1.
Kent County, Michigan
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Kent County is a county in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 602,622 and its county seat is Grand Rapids. The county was set off in 1831, and organized in 1836 and it is named for New York jurist and legal scholar James Kent, who represented the Michigan Territory in its dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip. Kent County is part of the Grand Rapids–Wyoming, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, Kent County is West Michigans economic and manufacturing center, with the Steelcase corporation based in the county. It is also the home of the Frederik Meijer Gardens, a significant cultural landmark of the Midwest, the Gerald R. Ford International Airport is within the county. The Grand River runs through the county, on its west bank are burial mounds, remnants of the Hopewell Indians who lived there. The river valley was an important center for the fur trade in the early 19th century, after the War of 1812, Rix Robinson and Louis Campau were the earliest traders in the area. In 1826, Campau established a trading post in what is today Grand Rapids, in 1831, he bought land and platted the town. One year later, government surveyor Lucius Lyon purchased land north of Campaus property, Campau later merged the villages under the name of Grand Rapids. In 1831, it was set off from Kalamazoo County, in 1838, Grand Rapids was incorporated as the countys first village. By the end of the century, stimulated by the construction of sawmills, the area was a significant center for agriculture, logging. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 872 square miles, Kent Countys highest point is Fisk Knob Park, in Solon Township, at 1048 feet. The Grand River flows through the county from its border to the west. It has three tributaries in Kent County, listed in order of convergence, Flat River, enters the county from the east, Thornapple River, enters the county from the south, and joins the Grand in Ada. Rogue River, enters the county from the north, and joins the Grand in Belmont and these hiking and biking trails run through the county, North Country Trail, runs north/south the length of the county, passing through Cedar Springs, Grattan and Lowell. Lowell is the trails half-way point, and the headquarters of the North Country Trail Association is located here. Thornapple Trail, begins in Kentwood and runs southeast through Dutton, White Pine Trail begins in Comstock Park and runs northeast through Belmont, Rockford, Cedar Springs, and Sand Lake. The Frederik Meijer Trail, which, as of November,2008, was incomplete, runs east/west mostly along the M-6 freeway and will connect the Kent Trails, Cannon Township Trail runs through Cannon Township in the eastern part of the county from Cannon Township Center on M-44
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
5.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
6.
City manager
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A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities. Other small or middle sized American cities, especially in the West, in Europe, smaller cities in the Netherlands were specially attracted by the plan. Most sources trace the first city manager to Staunton, Virginia in 1908, some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were Sumter, South Carolina and Dayton, Ohio, Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first City Managers Association meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914, by 1930200 American cities used a city manager form of government. In addition, many states, such as the states of New Hampshire, the City Manager position focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost. The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators, Manager members of the ICMA are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, in the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. As of 2005 more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, the average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, educational Level of Local Government Managers, Local government Local government in the United States council-manager government Clerk Kemp, Roger L. Managing Americas Cities, A Handbook for Local Government Productivity, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK1998. _______, Model Government Charters, A City, County, Regional, State, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK,2003 _______, Forms of Local Government, A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. The rise of the city manager, A public professional in local government, organized business and the city commission and manager movements. In JSTOR White, Leonard D. Staunton, Virginia, Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government, a history on the city manager system of government
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Area code 616
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Area code 616 is the North American Numbering Plan area code for the west-central portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The area code includes the cities of Grand Rapids, Holland, Greenville and it includes all of Kent and Ottawa counties, and parts of neighboring counties, including the western and central parts of Ionia County. 616 was created in 1947 as one of the area codes. It was assigned to the western half of the Lower Peninsula. It was by far the largest of Michigans three original numbering plan areas, covering as much territory as plan area 313 and 517 and it was also the largest numbering plan area east of the Mississippi River that did not cover an entire state. In 1961, the Upper Peninsula split off as area code 906, in 1999, the northwestern Lower Peninsula became area code 231, reducing 616 to cover West Michigan. The 1999 split was intended to be a solution for the region. In 2002, the third of the old 616 territory, including Kalamazoo and Battle Creek, was split off. NANPA map of Michigan area codes List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,616 Area Code
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
West Michigan
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West Michigan and Western Michigan are terms for an arbitrarily selected region in the U. S. state of Michigan in its Lower Peninsula. Generally, West Michigan refers to the Grand Rapids- Muskegon- Holland area, in general, West Michigan often refers to the area bounded by the cities of Muskegon, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo-Battle Creek and St. Joseph-Benton Harbor. Other definitions include the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek and Benton Harbor-St, joseph regions, which can be considered distinct regions or parts of other regions such as Michiana, Southern Michigan, or Southwest Michigan, in the case of Benton Harbor-St. Other areas, such as Montcalm County in the northeast corner of the region, are areas that straddle Michigan regions but are included for classification purposes. See also List of Michigan state parks and geography of Michigan, the area is considered to be part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids. In northwest Kent County is Fruit Ridge, which is a prime fruit-growing region, the following table contains the largest municipalities of West Michigan according to the 2010 Census. This list holds for nearly every geographic definition of West Michigan, if Battle Creek were included, it would be ranked fourth. Five of the cities, Wyoming, Kentwood, Portage, Norton Shores. The presence of cities in the top ten reflects both the large geographic area of these cities, as well as the long and continuing growth of suburban areas in West Michigan. M-40 running North and South from Mottville, Michigan to Holland, Great Lakes Coast Watch Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities Michigan Department of Natural Resources website, harbors, hunting, resources and more. List of Museums, other attractions compiled by state government, Michigan Historic Markers Michigans Official Economic Development and Travel Site. Historic Light Station Information and Photography, Michigan, united States Coast Guard Historians Office. Map of Michigan Lighthouse in PDF Format, seeing the Light, Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the Western Great Lakes
15.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles east of Lake Michigan, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan. A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the leading office furniture companies. Its more common nickname of River City refers to the landmark river for which it was named. The city and surrounding communities are diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation. Grand Rapids is the hometown of U. S. President Gerald Ford, for thousands of years, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area. Over 2000 years ago, people associated with the Hopewell culture occupied the Grand River Valley, later, a tribe from the Ottawa River traveled to the Grand River valley, fighting three battles with the Prairie Indians who were established in the area. The tribe later split, with the Chippewas settling in the lower peninsula, the Pottawatomies staying south of the Kalamazoo River. In 1740, an Ottawa man who would later be known as Chief Noonday, between 1761 and 1763, Chief Pontiac visited the area annually, gathering over 3,000 natives and asking them to volunteer to fight the British in Detroit, which would culminate into Pontiacs War. The Potawatomi attacked the Ottawa in 1765, attempting to take the Grand River territory but were defeated, by the end of the 1700s, there were an estimated 1,000 Ottawa in the Kent County area. After the French established territories in Michigan, Jesuit missionaries and traders traveled down Lake Michigan, at the start of the 19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established posts in the area among the Ottawa. They generally lived in peace, trading European metal and textile goods for fur pelts and they were French-speaking and Roman Catholic. They likely both spoke Ottawa, Madelines maternal ancestral language, La Framboise, whose mother was Ottawa and father French, later merged her successful operations with the American Fur Company. By 1810, Chief Noonday established a village on the west side of the river with about 500 Ottawa, madeline La Framboise retired the trading post to Rix Robinson in 1821 and returned to Mackinac. The first permanent European-American settler in the Grand Rapids area was Isaac McCoy, general Lewis Cass, who commissioned Charles Christopher Trowbridge to establish missions for Native Americans in Michigan, ordered McCoy to establish a mission in Grand Rapids for the Ottawa. In 1824, Baptist missionary Rev. L. Slater traveled with two settlers to Grand Rapids to perform work, the winter of 1824 proved to be difficult, with Slaters group having to resupply and return before the spring. Slater then erected the first settler structures in Grand Rapids, a log cabin for himself, in 1825, McCoy returned and established a missionary station
16.
Grandville, Michigan
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Grandville is a city in Kent County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 15,378 at the 2010 census and is part of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area, Grandville is one of the oldest suburbs of Grand Rapids, and was incorporated as a city in 1933. Grandville was geographically an important place during the years in Michigans history due to its location at the river-bend of the Grand River. It was important to have people there to make sure the logs did not jam up as the river turned north-west toward Grand Haven, Grandville was incorporated into a city in 1933. Infrastructure and utilities were developed including new sewage disposal. By the 1980s due to the growth of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area following the early 1980s recession in the United States, Grandville began to experience even more growth. In 1987, color measurement and manufacturer X-Rite established its headquarters in the city a year after it went public, in the 1990s, the city was being eyed for larger development. In 1990, developers had begun eyeing a development of a new mall near the intersection of 44th Street and Ivanrest, in 1999, construction of Rivertown Crossings Mall, a mall with 1.25 million in storefronts, was finally completed. Into the 2000s, Grandville experienced continued growth following the opening of Rivertown Crossings, multiple restaurants and strip malls developed on Rivertown Parkway following the malls construction. However, by the beginning of the Great Recession, X-Rite had moved its headquarters to Kentwood, following the recession into the 2010s, more development occurred in the city with a Cabelas and Target anchoring a development on the former X-Rite property in 2013. In 2016, a new apartment development called the Grand Castle that incorporated over 1 million square feet and 400 apartments into its design was constructed. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.67 square miles. Grandville is located near the southwest corner of Grand Rapids, the western border of the city of Grandville is also the western border of Kent County, marked by Kenowa Avenue, this is where Ottawa County and Jenison begin. To the east and south of Grandville lies the city of Wyoming, the city of Walker lies just north of Grandville. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,378 people,5,982 households, the population density was 2,115.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,276 housing units at a density of 863.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 0% White,2. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 5% Asian,1. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 2% of the population. 24. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.06
17.
Wyoming County, New York
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Wyoming County is a county in the U. S. state of New York in the states western area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,155, the name is from a modified Delaware Indian word meaning broad bottom lands. Wyoming County was formed from Genesee County in 1841, in regard to New Yorks claim, as of 1683 the present Wyoming County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery as part of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 to govern the land acquired in the Holland Purchase and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It was reduced in size in 1806 by creating Allegany County, again in 1808 by creating Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Niagara County at that time also included the present Erie County. In 1821, portions of Genesee County were combined with portions of Ontario County to create Livingston, Genesee County was further reduced in size in 1824 by creating Orleans County. Finally, in 1841, Wyoming County was created from the half of Genesee County, the northwest corner of Allegany County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 596 square miles. Wyoming County is in the part of New York State, east of Buffalo. The county is in the Holland Purchase Region, the county is largely rural, dotted with small towns. Even the county seat, Warsaw is quite small, the land surface is generally broken and hilly, and the soil fertile. Much of the area is wooded, used for timber, some that are predominantly maple are tapped each spring for the production of maple syrup. Apple orchards were once an agricultural endeavor, but only a few are left
18.
Walker, Michigan
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Walker is a city in Kent County in the U. S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Grand Rapids. The population was 23,537 at the 2010 census, before incorporating as a city, it was known as Walker Township. The township was organized on December 30,1837, the second to be organized in Kent County, the earliest settlers of the township were Canadian immigrants. In 1867, a hall was built. However, the area where the hall was annexed into Grand Rapids in 1959. Walker was established as a city in 1962 to prevent further annexation of the area into Grand Rapids, at the time, it was made a city Walker had a population of 11,000. This was followed by an endorsement of the action by the School Superintendent Gerald Hopkins. A5,000 seat arena called The DeltaPlex currently resides on Turner Avenue and is home to the Grand Rapids Drive of the NBA Development League. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 25.48 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 23,537 people,9,684 households, the population density was 943.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,432 housing units at a density of 418.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 3% White,2. 8% African American,0. 5% Native American,1. 9% Asian,1. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population. 30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 34.6 years. 22. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 7% were from 25 to 44,25. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 7% male and 51. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 21,842 people,8,805 households, and 5,379 families residing in the city. The population density was 868.3 per square mile, there were 9,201 housing units at an average density of 365.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 51% White,1. 47% African American,0. 46% Native American,0. 98% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 09% from other races, and 1. 45% from two or more races
19.
Grand River (Michigan)
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The Grand River is the longest river in the U. S. state of Michigan. It runs 252 miles through the cities of Jackson, Eaton Rapids, Lansing, Grand Ledge, Portland, Ionia, Lowell, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven. Native Americans who lived along the river before the arrival of the French and British called the river O-wash-ta-nong, meaning Far-away-water, because of its length. As the glacial ice receded from what is the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan around 11,000 years ago, the channel ran east to west, emptying into proglacial Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan. Its watershed drains an area of 5,572 square miles, the Grand River carries an average 3,800 ft³/s. It has several dams along its length but is a trout and it is estimated that 22% of the pesticide usage in the Lake Michigan watershed occurs in the Grand River drainage, which accounts for only 13% of the lakes total watershed. Much of the basin is flat, and it contains many swamps, every ten years the river is celebrated by an expedition along the entire length. The journey of discovery explores and documents the problems and opportunities of Michigans Grand River and its watershed. GRE2010 began in Liberty Center south of Jackson on July 14, continued down the 225 navigable miles through Eaton Rapids, Lansing, Grand Rapids, traditionally, some participants make the entire trip, camping along the way, while others paddle shorter stretches of the river. The watershed analysis and teaching team conducted studies and explains resulted as it moves downstream, the expedition offered presentations, displays and demonstrations to communities along the river in an attempt to interact with the river, its tributaries, and its people throughout the watershed. One of its stops was in Portland, at the riverside Verlen Kruger Memorial pavilion, Kruger traveled over 100,000 miles by paddle, was the 1990 and 2000 GRE Rivermaster, and counted the Grand as his favorite river. A 500-passenger dinner cruise ship modeled after a riverboat operates on the river in Lansing, a fish ladder installed in 1974, designed by artist, Joseph Kinnebrew, nearly replaces the location of the West Side Water Power Canal headgates removed in 1959/60. In recent years, Grand Rapids Whitewater is working toward restoring the rapids to the river in Grand Rapids, about 2,000 years ago, the Hopewell Indians settled along the Grand River near present-day Grandville. Their presence is seen in the preserved burial mounds. By the late 17th century, the Ottawa had set up villages on the west bank of the Grand River at the site of what would later become Grand Rapids. For these peoples, as well as for later explorers, fur traders and settlers and it formed part of a major demarcation of land ceded by Native Americans enabling U. S. settlers to legally obtain title to land in the area. The Grand was important to the development of West-Central Michigan during the 1850s to 1880s, as logs from Michigans rich pine. After the Civil War, many soldiers found jobs as lumberjacks cutting logs and guiding them down the river with pike poles, peaveys, the jacks earned $1 to $3 per day and all the vittles they could eat, which was usually a considerable amount
20.
Annexation
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Annexation is the political transition of land from the control of one entity to another. It is also the incorporation of unclaimed land into a states sovereignty, in international law it is the forcible transition of one states territory by another state or the legal process by which a city acquires land. Usually, it is implied that the territory and population being annexed is the smaller, more peripheral and it can also imply a certain measure of coercion, expansionism or unilateralism on the part of the stronger of the merging entities. Because of this, more positive euphemisms like political union/unification or reunification are sometimes seen in discourse, during World War II, the use of annexation deprived whole populations of the safeguards provided by international laws governing military occupations. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 amplified the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, the team cemented in a brass plaque on Halls Ledge and hoisted the Union Flag to stake the UKs claim. One example of a claimed annexation after World War II is the Kingdom of Norways southward expansion of the dependent territory Queen Maud Land. On most maps there had been an area between Queen Maud Lands borders of 1939 and the South Pole until June 12,2015 when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area. The Antarctic Treaty, however, states, The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims, within countries that are subdivided noncontiguously, annexation can also take place whereby a lower-tier subdivision can annex territory under the jurisdiction of a higher-tier subdivision. An example of this is in the United States, where incorporated cities, municipalities can also annex or be annexed by other municipalities, though this is less common in the United States. Laws governing the ability and the extent cities can expand in this fashion are defined by the individual states constitutions, annexation of neighbouring communities occurs in Canada. Irredentism List of national border changes since World War I Texas annexation Adam Roberts, transformative military occupation, applying the laws of war and human rights,100 The American Journal of International Law
21.
Kentwood, Michigan
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Kentwood is a city in Kent County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 48,707 at the 2010 census, the city was incorporated in 1967 from what remained of Paris Township to prevent further annexation of land from the adjacent cities of Grand Rapids and Wyoming. The city was named after Kent County, which was named after jurist James Kent, the citys first mayor was Peter M. Lamberts, who served in that post until 1979. Subsequent mayors have included Marvin Hoeflinger, Gerald DeRuiter, Bill Hardiman, Richard Root, Richard Clanton, and Stephen Kepley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.95 square miles. The city is bordered by Wyoming to the west, Grand Rapids and Grand Rapids Township to the north, Cascade Township to the east, and Gaines Township to the south. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfb.2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 48,707 people,19,741 households, the population density was 2,330.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 21,584 housing units at a density of 1,032.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 1% White,15. 4% African American,0. 4% Native American,6. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 5% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 5% of the population,30. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 3.10. The median age in the city was 34.3 years. 25. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 8% were from 25 to 44,24. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 0% male and 52. 0% female, as of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $48,335, and the median income for a family was $60,391. The per capita income for the city was $24,261, about 9. 8% of families and 12. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 8% of those under age 18 and 7. 6% of those age 65 or over. Kentwood has an Executive Mayor, who serves as the City Manager. The current mayor is Stephen Kepley, who replaced the retired Mayor Richard Clanton, the Mayor Pro Tempore is selected by the City Commission, Ward 2 Commissioner Michael Brown currently serves in this role. The mayor serves as a member of the City Commission
22.
Michigan Supreme Court
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The Michigan Supreme Court is the highest court in the U. S. state of Michigan. It is Michigans court of last resort and consists of seven justices, the Court is located in the Michigan Hall of Justice at 925 Ottawa Street in Lansing, the state capital. Each year, the Court receives approximately 2,000 new case filings, the Court issues a decision by order or opinion in all cases filed with it. Opinions and orders of the Court are reported in a publication, Michigan Reports. The Courts other duties include overseeing the operations of all trial courts. It is assisted in this endeavor by the State Court Administrative Office, the Courts responsibilities also include a public comment process for changes to court rules, rules of evidence and other administrative matters. The court has broad superintending control power over all the courts in Michigan. Article 6, Section 30 of the Michigan Constitution creates the Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission and this is an agency within the judiciary, having jurisdiction over allegations of judicial misconduct, misbehavior, and infirmity. The Supreme Court is given original, superintending control power, the Michigan Supreme Court can be dated back to the Supreme Court of Michigan Territory, established in 1805 with three justices. These justices served for indefinite terms, in 1823, the terms of justices were limited to four years. The Michigan Supreme Court was the court created by the first Michigan constitution in 1837. It had three members and each oversaw one of the three judicial circuits, located in Detroit, Ann Arbor and Kalamazoo. The court needed a quorum of two to operate and members were appointed to seven-year terms by the governor with the consent of the senate, fletcher proposed a new plan for the court that the legislature approved. This increased the number of circuits to four and thus expanded the bench to four justices, in 1848, the court was expanded to five justices and the 1850 Michigan constitution provided that they be elected for six-year terms. In 1858, the Circuit Courts were split from the Supreme Court, so now only served on the Michigan Supreme Court and reduced its size to only four justices. In 1887, the court was expanded to five justices each serving for ten years, the court was again expanded in 1903 to eight justices serving terms of eight-years. In 1964, the new constitution set the number of justices on the court at seven. The Supreme Court consists of seven justices who are elected to eight-year terms, candidates are nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot
23.
Fisher Body
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Fisher & Company continues to use the name. The name and its iconic Body by Fisher logo were well known to the public, Fisher Bodys beginnings trace back to a horse-drawn carriage shop in Norwalk, Ohio, in the late 1800s. Lawrence P. Fisher and his wife Margaret Theisen had a family of eleven children, seven were sons who would become part of the Fisher Body Company in Detroit. Lawrence and Margaret were married in Sandusky, Ohio, on May 11,1876, Margaret Theisen Fisher resided at 101 Longfellow St. Detroit after her husband died. The Fisher brothers were, Frederick John -54 Arden Park, Detroit William Andrew -111 Edison Ave. Detroit Lawrence Peter -383 Lenox St. Detroit Edward F. -892 W. Boston Blvd, Detroit Alfred J. -1556 Chicago Blvd, Detroit. In 1904 and 1905, the two eldest brothers, Fred and Charles, came to Detroit where their uncle Albert Fisher had established Standard Wagon Works during the part of the 1880s. The brothers found work at the C. R. Wilson Company, with financing from their uncle, on July 22,1908 Fred and Charles Fisher established the Fisher Body Company. Their uncle soon wanted out and the brothers obtained the funds from Detroit businessman Louis Mendelssohn who became a shareholder. Within a short period of time, Charles and Fred Fisher brought their five brothers into the business. Prior to forming the company, Fred Fisher had built the body of the Cadillac Osceola at the C. R. Wilson Company, starting in 1910, Fisher became the supplier of all closed bodies for Cadillac, and also built for Buick. In the early years of the company, the Fisher Brothers had to develop new body designs because the horseless carriage bodies did not have the strength to withstand the vibration of the new motorcars. By 1913, the Fisher Body Company had the capacity to produce 100,000 cars per year and customers included, Ford, Krit, Chalmers, Cadillac, and Studebaker. Highly successful, they expanded into Canada, setting up a plant in Walkerville, Ontario, one reason for their success was the development of interchangeable wooden body parts that did not require hand-fitting, as was the case in the construction of carriages. This required the design of new precision woodworking tools, the Fisher Body and Buick Chassis were built in Saint John New Brunswick Canada in the 1920s. In 1916, the became the Fisher Body Corporation. The company constructed the now-abandoned Albert Kahn-designed Fisher Body Plant 21, on Piquette Street, in Detroit, the building is now part of the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District. At the time, the company had more than 40 buildings encompassing 3,700,000 square feet of floor space
24.
Kalamazoo, Michigan
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Kalamazoo /ˌkæləməˈzuː/ is a city in the southwest region of the U. S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Kalamazoo County, as of the 2010 census, Kalamazoo had a total population of 74,262. Kalamazoo is the city of the Kalamazoo-Portage Metropolitan Statistical Area. Kalamazoo is equidistant from the major American cities of Chicago and Detroit, one of Kalamazoos most notable features is the Kalamazoo Mall, an outdoor pedestrian shopping mall. The city created the mall in 1959 by closing part of Burdick Street to auto traffic, Kalamazoo is home to Western Michigan University, a large public university, Kalamazoo College, a liberal arts school, and Kalamazoo Valley Community College, a two-year community college. Originally known as Bronson in the township of Arcadia, the names of both the city and the township were changed to Kalamazoo in 1836 and 1837, respectively, the Kalamazoo name comes from a Potawatomi word, first found in a British report in 1772. However, the Kalamazoo River, which passes through the city of Kalamazoo, was located on the route between Detroit and Fort Saint-Joseph. French-Canadian traders, missionaries, and military personnel were quite familiar with this area during the French era, the name for the Kalamazoo River was then known by Canadians and French as La rivière Kikanamaso. The name Kikanamaso was also recorded by Father Pierre Potier, a Jesuit missionary for the Huron-Wendats at the Assumption mission, while en route to Fort Saint-Joseph during the fall of 1760. Legend has it that Ki-ka-ma-sung, meaning boiling water, referring to a footrace held each fall by local Native Americans, still another theory is that it means the mirage or reflecting river. Another legend is that the image of boiling water referred to fog on the river as seen from the hills above the current downtown, the name was also given to the river that flows almost all the way across the state. The name Kalamazoo, which sounds unusual to English-speaking ears, has become a metonym for exotic places, today, T-shirts are sold in Kalamazoo with the phrase Yes, there really is a Kalamazoo. The area on which the city of Kalamazoo stands was once home to Native Americans of the Hopewell culture. Evidence of their early residency remains in the form of a mound in downtowns Bronson Park. The Hopewell civilization began to decline after the 8th century and was replaced by other groups, the Potawatomi culture lived in the area when the first European explorers arrived. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, passed just southeast of the present city of Kalamazoo in late March 1680, the first Europeans to reside in the area were itinerant fur traders in the late 18th and early 19th century. There are records of several traders wintering in the area, during the War of 1812, the British established a smithy and a prison camp in the area. The 1821 Treaty of Chicago ceded the territory south of the Grand River to the United States federal government, however, the area around present-day Kalamazoo was reserved as the village of Potawatomi Chief Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish
25.
Kelloggsville Public Schools
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Kelloggsville Public Schools is a school district located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Wyoming, Michigan, and Kentwood, Michigan. The district serves 2,289 students It has two schools, one middle school, three elementary schools, and an early child development center. The high schools are Kelloggsville High School and Discovery High School, kelloggsvilles Middle School is Kelloggsville Middle School. The Elementary Schools Are West Kelloggsville, East Kelloggsville, and Southeast Kelloggsville, formerly an elementary school, Northwest Kelloggsville is now the Kelloggsville Early Childhood Learning Center For sports, they participate in the Ottawa-Kent Conference Silver Division. The sports teams play under the name Rockets, Kelloggsville High School is a public high school located in Wyoming, Michigan, on 23 Jean SW. It is part of the Kelloggsville Public Schools district and its feeder school is the middle school. It has an high school called 54th Street Academy. They were also OK Silver Conference Champions in Cheerleading for three years from 2013-2016. Kelloggsville High School offers other opportunities including marching band, symphonic band, choir, jazz band, theater and this is the middle school in the Kelloggsville Public Schools school district. It is in the city of Kentwood at 4650 S. Division SE, Grand Rapids and it houses grades 6 through 8 and is fed by the elementary schools. 54th Street Academy is a public high school located in Wyoming. It is part of the Kelloggsville Public Schools district and it is the alternative high school of Kelloggsville High School. The principal is Mr. Jeremy Palmitier, the school serves 9th–12th grade students. It is also known to house the most students with Special Needs of Kelloggsville, West Kelloggsville is in the city of Wyoming, MI on 4555 Magnolia SW. It teaches grades Kindergarten through 3rd grade, East Kelloggsville is in the city of Kentwood, MI on 4656 Jefferson SE. It teaches grades Kindergarten through 3rd grade, Southeast Elementary is in the city of Kentwood, MI on 240 52nd SE. In its parking lot is the Administration Building, the school teaches grades 4th and 5th. This is located in the former Northwest Kelloggsville elementary building and they offer 3 year old preschool and 4/5 year old Preschool
26.
Holland, Michigan
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Holland is a city in the western region of the Lower Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. It is situated near the shore of Lake Michigan on Lake Macatawa. The city spans the Ottawa/Allegan county line, with 9.08 square miles in Ottawa, as of the 2010 census, the population was 33,051, with an Urbanized Area population of 95,394. Holland is the largest city in Ottawa County, and as of 2013 part of the Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon Metropolitan Statistical Area, Holland was founded by Dutch Americans, and is in an area that has a large percentage of citizens of Dutch American heritage. It is home to Hope College and Western Theological Seminary, institutions of the Reformed Church in America, Ottawa County was originally populated by Ottawa Indians. In 1846, Reverend Alex Tomasik established the Old Wing Mission as an outreach to the native population, Holland was settled in 1847 by Dutch Calvinist separatists, under the leadership of Dr. Albertus van Raalte. Dire economic conditions in the Netherlands compelled them to emigrate, while their desire for freedom led them to unite. Van Raalte and his colony settled on land in the midst of the Ottawa peoples Old Wing Mission Colony near the Black River where it streamed to Black Lake which, in turn, joint occupation by the two communities was not a marriage made in heaven. Eventually, the Dutch settlers purchased the land from the natives, in 1848, Michigan suffered from a smallpox epidemic. In Hollands early history, Van Raalte was a spiritual leader, in 1847 Van Raalte established a congregation of the Reformed Church in America, which would later be called the First Reformed Church of Holland. On March 25,1867, Holland was incorporated as a city with Isaac Cappon being the citys first mayor, the city suffered a major fire on October 8–9,1871, the same time as the Great Chicago Fire in Illinois and the very deadly Peshtigo Fire in Wisconsin. Because of the Great Michigan Fire, Manistee and Port Huron, Holland was known as the City of Churches. There are 170 churches in the greater Holland area, many of which are with the Reformed Church in America, the city is the home to the church that started the trend of the What Would Jesus Do. bracelets in 1989. In 1987, a 23-year-old City Council member Phil Tanis was elected mayor of Holland, the Holland Museum contains exhibits about the citys history. Another, the Cappon House Museum, was built in 1874 and is a museum that once housed the first mayor of Holland. The Settlers House Museum, a building that survived the fire, contains furnishings. Hollands downtown is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, nearby Holland State Park is a Michigan State Park. Across the channel from the State Park is the Holland Harbor Light, De Zwaan, an original 250-year-old Dutch windmill, is situated on Windmill Island, a municipal park
27.
Multiplex (movie theater)
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A multiplex is a movie theater complex with multiple screens within a single complex. They are usually housed in a designed building. Sometimes, an existing venue undergoes a renovation where the existing auditoriums are split into smaller ones, the largest of these complexes can sit thousands of people and are sometimes referred to as a megaplex. Megaplex theaters always have stadium seating, and may have other amenities not found at smaller movie theaters. Multiplex theatres often feature regular seating, in about 1915 two adjacent theatres in Moncton, New Brunswick, under the same ownership were converted to share a single entrance on Main Street. There were separate ticket booths once patrons entered the door and different programs were shown, the arrangement was so unusual that it was featured by Robert Ripley in his Believe It or Not. In 1937 James Edwards twinned his Alhambra Theater in the Los Angeles area by converting an adjacent storefront into a second annex screen, while both screens would show the same feature movie, one would also offer a double bill. It did not convert to showing different movies on both screens until some time after Taylor, the main screen remained the Patricia Theatre and the Patricia Annex became known as the Little Patricia. In December 1947 Nat Taylor, the operator of the Elgin Theatre in Ottawa, Canada, opened a smaller second theater next door to his first theater. It was not until 1957, however, that Taylor decided to run different movies in each theater, Taylor opened dual-screen theaters in 1962 in Place Ville Marie in Montreal, Quebec, and at Yorkdale Plaza in Toronto, Ontario, in 1964. The programming was coordinated, so one of them showed documentary. While the other was showing feature films and they were in use at least until the 1990s. AMC followed up on the Parkway Twin with a theater in 1966. Durwoods insight was that one box office and one stand could easily serve two attached auditoriums. In 1965 Martins Westgate Cinemas became one of the first indoor two-screen theaters in Atlanta, located in East Point, Georgia, it was later converted into a three-screen venue after a fire partially destroyed one of the theaters. The Disney family film Those Calloways had its premier at the Westgate. Opening in April 1979, the 18-screen Cineplex, co-founded by Nat Taylor in Torontos Eaton Centre and it was expanded to 21 screens by at least 1981. In November 1988, Kinepolis Brussels opened with 25 screens, and is credited as being the first megaplex
28.
Great Recession
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The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country, in terms of overall impact, the International Monetary Fund concluded that it was the worst global recession since World War II. According to the US National Bureau of Economic Research the recession, as experienced in that country, began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the Great Recession was related to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and U. S. subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–09. The Great Recession has resulted in the scarcity of valuable assets in the market economy, under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009. In the broader, lay sense of the word however, many use the term to refer to ongoing hardship. The Great Recession met the IMF criteria for being a recession, requiring a decline in annual real world GDP per‑capita. According to the U. S. National Bureau of Economic Research the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Further, the U. S. shadow banking system had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the regulatory oversight. US mortgage-backed securities, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world, the emergence of sub-prime loan losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008, the global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices. Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s, Economist Paul Krugman once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of a second Great Depression. Governments and central banks responded with fiscal and monetary policies to national economies. The recession has renewed interest in Keynesian economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions, economists advise that the stimulus should be withdrawn as soon as the economies recover enough to chart a path to sustainable growth. Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas, median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011. The majority report of the U. S, Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees, reported its findings in January 2011. There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports, one of them, signed by three Republican appointees, concluded that there were multiple causes. He wrote, When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007, There are several narratives attempting to place the causes of the recession into context, with overlapping elements. Four such narratives include, There was the equivalent of a run on the shadow banking system
29.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
30.
Gordon Food Service
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Gordon Food Service is the largest privately held foodservice distributor in North America with sales of $5.5 billion in 2007 and expected to finish 2012 with over $10 billion. Headquartered in Wyoming, Michigan, GFS has stores in the states of Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Gordon Food Service also distributes to portions of Wisconsin, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Virginia, GFS was founded in 1897 by Isaac van Westenbrugge, a 23-year-old Dutch immigrant, and by his son-in-law Ben Gordon. It was started by Van Westenbrugge with only 300 dollars borrowed from his brother to start an egg, in 2009, GFS opened a new distribution center in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and opened a warehouse in Kenosha, Wisconsin the next year. The company continued expanding by building a center in Kannapolis in 2016. According to Forbes Magazine, GFS is the 26th largest privately held company in the United States, started at the Gordon Food Service warehouse in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the first cash and carry was a way for local restaurants to replenish their stock between deliveries. As these stores expanded, they all were first located in areas with very little emphasis on the retail look. As the stores became popular, Gordon Food Service Stores started to emerge on busy streets and strip malls, not only to put them in the public eye. In 2003, Gordon Food Service purchased 7 retail locations and a network from a similar retailer called Smart & Final. Gordon Food Service opened their 160th store in Daytona Beach, FL in the summer of 2013 and they now have over 170 locations along the eastern half of the US. Each store is between 15, 000–25,000 sq ft. Effective June 2015, Market Day was sold to Worlds Finest Chocolate, Gordon Food Service Stores phased out the sales of Market Day items, as well as most of the Worlds Finest fund raising items. With GFS Marketplace stores developing in other states the company continues to grow year by year, the company has over 11,000 employees. The company also sponsored the NASCAR Nextel Cup GFS Marketplace 400 race from 2003 to 2006
31.
Metro Health Hospital
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Metro Health Hospital is a LEED certified hospital located in Wyoming, Michigan off of M-6 near U. S. Route 131. Located within the Metro Health Village, it is the hospital for Metro Health, University of Michigan Health. It serves more than 130,000 people in the Grand Rapids Metropolitan Area and is one of the hospitals in the area that is not located in or near the Grand Rapids Medical Mile. In the 1940s, Louis M. Monger, a physician who had been working at the Detroit Osteopathic Hospital, sought to introduce osteopathic care to the residents of Grand Rapids. Monger and a group of osteopathic physicians decided to set aside their personal resources to create a dedicated to holistic care. It was decided to purchase the home of the bishop serving for the Diocese of Grand Rapids at 1225 Lake Drive in Grand Rapids, MI. The hospitals first patient was Louisa Porcelli, wife of the hospitals Secretary-Treasurer James V. Porcelli, DO, Louisa had to be carried up the stairs and placed in the only functioning room in the hospital. In 1958, the Grand Rapids Osteopathic Hospital moved to 1919 Boston SE Grand Rapids, the hospital was originally equipped with only 28 beds. By the late 1970s, the hospital had grown to include over 200 beds, after decades of growth, the hospital was renamed Metropolitan Hospital so it could be represent the multiple specialties now working with patients. By the 1990s, Metropolitan Hospital was seeking to expand, in May 1999, a $40 million proposal to expand that included the purchase and destruction of 55 homes in the area was opposed by residents in the area. By October 2000, Spectrum Health was expanding throughout the area while the hospital still lacked neighborhood support, on March 12,2001, it was announced that the hospital was attempting to purchase 150 acres in Wyoming, MI to create a health care village. The decision was made after years of remaining landlocked on its 17 acre property in Grand Rapids with residents denying expansion, the site was located near three major freeways, M-6, U. S.131 and I-196, situated among the growing suburban area outside of Grand Rapids. It was chosen after studying population growth patterns and because of its size, in 2009, the University of Michigan Health System and the Metro Health Cancer Center initially began a partnership with cancer treatment. Over time, clinical relationships began to develop between the two entities, on December 15,2016, Metro Health officially announced its affiliation with the University of Michigan Health System. With the University of Michigan Health System having some of the most advanced resources and expertise in the United States, Metro Health Hospital has an emergency department, child birth services, neurosciences, medical care, surgical care, intensive care, and diagnostic/imaging services. Its specialty services include cardiac care, stroke center, joint replacement, inpatient rehabilitation, assisted breathing center, sports medicine and wound care
32.
United Parcel Service
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United Parcel Service, Inc. is the worlds largest package delivery company and a provider of supply chain management solutions. The global logistics company is headquartered in the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States, UPS delivers more than 15 million packages per day to more than 7.9 million customers in more than 220 countries and territories around the world. UPS is known for its trademark brown delivery trucks and uniforms, UPS also operates its own airline and air cargo delivery service based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. On August 28,1907, James Casey founded the American Messenger Company with Claude Ryan in Seattle, Washington, most deliveries at this time were made on foot and bicycles were used for longer trips. The American Messenger Company focused primarily on package delivery to stores with special delivery mail delivered for its largest client the United States Postal Service. In 1913 the company acquired a Model T Ford as its first delivery vehicle, Casey and Ryan merged with a competitor, Evert McCabe, and formed Merchants Parcel Delivery. Consolidated delivery was introduced, combining packages addressed to a certain neighborhood onto one delivery vehicle. In 1916 Charlie Soderstrom joined Merchants Parcel Delivery bringing in more vehicles for the growing delivery business, in 1919 the company expanded for the first time outside of Seattle to Oakland, California and changed its name to United Parcel Service. Common carrier service was acquired in 1922 from a company in Los Angeles, UPS became one of the only companies in the United States to offer common carrier service. At first common carrier was only limited to an area around Los Angeles. In 1924 a conveyor system was debuted for the handling of packages for UPS operations. In 1930, a service began in New York City, and soon after in other major cities in the East. The use of common carrier for delivery between all customers placed UPS in direct competition with the United States Postal Service and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The common carrier service was applied to all cities in cities where UPS could use the service without the authority of the ICC, the first city for UPS to use common carrier outside of Los Angeles was Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Air service through UPS was first used in 1929 through private airlines, however, The Great Depression and a lack of volume ended the air service. In 1953 UPS resumed air service called UPS Blue Label Air with two-day service to cities along the East Coast and West Coast. In 1975, UPS moved its headquarters to Greenwich, Connecticut, the expanded operations to all 48 states made UPS the first package delivery company to serve every address in the Continental United States. UPS went international in 1975 establishing operations in Canada and in 1976 operations were established in Germany, on February 28, UPS Ltd. began operations in Toronto, Ontario
33.
Benteler International
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Benteler International AG is a Management Holding Company, coordinating legally independent, internationally active business divisions Automotive, Steel Pipes and Distribution. Benteler employs 28,166 people at 170 locations in 38 countries and its headquarters are at Salzburg, Austria. Each company has a 50 percent stake in the joint venture Benteler SGL GmbH & Co, RFJ24.10.2012 http, //www. rfj. ch/rfj/Actualites/Regionale/20121024-Incendie-chez-Benteler-le-point-a-14h30. html 24.10.2012 Official Benteler homepage
34.
Consumers Energy
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Consumers Energy is a public utility that provides natural gas and electricity to 6.6 million of Michigans 10 million residents. It serves customers in all 68 of the state’s Lower Peninsula counties and it is the primary subsidiary of CMS Energy. The company was founded in 1886 and is headquartered in Jackson. The company was founded in 1886 as Commonwealth Power Company by William A. Foote, who was originally tasked to install electric lighting in downtown Jackson. After a series of acquisitions and mergers involving other local electric, gas, D. Walbridge, the company incorporated as Consumers Power Company in 1910 in Maine. It became part of the utility holding conglomerate Commonwealth and Southern and his wife later founded Foote Hospital, now Allegiance Hospital, also in Jackson, Michigan. Commonwealth and Southern dissolved in 1946, leaving Consumers Power an independent company, after serving Michigan for more than 80 years, the company reincorporated in Michigan in 1968 and maintained their headquarters in Jackson, Michigan. Consumers operated the Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant in Charlevoix from 1962 to 1997 and built the Palisades Nuclear Plant near South Haven in 1971, in 1968, Consumers Power began construction of a nuclear power plant in Midland, Michigan, primarily for the Dow Chemical Company. However, construction caused delays and increased costs. The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 resulted in a change in nuclear regulatory requirements. When it was revealed the containment buildings were settling and foundation cracks were discovered, Dow cancelled their contract with Consumers Power, the $4.1 billion investment nearly bankrupted Consumers Power. However, in 1985, Consumers Power formed a partnership with eight companies to convert Midlands abandoned nuclear plant into a natural gas-fired power plant. Transformation of the plant began in 1986 and was completed at a cost of $500 million, the Midland Cogeneration Venture began producing power in 1991 and that success restored faith in Consumers Power. In 1997, the name of the company was changed to Consumers Energy, in 2011, Consumers Energy received approval to establish a 100-megawatt wind energy facility in Michigan’s Mason County called Lake Winds Energy Park®. In 2014, the company announced their second wind farm in Tuscola County with an investment of $250 million. By 2015, Consumers Energy produced ten percent of its electricity from renewable sources, in 2009, Consumers Energy launched comprehensive electric and natural gas energy efficiency programs that included rebates and incentives for homes and businesses. Consumers Energys trademark slogan is Count on Us®, and it is the subsidiary of CMS Energy. This year marks the year in a row that Consumers Energy has received this recognition
35.
Wyoming Public Schools
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Wyoming Public Schools is a school district located in Wyoming, Michigan. The district serves 4,500 students It has one high school, on March 12,2012, the Wyoming Public Schools Board of Education voted in favor of 4-3 to restructure the district, effective with the 2012-13 school year. This combined both high schools into a high school held on the campus of Rogers High School. Wyoming Park High School became Wyoming Junior High, serving students in grades 7 to 9, through a series of public forums and a community survey, district administration and board members received input from the public on their opinions as to what should or should not happen. On March 12,2012, the board voted in favor of 4-3 to consolidate the district and it was determined that Wyoming Park High School would be renamed Wyoming Junior High School and would serve students in grades 7th - 9th. Rogers High School would become the only high school, renamed Wyoming High School. Newhall Middle School would be the new home of additional district programs, Intermediate School serves 491 students in grades 5-6. Wyoming Junior High serves 628 students in grades 7-8, the district has seven elementary schools which serve the city of Wyoming, MI. Gladiola Elementary School serves 357 students in grades K-4, huntington Woods Elementary School serves 341 students in grades K-4. Oriole Park Elementary School serves 337 students in grades K-4, Parkview Elementary School serves 372 students in grades K-4. West Elementary School serves 328 students in grades K-4, Wyoming Public Schools Wyoming High School Website Wyoming Junior High Intermediate School Gladiola Elementary Oriole Park Elementary Parkview Elementary West Elementary
36.
Dean Foods
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Dean Foods is an American food and beverage company that specializes in dairy products. The company maintains plants and distributors in the United States and the United Kingdom, Dean Foods has 100 facilities located in 35 American states as well as five manufacturing plants in the countries of Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Dean Foods was founded by Samuel E. Dean, Sr. who owned a milk processing facility in Franklin Park, Illinois. After purchasing other Illinois dairy plants Dean developed the enterprise from a regional dairy into a diversified food company. In December 2001, the brand of Dean Foods was acquired by the Dallas-based Suiza Foods Corporation. In 2005, Dean Specialty Foods was spun off from Dean Foods as Bay Valley Foods, LLC, in June 2005 TreeHouse Foods started trading on the New York Stock Exchange with a ticker of THS. In August 2006, Dean Foods acquired Jilberts Dairy, a 70-year-old family business near Marquette, Dean Foods TofuTown brand was acquired by the Hain Celestial Group in June 2007. In December, Dean Foods bought the Wells Dairy milk plant in Le Mars, Dean Foods purchased Alpro in 2009 for an estimated US$455 million, making it a global leader in soy beverages. This resulted in a restructuring of the company that included selling off a number of subsidiaries, foremost Farms USA, a cooperative of over 2,000 dairy farmers in several mid-western states, sold its Wisconsin milk processing plants to Dean Foods in 2009. Dean Foods announced it was contesting the complaint, in the first quarter of 2010 the company moved to the Cityplace district of Dallas, Texas. In October 2010, Dean Foods announced it was retiring the Schepps brand for products in the Dallas, Texas area in favor of their Oak Farms brand. The Schepps brand had been in the Dallas market since 1942, in 2011, a class action suit was brought against Deans Foods over health claims made on the packaging of Horizon Organic Milk. In 2012, Dean Foods contributed $253,950 to fund opposition to Californias ballot Proposition 37 which would require labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients. In 2017, bettor and stock trader William T. Walters was convicted of trading in Dean shares in Federal court. Walters source of information was company director Thomas C. Davis employing a prepaid cell phone nicknamed the Batphone and, sometimes. The case involved profits or avoided losses of $40 million from 2008 to 2014, the verdict was to be appealed according to Walters lawyer. Dean Foods products include frozen and canned foods, dairy products and condiments and it produces milk in the United States under a number of regional and national brands. The company licenses the Land OLakes brand, which markets several dairy products, dairyPure Fruit Rush Swiss Premium Tea TruMoo Alta Dena, Southern California, Arizona Barbers, Alabama, parts of Mississippi, Georgia and Florida Berkeley Farms, San Francisco Bay Area, California
United States
Michigan
Wyoming
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
M-6 runs east to west on the southern edge of the city, although only a small section of the city sits on the highway.
M-11 runs east to west in the middle section of the city.
US 131 runs south to north through the city.
I-196 along the west and north side of the city.
BS I-196 runs on the local street called Chicago Drive from center west to the north east.
