1.
Neighborhoods in Miami
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This is a list of neighborhoods in Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Many of the neighborhoods have been renamed, redefined and changed since the citys founding in 1896. As such, the extents of some neighborhoods can differ from person to person. The following is the list of all the major neighborhoods. Coconut Grove is an example of a neighborhood whose size and name has stayed relatively the same since its settlement in 1825, having been settled originally as Cocoanut Grove, its character has stayed almost intact from its early days. In contrast, other neighborhoods have undergone many name and size changes, buena Vista was once a much larger neighborhood in the 1920s, than it is today. Buena Vista once consumed all of the Miami Design District as well as a part of Little Haiti, Wynwood. Other neighborhoods, such as Omni have only recently been rebranded as Omni, Midtown emerged as a new neighborhood in the mid-2000s after developers created the large scale Midtown Miami development in an area traditionally known as Edgewater. List of communities in Miami-Dade County, Florida City of Miami Neighborhoods Map City of Miami website Miami-Dade Map
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
5.
Miami-Dade County, Florida
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Miami-Dade County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U. S. state of Florida. It is the southeasternmost county on the U. S. mainland, according to a 2015 census report, the county had a population of 2,693,117, making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in the United States. It is also Floridas third-largest county in terms of land area, Miami-Dade County is included in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is home to 34 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas, southern Miami-Dade County includes the Redland and Homestead areas, which make up the agricultural economy of Miami. Agricultural Redland makes up one third of Miami-Dade Countys inhabited land area, and is sparsely populated. The western portion of the county extends into the Everglades National Park and is populated only by a Miccosukee tribal village, East of the mainland in Biscayne Bay is also Biscayne National Park and the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves. The earliest evidence of Native American settlement in the Miami region came from about 12,000 years ago, the first inhabitants settled on the banks of the Miami River, with the main villages on the northern banks. The Tequesta Indians fished, hunted, and gathered the fruit and roots of plants for food and they buried the small bones of the deceased with the rest of the body, and put the larger bones in a box for the village people to see. The Tequesta are credited with making the Miami Circle, Juan Ponce de León was the first European to visit the area in 1513 by sailing into Biscayne Bay. His journal records that he reached Chequescha, a varianth of Tequesta and it is unknown whether he came ashore or made contact with the natives. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and his men made the first recorded landing when they visited the Tequesta settlement in 1566 while looking for Avilés missing son, shipwrecked a year earlier. Spanish soldiers led by Father Francisco Villarreal built a Jesuit mission at the mouth of the Miami River a year later, after the Spaniards left, the Tequesta Indians were left to fend themselves from European-introduced diseases like smallpox. By 1711, the Tequesta sent a couple of local chiefs to Havana, Cuba, the Cubans sent two ships to help them, but Spanish illnesses struck and most of the Indians died. The first permanent European settlers arrived in the early 19th century, people came from the Bahamas to South Florida and the Keys to hunt for treasure from the ships that ran aground on the treacherous Great Florida Reef. Some accepted Spanish land offers along the Miami River, at about the same time, the Seminole Indians arrived, along with a group of runaway slaves. The area was affected by the Second Seminole War, during which Major William S. Harney led several raids against the Indians, most non-Indian residents were soldiers stationed at Fort Dallas. It was the most devastating Indian war in American history, causing almost a total loss of population in Miami, after the Second Seminole War ended in 1842, William English, re-established a plantation started by his uncle on the Miami River. He charted the “Village of Miami” on the bank of the Miami River
6.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
7.
Wynwood Art District
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The Wynwood Art District is a district of the Wynwood neighborhood of Miami, Florida. It is home to over 70 galleries, museums and collections and it is roughly bounded by North 36th Street, North 20th Street, I-95 and Northeast First Avenue. Currently it is one of the largest open-air street art installations in the world, the Wynwood Art District Association was founded in early 2003 by a group of art dealers, artists and curators Mark Coetzee, Nina Arias and Nick Cindric. Mark Coetzee initiated the idea based on a project, Art Night. It is home to over 70 galleries, five museums, three collections, seven art complexes,12 art studios, five art fairs and the Wynwood Walls, the Wynwood Walls were created in 2009 by the late Tony Goldman in an effort to develop the areas pedestrian potential. The Walls have brought much notoriety to Miami within the genre of graffiti, artists from around the world have contributed to the Wynwood Walls. The Walls have been covered by such as the New York Times. It was also featured in the docu-series entitled Here Comes the Neighborhood, the Walls have expanded to include murals outside the neighborhood creating Outside the Walls which has included art covering entire buildings. In 2010, Goldman added the Wynwood Doors created to feature smaller artists, every second Saturday of each month, a community-wide art walk is held. Galleries, art studios, alternative spaces and showrooms open their doors to the public for art, music, Art Basel is a collection of modern and contemporary art shows held annually in three major cities, Basel, Miami Beach Wynwood and Hong Kong. The Miami Beach edition takes place each December and it provides a local galleries introduction to international audiences, such as curators and collectors. The collection movement began in 1970 and was founded by art galleries Ernst Beveler, Trudi Bruckner, the first show included 90 galleries and 30 publishers from 10 countries. The Miami Beach show debuted in Miami Beach in 2002 and its debut year had 15 shows and events and has grown over the years to an international high profile event. In 2013, its 7th year at Miami Beach there was over 70,000 visitors, galleries and art shows included VIP sections and celebrities from around the world performed and attended many of the events
8.
Florida House of Representatives
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The Florida House of Representatives is the lower house of the legislature of the U. S. state of Florida. Along with the Senate, it comprises the Florida Legislature, the House has 120 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of about 157,000. The House meets at the State Capitol in Tallahassee, members serve two-year terms and are restricted by term limits, limiting them to four consecutive two-year terms, but after sitting out one term may run again. The Florida Constitution establishes the powers and duties shared by the House and Senate, which include passing laws, developing a state budget. Additionally, the House has the power to impeach state officials. State representatives are elected to two-year terms during even-numbered years, once elected, representatives are limited to four consecutive terms but can run again after sitting out one election. The entire Florida Legislature meets every year in a beginning on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March. Special sessions may be called either by the Governor or by the leaders of both chambers acting jointly, the Speaker of the House is elected by the representatives for a two-year term. The Speaker pro tempore presides if the Speaker leaves the Chair or if there is a vacancy
9.
Cynthia Stafford
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Cynthia A. Stafford is a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 109th District, which includes northeastern Miami-Dade County, since 2010. Stafford was born in Miami, and attended St. Thomas University and she later graduated from the St. Thomas University School of Law in 1999, and later worked as an attorney. Stafford also worked for Congresswoman Carrie P. Meek as a legislative aide, in a crowded, nine candidate field, she narrowly lost to former State Representative James Bush by 132 votes, receiving 27% of the vote to Bushs 28%. Two years later, Bush declined to run again, so that he could run for Congress. She faced Bushs wife, Bernadine Bush, Bess McElroy, and Roy Hardemon in the Democratic primary and she was unopposed in the general election. Once again, she faced Bernadine Bush in the primary, but Bush did not present a significant challenge to her and she was unopposed in the general election and won her second term uncontested. In 2014, Stafford was re-elected to her term in the legislature without opposition. Florida House of Representatives - Cynthia Stafford
10.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
11.
Florida Senate
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The Florida Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U. S. state of Florida. Along with the House of Representatives, it comprises the Florida Legislature, the Senate has 40 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of about 470,000. The Senate meets at the State Capitol in Tallahassee, senators generally serve four-year terms and are restricted by term limits, barring them from running for re-election if they have served in office for the past eight consecutive years. This ordinarily limits senators to two four-year terms, the Florida Constitution establishes the legislature’s powers and duties, which include passing laws, developing an annual state budget, and making investigations. Additionally, the Senate has the power to try officials impeached by the House. The Senate has its origins in Florida’s territorial period, when the Florida Territorial Council was made bicameral in 1838, the Florida Constitution requires state senators to be elected to staggered, four-year terms. Senators in odd-numbered districts are elected in U. S. presidential election years, while senators in even-numbered districts are elected in midterm election years. However, to reflect the results of the U. S. Census, thus, senators in even-numbered districts were elected to two-year terms in 2012, and senators in odd-numbered districts will be elected to two-year terms in 2022. All terms were truncated again in 2016, with all 40 seats up for election, State senators must be at least 21 years of age, an elector and resident of their electoral district, and a Florida resident for at least two years prior to election. The Florida Constitution authorizes the state legislature to create and amend the laws of the U. S. state of Florida, State senators propose legislation in the forms of bills drafted by a nonpartisan, professional staff. The entire Florida Legislature meets every year in a beginning on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March. Special sessions may be called either by the governor or by the leaders of both chambers acting jointly
12.
Larcenia Bullard
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Larcenia J. Bullard was born in Allendale, South Carolina, and moved to Florida in 1980. In 1992, she was elected to the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th District and she was re-elected without opposition in 1994, and in 1996, defeated Republican William Bill Greene. Bullard sought a final term in the House in 1998, and defeated Republican James Jones and she did not seek another term in 2000, and was succeeded by her husband, Edward B. Cosgrove, Donald Jones, and State Representative Cindy Lerner, Bullard narrowly defeated Saunders to win her partys nomination by fewer than 800 votes, and in the general election, defeated Republican nominee Evaristo Marina in a landslide. Bullard faced a tough campaign in 2004, when former State Representative Ronald Saunders. However, Bullard defeated both Saunders and Chamberlain, moving onto the general election, where she crushed her Republican opponent, in 2008, Bullard was unopposed for re-election and won a final term. She was unable to seek re-election in 2012, and her son, Bullard died on March 16,2013. She was absent from 2011 Florida Legislative Session after suffering a heart attack and she appeared on the Senate floor two weeks before her death in support of her son, Senator Dwight Bullard. Florida House of Representatives - Larcenia J. Bullard Project Vote Smart - Senator Larcenia J. Bullard profile Follow the Money - Larcenia J Bullard 2006200420021998 campaign contributions
13.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
14.
Frederica Wilson
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Frederica Smith Wilson is an American politician who has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2011. Included within the district are Pembroke Pines, Hollywood, Miramar and she gained national attention in early 2012 as a result of her high-profile comments on the killing of Trayvon Martin. Wilson is a member of the Democratic Party and her seat was left open when the incumbent Kendrick Meek ran for a seat in the Senate in 2010. Wilson is known for her large and colorful hats, of which she owns several hundred and she has gone through efforts to get Congress to lift its ban on head coverings during House sessions, which dates back to 1837. Wilson was born Frederica Smith on November 5,1942 in Miami, Florida, Wilson earned her bachelor of arts degree from Fisk University in 1963, and her master of arts degree from the University of Miami in 1972. She served as the Principal of Skyway Elementary School in Miami and she served on the Miami-Dade County School Board from 1992 through 1998. Wilson represented District 104 in the Florida House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002 and she then represented the 33rd District in the Florida Senate from 2003 to 2010. She served as Minority Pro Tempore in 2006, then Minority Lead Whip, an early supporter, in 2008 she voted for Barack Obama and Joe Biden as one of Floridas presidential electors. On November 2,2010 she won in the election without electoral opposition. Since her time in the Florida legislature, she has strongly opposed standardized testing, learning, founded by ex-Governor Jeb Bushs brother, Neil. Tea Party Frederica Wilson has taken a vocal opposition to the Tea Party, at a Miami town hall meeting, she told citizens to remember that the Tea Party is the real enemy and that they hold Congress hostage. She expressed her belief that they have one goal in mind, Trayvon Martin case Wilson took a vocal stance on the killing of Trayvon Martin, who was a constituent of hers and whose family she says she has known all her life. She has been praised and criticized for stating shortly after the killing that the motive of the accused. She suggested that Zimmerman had hunted Martin, based simply on his race and she called for Zimmermans arrest “for his own safety. ”In March 2012, in a statement on the floor of the House of Representatives, Wilson said, Justice must be served. Describing the incident as a example of racial profiling quickly followed by murder. Wilson organized a rally in Miami on April 1,2012, in April 2012, Wilson said that the death of Martin was definitely murder. Concern had been raised about Wilsons outspoken comments, with some asking if her rhetoric was making it difficult for the prosecutor to do her job. Wilson has been calling for tougher laws to prevent the racial profiling that led to Martins death, anti-Hazing Wilson led efforts to combat bullying and hazing both as the South Atlantic Regional Director for Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority and as a member of Congress
15.
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
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Ileana Ros-Lehtinen /ˌɪliˈɑːnə ˈrɒs ˈleɪtənən, -tnən/ is the most senior U. S. Representative from Florida, representing Floridas 27th congressional district and she served as Chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee from 2011–2013. In 1989, Ros-Lehtinen became the first Cuban American and Latina elected to Congress and she was also the first Republican woman elected to the House from Florida, and is currently the most senior Republican woman in the U. S. House. Ros-Lehtinen gave the first Republican response to the State of the Union address in Spanish in 2011, in September 2011, Ros-Lehtinen became the first Republican member of the U. S. Congress to co-sponsor the Respect for Marriage Act, which would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act. In July 2012, Ros-Lehtinen became the first Republican in the House to support same-sex marriage, also, she said she would propose legislation making U. S. funding for the UN contingent on extensive reform. Ileana Ros y Adato was born in Havana, Cuba, one of two born to Enrique Ros, now a Cuban American businessman and anti-Fidel Castro activist. The family immigrated to the United States when Ileana was seven years old and she received her Bachelor of Arts in education and her Master of Arts in educational leadership from Florida International University. She attended the University of Miami where she earned an Ed. D in higher education, Ros-Lehtinen was raised Catholic and is now an Episcopalian. Ros-Lehtinens maternal grandparents were Sephardic Jews, originally from the Ottoman Empire and her maternal grandfather left the city of Kırklareli for Cuba in 1913, fleeing the devastation and economic collapse caused by the First Balkan War. Her mother later converted to Catholicism to marry her father, Ros-Lehtinen was an educator and the owner/operator of a private school in Miami-Dade County. She was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1982 and they married on June 9,1984, after Dexter switched parties. They both served in the State House until 1986 and that year, they were both elected to the Florida Senate, where he was elected to District 40 and she was elected in District 34. In 1988, Dexter Lehtinen resigned his seat to become U. S. Attorney of South Florida, in 1989, Ros-Lehtinen resigned her seat to become a U. S. Representative. Ros-Lehtinen has two children, Rodrigo, a transgender LGBT rights activist, and Patricia Marie and she is also step-mother to Katherine and Douglas Lehtinen. Congressman Claude Pepper died on May 30,1989, there was an election scheduled for August 29,1989. State Senator Ros-Lehtinen defeated Democrat Gerald Richman 53%–47% and she was the first Cuban American elected to the United States Congress and the first Republican woman elected from Florida. Ros-Lehtinen was unaware that she was also the first Latina elected to Congress until after she was elected, in 1990, she won re-election to a full term with 60% of the vote. In total, she has elected to ten full terms
16.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
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UTC-05
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
19.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
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Area codes 305 and 786
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Area code 305 is the area code for all of Miami, Florida, Miami-Dade County, and the part of Monroe County in the Florida Keys in the United States. The mainland portion of Monroe County is served by area code 239, the numbering plan area 305 was overlaid by area code 786 in 1998. Area code 305 was one of the area codes created in 1947. The western part of the peninsula from the Tampa Bay area south, in 1988, the east coast of Florida from Palm Beach County north through Brevard County, as well as the Orlando metropolitan area was assigned area code 407. In 1995, Broward County was split from 305 and assigned area code 954. Available numbers were limited by the fact that Monroe County was split between two area codes, as well as the fact all of South Florida from the Treasure Coast to the Keys is a single LATA. To solve this problem, area code 786 was installed as an overlay in 1998, the overlay originally only covered Miami-Dade County, the Keys were added in 2008. American professional wrestler Montel Vontavious Porter uses a modified facebuster finishing move known as The 305, Area 305 was a Fort Lauderdale restaurant in the 1970s where each table had an extension for other interested patrons to dial. Drake titled a song 305 to My City on his 2013 album, enrique Iglesias uses @enrique305 as his account name on Twitter. A magazine in Miami called 305 Magazine, kitchen 305 is a Sunny Isles Beach restaurant inside the Newport Beachside Resort. )5. Pitbulls record label is called Mr.305 Inc, pitbull himself is known as Mr.305. QuESt mentions the area code 305 in the song titled Hunger off of his mixtape Searching Sylvan, List of Florida area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of Florida History of Area Code Changes in Florida. Archived from the original on Feb 2,2009, List of exchanges Area Code 786. Archived from the original on Feb 8,2009
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Neighborhoods of Miami
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This is a list of neighborhoods in Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Many of the neighborhoods have been renamed, redefined and changed since the citys founding in 1896. As such, the extents of some neighborhoods can differ from person to person. The following is the list of all the major neighborhoods. Coconut Grove is an example of a neighborhood whose size and name has stayed relatively the same since its settlement in 1825, having been settled originally as Cocoanut Grove, its character has stayed almost intact from its early days. In contrast, other neighborhoods have undergone many name and size changes, buena Vista was once a much larger neighborhood in the 1920s, than it is today. Buena Vista once consumed all of the Miami Design District as well as a part of Little Haiti, Wynwood. Other neighborhoods, such as Omni have only recently been rebranded as Omni, Midtown emerged as a new neighborhood in the mid-2000s after developers created the large scale Midtown Miami development in an area traditionally known as Edgewater. List of communities in Miami-Dade County, Florida City of Miami Neighborhoods Map City of Miami website Miami-Dade Map
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Greater Downtown Miami
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Downtown Miami is an urban city center, based around the Central Business District of Miami, Florida, United States. In addition to the business district, the area also consists of the Brickell Financial District, Historic District, Government Center, Omni. The neighborhood is divided by the Miami River and is bordered by Midtown to the north, Biscayne Bay to the east, Civic Center and Overtown to the west, Brickell Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard are the main north-south roads, and Flagler Street is the main east-west road. Locally known as Downtown, the area is a cultural, financial, greater Downtown is home to many major museums, parks, education centers, banks, company headquarters, courthouses, government offices, theaters, shops and many of the oldest buildings in the city. Downtown Miami is the heart of Miami, and along with Coconut Grove, is the oldest settled area of Miami. Urban development began in the 1890s with the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway by Standard Oil industrialist Henry Flagler down to Miami at the insistence of Julia Tuttle, after New York City and Chicago. Along with Brickell, Downtown has grown from 40,000 residents in 2000, to over 70,000 in 2009 and it was estimated in February 2010, that about 550 new residents move to the Downtown area every month. As of 2009, over 190,000 office employees work in Downtown, Downtown is served by the Miami Metrorail at Historic Overtown/Lyric Theatre, Government Center, and Brickell stations, accessible from Broward and Palm Beach counties via Tri-Rail transfer station. The Metro connects to the Downtown Metromover, which encompasses 22 stations on the clockwise Inner loop and counterclockwise Brickell, Government Center station is Downtowns main station and allows for transfers to all Metromover loops, Metrorail trains, and Metrobus lines at the Stephen P. Clark Government Center. Downtown Miami is centered on the Central business district, best known by local Miamians as simply Downtown, Downtown is bound by NE 6th St to the north, Biscayne Bay to the east, the Miami River to the west and south. Miami Historic District and Government Center are also located within the CBD, Downtown is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at, Government Center Station, and by 13 Metromover stations on the Downtown, Brickell, and Omni Loops. Brickell is south of the Miami River, and is a mixed upper-class residential neighborhood as well as Miamis major financial district along Brickell Avenue, the Shops at Mary Brickell Village and Simpson Park are located within Brickell. Brickell is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at, Brickell Station, Omni is an urban neighborhood with numerous hotels, and high-rise residential buildings. The neighborhoods name comes from the Omni International Mall on Biscayne Boulevard, Omni borders Biscayne Bay the east, NE 2nd Ave to the west, NE 21st St to the north and I-395 to the south. Pace Park, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Omni is served by the Miami Metrorail at, Government Center Station, and by two Metromover stations on the Omni Loop. Park West is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at, Historic Overtown/Lyric Theatre Station, the Miami Jewelry District is a sub-neighborhood of Downtown within the Central Business District historically known for its numerous jewelry stores, jewelers and gem dealers. It is where a variety of jeweled products are sold and is one of the three districts in the United States. The Jewelry District can be accessed by public transportation through the Metromover, as of 2010, the population of Downtown Miami was 65,696 people, with a population density of 27,487 per square mile
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Overtown (Miami)
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Overtown is a neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States, just northwest of Downtown Miami. Local residents often go by the demonym Towners, a part of the historic heart of Miami, it was designated as a colored neighborhood after the creation and incorporation of Miami in 1896. The second-oldest continuously inhabited neighborhood of the Miami area after Coconut Grove, popular with blacks and whites alike, Overtown was a center for nightly entertainment in Miami, comparable to Miami Beach, at its height post-World War II in the 1940s and 1950s. Further, many prominent black luminaries like W. E. B, du Bois, Zora Neale Hurston, Joe Louis and Jackie Robinson lodged and entertained in the neighborhood. The area experienced economic decline from the late 1950s. The area became economically destitute and considered a ghetto as businesses closed, development was spurred in the area again in the late 1980s with the construction and completion of the Miami Arena and transit-oriented development surrounding the newly opened Overtown station. Dr. Marvin Dunn founded the original Roots in the City Overtown Community Garden, turning an overgrown, littered lot into a garden maintained by Overtown residents. And is also organizes an urban farmers market, anti-FTAA protesters at Dr. Dunns invitation held a workshop on permaculture at the Overtown Community Garden and donated over 100 cherry trees to the Overtown community. In 2015, David Beckham announced that he had secured land in the neighborhood for a future Major League Soccer expansion franchise in Miami, the stadium will not be finished until 2018 at the earliest. As of 2000, Overtown had a population of 10,029 residents, with 3,646 households, the median household income was $13,211.99. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 74. 77% Black,19. 90% Hispanic or Latino of any race,3. 27% White, Black Police Precinct & Courthouse Museum,480 NW 11th St. In addition to the churches listed in the places of interest section, in the neighborhood there are, health Center,1009 NW 5th Ave NW 10th Street. 2009-2011 - Video from Overtown with commentary from Towners
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Edgewater (Miami)
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Edgewater is a neighborhood in Miami, Florida, United States, located north of Downtown and Omni, and south of the Upper East Side. It roughly bound by North 17th Street to the south, North 37th Street to the north, Edgewater is primarily a residential neighborhood, with many historic early 20th century homes. The neighborhood has many residential towers to the east along Biscayne Bay. Since 2000, the area has grown in popularity, due to its proximity to Downtown, recent developments in the neighborhood, have brought rapid urbanization to the area, with the construction of high-rise and mid-rise residential buildings, and more retail. As of 2000, Edgewater had a population between 14,034 and 14,819 residents, with 6,221 households, and 2,987 families residing in the neighborhood, the median household income was $11,293.93. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 58. 51% Hispanic or Latino of any race,17. 51% Black or African American,21. 55% White, the zip codes for the Edgewater include 33127,33132, and 33137. The area covers 1.679 square miles, as of 2000, there were 7,548 males and 6,486 females. The median age for males were 32.5 years old, the average household size had 2.3 people, while the average family size had 3.2 members. The percentage of families was 25. 2%, while the percentage of married-couple families with children was 10. 9%. 4. 5% of the population was in group homes. The percentage of never-married males 15 years old and over was 20. 1%, while the percentage of never-married females 15 years old, as of 2000, the percentage of people that speak English not well or not at all made up 25. 1% of the population
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Interstate 195 (Florida)
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Interstate 195 is a 4. 4-mile-long spur freeway connecting I-95 in the west with Miami Beach in the east. It crosses Biscayne Bay by traveling over the Julia Tuttle Causeway and it is part of the longer State Road 112, which continues to the west as the Airport Expressway and to the east as Arthur Godfrey Road. As part of a program, FDOT has painted the shoulders as bike lanes east of US1. At the eastern end of the causeway in Miami Beach, it has an interchange with SR907 before terminating at the intersection of SR 907A and Arthur Goodfrey Road, about a mile west of SR A1A. On December 23,1961, three signed roads along the route of SR112 were opened, the 36th Street Tollway, I-195, and I-195 Spur, along with a stretch of I-95 in Miami. I-195 Spur was the portion of the west–east state road along Arthur Godfrey Road in Miami Beach, connecting I-195. The I-195 Spur signs disappeared from the road shortly after the designation was decommissioned by the newly formed United States Department of Transportation in the late 1960s. Famously, in early 1975, the rhythm of their car on this road was the inspiration for the Bee Gees song Jive Talkin, the entire route is in Miami-Dade County. Jive Talkin Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony Media related to Interstate 195 at Wikimedia Commons FDOT GIS data Florida @ SouthEastRoads - Interstate 195 and Florida 112
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Interstate 95 in Florida
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Interstate 95 is the main Interstate Highway on the east coast of the United States, its southernmost segment serves the Atlantic coast of Florida. It begins at an interchange with U. S. Highway 1 just south of downtown Miami. The route also passes through the cities of Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Interstate 95 runs for 382 miles, the southernmost 12.848 miles of which are unsigned as State Road 9A, and the remainder being the unsigned portion of State Road 9. The highway begins at U. S. Highway 1 near 32nd Road in southern Miami and it quickly interchanges with the Rickenbacker Causeway via the short unsigned SR913, and then heads north into downtown. The short SR970 freeway, mostly unsigned, distributes traffic to downtown streets. On the north side of downtown, at the Midtown Interchange, Interstate 395 heads east to the MacArthur Causeway, throughout Miami-Dade County, I-95 is designated the North–South Expressway according to some maps. After crossing I-395 and SR836, I-95 begins to head north roughly along the alignment of Northwest 6th Avenue, a two-way high-occupancy vehicle roadway in the median begins at I-195 and SR112, formed by ramps to and from SR112. I-95 continues north, crossing and interchanging with many roads, most of which are State Roads. I-95 north to West Palm Beach, as well as SR9 southwest to 27th Avenue, runs parallel to the South Florida Rail Corridor, used by CSX Transportation for freight and Tri-Rail for commuter rail. At the Golden Glades Interchange, SR9 merges with I-95, north of Miami, I-95 continues on to Ft. In West Palm Beach, I-95 provides direct access to Palm Beach International Airport as well as downtown West Palm Beach, north of West Palm Beach, I-95 literally runs beside Floridas Turnpike for 17 miles, between Donald Ross Road in Jupiter and SR713 south of Stuart. I-95 then steers west of the turnpike through Martin and St, after an interchange with State Road 70 providing access to the Turnpike, the highway narrows to two lanes in each direction. The road soon enters Indian River County and the major exit is with State Road 60 providing access to Vero Beach. The highway soon enters Brevard County and the Space Coast of Florida, in Palm Bay, the road widens to three lanes in each direction and continues north passing Melbourne, Viera, and Cocoa. The next major junction is State Road 528 with access to Cocoa Beach, I-95 has expanded to three lanes through both exits in Titusville. I-95 continues north and enters Volusia County and the city of Daytona Beach shortly afterwards, at the junction with Interstate 4, the road widens to three lanes in each direction. The highway passes through Flagler and St. Johns counties before it enters Duval County, about 5 miles north of the St. Johns-Duval county border, I-95 intersects the I-295 beltway at its southern end 14 miles south of central Jacksonville, with I-95 continuing north. The interstate passes through the heart of Jacksonville, crossing the Fuller Warren Bridge over the St. Johns River, about a mile north of the bridge, at exit 351B, it intersects with the national eastern terminus of I-10, with the interchanges redesign completed in September 2010
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Florida East Coast Railway
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The FEC was historically a Class I railroad owned by Florida East Coast Industries from 2000-2006, FOXX Holdings from 1983-2000, and the St. Joseph Paper Company prior to 1983. Built primarily in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, Flagler originally visited Florida to aid with the health issues faced by his first wife, Mary. A key strategist who worked closely with John D. Rockefeller building the Standard Oil Trust and he subsequently began what amounted to his second career developing resorts, industries, and communities all along Floridas shores abutting the Atlantic Ocean. The FEC is possibly best known for building the railroad to Key West, however, a greater and lasting Flagler legacy was the developments along Floridas eastern coast. During the Great Depression, control was purchased by heirs of the du Pont family, after 30 years of fragile financial condition, the FEC, under leadership of a new president, Ed Ball, took on the labor unions. Ball claimed the company could not afford the costs as larger Class 1 railroads and needed to invest saved funds in its infrastructure. Using replacement workers, the company, and some of its employees, engaged in one of the longest and more violent labor conflicts of the 20th century, ultimately, federal authorities had to intervene to stop the violence, which included bombings, shootings and vandalism. However, the courts ruled in the FECs favor with regard to the right to employ strikebreakers, in modern times, the companys primary rail revenues come from its intermodal and rock trains. Since 2007, it has been owned by Fortress Investment Group, a former CSX official, James Hertwig, was named as President and Chief Executive Officer of the company effective July 1,2010. The Florida East Coast Railway was developed by Henry Morrison Flagler, formed at Cleveland, Ohio as Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler in 1867, Standard Oil moved its headquarters in 1877 to New York City. Flagler and his family relocated there as well and he was joined by Henry H. Two years after she died in 1881, he married Marys former caregiver, after their wedding, the couple traveled to St. Augustine, Florida in 1883. Flagler found the city charming, but the facilities and transportation systems inadequate. He recognized Floridas potential to attract out-of-state visitors, though Flagler remained on the Board of Directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the firm in order to pursue his Florida interests. When Flagler returned to Florida, in 1885 he began building a grand St. Augustine hotel and he also discovered that a major problem facing the existing Florida railway systems was that each operated on different gauge systems, making interconnection impossible. He converted the line to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in standard gauge in 1890, the East Coast of Florida was relatively undeveloped at that time, and Flagler found it difficult to obtain the construction materials he needed. His purchase of the JStA&HR Railway was intended to make it faster and easier to supply his building projects, the JStA&HR Railway served the northeastern portion of the state and was the first operation in the Flagler Railroad system. Before Flagler bought the line, the railroad stretched only between South Jacksonville and St. Augustine and lacked a sufficient to accommodate travelers to his St. Augustine resorts
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Puerto Ricans
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Puerto Ricans are the inhabitants or citizens of Puerto Rico. It is home to people of different national origins and equate their nationality with citizenship, allegiance. Over 90% of Puerto Ricans descend from migrants from these two regions of Spain. Puerto Rico has also influenced by African culture, Afro-Puerto Ricans being a significant minority. Puerto Rico has also received immigration from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia as well as from other European countries such as France, Ireland, Italy and Germany. The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide, with most living within the islands of Puerto Rico and in the United States mainland. For 2009, the American Community Survey estimates give a total of 3,859,026 Puerto Ricans classified as Native Puerto Ricans. It also gives a total of 3,644,515 of the population being born in Puerto Rico and 201,310 born in the United States, the total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773. Of the 108,262 who were born outside the United States,92. 9% were born in Latin America,3. 8% in Europe,2. 7% in Asia,0. 2% in Northern America. Both run-away and freed African slaves were in Puerto Rico and this interbreeding was far more common in Latin America because of those Spanish and Portuguese mercantile colonial policies exemplified by the oft-romanticized male conquistadors. All of these factors would indeed prove detrimental for the Taínos in Puerto Rico, in 1791, the slaves in Saint-Domingue, revolted against their French masters. Many of the French escaped to Puerto Rico via what is now the Dominican Republic and settled in the west coast of the island, Some Puerto Ricans are of British heritage, most notably Scottish people and English people who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were followed by waves from other European countries and China. During the early 20th century Jews began to settle in Puerto Rico, the first large group of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were European refugees fleeing German–occupied Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx of Jews to the island came in the 1950s, the native Taino population began to dwindle, with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, through disease and miscegenation. Many Spaniard men took Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. However, under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race
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Puerto Ricans in the United States
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Puerto Ricans, either born in the island or in the states, are American citizens. At 10 percent of the Latino population in the United States, Puerto Ricans are the second largest Latino group nationwide, and comprise 1. 5% of the entire population of the United States. Although the 2010 Census counted the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States at 4.6 million, more recent estimates show the Puerto Rican population to be over 5 million, as of 2012. The portmanteau Nuyorican refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City metropolitan area, important Puerto Rican institutions have emerged from this long history. ASPIRA was established in New York City in 1961 and is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States, the government of Puerto Rico has a long history of involvement with the stateside Puerto Rican community. In July 1930, Puerto Ricos Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City. The Migration Division, also part of Puerto Rico’s Department of Labor, was created in 1948, the strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors. Since 1898, Puerto Rico has been under the control of the United States, even during Spanish rule, Puerto Ricans settled in the US. However, it was not until the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898 that a significant influx of Puerto Rican workers to the US began, with its 1898 victory, the United States acquired Puerto Rico from Spain and has retained sovereignty since. The 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act made all Puerto Ricans US citizens, freeing them from immigration barriers, the massive migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States was largest in the early and late 20th century, prior to its resurgence in the early 21st century. U. S. political and economic interventions in Puerto Rico created the conditions for emigration, by concentrating wealth in the hands of US corporations, policymakers promoted colonization plans and contract labour programs to reduce the population. US employers, often with government support, recruited Puerto Ricans as a source of labour to the United States. Puerto Ricans migrated in search of jobs, first to New York City, and later to other cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia. New York City neighborhoods such as East Harlem in Upper Manhattan, the South Bronx, between the 1950s and the 1980s, large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York, especially to Brooklyn, the Bronx, Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan. Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community, in 1960, the number of stateside Puerto Ricans living in New York City as a whole was 88%, with most living in East Harlem. They helped others settle, find work, and build communities by relying on social networks containing friends, there are significant Puerto Rican communities in all five boroughs. The Puerto Rican population in East Harlem and New York City as a whole remains the poorest among all migrant groups in US cities, as of 1973, about 46. 2% of the Puerto Rican migrants in East Harlem were living below the federal poverty line. The struggle for legal work and affordable housing remains fairly low, New York Citys Puerto Rican community contributed to the creation of hip hop music, and to many forms of Latin music including Boogaloo, Salsa, Latin House, and Freestyle
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Midtown Miami
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Midtown Miami is the collective term for the Wynwood and Edgewater neighborhoods of Miami, Florida, United States, north of Downtown and south of the Miami Design District. It is roughly bound by North 20th Street to the south, I-195 to the north, I-95 to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east. In 2005, construction began on the Midtown Miami development between North 29th and 36th Street and Miami Avenue and the Florida East Coast Railway on what was historically an FEC rail yard. The project is a large-scale, urban development that was planned with 8 high-rise residential buildings, due to the collapse of the real estate bubble in 2007, only two residential buildings, and about 2/3 of The Shops at Midtown were built. In July 2011, plans were announced to begin construction on a new entertainment center at Midtown, including a hotel, critics of Midtown state the lack of parks as a major issue. A fair amount of businesses have also taken up residence in Midtown in office buildings, in industries ranging from interior decor to marketing agency services. At Büro Urbano urban workspace, office spaces are provided for small businesses, Midtown has also become home to Art Miami art fair, which takes place during Miamis Art Basel week. Bacardis United States headquarters were located in the Bacardi buildings also near Midtown Miami, by 2007 Bacardi USA agreed to lease a complex in Coral Gables to use as its new headquarters. At that time, Bacardi had employees in seven buildings across South Florida, Bacardi vacated its former headquarter buildings. Miami citizens began a campaign to label the buildings as historic, allan T. Schulman, a professor of architecture at the University of Miami, said Miamis brand is its identity as a tropical city. The Bacardi buildings are exactly the sort that resonate with our consciousness of what Miami is about, in 2007 Chad Oppenheim, the head of Oppenheim Architecture + Design, described the Bacardi buildings as elegant, with a Modernist a local flavor. In late 2012, the National YoungArts Foundation purchased the storied Bacardi buildings and has converted them into their national headquarters, Midtown Miami Residences Midtown Miami Magazine Downtown Miami Midtown Interchange Miami Design District Miami EXP
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Artist
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An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts or demonstrating an art. The common usage in everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians. Artiste is a variant used in English only in this context, use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism. Wiktionary defines the noun artist as follows, A person who creates art, a person who makes and creates art as an occupation. A person who is skilled at some activity, a person whose trade or profession requires a knowledge of design, drawing, painting, etc. The adjectival Latin form of the word, technicus, became the source of the English words technique, technology, in ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin ars, which, although literally defined, means skill method or technique, and conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in countries such as Italy. An artist was able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined. In this period some artisanal products were more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. With the Academies in Europe the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set, Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as a person who expresses him- or herself through a medium, the word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice. Art historians and critics define artists as those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline, contrasting terms for highly skilled workers in media in the applied arts or decorative arts include artisan, craftsman, and specialized terms such as potter, goldsmith or glassblower. The term may also be used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any activities, as well— law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics. Often, discussions on the focus on the differences among artist and technician, entertainer and artisan, fine art and applied art, or what constitutes art. The French word artiste has been imported into the English language where it means a performer, use of the word artiste can also be a pejorative term. The English word artiste has thus a range of meaning than the word artiste in French
32.
Graffiti
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Graffiti are writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on a wall or other surface, often within public view. Graffiti range from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and they have existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, in modern times, paint and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owners permission is considered defacement and vandalism, Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti have evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement, both graffiti and its occasional singular form graffito are from the Italian word graffiato. Graffiti is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface, a related term is sgraffito, which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was used by potters who would glaze their wares. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, the word originates from Greek γράφειν — graphein — meaning to write. The term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, use of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD, the first known example of modern style graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus. Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution, located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint and a number. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment, the ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the world had different connotations than they carry in todays society concerning content. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, mansueta tene. Etched on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, the majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society, royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even some metalworkers, the topics range from love to satire, curses, wit, and lament. Many demonstrate a high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there, one reads, Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems
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Textile
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A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades as synonyms for textile, however, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres, a fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric used for a specific purpose. The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, from textus, the word cloth derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization, however, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for such as bags. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, in the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Textiles are used in traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting. Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles. In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met, woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of self-powering nanosystems using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements. Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others, armani, the late Gianni Versace, and Emilio Pucci can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs. Textiles can be made from many materials and these materials come from four main sources, animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, in the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas, microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier
34.
Gentrification
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Gentrification is a process of renovation of deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning, conversations surrounding gentrification have evolved, as many in the social-scientific community have questioned the negative connotations associated with the word gentrification. Gentrification is typically the result of increased interest in a certain environment, early gentrifiers may belong to low-income artist or boheme communities, which increase the attractiveness and flair of a certain quarter. In addition to these benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration. The term gentrification has come to refer to a phenomenon that can be defined in different ways. Historians say that gentrification took place in ancient Rome and in Roman Britain, the word gentrification derives from gentry—which comes from the Old French word genterise, of gentle birth and people of gentle birth. In England, Landed gentry denoted the social class, consisting of gentlemen and this change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses. When long-time or original neighborhood residents move from an area because of higher rents, mortgages. Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a communitys history and culture and it often shifts a neighborhoods characteristics, e. g. racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods. German geographers have a more distanced view on gentrification, actual gentrification is seen as a mere symbolic issue happening in a low amount of places and blocks, the symbolic value and visibility in public discourse being higher than actual migration trends. Gerhard Hard assumes that urban flight is more important than inner city gentrification. Volkskunde scholar Barbara Lang introduced the term symbolic gentrification with regard to the Mythos Kreuzberg in Berlin, Lang assumes that complaints about gentrification often come from those who have been responsible for the process in their youth. When former students and bohemians started raising families and earning money in better paid jobs, especially Berlin is a showcase of intense debates about symbols of gentrification, while the actual processes are much slower than in other cities. The citys Prenzlauer Berg district is, however, a child of the capitals gentrification. This leads to mixed feelings amidst the local population, the neologism Bionade-Biedermeier was coined about Prenzlauer Berg. It describes the milieu of the former quartier of the alternative scene. There are several approaches that attempt to explain the roots and the reasons behind the spread of gentrification, bruce London and J. John Palen compiled a list of five explanations, demographic-ecological, sociocultural, political-economical, community networks, and social movements. The first theory, demographic-ecological, attempts to explain gentrification through the analysis of demographics, population, social organization, environment and this theory frequently refers to the growing number of people between the ages of 25 and 35 in the 1970s, or the baby boom generation
35.
Studio
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A studio is an artists or workers workroom, or the catchall term for an artist and their employees who work within that studio. The term is used for the workroom of dancers, often specified to dance studio. The word studio is derived from the Italian, studio, from Latin, studium, from studere, the French term for studio, atelier, in addition to designating an artists studio is used to characterize the studio of a fashion designer. Atelier also has the connotation of being the home of an alchemist or wizard, the studio of a successful artist, especially from the 15th to the 19th centuries, characterized all the assistants, thus the designation of paintings as from the workshop of. An art studio is called an atelier, especially in earlier eras. In contemporary, English language use, atelier can also refer to the Atelier Method, the above-mentioned method calls upon that zeal for study to play a significant role in the production which occurs in a studio space. A studio is more or less artful to the degree that the artist who occupies it is committed to the education in his or her formal discipline. A versatile and creative mind will embrace the opportunity of such practice to innovate and experiment, thus the method raises and maintains an art studio space above the level of a mere production facility or workshop. Safety is or may be a concern in studios, with some painting materials required to be handled, stored, or used properly to prevent poisoning, chemical burns, or fire. Media related to atelier at Wikimedia Commons In educational studios, students learn to develop related to design. In specific, educational studios are studio settings where large numbers of students learn to draft, educational studios are colloquially referred to as studio by students, who are known for staying up late hours into the night doing projects and socializing. The studio environment is characterized by 2 types in education, The workspace where students do usually visually-centered work in an open environment and this time and space is beyond that of instructional time and faculty guidance is not available. It allows for students to each other, help each other. A type of class that takes the above-mentioned workshop space, and it differentiates itself based on a topic of instruction, isolated space, instructor led/included, and an added focus of directed criticism. A great take on this type of studio classroom is described by Carleton University. Studio pottery is made by an individual working on his own in his studio. Production studios are those studios which act as centres for the production in any of the arts, in radio and television production studio is the place where programs and radio commercial and television advertising are recorded for further emission. Animation studios, like movie studios, may be production facilities, animation studios are a fast rising entity and they include established firms such as Walt Disney and Pixar
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Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
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Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
38.
Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)
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Charlies Angels is a remake developed by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar for ABC, based upon the 1976 series of the same name created by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts. The series premiered on ABC on September 22,2011, on October 14,2011, ABC had canceled the series after only four episodes, it burned-off three of the remaining four episodes and concluded on November 10,2011. Friedmans script was rejected, and ABC hired Smallville creators Alfred Gough. In an interview, Alfred Gough expressed his desire to avoid doing anything campy or retro, robert Wagner was set to star as Charlie, but due to scheduling conflicts, had to exit the project. After an exhaustive search, Victor Garber was finally cast as the new voice of Charlie, veteran television director Marcos Siega directed the pilot. Filming began in Miami on March 8,2011, on May 13,2011, ABC picked the project up to series. ABC later announced that the show would air Thursdays at 8,00 pm Eastern/7,00 pm Central, the show received mostly negative reviews. Many reviewers criticized the acting, confusing plot, and useless action scenes, metacritic gives the show a score of 30% based on reviews from 22 critics. Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave the show a C grade commenting The underwhelming cast brings nothing to the boilerplate action, Kelly is miscast as a biker chick, and making Bosley a hunk with computer skills fails to add life. The pilot episode drew only a 2. 1/6 among the 18–49 demos with 8.76 million viewers in Thursday slot on ABC, thirteen episodes of the series were ordered. However, after the episode aired, ABC announced on October 14,2011 that it had decided to cancel the series because of the low ratings. The eighth and final episode of the show was never aired on ABC, shortly before the show ended, Minka Kelly made a post of her thoughts on Twitter about the cancellation of the show with her fans. Ive had a time working with this incredible crew and amazing cast. ABC president Paul Lee stated also after the cancellation of the show, “I don’t think we breathed life into that franchise but I think it was a strong attempt. ”Canada by CTV, australia by Nine Network, which aired the original series. However, after airing two episodes, the Nine Network replaced the shows time slot and moved the series over to the networks other channel. GO. has since removed the program from its schedule after airing the last four episodes including the last episode ABC didnt broadcast, the American Forces Network, for military viewers stationed overseas. New Zealand by TV2, After cancellation in the US, TVNZ pulled the show and it is set to return at a later date. United Kingdom by E4 aired all 8 episodes through January 2012, sweden by TV3 Hungary by AXN Middle East by OSN First Poland by AXN Portugal by TV Séries,2 weeks after the US air date, SIC on Saturdays afternoon broadcast all produced episodes
39.
Park West (Miami)
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Park West is a neighborhood of Greater Downtown, Miami, Florida, United States. It is roughly bound by Biscayne Boulevard to the east, Northwest First Avenue to the west, Northeast 7th Street to the south, as of 2010, about 4,655 residents live in Park West. The neighborhood is named Park West due to its location just west of Museum Park, plans for an enclosed Mall at Miami WorldCenter anchored by Bloomingdales and Macys, have been replaced in favor of an open air promenade shopping district. Demolition of buildings making up the club row began in 2015 clearing the way for construction to begin
40.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
41.
Kosher restaurant
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A kosher restaurant is an establishment that serves food that complies with Jewish dietary laws. Such locations must be closed during Shabbat and Jewish holidays if under Jewish ownership, in most cases, the location is limited to serving exclusively either dairy or meat foods. But some types of establishments, such as delicatessens, frequently both, kept in separate areas. Kosher restaurants exist in cities that have Jewish communities. In cities with large Jewish populations, the choices in kosher dining available may be quite large, in the United States, New York City has the highest number of kosher restaurants, and in Canada, Toronto has the most. In New York, some well known restaurants include Talias Steakhouse & Bar, The Prime Grill, Solo, Le Marais, Basil, Clubhouse, Kolbeh, in cities with smaller Jewish populations, kosher dining is often limited to just a single establishment. Bagel shops are common, serving bagels with lox and cream cheese. At kosher bagel shops, salads may also be served, some locations also have the menus common at pizza shops. Kosher fleishig establishments often serve meat dishes popular within Middle Eastern cuisine, such as Shawarma, along with common American fast food staples like hot dogs, fish may also be served at fleishig restaurants, though it cannot be served on the same plate as meat. The worlds first kosher Subway restaurant opened in Cleveland and was followed by kosher Subways in Brooklyn, Kosher Chinese restaurants are also common. These are mostly either fleishig or vegetarian, in recent years, a tradition has developed in Jewish communities to eat Chinese food on Christmas Day, as many Chinese restaurants are open on these days. This phenomenon is the subject of the song Chinese Food on Christmas, many kosher delicatessens exist that serve both milchig and meat foods that are kept separate. The dairy items include various sliced cheeses and cream cheese, many pareve items and fish items are also served, such as smoked whitefish salad and herring. While most kosher restaurants are small businesses operating only a single location, some corporate restaurants and fast food chains operate kosher locations in places with Jewish populations. In Israel, kosher KFC, McDonalds, and Sbarro franchises can be found, in the United States, there are many kosher Dunkin Donuts, Krispy Kreme and Subway locations. Most of the kosher Subways have failed, some of these locations must modify their typical menus in order to comply with Jewish dietary laws. Baskin-Robbins ice cream is kosher at all locations, certified by the Vaad Hakashrut of Massachusetts, a few of the flavors served at Baskin-Robbins are not kosher, and a sign found at all locations that certifies the products as kosher indicates which flavors are not. Ritas Italian Ice operates some locations under rabbinical supervision, some of these locations can be found in the U. S. states of Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
42.
Miami New Times
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The Miami New Times is a free weekly newspaper published in Miami and distributed every Thursday. It primarily serves the Miami area and is headquartered in Miamis Wynwood Art District and it was acquired by Village Voice Media, then known as New Times Media, in 1987, when it was a fortnightly newspaper called the Wave. As of 2010 it is edited by Chuck Strouse, a former Miami Herald reporter, the paper has won numerous awards, including a first place in 2008 among weekly papers from the Investigative Reporters and Editors for stories about the Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony. Former writers for the Miami New Times include authors Steve Almond, Pete Collins, Jim DeFede, Ben Greenman, Robert Andrew Powell, Sean Rowe, and Kirk Semple
43.
Metrobus (Miami-Dade County)
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The Metrobus network provides bus service throughout Miami-Dade County 365 days a year. It consists of about 93 routes and 893 buses, which connect most points in the county and part of southern Broward County as well. Seven of these routes operate around the clock, Routes 3,11,27,38,77, most other routes operate from 4, 30am to 1, 30am. All Metrobuses are wheelchair accessible, in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, bus route 301 extends into Monroe County, reaching Marathon, where a transfer is available to a Key West Transit bus proceeding further into the Keys. With the appropriate bus transfers, one can travel all the way from Key West to Jupiter entirely on public-transit buses, Metrobus has many connections to Metrorail and Metromover, also operated by Miami-Dade Transit, mainly in the city of Miami. Bus ridership has reached as high as 293,000 daily and it reached a high during the real estate bubble of the 2000s, then declined during the bad economy amid service cuts during the Great Recession, before rising again in the 2010s. From 2015 into 2016, bus ridership fell sharply, down to a low of 195,000 daily in June 2016, amid the lowest gas prices in over a decade, despite a strong economy. This during a time when much effort was going into enhancements, such as a bus shelter, mobile ticketing. Part of the problem is that buses, unlike other transit alternatives, are not exempt from the increasing traffic present, nationally, bus ridership fell while rail ridership increased slightly in 2015. The South Miami-Dade Busway began operating on February 3,1997 and was extended in April 2005, the final 6. 5-mile segment of the Busway extension to Florida City opened on Sunday, December 16,2007. It is parallel to US1/ S Dixie Highway, and replaced an abandoned Florida East Coast Railroad line and it is an alternative to daily traffic congestion. The 13-mile roadway was built by the Florida Department of Transportation just for Metrobus routes, express buses on the exclusive lanes shuttle passengers to and from Dadeland South Station in under 40 minutes. Both full-size and Articulated buses operate on the Busway and in adjacent neighborhoods, local and limited-stop service is offered between Florida City and Dadeland South Metrorail Station. Park & Ride lots along the busway are located at SW 152d Street, SW 168th Street, SW 112th Avenue, SW 244th Street, at Dadeland South Station, riders transfer to Metrorail. Riders headed downtown can transfer from Metrorail to Metromover, which consists of three shorter downtown loops, at Government Center Station, the South Miami-Dade Busway features 28 stops, all of which have been converted to light-rail style stations. A multi-use path stretches the length of the Busway, SW117 Street 1- Serves the station at 173 st and a route that travels through Perrine, Florida and Quail Roost DR which every bus passes every half-hour. They make a turn and go right into the path of a bus that is entering the adjacent Busway intersection. Buses currently have to slow down to 15 mph before crossing the intersection, ridership detail by average daily ridership on weekdays by month, with yearly average and highest ridership month in bold
44.
Metromover
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Metromover is a free mass transit automated people mover train system operated by Miami-Dade Transit in Miami, Florida, United States. Metromover serves the Downtown Miami, Brickell, Park West and Omni neighborhoods, Metromover connects directly with Metrorail at Government Center and Brickell stations. It also connects to Metrobus with dedicated bus loops at Government Center and it originally began service to the Downtown/Inner Loop on April 17,1986, and was later expanded with the Omni and Brickell Loop extensions on May 26,1994. The Metromover serves primarily as a way to travel within the greater Downtown Miami neighborhoods. The system is composed of three loops and 21 stations, the stations are located approximately two blocks away from each other, and connect near all major buildings and places in the Downtown area. Together with Metrorail, the system has seen steady ridership growth per annum, in 1987, the then just one year old people mover system set a record in daily ridership of 33,053 on a Saturday attributed to the new Bayside Marketplace. That same year was when the planning began to extend the system to Brickell and Omni, until November 2002 when the half-penny transit tax was approved, the Metromover had a fare of 25 cents. However, ridership fell with the subsequent economic downturn and high unemployment in the half of the decade. By 2012, ridership had once again increased with population, high gas prices. When the Omni and Brickell extensions were first planned, it was estimated that ridership on the system would reach 43,000 daily by 2000. There are 21 accessible Metromover stations located throughout Downtown Miami and Brickell roughly every two blocks, the Metromover links all of Downtown and Brickells major office buildings, residential buildings, hotels, and retail centers. Major attractions such as the Stephen P, running clockwise, the Downtown Loop serves all Downtown stations except Third Street station. The Outer Loop runs counterclockwise and share tracks around the downtown area, the Brickell loop runs a line into the Brickell area to the south of downtown, while the Omni Loop contains a line with stations in the Omni neighborhood north of Downtown. The inner loop generally runs tandem two car trains while the outer loops only run with single cars, with the often crowded Brickell loop, this may be due to the fact that it has significant grades where it approaches Riverwalk station and crosses the Miami River. Each car can carry over 90 passengers, all loops run from 5 am to just after midnight, from Sunday to Thursday. On Friday and Saturday nights, service is extended until 2 am and this schedule is adjusted during events. Trains on the Inner Loop run in tandem and arrive every 90 seconds during rush hours, Outer Loop trains arrive every 5 to 6 minutes, every 2.5 to 3 minutes where the track is shared. Port of Miami, In May 2011, a study was proposed to analyze the idea of extending the Metromover to the PortMiami and this, with Metrorail and the new MIA Mover would create a direct rail transit link from the airport to the seaport
45.
Allapattah
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Allapattah is a neighborhood mostly in the city of Miami, Florida, and partly in metropolitan Miami, United States. As of May 2011, the portion of Allapattah, from State Road 9 to LeJeune Road, is being annexed by the city proper. The name is derived from the Seminole Indian language word meaning alligator, the initial settlement of the Allapattah community began in 1856 when William P. Development ensued from 1896 and into the 20th century in the area with the completion of the Florida East Coast Railroad, cubans migrated to Miami neighborhoods like Allapattah in large numbers following the Cuban Revolution of 1959, hosting one of Miamis largest Cuban American populations. The 1980s brought influxes of Dominican Americans, Nicaraguans, Hondurans, now, a melting pot of residents from all across the Caribbean, Central America, and Latin America reside in the area. Allapattah is northwest of downtown, and about five miles east of Miami International Airport and it is located at 25. 815°N80. 224°W /25.815, -80.224, with an elevation of 10 feet. Many of the businesses and educational institutions in the neighborhood are located on Northwest 36th Street. The boundaries are roughly the Airport Expressway to the north, the Miami River and the Dolphin Expressway to the south, I-95 to the east, and Northwest 27th Avenue to the west. The industrial district of the city of Miami is located in an area straddling the Civic Center and Allapattah, trades ranging from clothing manufacturers, auto repair, carpentry and upholstery shops. Additionally, several shipyards and dry docks located along the banks of the Miami River. The median household income was $19,141.53, the racial makeup of the neighborhood was 72. 23% Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 33% Black or African American,6. 89% White, and 2. 55% Other races. The zip codes for Allapattah include 33136,33125,33127, the area covers 4.653 square miles. As of 2000, there were 23,967 males and 19,894 females, the median age for males was 33.9 years old, while the median age for females was 36.0 years old. The average household size had 2.8 people, while the family size had 3.4 members. The percentage of families was 36. 4%, while the percentage of married-couple families with children was 16. 6%. 8. 0% of the population were in institutions,1. 0% of the population were in nursing homes. The percentage of never-married males 15 years old and over was 24. 5%, while the percentage of never-married females 15 years old, as of 2000, the percentage of people that speak English not well or not at all made up 33. 0% of the population. Allapattah is served by Metrobus throughout the area, and by the Miami Metrorail at, Santa Clara Allapattah Earlington Heights Miami Jackson Senior High School Allapattah Library
![Shops at Midtown on the eastern end of Wynwood on NE 36th St [1]](/wiki/File:Midtownmiamicenter.jpg)
