Wyoming

State of Wyoming
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Equality State (official); Cowboy State; Big Wyoming[1]
Motto(s): Equal Rights
State song(s): "Wyoming"
Official language	English
Demonym	Wyomingite
Capital (and largest city)	Cheyenne
Largest metro	Cheyenne Metro Area
Area	Ranked 10th
• Total	97,914[1] sq mi (253,600 km2)
• Width	372.8 miles (600 km)
• Length	280 miles (452 km)
• % water	0.7
• Latitude	41°N to 45°N
• Longitude	104°3'W to 111°3'W
Population	Ranked 50th
• Total	577,737 (2018)
• Density	5.97/sq mi  (2.31/km2) Ranked 49th
• Median household income	$60,925[2] (15th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Gannett Peak[3][4][5] 13,809 ft (4209.1 m)
• Mean	6,700 ft  (2040 m)
• Lowest point	Belle Fourche River at South Dakota border[4][5] 3,101 ft (945 m)
Before statehood	Wyoming Territory
Admission to Union	July 10, 1890 (44th)
Governor	Mark Gordon (R)
Secretary of State	Edward Buchanan (R)
Legislature	Wyoming Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Mike Enzi (R) John Barrasso (R)
U.S. House delegation	Liz Cheney (R) (list)
Time zone	Mountain: UTC -7/-6
ISO 3166	US-WY
Abbreviations	WY, Wyo.
Website	wyoming.gov

Wyoming state symbols
The Flag of Wyoming
The Seal of Wyoming
Living insignia
Bird	Western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
Fish	Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)
Flower	Wyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia)
Grass	Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii)
Mammal	American bison (Bison bison)
Reptile	Horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre)
Tree	Plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii)
Inanimate insignia
Dinosaur	Triceratops
Fossil	Knightia
Mineral	Nephrite
Soil	Forkwood (unofficial)
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2007
Lists of United States state symbols

Wyoming (/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ (listen)) is a state in the mountain region of the western United States. The state is the 10th largest by area, the least populous, and the second most sparsely populated state in the country. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho and Montana. The state population was estimated at 577,737 in 2018, which is less than 31 of the most populous U.S. cities including neighboring Denver.^[6] Cheyenne is the state capital and the most populous city, with an estimated population of 63,624 in 2017.^[7]

The western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly by the mountain ranges and rangelands of the Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie called the High Plains. Almost half of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth by area and fifth by proportion of a state's land owned by the federal government.^[8] Federal lands include two national parks—Grand Teton and Yellowstone—two national recreation areas, two national monuments, several national forests, historic sites, fish hatcheries, and wildlife refuges.

Original inhabitants of the region include the Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone. Southwestern Wyoming was in the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress in 1865 to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming". The name was used earlier for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, and is derived from the Munsee word xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat".^[9][10]

The main drivers of Wyoming's economy are mineral extraction—mostly coal, oil, natural gas, and trona—and tourism. Agricultural commodities include livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. The climate is semi-arid and continental, drier and windier than the rest of the U.S., with greater temperature extremes.

Wyoming has been a politically conservative state since the 1950s, with the Republican Party candidate winning every presidential election except 1964.^[11]

Geography

Climate

Wyoming's climate is generally semi-arid and continental (Köppen climate classification BSk), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between 85 and 95 °F (29 and 35 °C) in most of the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above 9,000 feet (2,700 m) averaging around 70 °F (21 °C). Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the 50–60 °F (10–16 °C) range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with Chinook winds providing unusually warm temperatures in some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the Big Horn Basin averaging 5–8 inches (130–200 mm) (making the area nearly a true desert). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around 10–12 inches (250–300 mm), making the climate there semi-arid. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation, 20 inches (510 mm) or more, much of it as snow, sometimes 200 inches (510 cm) or more annually. The state's highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) at Basin on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is −66 °F (−54 °C) at Riverside on February 9, 1933.

The number of thunderstorm days vary across the state with the southeastern plains of the state having the most days of thunderstorm activity. Thunderstorm activity in the state is highest during the late spring and early summer. The southeastern corner of the state is the most vulnerable part of the state to tornado activity. Moving away from that point and westwards, the incidence of tornadoes drops dramatically with the west part of the state showing little vulnerability. Tornadoes, where they occur, tend to be small and brief, unlike some of those that occur farther east.

Casper climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall.
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average max. temperature °F (°C)	32 (0)	37 (3)	45 (7)	56 (13)	66 (19)	78 (26)	87 (31)	85 (29)	74 (23)	60 (16)	44 (7)	34 (1)	58 (14)
Average min. temperature °F (°C)	12 (−11)	16 (−9)	21 (−6)	28 (−2)	37 (3)	46 (8)	54 (12)	51 (11)	41 (5)	32 (0)	21 (−6)	14 (−10)	31 (-1)
Average rainfall inches (mm)	0.6 (15.2)	0.6 (15.2)	1.0 (25.4)	1.6 (40.6)	2.1 (53.3)	1.5 (38.1)	1.3 (33.0)	0.7 (17.8)	0.9 (22.9)	1.0 (25.4)	0.8 (20.3)	0.7 (17.8)	12.8 (325.1)
Source:[12]

Jackson climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall.
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average max. temperature °F (°C)	24 (−4)	28 (−2)	37 (3)	47 (8)	58 (14)	68 (20)	78 (26)	77 (25)	67 (19)	54 (12)	37 (3)	24 (−4)	49 (9)
Average min. temperature °F (°C)	-1 (−18)	2 (−17)	10 (−12)	21 (−6)	30 (−1)	36 (2)	41 (5)	38 (3)	31 (−1)	22 (−6)	14 (−10)	0 (−18)	20 (-7)
Average rainfall inches (mm)	2.6 (66.0)	1.9 (48.3)	1.6 (40.6)	1.4 (35.6)	1.9 (48.3)	1.8 (45.7)	1.3 (33.0)	1.3 (33.0)	1.5 (38.1)	1.3 (33.0)	2.3 (58.4)	2.5 (63.5)	21.4 (543.6)
Source:[13]

Location and size

As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude 41°N and 45°N, and longitude 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle.^[14] Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel.^[15] Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square miles (253,340 km²) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km);^[16] and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.

Natural landforms

Mountain ranges

The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet (4,207 m), to the Belle Fourche River valley in the state's northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (952 m). In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River, and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy, and Sierra Madre ranges.

The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000 ft (4,000 m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains.

The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80 km), part of which is included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the second highest peak in the state.

The Continental Divide spans north-south across the central portion of the state. Rivers east of the divide drain into the Missouri River Basin and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn and the Yellowstone rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean, as does the Green River through the Colorado River Basin.

The Continental Divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area known as the Great Divide Basin where the waters that flow or precipitate into this area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, because of the overall aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or evaporates.

Several rivers begin in or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.

Islands

Wyoming has 32 named islands, the majority of which are in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. The Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands.

Regions and administrative divisions

Counties

The state of Wyoming has 23 counties.

The 23 counties of the state of Wyoming^[17]

Rank	County	Population	Rank	County	Population
1	Laramie	98,327	13	Converse	13,809
2	Natrona	79,547	14	Goshen	13,378
3	Campbell	46,242	15	Big Horn	11,906
4	Sweetwater	43,534	16	Sublette	9,799
5	Fremont	39,803	17	Platte	8,562
6	Albany	38,332	18	Johnson	8,476
7	Sheridan	30,210	19	Washakie	8,064
8	Park	29,568	20	Crook	7,410
9	Teton	23,265	21	Weston	6,927
10	Uinta	20,495	22	Hot Springs	4,696
11	Lincoln	19,265	23	Niobrara	2,397
12	Carbon	15,303	Wyoming Total		579,315

Wyoming license plates have a number on the left that indicates the county where the vehicle is registered, ranked by an earlier census.^[18] Specifically, the numbers are representative of the property values of the counties in 1930.^[19] The county license plate numbers are:

License Plate Prefix	County	License Plate Prefix	County	License Plate Prefix	County
1	Natrona	9	Big Horn	17	Campbell
2	Laramie	10	Fremont	18	Crook
3	Sheridan	11	Park	19	Uinta
4	Sweetwater	12	Lincoln	20	Washakie
5	Albany	13	Converse	21	Weston
6	Carbon	14	Niobrara	22	Teton
7	Goshen	15	Hot Springs	23	Sublette
8	Platte	16	Johnson

Cities and towns

The State of Wyoming has 99 incorporated municipalities.

Most Populous Wyoming Cities and Towns^[20]

Rank	City	County	Population
1	Cheyenne	Laramie	63,624
2	Casper	Natrona	57,814
3	Laramie	Albany	32,306
4	Gillette	Campbell	30,560
5	Rock Springs	Sweetwater	23,350
6	Sheridan	Sheridan	17,860
7	Green River	Sweetwater	12,070
8	Evanston	Uinta	11,866
9	Riverton	Fremont	11,058
10	Jackson	Teton	10,532
11	Cody	Park	9,885
12	Rawlins	Carbon	8,858
13	Lander	Fremont	7,551
14	Torrington	Goshen	6,691
15	Powell	Park	6,440
16	Douglas	Converse	6,350

In 2005, 50.6% of Wyomingites lived in one of the 13 most populous Wyoming municipalities.

Metropolitan areas

The United States Census Bureau has defined two Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and seven Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MiSA) for the State of Wyoming. In 2008, 30.4% of Wyomingites lived in either of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and 73% lived in either a Metropolitan Statistical Area or a Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas^[21]

Census Area	County	Population
Cheyenne	Laramie County, Wyoming	98,327
Casper	Natrona County, Wyoming	79,547
Gillette	Campbell County, Wyoming	46,242
Rock Springs	Sweetwater County, Wyoming	43,534
Jackson	Teton County, Wyoming	23,265
	Teton County, Idaho	11,381
	Total	34,646
Riverton	Fremont County, Wyoming	39,803
Laramie	Albany County, Wyoming	38,332
Sheridan	Sheridan County, Wyoming	30,210
Evanston	Uinta County, Wyoming	20,495

Wind River Indian Reservation

The Wind River Indian Reservation is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes of Native Americans in the central western portion of the state near Lander. The reservation is home to 2,500 Eastern Shoshone and 5,000 Northern Arapaho.^[22]

Chief Washakie established the reservation in 1868^[23] as the result of negotiations with the federal government in the Fort Bridger Treaty.^[24] However, the Northern Arapaho were forced onto the Shoshone reservation in 1876 by the federal government after the government failed to provide a promised separate reservation.^[24]

Today the Wind River Indian Reservation is jointly owned, with each tribe having a 50% interest in the land, water, and other natural resources.^[25] The reservation is a sovereign, self-governed land with two independent governing bodies: the Eastern Shoshone Tribe and the Northern Arapaho Tribe. Until 2014, the Shoshone Business Council and Northern Arapaho Business Council met jointly as the Joint Business Council to decide matters that affect both tribes.^[23] Six elected council members from each tribe served on the joint council.

Public lands

More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the United States in total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.^[8] This amounts to about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1 km²) owned and managed by the United States government. The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another 3,864,800 acres (15,640 km²).^[8]

The vast majority of this government land is administered by the Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service in numerous national forests, a national grassland, and a number of vast swathes of public land, in addition to the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne.

In addition, Wyoming contains areas managed by the National Park Service and other agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, including:

National parks

• Grand Teton National Park
• Yellowstone National Park – first designated national park in the world^[26]

Memorial parkway

• John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway between Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks

National recreation areas

• Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
• Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area (managed by the Forest Service as part of Ashley National Forest)

National monuments

• Devils Tower National Monument – first national monument in the U.S.^[26]
• Fossil Butte National Monument

National historic trails, landmarks and sites

• California National Historic Trail
• Fort Laramie National Historic Site
• Independence Rock National Historic Landmark
• Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain National Historic Landmark
• Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming
• Oregon National Historic Trail
• Pony Express National Historic Trail

National fish hatcheries

• Jackson National Fish Hatchery
• Saratoga National Fish Hatchery

National wildlife refuges

• National Elk Refuge
• Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

• 

  Yellowstone National Park

• 

  Devils Tower National Monument

• 

  Thunder Basin National Grassland

• 

  Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

History

Several Native American groups originally inhabited the region now known as Wyoming. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were but a few of the original inhabitants white explorers encountered when they first visited the region. What is now southwestern Wyoming became a part of the Spanish Empire and later Mexican territory of Alta California, until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. French-Canadian trappers from Québec and Montréal went into the state in the late 18th century, leaving French toponyms such as Téton and La Ramie. John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, itself guided by French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau and his young Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, first described the region in 1807. At the time, his reports of the Yellowstone area were considered to be fictional.^[27] Robert Stuart and a party of five men returning from Astoria discovered South Pass in 1812. The Oregon Trail later followed that route. In 1850, Jim Bridger located what is now known as Bridger Pass, which the Union Pacific Railroad used in 1868—as did Interstate 80, 90 years later. Bridger also explored Yellowstone and filed reports on the region that, like those of Colter, were largely regarded as tall tales at the time.

The region acquired the name Wyoming by 1865, when Representative James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio introduced a bill to Congress to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming". The territory was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell, based on the Battle of Wyoming in the American Revolutionary War. The name ultimately derives from the Munsee word xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat".^[9][10]

The region's population grew steadily after the Union Pacific Railroad reached the town of Cheyenne in 1867, and the federal government established the Wyoming Territory on July 25, 1868.^[28] Unlike mineral-rich Colorado, Wyoming lacked significant deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent population boom. However, South Pass City did experience a short-lived boom after the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867.^[29] Furthermore, copper was mined in some areas between the Sierra Madre Mountains and the Snowy Range near Grand Encampment.^[30]

Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.

On December 10, 1869, territorial Governor John Allen Campbell extended the right to vote to women, making Wyoming the first territory and then United States state to grant suffrage to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming women into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming (Laramie in 1870); Wyoming had the first female court bailiff (Mary Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870); and the first female justice of the peace in the country (Esther Hobart Morris, South Pass City, in 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross, who took office in January 1925.^[31] Due to its civil-rights history, one of Wyoming's state nicknames is "The Equality State", and the official state motto is "Equal Rights".^[1]

Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water rights.^[32] Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.^[1]

Wyoming was the location of the Johnson County War of 1892, which erupted between competing groups of cattle ranchers. The passage of the federal Homestead Act led to an influx of small ranchers. A range war broke out when either or both of the groups chose violent conflict over commercial competition in the use of the public land.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1870	9,118		—
1880	20,789		128.0%
1890	62,555		200.9%
1900	92,531		47.9%
1910	145,965		57.7%
1920	194,402		33.2%
1930	225,565		16.0%
1940	250,742		11.2%
1950	290,529		15.9%
1960	330,066		13.6%
1970	332,416		0.7%
1980	469,557		41.3%
1990	453,588		−3.4%
2000	493,782		8.9%
2010	563,626		14.1%
Est. 2018	577,737		2.5%
Sources: 1910–2010[33][34][18] 2018 estimate[6]

Population

The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Wyoming was 577,737 in 2018,^[6] The center of population of Wyoming is in Natrona County.^[35][36]

In 2014, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population's racial composition was 92.7% white (82.9 non-Hispanic white), 2.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian American, and 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.^[37] As of 2011, 24.9% of Wyoming's population younger than age 1 were minorities.^[38]

According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the population was 90.7% white, 0.8% black or African American, 2.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.2% from two or more races, and 3.0% from some other race. Ethnically, 8.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race) and 91.1% Non-Hispanic, with non-Hispanic whites constituting the largest non-Hispanic group at 85.9%.^[39]

As of 2015, Wyoming had an estimated population of 586,107, which was an increase of 1,954, or 0.29%, from the prior year and an increase of 22,481, or 3.99%, since the 2010 census. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 12,165 people (that is 33,704 births minus 21,539 deaths) and an increase from net migration of 4,035 people into the state. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 2,264 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 1,771 people. In 2004, the foreign-born population was 11,000 (2.2%). In 2005, total births in Wyoming numbered 7,231 (birth rate of 14.04 per thousand).^[40] Sparsely populated, Wyoming is the least populous state of the United States. Wyoming has the second-lowest population density, behind Alaska. It is one of only two states with a smaller population than the nation's capital, Washington, D.C. (the other state is Vermont).

According to the 2000 census, the largest ancestry groups in Wyoming are: German (26.0%), English (16.0%), Irish (13.3%), Norwegian (4.3%), and Swedish (3.5%).^[41]

Birth data

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race	2013[42]	2014[43]	2015[44]	2016[45]	2017[46]
White:	7,090 (92.7%)	7,178 (93.2%)	7,217 (92.9%)	...	...
> Non-Hispanic White	6,136 (80.3%)	6,258 (81.3%)	6,196 (79.8%)	5,763 (78.0%)	5,426 (78.6%)
American Indian	305 (4.0%)	294 (3.8%)	294 (3.8%)	200 (2.7%)	206 (3.0%)
Asian	124 (1.6%)	108 (1.4%)	135 (1.7%)	100 (1.3%)	79 (1.1%)
Black	125 (1.6%)	116 (1.5%)	119 (1.5%)	63 (0.9%)	45 (0.7%)
Hispanic (of any race)	926 (12.1%)	895 (11.6%)	963 (12.4%)	973 (13.2%)	892 (12.9%)
Total Wyoming	7,644 (100%)	7,696 (100%)	7,765 (100%)	7,386 (100%)	6,903 (100%)

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Government and politics

State government

Wyoming's Constitution established three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Wyoming State Legislature comprises a House of Representatives with 60 members and a Senate with 30 members.

The executive branch is headed by the governor and includes a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Wyoming does not have a lieutenant governor. Instead the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession.

Wyoming's sparse population warrants it only a single at-large seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, and hence only three votes in the Electoral College.

Wyoming is an alcoholic beverage control state.

Judicial system

Wyoming's highest court is the Supreme Court of Wyoming, with five justices presiding over appeals from the state's lower courts. Wyoming is unusual in that it does not have an intermediate appellate court, like most states. This is largely attributable to the state's population and correspondingly lower caseload. Appeals from the state district courts go directly to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming also has state circuit courts (formerly county courts), of limited jurisdiction, which handle certain types of cases, such as civil claims with lower dollar amounts, misdemeanor criminal offenses, and felony arraignments. Circuit court judges also commonly hear small claims cases as well.

Before 1972, Wyoming judges were selected by popular vote on a nonpartisan ballot. This earlier system was criticized by the state bar who called for the adoption of the Missouri Plan, a system designed to balance judiciary independence with judiciary accountability. In 1972, an amendment to Article 5 of the Wyoming Constitution, which incorporated a modified version of the plan, was adopted by the voters. Since the adoption of the amendment, all state court judges in Wyoming are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the Governor. They are then subject to a retention vote by the electorate one year after appointment.^[47]

Political history

Presidential elections results^[48]

Year	Republicans	Democrats
2016	68.17% 174,419	21.88% 55,973
2012	68.64% 170,962	27.82% 69,286
2008	64.78% 164,958	32.54% 82,868
2004	68.86% 167,629	29.07% 70,776
2000	67.76% 147,947	27.70% 60,481
1996	49.81% 105,388	36.84% 77,934
1992	39.70% 79,347	34.10% 68,160
1988	60.53% 106,867	38.01% 67,113
1984	70.51% 133,241	28.24% 53,370
1980	62.64% 110,700	27.97% 49,427
1976	59.30% 92,717	39.81% 62,239
1972	69.01% 100,464	30.47% 44,358
1968	55.76% 70,927	35.51% 45,173
1964	43.44% 61,998	56.56% 80,718
1960	55.01% 77,451	44.99% 63,331

Wyoming's political history defies easy classification. The state was the first to grant women the right to vote and to elect a woman governor.^[49] On December 10, 1869, John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Wyoming Territory, approved the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote. This day was later commemorated as Wyoming Day.^[49] On November 5, 1889, voters approved the first constitution in the world granting full voting rights to women.^[50]

While the state elected notable Democrats to federal office in the 1960s and 1970s, politics have become decidedly more conservative since the 1980s as the Republican Party came to dominate the state's congressional delegation. Today, Wyoming is represented in Washington by its two Senators, Mike Enzi and John Barrasso, and its one member of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Liz Cheney. All three are Republicans. The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964, one of only eight times since statehood. At present, there is only one relatively reliably Democratic county, affluent Teton, and one swing county, college county Albany. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won his second-largest victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President Dick Cheney is a Wyoming resident and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989.

Republicans are no less dominant at the state level. They have held a majority in the state senate continuously since 1936 and in the state house since 1964. However, Democrats held the governorship for all but eight years between 1975 and 2011. Uniquely, Wyoming elected Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross as the first woman in United States history to serve as state governor. She served from 1925 to 1927, winning a special election after her husband, William Bradford Ross, unexpectedly died a little more than a year into his term.^[51]

Voter registration

Voter Info is As of May 1, 2017^[52]

	Party	Registered Voters	Percentage
	Republican	176,355	67.18%
	Democratic	47,108	17.94%
	No party affiliation	35,745	13.62%
	Libertarian Party	2,386	0.91%
	Constitution Party	793	0.30%
	Other	137	0.05%
	Total Voters	262,524	100.00%

Voter registration by county

Republicans have a majority of registered votes in all but 2 counties: Albany and Teton, where they have a plurality of registered voters.

	Republican		Democratic		NPA		Libertarian		Constitution		Others		Margin		Total
County	Voters	%	Voters	%	Voters	%	Voters	%	Voters	%	Voters	%	Voters	%	Voters
Albany	7,862	45.38%	5,541	31.98%	3,585	20.69%	298	1.72%	39	0.23%	1	0.00%	2,321	13.40%	17,326
Big Horn	4,597	82.84%	451	8.13%	432	7.79%	29	0.52%	40	0.72%	0	0.00%	4,146	74.71%	5,549
Campbell	15,458	82.90%	1,073	5.75%	1,851	9.93%	186	1.00%	51	0.27%	27	0.14%	14,385	77.15%	18,646
Carbon	4,118	62.36%	1,336	20.23%	1,064	16.11%	72	1.09%	13	0.20%	1	0.02%	2,782	42.13%	6,604
Converse	5,499	81.45%	565	8.37%	630	9.33%	30	0.44%	24	0.36%	3	0.04%	4,934	73.08%	6,751
Crook	3,394	86.38%	227	5.78%	270	6.87%	18	0.46%	20	0.51%	0	0.00%	3,167	80.60%	3,929
Fremont	11,546	66.16%	3,516	20.15%	2,187	12.53%	148	0.85%	51	0.29%	3	0.02%	8,030	46.01%	17,451
Goshen	4,472	74.45%	867	14.43%	614	10.22%	36	0.60%	18	0.30%	0	0.00%	3,605	60.02%	6,007
Hot Springs	2,095	78.41%	311	11.64%	244	9.13%	14	0.52%	8	0.30%	0	0.00%	1,784	66.77%	2,672
Johnson	3,857	84.07%	319	6.95%	376	8.20%	23	0.50%	13	0.28%	0	0.00%	3,538	77.12%	4,588
Laramie	25,325	60.35%	9,728	23.18%	6,421	15.30%	347	0.83%	99	0.24%	45	0.11%	15,597	37.17%	41,965
Lincoln	6,957	76.01%	874	9.55%	1,217	13.30%	75	0.82%	27	0.29%	3	0.03%	6,083	66.46%	9,153
Natrona	22,800	67.23%	5,630	16.60%	4,973	14.66%	363	1.07%	145	0.43%	0	0.00%	17,170	50.63%	33,911
Niobrara	1,199	88.81%	73	5.41%	71	5.26%	4	0.30%	3	0.22%	0	0.00%	1,126	83.40%	1,350
Park	12,133	77.82%	1,495	9.59%	1,808	11.60%	109	0.70%	46	0.03%	1	0.01%	10,638	68.23%	15,592
Platte	3,384	72.62%	707	15.17%	492	10.56%	45	0.97%	32	0.69%	0	0.00%	2,677	57.45%	4,660
Sheridan	10,593	70.76%	2,300	15.36%	1,891	12.63%	125	0.83%	27	0.18%	35	0.23%	8,293	55.40%	14,971
Sublette	3,717	82.25%	393	8.70%	381	8.43%	24	0.53%	6	0.13%	1	0.02%	3,324	73.55%	4,519
Sweetwater	9,804	56.22%	4,894	28.06%	2,485	14.25%	198	1.14%	56	0.32%	2	0.01%	4,910	28.16%	17,439
Teton	5,102	38.90%	4,841	36.91%	3,048	23.24%	111	0.85%	11	0.08%	4	0.03%	261	1.99%	13,117
Uinta	6,273	71.94%	1,264	14.50%	1,050	12.04%	83	0.95%	40	0.46%	10	0.11%	5,009	57.44%	8,720
Washakie	3,158	79.47%	435	10.95%	342	8.61%	27	0.68%	12	0.30%	0	0.00%	2,723	68.52%	3,974
Weston	3,015	83.06%	268	7.38%	313	8.62%	21	0.58%	12	0.33%	1	0.03%	2,837	75.68%	3,630
State Total	176,355	67.18%	47,108	17.94%	35,745	13.62%	2,386	0.91%	793	0.30%	137	0.05%	129,247	49.24%	262,524

Culture

Languages

In 2010, 93.39% (474,343) of Wyomingites over the age of 5 spoke English as their primary language. 4.47% (22,722) spoke Spanish, 0.35% (1,771) spoke German, and 0.28% (1,434) spoke French. Other common non-English languages included Algonquian (0.18%), Russian (0.10%), Tagalog, and Greek (both 0.09%).^[53]

In 2007, the American Community Survey reported 6.2% (30,419) of Wyoming's population over five years old spoke a language other than English at home. Of those, 68.1% were able to speak English very well, 16.0% spoke English well, 10.9% did not speak English well, and 5.0% did not speak English at all.^[54]

Religion

According to a 2013 Gallup Poll, the religious affiliations of the people of Wyoming were: 49% Protestants, 18% Catholics, 9% Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and less than 1% Jewish.^[55]

A 2010 ARDA report recognized as the largest denominations in Wyoming the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) with 62,804 (11%), the Catholic Church with 61,222 (10.8%) and the Southern Baptist Convention with 15,812 adherents (2.8%). The same report counted 59,247 Evangelical Protestants (10.5%), 36,539 Mainline Protestants (6.5%), 785 Eastern Orthodox Christians; 281 Black Protestants, as well as 65,000 adhering to other traditions and 340,552 not claiming any tradition.^[56]

Sports

Due to its sparse population, the state of Wyoming lacks any major professional sports teams. Some of the most popular sports teams in the state are the University of Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls teams – particularly football and basketball, which play in the Mountain West Conference. Their stadiums in Laramie are at about 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level, the highest in NCAA Division I. High school sports are governed by the Wyoming High School Activities Association, which sponsors 12 sports.

Rodeo is popular in Wyoming, and Casper has hosted the College National Finals Rodeo since 2001.

State symbols

List of all Wyoming state symbols:^[1]

• State bird: western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
• State coin: Sacagawea dollar
• State dinosaur: Triceratops
• State emblem: Bucking Horse and Rider
• State fish: cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)
• State flag: Flag of the State of Wyoming
• State flower: Wyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia)
• State fossil: Knightia
• State gemstone: Wyoming nephrite jade
• State grass: western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii)
• State insect: Sheridan's green hairstreak butterfly (Callophrys sheridanii)
• State mammal: American bison (Bison bison)
• State motto: Equal Rights
• State nicknames: Equality State; Cowboy State; Big Wyoming
• State reptile: horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre)
• State seal: Great Seal of the State of Wyoming
• State song: "Wyoming" by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp
• State sport: rodeo
• State tree: plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii)

Economy and infrastructure

According to the 2012 United States Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wyoming's gross state product was $38.4 billion.^[58] As of 2014 the population was growing slightly with the most growth in tourist-oriented areas such as Teton County. Boom conditions in neighboring states such as North Dakota were drawing energy workers away. About half of Wyoming's counties showed population losses.^[59] The state makes active efforts through Wyoming Grown, an internet-based recruitment program, to find jobs for young people educated in Wyoming who have emigrated but may wish to return.^[60]

As of November 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 4.0%.^[61] The composition of Wyoming's economy differs significantly from that of other states with most activity in tourism, agriculture, and energy extraction; and little in anything else.^[60]

The mineral extraction industry and travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyoming's economy. The federal government owns about 50% of its landmass, while 6% is controlled by the state. Total taxable values of mining production in Wyoming for 2001 was over $6.7 billion. The tourism industry accounts for over $2 billion in revenue for the state.

In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.

Historically, agriculture has been an important component of Wyoming's economy. Its overall importance to the performance of Wyoming's economy has waned. However, agriculture is still an essential part of Wyoming's culture and lifestyle. The main agricultural commodities produced in Wyoming include livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. More than 91% of land in Wyoming is classified as rural.

Wyoming is the home of only a handful of companies with a regional or national presence. Taco John's and Sierra Trading Post, both in Cheyenne, are privately held. Cloud Peak Energy in Gillette and U.S. Energy Corp. (NASDAQ: USEG) in Riverton are Wyoming's only publicly traded companies.

Mineral and energy production

Wyoming's mineral commodities include coal, natural gas, coalbed methane, crude oil, uranium, and trona.

• Coal: Wyoming produced 395.5 million short tons (358.8 million metric tons) of coal in 2004, greater than any other state.^[63] Wyoming possesses a reserve of 68.7 billion tons (62.3 billion metric tons) of coal. Major coal areas include the Powder River Basin and the Green River Basin
• Coalbed methane (CBM): The boom for CBM began in the mid-1990s. CBM is characterized as methane gas that is extracted from Wyoming's coal bed seams. It is another means of natural gas production. There has been substantial CBM production in the Powder River Basin. In 2002, the CBM production yield was 327.5 billion cubic feet (9.3 km³).
• Crude oil: Wyoming produced 53.4 million barrels (8.49×10^⁶ m³) of crude oil in 2007. The state ranked fifth nationwide in oil production in 2007.^[64] Petroleum is most often used as a motor fuel, but it is also utilized in the manufacture of plastics, paints, and synthetic rubber.
• Diamonds: The Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine, located in Colorado less than 1,000 feet (300 m) from the Wyoming border, produced gem quality diamonds for several years. The Wyoming craton, which hosts the kimberlite volcanic pipes that were mined, underlies most of Wyoming.
• Natural gas: Wyoming produced 1.77 trillion cubic feet (50.0 billion m³) of natural gas in 2016. The state ranked 6th nationwide for natural gas production in 2016.^[65] The major markets for natural gas include industrial, commercial, and domestic heating.
• Trona: Wyoming possesses the world's largest known reserve of trona,^[66] a mineral used for manufacturing glass, paper, soaps, baking soda, water softeners, and pharmaceuticals. In 2008, Wyoming produced 46 million short tons (41.7 million metric tons) of trona, 25% of the world's production.^[66]
• Wind power: Because of Wyoming's geography and high-altitude, the potential for wind power in Wyoming is one of the highest of any state in the US. The Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project is the largest commercial wind generation facility under development in North America.^[67] Carbon County is home to the largest proposed wind farm in the US. However, construction plans have been halted because of proposed new taxes on wind power energy production.^[68]
• Uranium: Although uranium mining in Wyoming is much less active than it was in previous decades, recent increases in the price of uranium have generated new interest in uranium prospecting and mining.

Taxes

Unlike most other states, Wyoming does not levy an individual or corporate income tax. In addition, Wyoming does not assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Wyoming has a state sales tax of 4%. Counties have the option of collecting an additional 1% tax for general revenue and a 1% tax for specific purposes, if approved by voters. Food for human consumption is not subject to sales tax.^[69] There also is a county lodging tax that varies from 2% to 5%. The state collects a use tax of 5% on items purchased elsewhere and brought into Wyoming. All property tax is based on the assessed value of the property and Wyoming's Department of Revenue's Ad Valorem Tax Division supports, trains, and guides local government agencies in the uniform assessment, valuation and taxation of locally assessed property. "Assessed value" means taxable value; "taxable value" means a percent of the fair market value of property in a particular class. Statutes limit property tax increases. For county revenue, the property tax rate cannot exceed 12 mills (or 1.2%) of assessed value. For cities and towns, the rate is limited to 8 mills (0.8%). With very few exceptions, state law limits the property tax rate for all governmental purposes.

Personal property held for personal use is tax-exempt. Inventory if held for resale, pollution control equipment, cash, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds are also exempt. Other exemptions include property used for religious, educational, charitable, fraternal, benevolent and government purposes and improvements for handicapped access. Mine lands, underground mining equipment, and oil and gas extraction equipment are exempt from property tax but companies must pay a gross products tax on minerals and a severance tax on mineral production.^[70][71]

Wyoming does not collect inheritance taxes. There is limited estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.

In 2008, the Tax Foundation ranked Wyoming as having the single most "business friendly" tax climate of all 50 states.^[72] Wyoming state and local governments in fiscal year 2007 collected $2.242 billion in taxes, levies, and royalties from the oil and gas industry. The state's mineral industry, including oil, gas, trona, and coal provided $1.3 billion in property taxes from 2006 mineral production.^[64] Wyoming receives more federal tax dollars per capita in aid than any other state except Alaska. The federal aid per capita in Wyoming is more than double the United States average.^[73]

As of 2016, Wyoming does not require the beneficial owners of LLCs to be disclosed in the filing, which creates an opportunity for a tax haven, according to Clark Stith of Clark Stith & Associates in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a former Republican candidate for Wyoming secretary of state.^[74]

Transportation

The largest airport in Wyoming is Jackson Hole Airport, with over 500 employees.^[75] Three interstate highways and thirteen United States highways pass through Wyoming. In addition, the state is served by the Wyoming state highway system.

Interstate 25 enters the state south of Cheyenne and runs north, intersecting Interstate 80 immediately west of Cheyenne. It passes through Casper and ends at Interstate 90 near Buffalo. Interstate 80 crosses the Utah border west of Evanston and runs east through the southern third of the state, passing through Cheyenne before entering Nebraska near Pine Bluffs. Interstate 90 comes into Wyoming near Parkman and cuts through the northeastern part of the state. It serves Gillette and enters South Dakota east of Sundance.

U.S. Routes 14, 16, and the eastern section of U.S. 20 all have their western terminus at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park and pass through Cody. U.S. 14 travels eastward before joining I-90 at Gillette. U.S. 14 then follows I-90 to the South Dakota border. U.S. 16 and 20 split off of U.S. 14 at Greybull and U.S. 16 turns east at Worland while U.S. 20 continues south Shoshoni. U.S. Route 287 carries traffic from Fort Collins, Colorado into Laramie, Wyoming through a pass between the Laramie Mountains and the Medicine Bow Mountains, merges with US 30 and I-80 until it reaches Rawlins, where it continues north, passing Lander. Outside of Moran, U.S. 287 is part of a large interchange with U.S. Highways 26, 191, and 89, before continuing north to the southern entrance of Yellowstone. U.S. 287 continues north of Yellowstone, but the two sections are separated by the national park.

Other U.S. highways that pass through the state are United States Highways are 18, 26, 30, 85, 87, 89, 189, 191, 212, and 287.

Wyoming is one of only two states (the other being South Dakota) in the 48 contiguous states not served by Amtrak.^[76]

Education

Public education is directed by the state superintendent of public instruction, an elected state official. Educational policies are set by the State Board of Education, a nine-member board appointed by the governor. The constitution prohibits the state from establishing curriculum and textbook selections; these are the prerogatives of local school boards. The Wyoming School for the Deaf was the only in-state school dedicated to supporting deaf students in Wyoming, but it closed in the summer of 2000.^[77]

Higher education

Wyoming has one public four-year institution, the University of Wyoming in Laramie and one private four-year college, Wyoming Catholic College, in Lander, Wyoming. In addition, there are seven two-year community colleges spread throughout the state.

Before the passing of a new law in 2006, Wyoming had hosted unaccredited institutions, many of them suspected diploma mills.^[78] The 2006 law is forcing unaccredited institutions to make one of three choices: move out of Wyoming, close down, or apply for accreditation. The Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization predicts that in a few years the problem of diploma mills in Wyoming might be resolved.^[79]

See also

• Outline of Wyoming – organized list of topics about Wyoming
• Index of Wyoming-related articles

References

External links

• State of Wyoming government official website
• Official Wyoming State Travel Website – Forever West
• Wyoming State Facts from USDA
• Wyoming at Curlie
• Geographic data related to Wyoming at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by Idaho

List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on July 10, 1890 (44th)

Succeeded by Utah

Coordinates: 43°00′N 107°30′W / 43°N 107.5°W / 43; -107.5