1.
Glossary of rail transport terms
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Rail terminology is a form of technical terminology. The difference between the American term railroad and the term railway is the most significant difference in rail terminology. There are also others, due to the development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world. Various global terms are presented here, where a term has multiple names, the abbreviation UIC refers to standard terms adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official publications and thesaurus. Instead, an alarm is sounded at an interval in which the operator must respond by pressing a button to reset the alarm. If the operator does not respond within a time, the prime mover is automatically throttled back to idle. They also serve to support the arch or equivalent. The only significant difference is the size, measured in feet rather than inches, the fireman remains with the locomotive and, when the driver is at the other end, the fireman controls the cut off and vacuum ejectors in addition to his usual duties. Axlebox or axle box The housing that holds the bearings of a locomotive The housing attaching the end of the axle to the bogie which contains the bearing allowing the axle to rotate. Bad order A tag or note applied to a piece of equipment. Generally, equipment tagged as bad order is not to be used until repairs are performed, revolving masses can easily be balanced by counterweights, but the balancing of reciprocating parts is a matter of compromise and judgement. Balloon A looped length of track, usually at the end of a spur or branch, can be used as part of a freight installation to allow the loading or unloading of bulk materials without the need to stop the train. Early locomotives burned coke, provision of an arch was necessary before coal could be used without producing excessive smoke. Many early railroads were broad gauge, for example the Great Western Railway in the UK which adopted 7 ft gauge until it was converted to standard gauge in the 1860s - 1890s, russia still has over 80,000 km of broad gauge railroads. Broad gauge is also normal in Spain and Portugal, in India, as well as Ireland, cabless A locomotive without a cab. Commonly referred to as a B unit or a Slug, although not all Slugs are cabless, caboose A railroad car attached usually to the end of a train, in which railroad workers could ride and monitor track and rolling stock conditions. Largely obsolete, having been replaced by the electronic end-of-train device, the correct classification is CoCo, but Co-Co is used more often. One set uses high pressure steam, then passes the low pressure exhausted steam to the second, also known as master and slave, as in the British Rail Class 13 shunters at Tinsley Marshalling Yard
2.
Glyph
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In typography, a glyph /ˈɡlɪf/ is an elemental symbol within an agreed set of symbols, intended to represent a readable character for the purposes of writing. In Turkish, however, it is not a glyph because that language has two versions of the letter i, with and without a dot. In Japanese syllabaries, a number of the characters are made up of more than one separate mark, however, in some cases, additional marks fulfill the role of diacritics, to differentiate distinct characters. In general, a diacritic is a glyph, even if it is contiguous with the rest of the character, two or more glyphs which have the same significance, whether used interchangeably or chosen depending on context, are called allographs of each other. The term has been used in English since 1727, borrowed from glyphe, from the Greek γλυφή, glyphē, carving, and the verb γλύφειν, glýphein, to hollow out, engrave, carve. The word glyph first came to widespread European attention with the engravings, in archaeology, a glyph is a carved or inscribed symbol. It may be a pictogram or ideogram, or part of a system such as a syllable. In 1897 Dana Evans discovered glyphs written on rocks in the Colorado Desert and these ancient characters have been called the most enlightening discovery in Native American History in the 19th Century. In typography, a glyph has a different definition, it is the specific shape, design. The same is true in computing, in computing as well as typography, the term character refers to a grapheme or grapheme-like unit of text, as found in natural language writing systems. The range of glyphs required increases correspondingly, in summary, in typography and computing, a glyph is a graphical unit. In graphonomics, the glyph is used for a noncharacter. Most typographic glyphs originate from the characters of a typeface, in the mobile text input technologies, Glyph is a family of text input methods based on the decomposition of letters into basic shapes. In role-playing games, the glyph is sometimes used alongside the word rune in describing magical drawings or etchings. Runes often refer to placing the image on an object or person to empower it, whereas the magic in a glyph lies dormant and is only triggered when the glyph is read or approached
3.
Track (rail transport)
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with a system such as an overhead electrical power line or an additional electrified rail. The term permanent way also refers to the track in addition to structures such as fences etc. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via baseplates that spread the load, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tieplate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads, timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications, the track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing and lining to restore the desired track geometry. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track, in its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete with the rails supported directly on its upper surface. There are a number of systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab. Many permutations of design have been put forward, however, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance, some rubber-tyred metros use ballastless tracks
4.
Railroad switch
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A railroad switch, turnout or points is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off. The switch consists of the pair of linked tapering rails, known as points and these points can be moved laterally into one of two positions to direct a train coming from the point blades toward the straight path or the diverging path. A train moving from the end toward the point blades is said to be executing a facing-point movement. Passage through a switch in this direction is known as a trailing-point movement, a switch generally has a straight through track and a diverging route. The handedness of the installation is described by the side that the track leaves. Right-hand switches have a path to the right of the straight track, when coming from the point blades. In many cases, such as yards, many switches can be found in a short section of track. Sometimes a switch merely divides one track into two, at others, it serves as a connection between two or more tracks, allowing a train to switch between them. A straight track is not always present, for example, both tracks may curve, one to the left and one to the right, or both tracks may curve, with differing radii, while still in the same direction. A railroad cars wheels are guided along the tracks by coning of the wheels, only in extreme cases does it rely on the flanges located on the insides of the wheels. When the wheels reach the switch, the wheels are guided along the route determined by which of the two points is connected to the track facing the switch. In the illustration, if the point is connected, the left wheel will be guided along the rail of that point. If the right point is connected, the right wheels flange will be guided along the rail of that point, and the train will continue along the straight track. Only one of the points may be connected to the track at any time. A mechanism is provided to move the points from one position to the other, historically, this would require a lever to be moved by a human operator, and some switches are still controlled this way. However, most are now operated by a remotely controlled electric motor or by pneumatic or hydraulic actuation and this both allows for remote control and for stiffer, strong switches that would be too difficult to move by hand, yet allow for higher speeds. In a trailing-point movement, the flanges on the wheels will force the points to the proper position and this is sometimes known as running through the switch. Some switches are designed to be forced to the position without damage
5.
Junction (rail)
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A junction, in the context of rail transport, is a place at which two or more rail routes converge or diverge. This implies a connection between the tracks of the two routes, provided by points and signalling. In a simple case where two routes with one or two tracks each meet at a junction, a simple layout of tracks suffices to allow trains to transfer from one route to the other. More complicated junctions are needed to permit trains to travel in direction after joining the new route. In this latter case, the three points of the triangle may be different names, for example using points of the compass as well as the name of the overall place. Rail transport operations refer to stations that lie on or near a railway junction as a junction station, frequently, trains are built up and taken apart at such stations so that the same train can split up and go to multiple destinations. For goods trains, marshalling yards serve a similar purpose, the worlds first railway junction was Newton Junction near Newton-le-Willows, England where, in 1831, two railways merged. The capacity of the limits the capacity of a railway network more than the capacity of individual railway lines. This applies more as the density increases. Measures to improve junctions are often more useful than building new railway lines, the capacity of a railway junction can be increased with improved signalling measures, by building points suitable for higher speeds, or by turning level junctions into flying junctions. With more complicated junctions such construction can rapidly become very expensive, especially if space is restricted by tunnels, rail terminology Interlocking Railway town Double junction
6.
Balloon loop
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A balloon loop, turning loop or reversing loop allows a rail vehicle or train to reverse direction without having to shunt or even stop. Balloon loops can be useful for passenger trains and unit freight trains such as coal trains, Balloon loops are common on tram or streetcar systems. Balloon loops were first introduced on metro and tram lines, Balloon loops enable higher line capacity and also allow the use of single-ended trams which have several advantages, including lower cost and more seating when doors are on one side only. However, double-ended trams also benefit from the capacity advantage of balloon loops, initially the Sydney system was operated by single-ended steam trams and then, from the 1890s, by double-ended electric trams. The Sydney system was possibly the first major example of a tramway system. European systems were converted to looped operation in the early twentieth century. Looped operation with single-ended trams was also used on many North American streetcar systems, on a balloon loop, the station is on the balloon loop, and the platform may be curved or straight. Penfield - now closed and removed Outer Harbor - now closed and removed Olympic Park, Sydney, Australia, Beech Forrest, Victoria, Australia, single platform station on Victorian narrow gauge railway. These trains discharge and take on passengers at Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall, South Ferry was a two-track subway loop station in New York City, with a sharply curved side platform for each track. After the latter station was damaged in Hurricane Sandy, the station was reopened temporarily to provide service to the ferry terminal until the repairs to the latter station are complete. Bowdoin Station on the MBTA Blue Line in Boston has an island platform inside a balloon loop. The boarding platform is long enough for four cars. World Trade Center station on the PATH subway system linking New York, dungeness, Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, Kent, England, single track, single platform for both boarding and alighting. This evens the wear on the train wheels, central station in Newcastle upon Tyne is on a loop, allowing trains from the South to arrive via the King Edward VII Bridge and return using the High Level Bridge. Peasholm on the North Bay Railway in Scarborough, North Yorkshire has a balloon loop. The loop is used to allow the locomotive to run round the train, the first Wembley Stadium station in London was on a balloon loop, but the present station of that name is not. Barmouth Ferry station on the Fairbourne Railway, blackpool Tramway has a balloon loop at each end of the system and at two intermediate points. Kennington station, also on the Northern line, has a loop to the south of the station to allow terminating southbound trains to reach the northbound platforms to form a return service
7.
Three-point turn
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The three-point turn is the standard method of turning a vehicle around to face the opposite direction in a limited space, using forward and reverse gears. This is typically done when the road is too narrow for a U-turn, demonstrating this manoeuvre is commonly required in a driving test. In a narrow road or with a vehicle, more than three legs may be required to achieve a full 180 degree rotation. Three point turn is the name in Australia, Canada, New Zealand. Less common terms are, Y-turn, K-turn, and Broken U-turn but in the UK and Ireland, the official DSA guide to driving, the essential skills
8.
Siding (rail)
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A siding, in rail terminology, is a low-speed track section distinct from a running line or through route such as a main line or branch line or spur. It may connect to through track or to other sidings at either end, sidings often have lighter rails, meant for lower speed or less heavy traffic, and few, if any, signals. Sidings connected at both ends to a line are commonly known as loops, otherwise they are known as single-ended sidings or dead end sidings. Sidings may be used for marshalling, stabling, storing, loading and unloading vehicles, common sidings store stationary rolling stock, especially for loading and unloading. Industrial sidings go to factories, mines, quarries, wharves, warehouses, such sidings can sometimes be found at stations for public use, in American usage these are referred to as team tracks. Sidings may also hold maintenance of way equipment or other equipment, allowing trains to pass, some sidings have very occasional use, having been built, for example, to service an industry, a railway yard or a stub of a disused railway that has since closed. It is not uncommon for a siding to fall into disrepair. A particular form of siding is the siding or passing loop. This is a section of parallel to a through line. Sidings allow trains travelling in opposite directions to pass, and for fast, sidings are very important for operating efficiency on single track lines, and add to the capacity of other lines. A siding may have lighter rail than the main track, the rail used may not be continuous welded rail but rather joined by angle bars. The railway owner may place less emphasis on the quality of the ties and the ballast used on the siding as compared to that on its main track. A siding may not receive or may not require, the degree of scrutiny and maintenance that the more heavily travelled main track may receive. ”Interestingly. This same naming convention for sidings is followed in the American rules for railroad operation, the General Code of Operating Rules Seventh Edition effective April 1,2015 defines a siding as “A track connected to the main track and used for meeting or passing trains. Location of sidings are shown in the timetable. ”The definition is interesting in that it appears to attach a single purpose to a siding, like their Canadian counterparts, there also is no assigned number of main track switch connections in this definition of a siding. The employee time table for these Canadian railroads also uses the single word “Siding” to describe this section of track, a designated siding in the railroad’s employee timetable is shown with a siding capacity which is its usable length as measured in feet. Typically the track centre for a siding or any track adjacent to the track is a standard distance to allow the safe passage of trains including trains that may be handling dimensional shipments. At the two ends of the siding, that distance is compromised as the siding joins the main track, as such the railway will display an appropriate stopping point on both the main track and the siding track to ensure the safe passage of both trains
9.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
10.
Flying junction
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A more technical term is grade-separated junction. A burrowing junction or dive-under occurs where the line passes below the main line. The alternative to separation is a level junction or flat junction, where tracks cross at grade. Where two lines each of two tracks merge with a junction, they can become a four-track railway together. This happens regularly in the Netherlands, nearly all junctions with high-speed railways are grade-separated. The LGV network has four grade-separated high-speed triangles, Fretin, Coubert, Massy, a fifth, Vémars, is grade separated except for a single-track link on the least-used side, linking Paris Gare du Nord and Paris CDG airport. Triangle des Angles, Avignon, with two parallel 1.5 km viaducts, triangle de Massy, Paris, partial four-way junction. Before conversion to a junction, this was the site of the Harmelen train disaster. In addition, lead tracks to Cabot Yard maintenance facilities branch off from the junction, all were built by the former Pennsylvania Railroad and are now maintained by Amtrak. 39. 97086°N75. 19848°W /39.97086, -75.19848 on the New York City Subway at Hammels Wye on the IND Rockaway Line, the grade separations of the junction are woven into the grade separations of the interchange between the two highways. This would have part of the Oklahoma Avenue station, had it been built. South of the King Street station in Alexandria is a series of tunnels where the Blue, there are also flying junctions near three underground rail stations, Rosslyn, LEnfant Plaza, and the Pentagon
11.
Steam locomotive
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A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind, the first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop, Steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were superseded by electric and diesel locomotives, with full conversions to electric. The majority of locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, though several continue to run on tourist. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks, in 1784, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive. An early working model of a rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the US during 1794. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks, the model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts, accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine, Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through another trio of locomotives, Four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray for the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway debuted in 1812. Another well known early locomotive was Puffing Billy built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley and it was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on display in the Science Museum. George Stephenson built Locomotion No.1 for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, in 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of locomotives used on railways in the UK, US. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of power for passenger
12.
Diesel locomotive
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A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotive have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which power is conveyed to the driving wheels. Early internal combustion engine-powered locomotives and railmotors used gasoline as their fuel, soon after Dr. Rudolf Diesel patented his first compression ignition engine in 1892, it was considered for railway propulsion. Progress was slow, however, as several problems had to be overcome, power transmission was a primary concern. As opposed to steam and electric engines, internal combustion engines work efficiently only within a range of turning frequencies. In light vehicles, this could be overcome by a clutch, in heavy railway vehicles, mechanical transmission never worked well or wore out too soon. Experience with early gasoline powered locomotives and railcars was valuable for the development of diesel traction, one step towards diesel-electric transmission was the petrol-electric vehicle, such as the Acsev Weitzer railmotor, which could operate from batteries and electric overhead wires too. Steady improvements in diesel design gradually reduced its size and improved its power-to-weight ratio to a point where one could be mounted in a locomotive. Once the concept of drive was accepted, the pace of development quickened. In 1930, Armstrong Whitworth of the United Kingdom delivered two 1,200 hp locomotives using engines of Sulzer design to Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway of Argentina, currently, almost all diesel locomotives are diesel-electric, although the diesel-hydraulic type was widely used between the 1950s and 1970s. The Soviet diesel locomotive TEP80-0002 lays claim to the speed record for a diesel railed vehicle. In 1894, a 20 h. p. two axle machine built by Priestman Brothers was used on the Hull Docks, in 1896 an oil-engined railway locomotive was built for the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, England, in 1896, using an engine designed by Herbert Akroyd Stuart. It was not, strictly, a diesel because it used a hot bulb engine, following the expiration of Dr. Rudolf Diesels patent in 1912, his engine design was successfully applied to marine propulsion and stationary applications. However, the massiveness and poor power-to-weight ratio of early engines made them unsuitable for propelling land-based vehicles. Therefore, the potential as a railroad prime mover was not initially recognized. This changed as development reduced the size and weight of the engine, the worlds first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the Winterthur-Romanshorn Railroad in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. In 1906, Rudolf Diesel, Adolf Klose and the steam, Sulzer had been manufacturing Diesel engines since 1898. During further test runs in 1913 several problems were found, after the First World War broke out in 1914, all further trials were stopped
13.
Observation car
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The push-pull mode of operation removes this limitation. In Europe, various trains are now fitted with observation cars at either or both ends and this variety of features is easy to spot with a variety of window placement and sizes, while Observation Car windows tend to be more uniform in size and placement. A lighted drumhead adornment, usually indicating the name of the train or the name/logo of the railroad would invariably be hung from the end of the observation car. Some early trains offered two observation cars, an enclosed type for its compartment or first class passengers and an open type resembling a flat car for its tourist class riders. The observation platform made a temporary stage for just such an event. In more recent years, presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, while the cars manufactured by companies such as Pullman-Standard conformed to somewhat standard designs, some railroads created their own distinctive designs for observation ends. For example, the Milwaukee Road’s passenger trains were often rounded out with either a “Skytop Lounge” or a finned “Beavertail observation” the latter due to noted industrial designer Otto Kuhler. The Milwaukees Skytops—four parlor cars built in the railroads own shops, the WP touted this combination car type as “the best of both worlds” in passenger amenities. The Wabash used the cars on their Bluebird, Chicago to St. Louis, the C&O cars were sold to the Denver & Rio Grande and ran on the Royal Gorge. As described above, the car on scheduled passenger trains has largely fallen victim to increased operational costs. An outstanding exception is Via Rails Canadian, which operates on every triweekly trip between Toronto and Vancouver with the same dome observation-lounge cars in use on the train since 1955. Some modern European trains, typically operating in the mode, are fitted with observation cars on one or both ends. The driver is located in a cabin on the side of the passengers, the German ICE control cars feature a see-through driver cabin, with passenger seats behind the driver. Private railroad car White, John H, baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press. Budd also built cars for the Wabashs Bluebird between Chicago and St. Louis and the Chesapeake and Ohio Chessie which never went into service. The C&O cars were sold off to the Denver and Rio Grande Western where they served on the Royal Gorge and her costume is made to resemble that of a Pullman Observation coach. Dome Observation history Skytop Lounge Coffee Creek restoration London and North Western Railway observation car No.1503 Swanage Railway’s Pullman Observation Car No.14
14.
Railway turntable
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In rail terminology, a railway turntable or wheelhouse is a device for turning railway rolling stock, usually locomotives, so that they can be moved back in the direction from which they came. This is especially true in areas where economic considerations or a lack of sufficient space have served to weigh against the construction of a turnaround wye. In the case of locomotives, though most can be operated in either direction, they are treated as having front ends. When operated as a unit, the railway company often prefers, or requires. When operated as part of a multiple unit locomotive consist, the locomotives can be arranged so that the consist can be operated front end first no matter which direction the consist is pointed. Turntables were also used to turn observation cars so that their windowed lounge ends faced toward the rear of the train and these early wagonways used a single point-to-point track, and when operators had to move a truck to another wagonway, they did so by hand. The lack of switching technology seriously limited the weight of any loaded wagon combination, the first railway switches were in fact wagon turnplates or sliding rails. Turnplates were initially made of two or four pieces of wood, circular in form, that replicated the track running through them and their diameter matched that of the wagons used on any given wagonway, and they swung around a central pivot. Loaded wagons could be moved onto the turnplate, and rotating the turnplate 90 degrees allowed the loaded wagon to be moved to another piece of wagonway, thus, wagon weight was limited only by the strength of the wood used in the turnplates or sliding rails. When iron and later steel replaced stone and wood, weight capacity rose again, however, the problems with turnplates and sliding rails were twofold. First, they were small, which limited the wagon length that could be turned. Second, their capacity could only be accessed when the wagon was on top of them and still. The railway switch, which both of these problems, was patented by Charles Fox in 1832. As steam locomotives replaced horses as the means of power, they became optimised to run in only one direction, for operational ease. The resulting need to turn heavy locomotives required an upgrade to the existing turnplate technology. Like earlier turnplates, most new turntables consisted of a pit in which a steel bridge rotated. The bridge was supported and balanced by the central pivot, to reduce the total load on the pivot. This was most often achieved by a steel rail running around the floor of the pit that supported the ends of the bridge when a locomotive entered or exited, the turntables had a positive locking mechanism to prevent undesired rotation and to align the bridge rails with the exit track
15.
Tank locomotive
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A tank locomotive or tank engine is a steam locomotive that carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of a more traditional tender. A tank engine may also have a bunker to hold fuel, there are several different types of tank locomotive, distinguished by the position and style of the water tanks and fuel bunkers. The most common type has tanks mounted either side of the boiler and this type originated about 1840 and quickly became popular for industrial tasks, and later for shunting and shorter distance main line duties. Tank locomotives have advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional tender locomotives, the first tank locomotive was the Novelty that ran at the Rainhill Trials in 1829. It was an example of a Well Tank and these were E. B. Wilson and Company, William Fairbairn & Sons, George England, Kitson Thompson and Hewitson and William Bridges Adams. By the mid-1850s tank locomotives were to be performing a variety of main line and industrial roles. There are a number of types of locomotive, based on the location. These include the side tank, the tank, the pannier tank. A configuration very common in the U. K, the water is contained in rectangular tanks mounted on either side of the locomotive, near to the boiler but not quite touching. The tank sides extend down to the platform, if such is present. The length of side tanks was limited in order to give access to the inside motion. If it was desired to extend them to the front of the locomotive for greater capacity, with larger side tanks it was sometimes necessary to taper the tanks slightly at the front end to improve forward visibility. Side tanks almost all stopped at, or before, the end of the boiler barrel, a few designs did reach to the front of the smokebox and these were termed flatirons. The water tank sits on top of the boiler like a saddle sits atop a horse, usually the tank is curved in cross-section, although in some cases there were straight sides surmounted by a curve, or even an ogee shape. Saddle tanks were a popular arrangement especially for smaller locomotives in industrial use and it gave a greater water supply, but limited the size of the boiler and restricted access to it for cleaning. However, the locomotive has a centre of gravity and hence must operate at lower speeds. The drivers vision may also be restricted, again restricting the safe speed, Water in the tank is slightly pre-heated by the boiler, which reduces the loss of pressure found when cold feedwater is injected into the boiler. However if the water becomes too hot, injectors lose efficiency, for this reason, the tanks often stopped short of the hotter and uninsulated smokebox
16.
Electric locomotive
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An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or fuel cell. Electricity is used to smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors. One advantage of electrification is the lack of pollution from the locomotives, electrification results in higher performance, lower maintenance costs and lower energy costs. Power plants, even if they burn fossil fuels, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines, the power can come from clean or renewable sources, including geothermal power, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines. Electric locomotives are quiet compared to locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise. The lack of reciprocating parts means electric locomotives are easier on the track, Electric locomotives are ideal for commuter rail service with frequent stops. They are used on high-speed lines, such as ICE in Germany, Acela in the U. S. Shinkansen in Japan, China Railway High-speed in China, Electric locomotives are used on freight routes with consistently high traffic volumes, or in areas with advanced rail networks. Electric locomotives benefit from the efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows energy to be recovered during braking to put power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems provide for regenerative braking. The chief disadvantage of electrification is the cost for infrastructure, overhead lines or third rail, substations, public policy in the U. S. interferes with electrification, higher property taxes are imposed on privately owned rail facilities if they are electrified. In Europe and elsewhere, railway networks are considered part of the transport infrastructure, just like roads, highways and waterways. Operators of the rolling stock pay fees according to rail use and this makes possible the large investments required for the technically and, in the long-term, also economically advantageous electrification. Because railroad infrastructure is owned in the U. S. railroads are unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification. The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen and it was powered by galvanic cells. Davidson later built a locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a cylinder on each axle. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour for a distance of one and it was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use
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Street running
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On-street running or street running is the routing of a railroad track or tramway track running directly along public streets, without any separation. The rails are embedded in the pavement, and the train shares the street directly with pedestrians. Trains generally travel at reduced speed for safety reasons, if there are stations on the section, they can appear similar in style to a tram stop, but often lack platforms, pedestrian islands, or other amenities. Passengers may be required to wait on a distant sidewalk, and then to board or disembark directly among mixed traffic in mid-pavement, rather than at curbside. Although bridges and tunnels are not streets, rails can still be embedded in the surface of bridges and this is also considered to be street running. This list does not include conventional tram, interurban, light rail or the tram portions of tram-train systems, over the Salto Grande Dam, between Concordia, Argentina and Salto, Uruguay. Bridge between Viedma, Río Negro and Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires, the North Coast main line runs down Denison Street in Rockhampton, Queensland carrying freight and passenger services. A sugar-cane railway runs down Mill Street, uruguaiana, almost 300 m. in the Vasco Alves street to reach the Paso de los Libres–Uruguaiana International Bridge. Notable examples in Canada include, Brantford, Ontario Clarence Street Guelph, Ontario Kent Street, CNR, near Mannheim, the Oberrheinische Eisenbahn and Rhein-Haardt-Bahn are street running through several villages. In Linkenheim, near Karlsruhe, the Hardt Railway was changed to BOStrab in 2011 for that reason, Road and rail share the Lindaunis Bridge in Schleswig-Holstein. Freight trains using the infrastructure of Rhein-Sieg-Verkehrsgesellschaft to the company Evonik in Niederkassel-Lülsdorf passing the village Sieglar are running inside the Pastor-Böhm-Straße, one of the most famous locations is when the steam-powered Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Toy train squeezes between narrow shop fronts down past a bazaar in India. Indonesia used to have an extensive steam tramways network, which had street running sections in various towns and cities in Java. Two sections remain in use in 2010, part of the Wonogiri branch runs along the Slamet Riyadi street in Surakarta, the earlier line sees both passenger and freight service, while the other line is exclusively for freight. Freight trains to and from the docks at Dublin share the Alexandra road with cars The Bernina Railway runs in the streets of Tirano, the Circumetnea ran until 1999 on the Corso delle Provincie in Catania. The Cremona–Iseo railway ran until 1956 in the street of Cavatigozzi. The Domodossola–Locarno railway started until the 1980s from the square of Domodossola. The Rivabahn was until 1981 a freight railway that ran into the city of Trieste along the seaside street, the Rome–Fiuggi railway runs completely along the Via Casilina in Rome. This railway serves as the only way of reaching Machu Picchu from Cusco without walking
18.
Cootamundra West railway station
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Cootamundra West is a closed railway station on the Lake Cargelligo railway line, in the New South Wales town of Cootamundra, Australia. The station opened in 1911 and contains a double storey station building. The station has closed since 1983 when passenger services along the branch were withdrawn. Media related to Cootamundra West Railway Station at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Tecuci
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Tecuci is a city in Galați County, Romania, in the historical region of Western Moldavia. It is situated among wooded hills, on the bank of the Bârlad River. The area neighboring Tecuci was the scene of a fierce 1476 battle between Moldavian Prince Stephen the Great and the Ottomans, under the Romanian Kingdom, it was the residence of the now-defunct Tecuci County. The city was famous for its canned food factories, which preserve vegetables, fruit and meat, climate in Tecuci is defined as Dfb, bordering a Dfa. As of October 30,2011,34,871 inhabitants live within the city limits
20.
Woodville Railway Station, New Zealand
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Woodville was the railhead of the line from Napier until the line was completed through the Manawatu Gorge, connecting it with Palmerston North in 1891. It was not until 1897 when the Wairarapa Line finally reached its terminus that Woodville again became a station of some importance,10 years after it opened. As a junction, Woodville has hosted a variety of services from the Wairarapa, Manawatu, and Hawkes Bay regions, but has been closed to passenger services since 2001. This means that trains from any direction can use the station, Woodville was initially a station on the Palmerston North – Napier line that was constructed southwards from Napier in the 1880s. The railhead finally reached Woodville in 1887, with the first official train arriving on 22 March 1887, Woodville remained the terminus of the line over the next four years as it was extended through the Manawatu Gorge, finally reaching Palmerston North in March 1891. Passenger services from Woodville west to Palmerston North and south into the Wairarapa were provided by private coach operators, the Wairarapa services connected Woodville to the railhead of the Wellington – Woodville railway, which for much of this time was located at Eketahuna. Passenger excursions were also popular, with trips being made to such as Napier, Waipawa. This change reflected the desire of the Railways Department to use its own lines where possible, however, the move proved to be unpopular, as the journey time increased by an hour due to the operational requirements of the Rimutaka Incline. Nationalisation of the Wellington – Manawatu line in 1908 resulted in several changes at Woodville. Following the opening of the Rimutaka Tunnel and deviation in 1955, Woodville became the terminus of the Wairarapa Mail, a replacement locomotive-hauled passenger train introduced to provide passenger services to Wairarapa between Wellington and Woodville. In its later years, the Wairarapa Mail was extended from Woodville through to Palmerston North, railcar services were introduced in 1936 over the same route using the new Wairarapa-class RM railcars, which eventually replaced the Wairarapa Mail in 1948 to due coal shortages. Despite this development, mixed trains on the section of the Wairarapa Line continued to operate. A mixed Woodville – Masterton and return service was run six days a week, Monday – Saturday, and in the direction on Tuesdays, Thursdays. The daily nature of service made it popular with students attending secondary school in Masterton. After the Rimutaka Tunnel opened, both the Wairarapa railcars and the trains were withdrawn and replaced by the new twinset railcars. Locomotive hauled passenger trains through the Wairarapa to Woodville were gradually re-introduced from the mid-1960s, accordingly, first Standard-class and later twinset railcars replaced the Napier Express passenger trains through Woodville from 1954. A locomotive-hauled passenger service was re-introduced from 1972, which was at first known as the Endeavour, the Endeavour did not fully replace the railcars on this route until 1976. Declining patronage led to the cancellation of service from 8 October 2001
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Earlestown railway station
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Earlestown railway station is a railway station in Earlestown, Newton-le-Willows in Merseyside, England. Since recent restoration of a platform for Warrington Bank Quay to Liverpool trains, the station lies on the former Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which was opened on 15 September 1830. On 25 July 1831 the Warrington and Newton Railway was opened for use, making a junction at a point in the township of Newton. The junction had a very tight curvature and this caused problems, train travelling on the curves were restricted to a slow maximum speed. The original building now forms the waiting room of Earlestown Station, a new Curve was built at Newton Junction so that trains could run towards Manchester, this gave the station a triangular formation with six platforms. The method of operation involved the despatch of a Grand Junction train from both Liverpool and Manchester to meet at Earlestown and these were joined together and continued as one train to Birmingham. Both portions conveyed through carriages after 1839 to London, the Grand Junction trains arriving from Birmingham were usually split at Warrington and passed through Earlestown as separate Liverpool and Manchester trains. An area between the station and the Nine Arches viaduct was selected in 1833 by Messrs Jones, Turner, the name has stuck, despite it being corrupted to its present version and never having been an actual town. This inconvenient routing was eliminated by the construction of the Golborne cut-off, the original route, on the eastern section of the triangle, was electrified at 25kV as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification, since it was then used by a few trains stopping at Earlestown. However, direct trains to St Helens Shaw Street via St Helens Junction were withdrawn in 1964, the remaining parts of the station were electrified as part of the North West electrification, which was announced in July 2009. This project saw the original West Coast Main Line electrification joined to the Manchester to Liverpool electrification at the east and this electrification work was completed in February 2015. At present, there are frequent services to Liverpool, Manchester, Warrington, Chester, previously, despite the long-standing electrification of part of the station, no electrically operated passenger services were scheduled to call at Earlestown. Nearby on the line towards Liverpool is the Sankey Viaduct, the first mainline railway viaduct and it crosses the Sankey Canal, which is claimed to be the worlds first purpose-built industrial waterway. The building is derelict, with tickets being sold in a more recent structure on the opposite side of the line. The ticket office is staffed for the duration of service each day. Digital information screens, timetable poster boards and automatic announcements provide train running information, all platforms have either shelters or canopies. Only platforms 1 and 5 have step-free access, as the others are reached via the footbridge between platforms 1 and 2. Most routes serve the station hourly in each direction, though certain trains pass through without stopping, listed buildings in St Helens, Merseyside Butt, R. V. J
22.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
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The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was a railway opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in the United Kingdom. Jervis of the Delaware and Hudson Railway some years later wrote, as opening the epoch of railways which has revolutionised the social and commercial intercourse of the civilized world. Trains were hauled by steam locomotives between the two towns, though private wagons and carriages were allowed. Cable haulage of trains was down the steeply-graded 1. 26-mile Wapping Tunnel to Liverpool Docks from Edge Hill junction. The railway was built to provide faster transport of raw materials, finished goods. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first public transport system on land which did not use animal traction power. Up to then, the rail systems for public use had been, Horse-drawn plateways, such as the Lake Lock Railroad, Surrey Iron Railway. Railways that used a mix of steam and horse-drawn traffic, such as the Stockton and Darlington Railway, or a mix of cable and horse haulage, often described as the Grand British Experimental Railway the success or failure of which would decide plans for all future railways. The L&MR was intended to achieve cheap transport of raw materials, finished goods, huge tonnages of textile raw material were imported through Liverpool and carried to the textile mills near the Pennines where water and then steam power enabled the production of the finished cloth. There was support for the railway from the towns at either end, the original promoters are usually acknowledged to be Joseph Sandars, a rich Liverpool corn merchant, and John Kennedy, then owner of the largest spinning mill in Manchester. They were influenced to do this by William James, now something of a forgotten figure, James was a land surveyor who had made a fortune in property speculation. He advocated a national network of railways, based upon what he had seen of the development of colliery lines, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company was founded on 24 May 1823. It was established by Henry Booth, who became its secretary and treasurer, along with merchants from Liverpool. Charles Lawrence was the Chairman, Lister Ellis, Robert Gladstone, John Moss, a bill presented in 1825 to Parliament was rejected, but it passed in May the following year. In Liverpool 172 people took 1,979 shares, in London 96 took 844, the Marquess of Stafford had 1,000, giving 308 shareholders with 4,233 shares. The initial survey for the line was carried out by William James and, Robert Stephenson departed for South America and William James became bankrupt. Consequently, in 1824 George Stephenson was appointed engineer in their place, by this time, he was taking on too much. As Robert was absent, George left checking the survey to subordinates, upon presentation to Parliament in 1825 it was shown to be inaccurate
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Grand Junction Railway
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The line built by the company was the first trunk railway to be completed in England, and arguably the worlds first long-distance railway with steam traction. Presently, the lines which comprised the GJR form the section of the West Coast Main Line. The GJR established its chief engineering works at Crewe, relocating there from Edge Hill and it began operation with a temporary Birmingham terminus at Vauxhall, The travelling post office where mail was sorted on a moving train was instituted on the Grand Junction Railway in January 1838. Using a converted horse-box, it was carried out at the suggestion of Frederick Karstadt, karstadts son was one of two mail clerks who did the sorting. The route between Curzon Street railway station and Vauxhall primarily consisted of the Birmingham Viaduct and it consisted of 28 arches, each 31 feet wide and 28 feet tall and crossed the River Rea. This being accomplished, what further improvement could be desired between London and Lancashire, in 1840 the GJR absorbed the Chester and Crewe Railway soon before it began operation. In 1845 the GJR merged with the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in 1841 the company appointed Captain Mark Huish as the Secretary of the railway. Huish was ruthless in the development of the business and contributed significantly to the Companys success, the GJR was very profitable, paying dividends of at least 10% from its beginning and having a final capital value of more than £5. One locomotive, Columbine, is preserved at the Science Museum and this was GJR No.49 and LNWR No. In the 2007 adaptation of the television series Cranford, a line owned by the Grand Junction Railway is the subject of gossip when the railway line bypasses the village of Cranford. Grand Junction Railroad Notes References Bibliography Webster, Norman W. Britains First Trunk Line – the Grand Junction Railway, the Railways of Great Britain and Ireland Practically Described and Illustrated
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Cromford and High Peak Railway
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One scheme that had been suggested would pass via Tansley, Matlock and Bakewell. The problem was not only carrying a canal over a height of around a thousand feet, finally Josias Jessop, the son of William Jessop, was asked to survey the route. He, his father and their former partner Benjamin Outram had gained experience in building tramways where conditions were unsuitable for canals. Even so, as almost the first long-distance line at 33 miles, moreover, to its summit at Ladmanlow, it would climb a thousand feet from Cromford, making it one of the highest lines ever built in Britain. The first part of the line from the wharf at High Peak Junction, on the Cromford Canal, to Hurdlow opened in 1830. From the canal it climbed over one thousand feet in five miles, through four inclines ranging from 1 in 14 to 1 in 8, Cromford, Sheep Pasture, Middleton and Hopton, the line then proceeded up the relatively gentle Hurdlow incline at 1 in 16. The second half from Hurdlow to Whaley Bridge opened in 1832 descending through four more inclines, the highest part of the line was at Ladmanlow, a height of 1,266 feet. For comparison, the present-day highest summit in England is Ais Gill at 1,169 feet on the Settle–Carlisle line. The railway was laid using so-called fishbelly rails supported on stone blocks, as was common in those days, rather than timber sleepers, since it would be powered by horses on the flat sections. On the nine inclined planes, stationary steam engines would be used, apart from the last incline into Whaley Bridge, the engines, rails and other ironwork were provided by the Butterley Company. It would take two days to complete the journey. Luckily it was laid to the Stephenson gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in, however, the unsuitability of cable railways for passengers became clear within a few years. Not only did the C&HPR have the steepest adhesion worked incline of any line in the country, in 1857 the northern end was connected to the Stockport, Disley and Whaley Bridge Railway. Around this time, the people of Wirksworth were agitating for a line, however, the Midland Railway began surveying a line from Duffield in 1862 and it was never used. The C&HPR was leased by the London and North Western Railway in 1862, then, built by the LNWR, the branch line to Ashbourne was opened in 1899. This used the section of the C&HP line from Buxton as far as Parsley Hay, from where a line ran south to Ashbourne. The formation was constructed to allow for double tracking if necessary, the line was worked by independent contractors until long after other lines, which had taken operations in house upon the introduction of locomotives. The line was initially under-capitalised because many of the subscribers did not meet their dues, and it was funded by the Butterley Company
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Cable railway
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Many such were funicular railroads, where one descending load in part counterbalanced an ascending consist, much like a cable car. Cable railways are built where the gradient of the route is so steep that a conventional adhesion train could not climb the track. Most commonly the cable is operated by an engine, although other methods such as gravity or water-balance are also used. Many cable railways connect to conventional adhesion lines at their top and bottom, a specific type of cable railway is the funicular, which is a cable railway with the cars permanently fixed to the cable. Usually funiculars are self-contained and not connected to railway networks. The Welsh slate industry made use of inclines to connect quarry galleries. Level tracks are arranged above and below the gradient to allow wagons to be moved onto the incline either singly or in short rakes of two or more, on the incline itself the tracks may be interlaced to reduce the width of land needed. Railway workers attach the cable to the wagon, and detach it when it arrives at the other end of the incline. Generally, special-purpose safety couplings are used rather than the ordinary wagon couplings, the cables may be guided between the rails on the incline by a series of rollers so that they do not fall across the rail where they would be damaged by the wheels on the wagons. On early railways, cable-worked inclines were used on some passenger lines. The speed of the wagons was usually controlled by means of a brake that acted on the drum at the head of the incline. The incline cable passed round the drum several times to ensure there was sufficient friction for the brake to slow the rotation of the drum – and therefore the wagons – without the cable slipping. At the head of the various devices were employed to ensure that wagons did not start to descend before they were attached to the cable. These ranged from simple lumps of rock wedged behind the wheels to permanently installed chocks that were mechanically synchronized with the drum braking system. At Maenofferen Quarry a system was installed that raised a short section of the rail at the head of the incline to prevent runaways, the operation of an incline was typically controlled by the brakesman positioned at the winding house. A variety of systems were used to communicate with workers at the bottom of the incline, one of the most common communication methods was a simple electrical bell system. Cable railways were used within quarries to connect working levels. Sometimes a single cable railway would span multiple levels, allowing wagons to be moved between the furthest levels in a single movement, in order to accommodate intermediate levels, turnouts were used to allow wagons to leave and join the cable railway part way along its length
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Derbyshire
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Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire, in 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, there is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland, 75% of the population live in 25% of the area. Further occupation came with the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age when Mesolithic hunter gatherers roamed the hilly tundra, evidence of these nomadic tribes has been found in limestone caves located on the Nottinghamshire border. Deposits left in the date the occupancy at around 12,000 to 7,000 BCE. Burial mounds of Neolithic settlers are also situated throughout the county and these chambered tombs were designed for collective burial and are mostly located in the central Derbyshire region. There are tombs at Minninglow and Five Wells that date back to between 2000 and 2500 BCE, three miles west of Youlgreave lies the Neolithic henge monument of Arbor Low, which has been dated to 2500 BCE. It is not until the Bronze Age that real signs of agriculture, in the moors of the Peak District signs of clearance, arable fields and hut circles were discovered after archaeological investigation. However this area and another settlement at Swarkestone are all that have been found, during the Roman invasion the invaders were attracted to Derbyshire because of the lead ore in the limestone hills of the area. They settled throughout the county with forts built near Brough in the Hope Valley, later they settled around Buxton, famed for its warm springs, and set up a fort near modern-day Derby in an area now known as Little Chester. Several kings of Mercia are buried in the Repton area, following the Norman Conquest, much of the county was subject to the forest laws. To the northwest was the Forest of High Peak under the custodianship of William Peverel, the rest of the county was bestowed upon Henry de Ferrers, a part of it becoming Duffield Frith. In time the area was given to the Duchy of Lancaster. Meanwhile, the Forest of East Derbyshire covered the county to the east of the River Derwent from the reign of Henry II to that of Edward I. The main rivers in the county are the River Derwent and the River Dove which both join the River Trent in the south. The varied landscapes within Derbyshires have been formed mainly as a consequence of the underlying geology, the oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. In its north-east corner to the east of Bolsover there are also Magnesian Limestone rocks of Permian age, across both regions can be found drift deposits of Quaternary age – mainly terrace and river gravel deposits and boulder clays
27.
Sefton railway station
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Sefton railway station is located on the Main South line, serving the Sydney suburb of Sefton. It is served by Sydney Trains T3 Bankstown line services, Sefton station opened on 19 October 1924 when the Lidcombe to Regents Park line was extended to Cabrammatta to become part of the Main South line. The station building is of a standard design from the 1920s and 1930s. The station was expanded in the following years, with booking. The station has undergone changes over the years as the importance of the station decreased, the buildings on the footbridge were removed. Flower boxes, hedges and trees on the platform were removed, an awning was erected at the end of the 20th century to connect the footbridge landing with the main station building. From inception, passenger services at Sefton connected it directly to Lidcombe, Strathfield, with the completion of the Bankstown Line extension from Birrong, a small number of services were added through the station between Liverpool and Bankstown. Today Sefton is served by T3 Bankstown line services terminating at Liverpool and three Liverpool - City via Strathfield services on weekdays
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Victorian Railways
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The Victorian Railways operated in the Australian state of Victoria from 1859 to 1983. The first railways in Victoria were private companies, but when these companies failed or defaulted, a Department of Railways was created in 1856 with the first appointment of staff. British engineer, George Christian Darbyshire was made first Engineer-in-Chief in 1857, because of political turmoil in the Victorian Government, Higginbotham was one of 137 officials removed from office on Black Wednesday on 8 January 1878 when the Government was denied supply. He, like a number of senior officers, was not reappointed. Robert Watson then took over as Engineer-in-Chief, but in 1880 a new Ministry expressed a wish to redress the injustice by re-instating Higginbotham. On 1 November 1883 assent was given to the Victorian Railways Commissioners Act 1883,47 Vic, no.767, to construct, maintain and manage the states railways. The staff of the Department of Railways came under the authority of the Railway Commissioners, the elaborate headquarters at 67 Spencer Street were opened in 1893. Victorian Railways grew to all parts of the state, even extending some lines into New South Wales under the 1922 Border Railways Act. In the late 19th century the railways became something of a football with politicians demanding new lines to be built in places where traffic levels never justified it. In 1864 there was just 254 miles of railway, the system expanded rapidly to reach 2,900 route miles by 1891 and to its greatest extent of 4,755 route miles in 1939. The result was that by the beginning of the 20th century, the period from the end of the 1930s saw a slow decline in route mileage as unprofitable branches were closed. 1937 saw the introduction of the streamlined Spirit of Progress passenger train, with air conditioning, diesel power was introduced in 1951 with ten F-class diesel-electric shunting locomotives, followed by B-class mainline diesel-electric locomotives in 1952/53. The last steam locomotive was withdrawn in 1972, in May 1973 the Railways Act 1972 passed the management of the Railways from the Victorian Railways Commissioners to a Victorian Railways Board. In 1974 the Victorian Railways was rebranded as VicRail, but the royal blue, the State Transport Authority traded under the V/Line name, while the Metropolitan Transit Authority used that name until the Public Transport Corporation was formed in 1989. Between 1996 and 1999 V/Line and The Met were privatised, V/Line Passenger was franchised to the National Express Group, returning to government ownership in 2002. Metro Trains Melbourne now operates the railway network. When first formed in 1857, the management of the Railways Department was initially vested in the President of the Board of Land and Works, this situation remaining until 1884. With the passing of the Victorian Railways Commissioners Act 1883, a board of four commissioners was put in charge, the board could have up to seven members, with six being initially appointed
29.
Wodonga
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Wodonga /wəˈdɒŋɡə/ is a city on the Victorian side of the border with New South Wales,300 kilometres north-east of Melbourne, Australia. Adjacent to Wodonga, across the border is the New South Wales city of Albury, Wodonga is located wholly within the boundaries of the City of Wodonga LGA. Its population is approximately 37,500 people, and with Albury forms an area with approximately 90,000 people in 2013. Founded as a customs post with its twin city Albury on the side of the Murray River. Originally named Wodonga, its name was changed to Belvoir then later back to Wodonga, the Post Office opened 1 June 1856 although known as Belvoir until 26 July 1869. It had previously regarded as the smaller, less prosperous cousin of the two. Whilst still somewhat smaller than Albury, economic growth in both areas has ameliorated such distinctions and it also serves as a central point for the delivery of government services to the surrounding region. It houses the Australian corporate headquarters for Mars Corp and it is also the home of a campus of La Trobe University and Wodonga Institute of TAFE. Several experiments in governance in an attempt to bring the cities of Albury. There are three Australian rules football clubs in Wodonga, the Wodonga Football Club, the Wodonga Raiders Football Club, Wodonga and Wodonga Raiders compete in the Ovens & Murray Football League, while the Wodonga Saints compete in the Tallangatta & District Football League. There are many sporting clubs in the region. Brisbane Lions dual-premiership player Daniel Bradshaw and celebrated St. Kilda forward Fraser Gehrig is originally from Wodonga, Wodonga is also home to a number of cricket clubs which compete in the Cricket Albury Wodonga competition. These include the Belvoir Eagles, Wodonga Bulldogs and Wodonga Raiders, cyclists are catered for by the Albury Wodonga Cycling Club. The Albury Wodonga Cycling Club holds club races most weekends, is part of the Riverina Interclub, Wodonga has a horse racing club, the Wodonga & District Turf Club, which schedules around seven race meetings a year including the Wodonga Cup meeting in November. Golfers play the course at SS&A Wodonga on Parkers Road, much of the arts and theatrical activity in the region is conducted in a cross-border fashion, for instance HotHouse Theatre is located almost equidistant from the Wodonga and Albury city centres. Australian Socceroos Archie Thompson and Joshua Kennedy played for soccer team Twin City Wanderers as children, Wodonga Diamonds Football Club and Wodonga Heart Soccer Club are two other soccer clubs based in Wodonga. All three clubs compete in the Albury Wodonga Football Association, in early 2014, a new club representing the region and playing its games in Wodonga was founded as Murray United F. C. It will compete in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 from 2015, the Worlds Biggest Rolling Pin is located in Wodonga, atop Henris Bakery
30.
Cudgewa railway line
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The Cudgewa railway line is a closed railway line in the north-east of Victoria, Australia. Branching off the main North East line at Wodonga it ran east to a terminus at Cudgewa. Most of the line has been reused by the High Country Rail Trail, the Cudgewa line opened in stages between 1889 and 1921. The first section from Wodonga to Huon opened on 10 September 1889 and it was extended to Bolga on 18 July 1890, Tallangatta on 24 July 1891, Shelley on 13 June 1916, Beetomba on 10 April 1919 and Cudgewa on 5 May 1921. In 1919, the line was used to carry materials for the construction of Hume Weir, part of the line was converted to dual gauge in 1944 to serve freight depots around Bandiana. In the early 1950s, the volume of Hume Reservoir was increased, in the 1960s, Cudgewa became the railhead of materials for the Snowy Mountains Scheme. The line had 1 in 30 grades, with T class T413 becoming the regular diesel locomotive on the line after purchase in 1967, the last passenger service from Wodonga to Tallangatta ran on 30 September 1961 with a 102hp Walker railmotor. On 21 April 1978, the last regular train ran, with closure of the line on 1 March 1981. From 1995, it was a standard gauge track only, the Wodonga-Bandiana section closed on 1 September 2009 as part of the Wodonga Rail Bypass project. The section of the line between Wodonga and Tallangatta has now converted into the High Country Rail Trail. On 20 October 2012, a new bridge opened over the Hume Weir using the existing piers, Photos during Victorian Railways operations Photos of the remains of the line, and High Country Rail Trail
31.
Spirit of Progress
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The Spirit of Progress was the premier express passenger train on the Victorian Railways in Australia, running from Melbourne to the New South Wales border at Albury, and later through to Sydney. Following the completion of the standard gauge line between Melbourne and Albury in April 1962 the Spirit of Progress was extended to Sydney, the Spirit of Progress ushered in a standard of passenger train speed and comfort not previously seen in Australia. Such was the commitment of VR Chief Commissioner Harold Clapp to introducing a world-class train service to Victorian Railways, when introduced, the train featured many innovations new or recently introduced to Australian railway practice, such as streamlining, full air-conditioning, and all-steel carriage construction. Its overall exterior and interior design reflected the latest Art Deco style and it was the first air-conditioned train in the British Empire. The locomotives were equipped with long range tenders with enough water. In an elaborate ceremony at Spencer Street station, Premier Albert Dunstan opened the Parlor Car with a gold key. While not officially acknowledged, the steam-hauled Spirit of Progress is reported on occasion to have reached speeds as high as 86 mph while in regular service, flaman speed recorder paper tape records were taken for every journey. After the successful launch of the service, the train settled into a routine that remained unchanged for the next fifteen years. It departed Spencer Street station at 18,30 each evening, arriving at Albury at 22,20, as well as cleaning of carriages and servicing of the locomotive, staff would also reverse the train back across the Murray River bridge to a turning triangle at Wodonga. In Melbourne, the train was turned using a balloon loop, by 22 November 1939, annual patronage had increased again to 222,371. A1,7 scale model of Spirit of Progress rolling stock made up part of the Australian Travel Exhibit at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, one second class car was removed from the standard consist to make way for the mail van. This left one spare sitting car of each class, from 1941 the Spirit was occasionally hauled by VRs H class 4-8-4 locomotive in the event of one of the S class locomotives not being available. Following successful trials, the B class locomotives replaced the S class locomotives on the Spirit of Progress roster from April 1954, none of the iconic streamlined steam locomotives were saved for preservation, all were withdrawn and scrapped by September 1954. From 1956 some key changes to the consist occurred, at the same time, VR introduced open, saloon style Z type carriages which later began to supplement the original compartment carriages of 1937 in the Spirit consist. From 1957 onwards the Spirit of Progress was hauled by the new S class diesel locomotives which inherited the designation from the previous steam locomotives. The first four carried over the names and numbers of the former S class steam locomotives, the train remained popular through the 1950s. Following the completion of the standard gauge line between Melbourne and Albury in April 1962, the Spirit of Progress began running through to Sydney, to operate a service each night in each direction two train consists were formed. Only the guards vans from the original 1937 set were transferred to the gauge the rest of the stock having been built in 1955-62
32.
Ararat railway station
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Ararat railway station is located on the Serviceton and Western standard gauge lines, in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Ararat, and opened on 7 April 1875 and it is also the junction for the closed Ararat – Maryborough line. The full length standard gauge platform is to the north, with broad gauge trains using a platform on the south face. A grade crossing exists at the Up end of the station, to allow the broad gauge to continue east towards Beaufort and Ballarat, while the standard gauge heads south, towards Geelong. Control of signals is by the Australian Rail Track Corporation control centre at Mile End, South Australia, a dead end siding is located to the east, for broad gauge passenger trains, and across from the main platform are two loops and one dead end standard gauge sidings. The railway first reached Ararat from Ballarat on 7 April 1875, the line south to Portland opened in December 1877, and the mainline was extended west, reaching the South Australian border at Serviceton, in January 1887. The line to Maryborough opened in 1890, two signal boxes opened in 1891, and in 1914, the goods sidings were extended, with the locomotive depot built soon after. In the late 1930s, the depot was expanded, in conjunction with the arrival of the new H class 4-8-4 steam locomotives. An 85 feet turntable was installed with 24 roads around it, before this time, Stawell was the major servicing facility in the region. During 1985, the facilities in the main station building were refurbished. However, during time, rationalisation of the facilities began, the B box was demolished in 1984. The former footbridge, which was located at the Up end of the station, was destroyed by a derailment in May 1986, the former Mobil siding and associated points and staff lock were abolished in January 1988. The locomotive depot closed in 1989, with A box following in 1996, gauge conversion also occurred at the station in the 1990s, with the main line to Adelaide converted to standard gauge, as part of the One Nation project. The lines west and south were converted, with the line to Maryborough converted to dual gauge soon after, the former main line to Ballarat had services suspended in April 1995, and was left as broad gauge. V/Line passenger services westward to Dimboola had earlier been withdrawn on 21 August 1993, on 11 July 2004, the line to Ballarat was reopened, with V/Line passenger services reinstated. The contract for the works were awarded in February 2003, and required a crossing and signalling to be installed. The Maryborough line was booked out of use in January 2005, from January 2017, the line now includes a stop at the new Caroline Springs station. It is serviced by V/Line Ararat line services and Great Southern Rail Overland services, Ararat Transit operates bus services from the station
33.
Geelong
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Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia,75 kilometres south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with an urban population of 191,440 as at June 2016. Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east. Geelong is the centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality. Geelong was named in 1827, with the derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, Jillong. The area was first surveyed in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne, the post office was open by June 1840. The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the industry of the Western District. During the gold rush, Geelong experienced a boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district. The city then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s, it one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average. It is known for being home to the Geelong Football Club, today, Geelong stands as an emerging health, education and advanced manufacturing hub. The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula was originally occupied by the Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe, the first nonindigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lt. John Murray, who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson. After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads, on 1 February 1802, led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to the Lady Nelson on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, the Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February, during this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King, Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802, in October of the same year, the HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony. Collins was dissatisfied with the chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J. H. Tuckey to investigate alternate sites. The party spent 22 October to 27 October on the shore of Corio Bay
34.
Ballarat
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Ballarat /ˈbæləræt/ is a city located on the Yarrowee River in the Grampians region of Victoria, Australia. The city is approximately 105 kilometres west-north-west of the capital, Melbourne. It is the third largest population for a city in Australia. Ballarat is arguably the most significant Victorian era gold rush boomtown in Australia, just months after Victoria was granted separation from the state of New South Wales, the Victorian gold rush transformed Ballarat from a small sheep station to a major settlement. Gold was discovered at Poverty Point on 18 August 1851, within months, migrants from across the world had rushed to the district in search of gold. Unlike many other boom towns, the Ballarat fields experienced sustained high gold yields for many decades. The Eureka Rebellion began in Ballarat, and the armed rebellion in Australian history. In response to the event the first male suffrage in Australia was instituted, the gold rush and boom gave birth to many other significant cultural legacies. The rebellions symbol, the Eureka Flag, has become a symbol and is held at the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka in Ballarat. It has endured as a regional centre hosting the rowing and kayaking events from the 1956 Summer Olympics. It is the capital of the Central Highlands and the largest city in the Goldfields region of Victoria. Ballarat is known for its history, culture and its well-preserved Victorian era heritage, after a narrow popular vote the city merged with the town of Ballarat East in 1921, ending a long standing rivalry. Prior to the European settlement of Australia, the Ballarat region was populated by the Wathaurong people, the Boro gundidj tribes territory was based along the Yarrowee River. The Yuille family, Scottish settlers Archibald Buchanan Yuille and his brother William Cross Yuille, arrived in 1837 and squatted a 10, the first houses were built near Woolshed Creek by William Yuille and Anderson, while Yuille erected a hut at Black Swamp in 1838. Outsiders originally knew of the settlement as Yuilles Station and Yuilles Swamp, Archibald Yuille named the area Ballaarat Some claim the name is derived from a local Wathaurong Aboriginal word for the area, balla arat. The meaning of word is not certain, however, several translations have been made. In some dialects, balla means bent elbow, which is translated to mean reclining or resting, another claim is that the name derives from Yuilles native Gaelic Baile Ararat, alluding to the resting place of Noahs ark. The present spelling was adopted by the City of Ballarat in 1996
35.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
36.
Portland, Victoria
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Portland /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ is a city in Victoria, Australia, and is the oldest European settlement in the state. It is also the urban centre in the Shire of Glenelg and is located on Portland Bay. The bay was named in 1800 by the British navigator James Grant, I also distinguished the Bay by the name of Portland Bay, in honour of His Grace the Duke of Portland, wrote Grant. The bay, the deep sea port between Adelaide and Melbourne, offers a sheltered anchorage against the often wild weather of Bass Strait. Whaling captain William Dutton is known to have been resident in the Portland Bay area when the Henty clan arrived and is said to have provided seed potatoes for the Henty garden, after a voyage of 34 days, the Thistle arrived at Portland Bay on 19 November 1834. Edward Henty was only 24 years old and, early in December, using a plough he had made himself, the next voyage of the Thistle brought his brother Francis with additional stock and supplies, and in a short time houses were erected and fences put up. In his diary entry for 3 December 1834, Henty wrote Arrived at 6p. m, in the 5 December entry Henty wrote On descending the hill we saw a native. He immediately ran on seeing us and he was busily employed pulling the gums from the wattle trees. There in Portland the Hentys were discovered by the explorer Thomas Mitchell in 1836, the squatter settlement was illegal since, at that time, the British Colonial Office policy was to contain colonial settlements in Australia within geographic limits. It had been considering how to deal with the prior occupation. The Hentys also farmed in areas known as Australia Felix, around Casterton, by 1838, land auctions had been authorised from Sydney and Charles Tyers surveyed the Portland township in 1839. It was government policy to encourage squatters to take possession of land they chose. A Post Office was opened on 4 December 1841, the third to open in the Port Phillip District after Melbourne, around 1842 a Presbyterian church and school were founded by the Rev. Alexander Laurie, who later ran the Portland Herald. His widow and two sons founded The Border Watch in nearby Mount Gambier, the Gunditjmara are the traditional owners of the south west, taking in what is now Portland. They were present when the early commercial sealers like William Dutton arrived and it has been argued whether Dutton was first, but he was considered to be somewhat itinerant by the establishment of the era and not the discoverer of this deepwater bay and fertile hinterland. Henty sowed the first Victorian wheat crop on cliff top land, while the Hentys landed ashore in Portland on 19 November 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, Gunditjmara still reside in and around the district, they are renowned in scientific circles for their early aquaculture development at nearby Lake Condah. Physical remains such as the weirs and fish traps are to be found in Lake Condah, the Gunditjmara were a settled group, living in small circular stone huts
37.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
38.
Limerick Junction railway station
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Limerick Junction is the interchange railway station for trains originating in Limerick, Dublin Heuston, Cork, Waterford, Tralee and Ennis stations. It is located in County Tipperary, Ireland and was originally named Tipperary Junction, Tipperary town is about 2 miles away to the south-east. Limerick Junction, with a cluster of cottages and a pub, is a small hamlet. Because of its complex layout it has a place in railway lore. One route is the Dublin-Cork main line, while the other is the line from Limerick to Waterford, trains from all four locations are served, some connecting to Ennis in County Clare and Tralee in County Kerry. The layout consists of four platforms, but only two are in use, both north of the station building, the main line platform, number 1, is a through platform. Access to Platforms 2 and 3 for trains from other than Limerick requires reversing. A train coming from Waterford must cross the Dublin-Cork main line towards Limerick and it can then stop at the Limerick bay. Other places in the Ireland that required some or all trains to reverse include, the tracks were rearranged in the mid-1960s to overcome this. Trains using the curve cannot stop at Limerick Junction. The curve is used by three trains each way per day since the most recent timetable changes in December 2009. Through running from Limerick to Mallow and Cork is possible, the station opened on 3 July 1848. The station at Limerick Junction is surrounded by track, trains accessing the Waterford bay from Limerick or Waterford must reverse into the platform. Trains from Waterford also reverse back from Keanes points, where the curve out from the station joins the line, the track layout here has been reduced to now only two platforms. The bay platform to the north is used for trains to Limerick and Waterford/Rosslare, the Waterford bay, which was located at the south end of the station, is now lifted and the so has the line that ran behind the station. The scissor crossover which is located halfway down the platform is due to be lifted. The Cork half of the platform has also been removed. Limerick Junction was also the name of the racecourse at the same location, in 1986 it was renamed Tipperary Racecourse
39.
Kilkenny railway station
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Kilkenny railway station, serves the city of Kilkenny in County Kilkenny. It is a station on the Dublin to Waterford intercity route and it was given the name MacDonagh on 10 April 1966 in commemoration of Thomas MacDonagh, one of the executed leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916. It is on a spur off the main railway line, from the Lavistown Loop Line. This requires trains to exit the station in the direction from which they entered. This meant moving the locomotive from one end to the other, today the use of IE22000 Class railcars stop the need for a turnaround. The station opened on 12 May 1848, the old station can be seen at the bottom of the platforms, facing north. There were 3 platforms,2 through, and 1 bay facing Waterford/Dublin Via Carlow, the two through tracks carried on over a bridge, onwards to Maryborough or Castlecomer. This allowed running of trains from Dublin to Waterford without the need for a runaround, however, when many rural lines in the Irish Railway network shut down, the station reverted to its current state. The Old Building had separate waiting-rooms for Ladies and Gentlemen and an underpass to the island platform, formerly, locomotives would runaround here, although since 2011 this is not possible. In 2011 track north of the two platforms were lifted, and filled in with platform and this provides a direct level link to Platform 2 as the footbridge was difficult to climb during cold weather. This creates a similar to Howth railway station and abolished the runaround facility. The station building is in the old shed, and is equipped with 1 TVM A ticket office A now defunct FasTrack office A small shop Toilets It is fully accessible with a ramp from outside. Bus Éireann services X4, X7,073 &374 stop outside the station at a bus shelter at the side of the station, list of railway stations in Ireland Irish Rail Kilkenny Station Website
40.
Waterford
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Waterford is a city in Ireland. It is in the South-East Region, Ireland and is part of the province of Munster, the city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour. It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland and it is the eighth most populous city on the island of Ireland. Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal, a legacy of the citys former glass-making industry, according to the 2011 Census,65,928 people live in the Waterford Metropolitan District, however this figure does not include its suburbs in County Kilkenny and County Wexford. There are over 80,000 people within a 15 km radius of the city centre, with a population of 51,519, Waterford is the fifth most populous city in the State and the 32nd most populous area of local government. Following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. The authority came into operation on 1 June 2014, prior to this the city had its own local council, Waterford City Council. The new Council is the result of a merger of Waterford City Council, the Council has 32 representatives who are elected from five electoral areas. The city itself forms three of the electoral areas – which when combined form the Metropolitan District of Waterford –, residents in these areas are restricted to voting for candidates located in their ward for local elections. The office of the Mayor of Waterford was established in 1377, a mayor is then elected by the councillors from the two electoral areas of the Metropolitan District of Waterford every year, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual may serve. Mary OHalloran who was mayor during 2007–2008 was the first woman to hold the post, the current mayor is Adam Wyse. The constituency elects four deputies to Dáil Éireann, there are no such ward restrictions for these elections and voters are entitled to vote for any candidate throughout the city and county. The name Waterford comes from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr, meaning ram fjord, the Irish name is Port Láirge, meaning Lárags port. Viking raiders first established a settlement near Waterford in 853 and it and all the other longphorts were vacated in 902, the Vikings having been driven out by the native Irish. Among the most prominent rulers of Waterford was Ivar of Waterford, in 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, failed in an attempt to take Waterford. He returned in 1170 with Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, together they besieged, in furtherance of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were declared cities, with Dublin also declared capital of Ireland
41.
County Mayo
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County Mayo is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, it is part of the province of Connacht and is named after the village of Mayo, Mayo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 130,638 at the 2011 census, the boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time. It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by County Galway, the east by County Roscommon, Mayo is the third-largest of Irelands 32 counties in area and 15th largest in terms of population. It is the second-largest of Connacht’s five counties in size and population. There is a distinct difference between the west and the east of the county. The west consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with areas of extensive Atlantic blanket bog. Agricultural land is more productive in the east than in the west. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001, the County is divided into four municipal areas Castlebar, Ballina, Claremorris and West. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, the county town is at Áras an Contae in Castlebar the main population centre located in the centre of the county. For national elections half of the Claremorris Municipal District is in Galway West, murrisk south west containing Westport, Louisburgh, Croagh Patrick etc. These are followed by Westport, which has 5,543 residents and Claremorris, a survey of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Clare Island was made between 1990 and 2005 and published in 2007. A record of Gunnera tinctoria is also noted, consultants working for the Corrib gas project have carried out extensive surveys of wildlife flora and fauna in Kilcommon Parish, Erris between 2002 and 2009. This information is published in the Corrib Gas Proposal Environmental impact statements 2009 and 2010, County Mayo has a long history and prehistory. At Belderrig on the north Mayo coast, there is evidence for Mesolithic communities around 4500 cal, BC. while throughout the county there is a wealth of archaeological remains from the Neolithic period, particularly in terms of megalithic tombs and ritual stone circles. The first people who came to Ireland – mainly to areas as the interior was heavily forested – arrived during the Middle Stone Age. Artefacts of hunter/gatherers are sometimes found in middens, rubbish pits around hearths where people would have rested and cooked over open fires. Once cliffs erode, midden-remains become exposed as blackened areas containing charred stones, bones and they are usually found a metre below the surface
42.
Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998
43.
Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station
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Belfast Great Victoria Street is a major railway station serving the city centre of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is one of two stations in the city, along with Belfast Central, and is one of the four stations located in the city centre. It is near Great Victoria Street, one of Belfasts premier commercial zones and it is in a more central position than Belfast Central, with the Europa Hotel, Grand Opera House and The Crown Liquor Saloon all nearby. The station is on the site of a linen mill. The Ulster Railway opened the first station on 12 August 1839, a new terminal building, probably designed by Ulster Railway engineer John Godwin, was completed in 1848. Godwin later founded the School of Civil Engineering at Queens College, the station was Belfasts first railway terminus, and as such was called just Belfast until 1852. By then two other companies had opened termini in Belfast, so the Ulster Railway renamed its terminus Belfast Victoria Street for clarity. In 1855 the Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway was completed, making Victoria Street the terminus for one of the most important main lines in Ireland, the Ulster Railway changed the station name again to Great Victoria Street in 1856. In 1876 the Ulster Railway became part of the Great Northern Railway, making Great Victoria Street the terminus for a network that extended south to Dublin and west to Derry, express passenger traffic to and from Dublin Connolly station was always Great Victoria Streets most prestigious traffic. The GNR upgraded its expresses over the decades and in 1947 introduced the Enterprise non-stop service between the two capitals, as Belfast suburbs grew, commuter traffic also grew in volume. In 1958, the Ulster Transport Authority took over Northern Irelands bus, three years later Great Victoria Street station was modernised, and a bus centre incorporated into the facility. Then in 1968, a section of the 1848 terminal building was demolished to make way for the development of the Europa Hotel. In April 1976 Northern Ireland Railways closed both Great Victoria Street and the Belfast Queens Quay terminus of the Bangor line and replaced both with a new Belfast Central station. The remainder of Great Victoria Street station was demolished, after a feasibility study was commissioned in 1986 it was agreed that a new development on the site, incorporating the reintroduction of the Great Northern Railway, was viable. The Great Northern Tower was built on the site of the old station terminus in 1992, and it is only yards from the site of its predecessor. The current station has two island platforms providing a total of four platform faces, platforms 2 and 3 run the full length of the site and open onto the stations main concourse. Platforms 1 and 4 are half the length and are accessible by walking down the other platforms, Great Victoria Street is the hub of Northern Irelands suburban rail services, with Bangor line, Derry~Londonderry line, Newry line and weekend Larne Line trains all terminating there. On Mondays to Saturdays, there are services to Bangor or Portadown on the Bangor and Portadown Lines
44.
Enterprise (train service)
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Enterprise is the cross-border inter-city train service between Dublin Connolly in the Republic of Ireland and Belfast Central in Northern Ireland, jointly operated by Iarnród Éireann and NI Railways. It operates on the Belfast–Dublin railway line, the Great Northern Railway introduced the service as the Enterprise Express on 11 August 1947 in an attempt to compete with air and road transport which were challenging the railways. In particular, business travel was and is an important market, customs checks were limited to the Belfast and Dublin terminals to reduce journey times by ensuring that journeys were non-stop, and advance booking was available. Apparently the name of the train comes from the approach that the GNR took to make journeys more convenient for passengers despite the requirement for customs checks. The initial service ran between Belfast Great Victoria Street station and Dublin Amiens Street station, which was renamed Dublin Connolly in 1966, in October 1950 the service was extended beyond Dublin to Cork. This proved unsuccessful and ceased in September 1953 when the governments of the Republic of Ireland, the Cork services unpopularity may also have been due to the six-and-a-half-hour journey time. Following the completion of the Belfast Central Line Project, the Belfast terminal moved to Belfast Central station in April 1976, the service was upgraded in September 1997 with a new timetable and new coaching stock from French train makers De Dietrich Ferroviaire. At this point the service, which had operated under either the IÉ or NIR brands, was branded separately as Enterprise, the service has suffered disruption, particularly during the Troubles, when it was regularly halted by bomb threats. These became so frequent and caused considerable disruption to the service that a campaigning group. Since the Northern Ireland peace process, however, such disruption has diminished, the Northern Ireland section of the line was also upgraded to 90 mph running on many sections of the line. Timetable times vary between 1 hour 53 minutes and 2 hours 15 minutes, a speed of 97 and 81 km/h respectively. The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland runs a Steam Enterprise in the months to exchange its Dublin-based engine with its Whitehead-based engine. On 21 August 200920 m of the Broadmeadow estuary viaduct, north of Malahide, collapsed, during the disruption the Enterprise operated between Belfast Central and Drogheda, with buses connecting Drogheda with Dublin Connolly. The line reopened on 16 November with full services resumed, the Enterprise underwent a face-lift during 2009, with the carriages being resprayed in silver with green livery, some of which could be seen at Translinks York Road Maintenance Depot. In 2014, a refurbishment programme was announced for the Enterprise service. Rotating refurbishment involved substituting non-Enterprise trainsets on a basis which began in November 2014 with a return to service of the first revamped coaches in November 2015. Refurbishment provided new mechanical running gear, in electronics and modernised interiors. The first refurbished set, consisting of DVT9002 and Locomotive 206, operated a service from York Road Depot in Belfast to Dublin Connolly and back
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Belfast Central railway station
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Belfast Central is a railway station serving the city of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is one of the four located in Belfast City Centre. Located on East Bridge Street in the city, Central is the terminus of the cross border Enterprise service to Dublin Connolly. As well as service, Central is also served by Northern Ireland Railways. Regular services also operate between Central and the other main station, Great Victoria Street. Intending passengers travelling to and from Central are at present, upon presentation of a rail ticket. Despite the name of the station, it is further from Belfast city centre than Great Victoria Street station. Contrary to popular belief, Central Station is in fact so named because it is on the trackbed of the Belfast Central Railway. The station itself was opened on 26 April 1976, the first Station Manager was Mr John Johnston. By the 1990s, it clear that the facilities at Central were in need of upgrading. A major refurbishment programme started in 2000 and was completed in 2003, there are two Island Platforms at Belfast Central, capable of accommodating trains up to 9 coaches long. Platform 1 is used by trains from Derry or Portrush on their way to Great Victoria Street. Platform 2 tends to be used for Enterprise services to Dublin, from Monday to Saturday, there is a half hourly service from Bangor to Portadown, with some trains continuing on to Newry. During peak times there are up to 6 trains per hour operating to Bangor with 3 being express services, the service is reduced to hourly operation in the evenings. Some early morning trains in either direction will terminate at or start from Great Victoria Street rather than continuing on through Belfast to the respective outlying terminus, on Sundays, the service is hourly operating between Bangor and Portadown. There are no local calling at stations between Portadown and Newry on Sundays. Inbound Larne Line services run half-hourly to Great Victoria Street, outbound services run half-hourly on an alternating basis to either Whitehead or on to Larne Harbour. Extra services at times run to Carrickfergus, and some early morning
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Belfast suburban rail
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The Belfast suburban rail commuter network serves the metropolitan area of Greater Belfast and some of its commuter towns with three lines. The network is owned by Translink and operated by N I Railways, stations - Belfast Great Victoria Street, Adelaide, Balmoral, Finaghy, Dunmurry, Derriaghy, Lambeg, Hilden, Lisburn, Moira, Lurgan, Portadown. This line has the potential to be extended from Portadown to Armagh city centre by reopening the railway line, government Minister for the Department for Regional Development, Danny Kennedy MLA indicates railway restoration plans of the line from Portadown to Armagh. Stations - Belfast Great Victoria Street, City Hospital, Botanic, Belfast Central, Titanic Quarter, Sydenham, Holywood, Marino, Cultra, Seahill, Helens Bay, Carnalea, Bangor West, Bangor. Most trains run directly from Bangor to Portadown and vice versa, the typical off-peak service on this route is 2tph. The last train of the day arrives in Bangor and Portadown shortly after midnight, services Belfast to Carrickfergus are typically every 30 mins daytime and hourly evenings and weekends. Trains extend to Larne typically every hour and this division is no longer recognised. Metro Translink Northern Ireland Railways Dublin Suburban Rail Cork Suburban Rail Galway Suburban Rail Limerick Suburban Rail Northern Ireland Railways
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