[16]

Between 1887 and 1911 his company employed 112 workers at its peak, producing 246 organs,[17] but shortly after merging his organ business with Wurlitzer, he committed suicide in 1914 in Rochester, New York, frustrated by his new association with the Wurlitzer company, it is said.[16] Moving the business to their North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory, from 1914 to 1942, Wurlitzer built over 2,243 pipe organs: 30 times the rate of Hope-Jones company, and more theatre organs than the rest of the theatre organ manufacturers combined.

A number were shipped overseas, with the largest export market being the United Kingdom; the first of these theatre pipe organ to be shipped to the United Kingdom was dispatched from the North Tonawanda factory on 1 December 1924. It opened at its first location – The Picture House in Walsall, at the end of January 1925; this particular instrument (Britain's oldest Wurlitzer organ) is now located at the Congregational Church in Beer, Devon. Regular concerts and shows are hosted on the Beer Wurlitzer.[18]

The largest Wurlitzer organ originally built (in terms of pipes), was the four-manual / 58-rank (set of pipes) instrument at Radio City Music Hall in New York City; the Music Hall instrument is actually a concert instrument, capable of playing a classical as well as non-classical repertoire. It, along with the organ at the Paramount Theatre in Denver Colorado are the only Wurlitzer installations still in use that have dual consoles. While Denver's is the typical "master-slave" system, Radio City is the only surviving original Wurlitzer installation to have two identical and completely independent consoles playing the same organ. Both instruments have been substantially altered in more recent years.

5-Manual theatre organ consoles are extremely rare, and only three were built by Wurlitzer:

Two other instruments presently have five-manual Wurlitzer-styled consoles, although they were not built by Wurlitzer but were either custom-built or created by combining two smaller Wurlitzer consoles:

  • Opus 2129, now installed in Salt Lake City.[22] Opus 2129 originally had a slave console, and the 5-manual console was created by combining the two original consoles.[23]
  • Opus 1571, originally built as a 4-manual instrument; it was expanded to a 5-manual and is part of the Place de la Musique collection, at the Jasper Sanfilippo residence.[24] The console was custom-built for this installation, and was patterned after the original Paradise Theatre 5-manual console.

Wurlitzer organs still in their original locations (although perhaps altered) include:

Another example of the large-scale Mighty Wurlitzer can be found in the Berlin Musical Instrument Museum. Werner Ferdinand von Siemens purchased the large four-manual, 16-rank Mighty Wurlitzer Style 250 special in 1929 and installed it in the Siemens Concert Hall in August of that year. At the end of World War II the organ and the concert hall became property of the German government; the Mighty Wurlitzer survived the war, but was seriously damaged in 1962 by a fire caused by a careless cigarette. From February to December 1963 Marvin E. Merchant, a U.S. soldier stationed in Berlin, repaired the organ at his own expense. In 1982, the government gave the instrument to the Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Eberhard Friedrich Walcker GmbH & Co. completely restored and installed it in the museum in 1984 where it remains today and is played every Saturday at noon.[33]

In 1955, a group of enthusiasts met in the dining room of Richard Simonton, an early investor of Muzak and formed the American Theatre Organ Enthusiasts (ATOE) to preserve remaining theatre organs, including those by other builders, such as Morton, Möller, Kimball, Marr and Colton, Barton, and Kilgen; the ATOE is now known as the American Theatre Organ Society (ATOS).[34] A similar society formed in the UK in 1952 known as the Cinema Organ Society.[35]

Jukeboxes[edit]

See also: Jukebox and Homer E. Capehart

The Wurlitzer was the iconic jukebox of the Big Band era, to the extent that Wurlitzer came in some places to be a generic name for any jukebox. (In Hungarian, "wurlitzer" still means "jukebox", for example – despite Hungarian only using the letter W for foreign language words). Wurlitzer's success was due to a first rate marketing department (headed by future Indiana Senator Homer Capehart), the reliable Simplex record changer, and the designs of engineer Paul Fuller who created many cabinet styles in the "lightup" design idiom. Another significant factor contributing to Wurlitzer's success was the end of Prohibition in 1933 and the resulting increase in the market for coin-operated music machines in bars and dance halls.

Wurlitzer's original jukeboxes played only 10 78-rpm records, one side only, later expanded to 24. With the advent of smaller 45 rpm records, Wurlitzer was beat to the punch by Seeburg mechanisms which could play both sides of 50 different records, yielding 100 song choices.[3] Although Wurlitzer ceded the crown of industry leader to rival Seeburg in the 1950s, Fuller's designs are so emblematic of jukeboxes in general that 1940s era Wurlitzers are often used to invoke the Rock n' Roll period in films and television. Wurlitzer struggled on for 20 years or so and made one final effort to keep its jukebox business viable with a nostalgic 1971 model called the "1050." The model didn't sell well and only 1600 units were produced. The jukebox line was sold to a German company in 1973.

Jukeboxes bearing the Wurlitzer name were in production until the company ceased manufacturing in 2013; the Gibson Guitar Corporation acquired the German jukebox and vending machine manufacturer which made them in 2006. The more recent models are able to play CDs, as well as special edition units with iPod connectivity. Wurlitzer still sells jukebox replacement parts.

Electric pianos[edit]

Main article: Wurlitzer electric piano

From 1955 to 1982 the company also produced the Wurlitzer electric piano series, an electrically amplified piano variant.

Electric guitars[edit]

In 1966, music store owner Howard Holman used his contacts at the Martin Band Instrument Company, owned by Wurlitzer at that time, to convince Wurlitzer to distribute a line of electric guitars manufactured by Holman's start-up company in Kansas. Wurlitzer became the sole distributor of guitars made by the Holman-Woodell Company of Neodesha, Kansas.

The guitar labels reflected Wurlitzer's Elkhart, Indiana location, but with the exception of a handful of prototypes made above Holman's music store in Independence, KS, the guitars themselves were built in a small two-storey building on Main Street in Neodesha. Three models were available: the Cougar, Wildcat and Gemini, all of which were functionally similar but featured different body shapes; the majority of the Kansas-made instruments were six-string guitars, with only a handful of basses being manufactured.[36] Distinguishing features of the first Wurlitzer branded guitars are the "W"-shaped cut-out in the tremolo mounting plate and the Rock/Jazz selection rocker switch above each pick-up. Another feature of the earliest Wurlitzer electrics was that they were wired for stereo output. In 1967, Wurlitzer ceased its affiliation with the Holman-Woodell Company, possibly due to problems with the finish on Holman-Woodell guitars which resulted in many instruments being returned to the factory.

Beginning in 1967, Wurlitzer-branded guitars were manufactured by Welson in Italy, and the Wurlitzer line expanded to include semi-hollow body electric as well as acoustic guitars.[36][37] Wurlitzer continued to distribute Welson-made guitars under the Wurlitzer name until 1969 when Wurlitzer stopped selling guitars under its own brand name.

Mighty Wurlitzer as metaphor[edit]

Senior CIA official Frank Wisner used the term "Mighty Wurlitzer" to denote the cold war propaganda campaign Operation Mockingbird that could "play any tune" to the news media of his day;[38][39] the metaphor has been used as a general term for US propaganda in a 2014 article posted on Cryptome called "Sony Pictures Presents: the Propaganda Model The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On".[40]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ludwig, Corinna (June 26, 2013). "Rudolph Wurlitzer (1831–1914)". German Historical Institute Washington DC. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  2. ^ Germain, Christopher (October 2007). "Wurlitzer Shop History". Strings (152).
  3. ^ a b c "History". Jukeboxhistory. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  4. ^ Grace, Kevin (2012). Legendary Locals of Cincinnati. Arcadia Publishing. p. 37. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  5. ^ "Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company". NTHistory. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  6. ^ "All American Mohawk Corporation Lyric Radio Now establishes a new high standard of perfection... and opens wide the doors to joys you have missed in radio". New York Daily News. Duke University Libraries Ad Collection. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  7. ^ Pugno, Frank. "Wurlitzer Organs". VintageHammond.com. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  8. ^ "Martin Instrument Models". The Vintage Saxophone Gallery. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  9. ^ "Wurlitzer". Gibson. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  10. ^ "Wurlitzer Pianos". Total Piano Care. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  11. ^ "Welcome". Wurlitzer Butterfly Piano Registry. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  12. ^ Trager, Tim (April 2008). "Some History on Limonaire Freres And Its Famous Band Organs". Carousel News. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  13. ^ "Inventory of the Wurlitzer Company, DeKalb, Illinois Records". Northern Illinois University Libraries. Retrieved August 7, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  14. ^ Miller, Mary K. (April 2002). "It's a Wurlitzer". Smithsonian. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  15. ^ Irwin, Stevens (December 1973 – April 1974). "Homage to Robert Hope-Jones". Theatre Organ. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Ortloff, Jonathan (Spring 2005). "A Robert Hope-Jones Organ in Rochester" (PDF). Resonance. Eastman School of Music: 15. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  17. ^ Fox, David H. (1992). Robert Hope-Jones. Richmond, Virginia: Organ Historical Society. ISBN 978-0913499092.
  18. ^ "Friends of Beer Wurlitzer". Retrieved October 28, 2014. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  19. ^ Lewis, Chelsey (November 8, 2015). "3,000-pipe organ rules Caledonia man's 'basement bijou'". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  20. ^ "Providence Performing Arts Center". Rhode Island Rocks. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  21. ^ "Wurlitzer Opus List". Vintage Hammond. p. 242. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  22. ^ "Wurlitzer Opus List". Vintage Hammond. p. 272. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  23. ^ "Additional Information". Vintage Hammond. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  24. ^ "Theatre Pipe Organ". The Sanfilippo Foundation. Retrieved October 31, 2013. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  25. ^ "The Mighty Wurlitzer". The Alabama Theatre. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  26. ^ Yesko, Parker (November 30, 2015). "An organ transplant for the Castro Theatre's Mighty Wurlitzer". KALW. Cite news requires |newspaper= (help)
  27. ^ "A Decouvrir! l'Orgue du Cinema "Wurlitzer" de 1937" [Discover! The 1937 Wurlitzer Theater Organ] (in French). Friends of the Theatre Organ of Collège Claparède. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  28. ^ "A Mighty Wurlitzer is about to play again at Fox Tucson Theatre". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  29. ^ "The Mighty Wurlitzer". Fox Theatre, Tucson. Retrieved April 13, 2019. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  30. ^ "Kentucky Theater's Mighty Wurlitzer Restoration". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  31. ^ "Old Town Music Hall". Old Town Music Hall. Retrieved August 29, 2014. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  32. ^ Beck, Tom (September 21, 2018). "The hidden musical gem in the sanctuary of the Fleisher Art Memorial". South Philly Review. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  33. ^ Siebert, Rainer. "The Mighty Wurlitzer in Berlin". Theatreorgans.com. Retrieved October 14, 2009. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  34. ^ "ATOS History". American Theatre Organ Society. Retrieved July 29, 2017. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  35. ^ "About Us". The Cinema Organ Society. Retrieved October 14, 2009. Cite web requires |website= (help)
  36. ^ a b Macy, Kevin; Wright, Michael (July 1997). "Holman Guitars" (PDF). Vintage Guitar Magazine: 22–27.
  37. ^ Marchal, Jack. "Welson". FetishGuitars.com. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ Wilford, Hugh (2009). The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674032569.
  39. ^ Herken, Gregg (2014). "Ch. 7". The Georgetown Set: Friends and Rivals in Cold War Washington. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307271181.
  40. ^ Blunden, Bill (December 19, 2014). "The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On" (PDF). Cryptome.

External links[edit]

official sites
archive sites
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