1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
3.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
4.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
5.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
6.
Poly Styrene
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Marianne Joan Elliott-Said, known by the stage name Poly Styrene, was a British musician, singer-songwriter, and frontwoman for the punk rock band X-Ray Spex. Styrene was born Marianne Joan Elliott-Said in 1957 in Bromley, Kent, England and her mother, who raised her alone, was a Scottish-Irish legal secretary. Her father was a dispossessed Somali aristocrat, as a teenager, Styrene was a hippie but also trained in opera. At age 15, she ran away from home with £3 in her pocket, thinking of this as a challenge to survive, her adventure ended when she stepped on a rusty nail while bathing in a stream and had to be treated for septicaemia. After seeing the Sex Pistols performance at the Pier Pavilion Hastings on the south coast of England on 3 July 1976 she decided to form the punk band X-Ray Spex, Styrene recorded her first demo album in 1975, when she was 18 years old. Her manager enlisted Ted Bunting to produce the record, according to Bunting, the albums punk rock sound allowed Styrene to tap into her lyrical talents, writing words that resonated directly with the periods youth. In 1976, Styrene released her first single under her real name, titled Silly Billy, it was a reggae track, with some touches of the then popular ska style. She co-wrote the B-side What A Way with the records producer, the single came in a GTO Records sleeve. So it was from that, she went as singer with X-Ray Spex, Poly Styrene and she was one of the least conventional front-persons in rock history, male or female. They launched their single in 1977. In 1978, after a gig in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, Styrene had a vision of a light in the sky. Thinking she was hallucinating, her mother took her to the hospital where Marianne was misdiagnosed with schizophrenia, sectioned, although she missed playing at the time, in hindsight, she felt that getting out of the public eye was good for her. She was diagnosed bipolar disorder in 1991. After the original line-up of X-Ray Spex broke up, Poly Styrene recorded an album, Translucence. The album abandoned X-Ray Spexs loud guitar work for a quieter and more jazzy sound that has since described as anticipating later work by Everything. In 1986, she released the EP Gods & Godesses on the Awesome record label, a New Age solo album, Flower Aeroplane, followed in 2004. She described herself as an observer, not a suffering artist writing from tortured experiences, I was playing with words and ideas. Having a laugh about everything, sending it up and they decided to hold a live show at the Camden Roundhouse, which was a sell-out event on 6 September 2008
7.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
8.
Oh Bondage Up Yours!
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Oh Bondage Up Yours. is the debut single by English punk rock band X-Ray Spex. Released in September 1977, it is regarded by critics as a example of British punk. A version taped on 2 April 1977 at one of the bands earliest public performances had already issued on a live compilation album, The Roxy London WC2. The anthemic song attracted wide notice and led directly to the bands first record deal—a pact with the Virgin label for one single, concerned with issues of consumerism and disposability, reflected in the name she soon adopted, she wrote Oh Bondage Up Yours. Shortly after seeing the Pistols for a time the following month. The lyrics combine a depiction of contemporary capitalist materialism as a brand of servitude with a feminist rallying cry, Styrene later described it as a call for liberation. Im not going to be bound by the laws of consumerism or bound by my own senses and it has that line in it, Chain smoke, chain gang, I consume you all, you are tied to these activities for someone elses profit. X-Ray Spex instrumental lineup featured a saxophonist, unusual for a punk band, what made the woodwind player particularly stand out was that she was a girl, Susan Whitby, just 16 years old as of mid-1977. Band manager Falcon Stuart had helped convince Styrene that the presence of a woman in the band would be a boon to their marketing. Young Whitbys freeform style on her horn, writes Maria Raha, often yielded staccato wails that faded quickly, redubbed Lora Logic, her signature rough rasp would feature prominently in Oh Bondage Up Yours. Richie Unterberger describes the single versions brief setup and raucous payoff, Some people say little girls should be seen and not heard, but I think—and then the voice suddenly rises to a scream—OH BONDAGE UP YOURS. Then the band kicks in all the immediacy of a custard pie in the face. Fuzzy power chords and careening saxophone bleats fight it out with Styrenes half-chanted, half-sung vocals, steve Huey describes it as one of the most visceral moments in all of British punk, though Al Spicer considers the studio single recording a fairly lacklustre version. In Gillian G. Gaars analysis, the song eagerly steamrolled over the idea of objectifying women by confronting the head on. Where U. K. punk is known mostly for humorless rage, writes Raha, Styrene and Logic were joyfully angry, in Lauraine Leblancs view, Styrenes compositions, and Oh Bondage Up Yours. in particular, exemplify the emphasis female punk artists placed on parody and paradox. As she describes, the first verse goes Bind me, tie me, in this one utterance, Styrene transformed a seemingly masochistic plea into an indictment of consumer culture, denouncing the blind impulses of the mainstream shopper. In depicting herself as both an agent of and resister to her submission, she created a parody of both positions, juxtaposing them powerfully against each other. Logic later gave her view of the band leaders vision, I think Marianne felt that everyone was in a type of bondage—restricted, crushed, the goal of our society is sense gratification—that is the only prize on offer
9.
Germfree Adolescents
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Germfree Adolescents is the debut album of English punk rock band X-Ray Spex. It contained the UK hit singles The Day the World Turned Dayglo, Identity, Germfree Adolescents received wide acclaim upon its release. He later deemed it one of British punks strongest, trouser Press called it a masterpiece. The Rough Guide to Rock calls it an album. In 1994, The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music named Germfree Adolescents the eighth best punk album of all time, seven years later, in May 2001, Spin magazine ranked the album number 5 in its 50 Most Essential Punk Records. In March 2003, Mojo magazine ranked the LP number 19 in its Top 50 Punk Albums, the album is listed as one of the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Long-running California punk band NOFX has performed a version of Germfree Adolescents live. British pop act Bis recorded a cover of Germfree Adolescents for the Japanese version of their album Social Dancing, British indie folk-rockers the Levellers recorded a version of Germfree Adolescents as one of several covers as B-sides for their single What a Beautiful Day. Minneapolis punk band Malld to Death references the album in their song Young Man on a Downloading Spree, michael Monroe of Hanoi Rocks recorded a cover of Germfree Adolescents and Identity on his album Whatcha Want in 2003. All songs written by Poly Styrene, -2,48 Tracks 12,13,15 &16 from original singles. The 2005 CD reissue includes the song order and the following bonus tracks not on the original release. Poly Styrene - vocals Jak Airport - guitar Paul Dean - bass Rudi Thomson - saxophone B. P
10.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
11.
Bromley
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Bromley is a large suburban town, the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Bromley in Greater London, England, United Kingdom. It was historically a market town chartered since 1158 and an ancient parish in the county of Kent, as part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century, Bromley significantly increased in population and was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1903. Most of Bromley including the centre falls under the BR1 postcode district. Bromley is first recorded in a charter of 862 as Bromleag and it shares this Old English etymology with Great Bromley in Essex, but not with the Bromley in Tower Hamlets. The history of Bromley is closely connected with the See of Rochester, in AD862 Ethelbert, the King of Kent, granted land to form the Manor of Bromley. It was held by the Bishops of Rochester until 1845, when Coles Child, the town was an important coaching stop on the way to Hastings from London, and the now defunct Royal Bell Hotel is referred to in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. Bromley, also known as Bromley St Peter and St Paul, formed an ancient parish in the Bromley and Beckenham hundred, in 1840 it became part of the expanded Metropolitan Police District. The parish adopted the Local Government Act 1858 and a board was formed in 1867. The board was reconstituted as Bromley Urban District Council in 1894 and it formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924 and the London Passenger Transport Area from 1933. Bromley became part of the newly created Greater London in 1965, Bromley forms part of the Bromley and Chislehurst Parliament constituency and the London European Parliament constituency. The current MP is Bob Neill, James Cleverly is the London Assembly member for the Bexley and Bromley constituency, in which the town is located. Bromleys most prominent MP was the former Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, Bromley is located 9.3 miles south east of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Bromley is a post town in the BR postcode area, consisting of BR1, BR1 covers Bromley, Bickley, Sundridge Park and part of Downham, and the BR2 portion covers Hayes, Shortlands, Bickley and Bromley Common. Other nearby areas, Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, the Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cfb. Bromley is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. The town has a retail area, including a pedestrianised High Street and The Glades centre. The shopping area includes such as Gap, Oasis, Russell & Bromley and Waterstones. Orpington, Sevenoaks via Swanley, Gillingham, Ashford International via Maidstone East, Bromley North station with services to London Bridge and Charing Cross by changing at Grove Park. Bromley has a number of theatres, the most notable being the Churchill Theatre in the town centre, the Churchill Theatre was opened on 19 July 1977 by HRH Prince of Wales, and seats 785
12.
Somalis
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Somalis are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti. Expatriate Somalis are also found in parts of the Middle East, North America, Oceania, Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name Somali is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for wealthy, again referring to Somali riches in livestock. The first clear reference of the sobriquet Somali, however. Simur was also an ancient Harari alias for the Somali people, Ancient rock paintings, which date back 5000 years, have been found in the northern part of Somalia, these depict early life in the territory. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman. Inscriptions have been found many of the rock paintings. During the Stone age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here with their industries and factories. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West. In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the regions commerce with the rest of the ancient world. According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people, the ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period, the city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast and its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven cities, Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme. The Harla, an early Hamitic group of tall stature who inhabited parts of Somalia, Tchertcher and other areas in the Horn and these masons are believed to have been ancestral to the Somalis
13.
Dental braces
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Dental braces are devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help to position them with regard to a persons bite, while also working to improve dental health. They are often used to correct underbites, as well as malocclusions, overbites, open bites, deep bites, cross bites, crooked teeth, braces can be either cosmetic or structural. Dental braces are used in conjunction with other orthodontic appliances to help widen the palate or jaws and to otherwise assist in shaping the teeth. According to scholars and historians, braces date back to ancient times, around 400-300 BCE, Hippocrates and Aristotle contemplated ways to straighten teeth and fix various dental conditions. Archaeologists have discovered numerous mummified ancient individuals with what appear to be metal bands wrapped around their teeth, catgut, a type of cord made from the natural fibers of an animals intestines, performed a similar role to today’s orthodontic wire in closing gaps in the teeth and mouth. The Etruscans buried their dead with dental appliances in place to maintain space, a Roman tomb was found with a number of teeth bound with gold wire documented as a ligature wire, a small elastic wire that is used to affix the arch wire to the bracket. Roman philosopher and physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus first recorded the treatment of teeth by finger pressure, Orthodontics truly began developing in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1728, French dentist Pierre Fauchard, who is credited with inventing modern orthodontics. Fauchard, in his practice, used a device called a Bandeau, in 1754, another French dentist, Louis Bourdet, dentist to the King of France, followed Fauchards book with The Dentists Art, which also dedicated a chapter to tooth alignment and application. He perfected the Bandeau and was the first dentist on record to recommend extraction of the teeth to alleviate crowding. Several important dentists helped to advance dental braces with specific instruments, in 1819, Delabarre introduced the wire crib, which marked the birth of contemporary orthodontics, and gum elastics were first employed by Maynard in 1843. Tucker was the first to cut rubber bands from rubber tubing in 1850, Dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor Norman William Kingsley in 1858 wrote the first article on orthodontics and in 1880, his book, Treatise on Oral Deformities, was published. In the early 20th century, Edward Angle devised the first simple classification system for malocclusions, such as Class I, Class II, and so on. His classification system is used today as a way for dentists to describe how crooked teeth are, what way teeth are pointing. Angle contributed greatly to the design of orthodontic and dental appliances, other innovations in orthodontics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries included the first textbook on orthodontics for children, published by J. J. Guilford in 1889, and the use of rubber elastics, pioneered by Calvin S. Case, the application of braces moves the teeth as a result of force and pressure on the teeth. There are traditionally four basic elements that are used, brackets, bonding material, arch wire, the teeth move when the arch wire puts pressure on the brackets and teeth. Sometimes springs or rubber bands are used to put more force in a specific direction, braces have constant pressure which, over time, move teeth into the desired positions
14.
John Lydon
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John Joseph Lydon, also known by his former stage name Johnny Rotten, is an English singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as the singer of the late 1970s punk band the Sex Pistols, which lasted from 1975 until 1978. He is also the singer of post-punk band Public Image Ltd, which he founded and fronted from 1978 until 1993. Lydons rebellious image and fashion style led to him being asked to become the singer of the Sex Pistols by their manager, with the Sex Pistols, he penned singles including Anarchy in the U. K. God Save the Queen, and Holidays in the Sun, the content of which precipitated what one called the last and greatest outbreak of pop-based moral pandemonium in Britain. The band caused an uproar in much of the media. Despite the negative reaction that they provoked, they are now regarded as one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music. In subsequent years, Lydon has hosted shows in the UK, US. In 2005, he released an album, The Best of British £1 Notes. A prominent figure in British popular culture for four decades, Q Magazine remarked that somehow hes assumed the status of national treasure, in 2002, he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. John Joseph Lydon was born in London on 31 January 1956 and his parents, Eileen Lydia and John Christopher Lydon, were working-class emigrants from Ireland who moved into a two-room Victorian flat in Benwell Road, in the Holloway area of north London. The flat is adjacent to the Emirates Stadium, the current home of Premier League football club Arsenal F. C. of which Lydon has been a fan since the age of four. At the time, the area was impoverished, with a high crime rate. John, the eldest of four brothers, had to look after his siblings due to his mothers regular illnesses, as a child, he lived on the edge of an industrial estate and would often play with friends in the factories when they were closed. It was more like yelling, shouting, throwing stones, maybe the reality was coloured by my youth. Id sit there in a load of poo all day long. At age seven he contracted meningitis and spent a year in St Anns Hospital in Haringey. The meningitis was also responsible for giving him what he would describe as the Lydon stare
15.
Victoria Park, London
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Victoria Park is a park in Bow in Greater London, England. The park is 86.18 hectares of space that opened in 1845. The park has also applied to the neighbourhood around it which is entirely within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The park has two cafes, The Pavilion Cafe in the West and The Park Cafe in the East, there are two playgrounds, one on either side of the park, as well as sporting facilities and a skatepark in the East. The park is home to many artifacts and features and has decorative gardens. Victoria Park is also used as a venue and hosts many festivals each year. The park is approximately a mile away from the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, owing to its proximity to the Olympic park, it became a venue for the BT London Live event along with Hyde Park during the London 2012 Olympic Games. The park has in recent years gone through a 12 million pound refurbishment and it has won the Green Flag Peoples Choice Award for the most popular public green space in 2012,2014 and 2015, no other park in the UK has won the award three times. The Crown Estate purchased 218 acres which were out by notable London planner. A part of the area was known as Bonner Fields, after Bishop Bonner, the land had originally been parkland, associated with the Bishops Palace, but by the mid-1800s had been spoiled by the extraction of gravel, and clay for bricks. It was opened to the public in 1845 and this large park is reminiscent of Regents Park, though much less busy, and is considered by some as the finest park in the East End. It is bounded on two sides by canals, the Regents Canal lies to the west, while its branch, there is a gate named after Edmund Bonner. Two pedestrian alcoves, surviving fragments of the old London Bridge and they were part of the 1760 refurbishment of the 600-year-old bridge, by Sir Robert Taylor and George Dance the Younger, and provided protection for pedestrians on the narrow carriageway. The insignia of the Bridge Association can be seen inside these alcoves, the alcoves have been Grade II listed, since 1951. The Lido opened in 1936 and reopened in 1952 following damage during the Second World War, it was closed in 1986, in the latter half of the 19th Century, Victoria Park became an essential amenity for the working classes of the East End. For some East End children in the 1880s, this may have been the large stretch of uninterrupted greenery they ever encountered. Facilities like the Bathing Pond —later superseded by the park lido—would have introduced many to swimming in an era when many public baths were still simply communal washing facilities, so it should come as no surprise that the scene at the numerous Speakers Corners was a lively one. Although any one could set up their own soapbox, the biggest crowds were drawn to star socialist speakers such as William Morris
16.
Jah Wobble
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John Joseph Wardle, known by the stage name Jah Wobble, is an English bass guitarist, singer, poet and composer. He became known to an audience as the original bass player in Public Image Ltd in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Following his departure from PiL, he went on to a solo career. In 2009, he published his autobiography, Memoirs of a Geezer, in 2012, he reunited with fellow PiL guitarist Keith Levene for Metal Box In Dub and the album Yin & Yang. Since 2013 he has one of the featured pundits on Sunday mornings The Virtual Jukebox segment of BBC Radio 5 Lives Up All Night with Dotun Adebayo. Wardle was born in Stepney, East London, His father, Harry Eugene Wardle, worked as a postman, while his mother, Kathleen Bridget, was a school, Wobble grew up with his family in Whitechapels Clichy Estate in London’s East End. He is a friend of John Lydon whom he had met in the 1970s at Londons Kingsway College. The two formed half of the group of known as The Four Johns, along with John Grey. Jah Wobble acquired his name through the drunken, mumbled version of Wardles name by Sid Vicious. In his early life and career, by his own admission, Wardle was given to bouts of aggression, exacerbated by heavy drinking. Resultantly he ended up living in a squat with John Gray in West London, whilst Lydon, Wardle was as critical of his friend Viciouss bass playing as John Lydon, and had hence played in experimentation sessions with Lydon. After burning all the possessions of his squat-mates, they left him there with a mattress. Following the Sex Pistols break-up, Lydon approached Wobble about forming a band, both had similarly broad musical tastes, and were avid fans of reggae and world music. The band began rehearsing together in May 1978, although remained unnamed until July 1978, Wobbles bass playing drew heavily on dub, which has remained an important feature of his music. Having experimented with Lydon pre-Sex Pistols break-up, he had written a simple repetitive bassline on which Lydon wrote Public Image, PiL debuted in October 1978 with Public Image, which reached number 9 on the UK charts, and also performed well on import in the US. Wobble has stated that the first PiL album was recorded so quickly due in part to the altercations with a sound engineer. He has, however, dismissed claims accusing him of extreme malice, such as setting fire to the drummer for The Fall, Karl Burns. Wobble co-wrote and contributed bass and drums to PiLs second album Metal Box, however, he grew increasingly frustrated by the lacklustre creative atmosphere in the band, which he felt stifled his artistic ambitions and PiLs creative potential
17.
Hastings
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Hastings /ˈheɪstɪŋz/ is a town and borough in the county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex, on the south coast of England. The town is located 24 mi east of the county town of Lewes and 53 mi south east of London, and has an population of 90,254. Hastings gives its name to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and it later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports. The town became a seaside resort in the 19th century with the coming of the railway. Hastings is a port with a beach based fishing fleet. The first mention of Hastings is found in the late 8th century in the form Hastingas and this is derived from the Old English tribal name Hæstingas, meaning the constituency/followers of Hæsta. Symeon of Durham records the victory of Offa in 771 over the Hestingorum gens, that is, hastingleigh in Kent was named after that tribe. The place name Hæstingaceaster is found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for 1050, evidence of prehistoric settlements have been found at the town site, flint arrowheads and Bronze Age artefacts have been found, Iron Age forts have been excavated on both the East and West Hills. This suggests that the inhabitants moved early to the safety of the valley in between the forts, the settlement was already based on the port when the Romans arrived in Britain for the first time in 55 BC. At this time, they began to exploit the iron, Iron was worked locally at Beauport Park, to the north of the town, which employed up to one thousand men and is considered to have been the third largest mine in the Roman Empire. With the departure of the Romans, the town suffered setbacks, the Beauport site had been abandoned, and natural and man-made attacks began. The Sussex coast has suffered from occasional violent storms, with the additional hazard of longshore drift. The original Roman port could well now be under the sea, Bulverhythe was probably a harbour used by Danish invaders, which suggests that -hythe or hithe means a port or small haven. It worked to retain its cultural identity until the 11th century. In 771 King Offa of Mercia invaded Southern England, and over the next decade gradually seized control of Sussex and Kent. Symeon of Durham records a battle fought at a location near Hastings in 771, at which Offa defeated the Haestingas tribe. By 790, Offa controlled Hastings effectively enough to confirm grants of land in Hastings to the Abbey of St Denis, during the reign of Athelstan, he established a royal mint in Hastings in AD928. It is thought that the Norman encampment was on the outskirts, where there was open ground
18.
Chelsea (band)
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Chelsea are an English punk rock band, formed in London in 1976. Three of the four band members went on to found Generation X. More than two decades after its release, Right to Work, Chelseas debut single, was included in Mojo magazines list of the best punk rock singles of all time, the original lineup featured frontman Gene October, William Broad, Tony James and John Towe. This rapid turnover of members was characteristic throughout Chelseas existence. Their first single, Right to Work, dealing with unemployment, was their most popular song and it was recorded by the October/Fortune/Daze/Stevenson lineup of the band. It also appeared on the album to the 1977 Derek Jarman film Jubilee. On August 25,1978 the band released single, Urban Kids. After spending 1977–78 touring in the UK and overseas, they released their first album, Chelsea and their second album, Alternative Hits, was released in 1980, it was also issued in the U. S. by I. R. S. After a split, October put together a new lineup, including guitarist Nic Austin, October sporadically released albums with various Chelsea lineups throughout the 1980s, including Rocks Off, Original Sinners and Underwraps. In the early 1990s, a lineup featuring the returning Austin and new bassist Mat Sargent released The Alternative, in 1999, the lineup from the first album, including Stevenson, reformed for the Social Chaos Tour across North America. Live at CBGBs, was recorded at CBGB in New York City during this tour, augmented by Buzzcocks bassist Tony Barber, the band released Faster, Cheaper and Better Looking in 2005. Austin and Sargent returned in 2011, and this released the album Saturday Night Sunday Morning in 2015. O
19.
Buzzcocks
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The Buzzcocks are an English punk rock band, formed in Bolton, England in 1976 by singer-songwriter-guitarist Pete Shelley and singer-songwriter Howard Devoto. They are regarded as an important influence on the Manchester music scene, the independent record label movement, punk rock, power pop and they achieved commercial success with singles that fused pop craftsmanship with rapid-fire punk energy. These singles were collected on Singles Going Steady, described by critic Ned Raggett as a punk masterpiece, Devoto and Shelley chose the name Buzzcocks after reading the headline, Its the Buzz, Cock. in a review of the TV series Rock Follies in Time Out magazine. The buzz is the excitement of playing on stage, cock is Manchester slang meaning mate and they thought it captured the excitement of the Sex Pistols and nascent punk scene. Devoto left the band in 1977, after which Pete Shelley became the principal singer-songwriter, Howard Trafford, a student at Bolton Institute of Technology, placed a notice in the college looking for musicians sharing a liking for The Velvet Undergrounds song Sister Ray. Peter McNeish, a student at the Institute, responded to the notice. Trafford had previously involved in electronic music, while McNeish had played rock. By late 1975, Trafford and McNeish had recruited a drummer and formed, in effect, the band formed, officially, in February 1976, McNeish assumed the stage name Pete Shelley and Trafford named himself Howard Devoto. They performed live for the first time on 1 April 1976 at their college, Garth Davies played bass guitar and Mick Singleton played drums. Singleton also played in local band Black Cat Bone, after reading an NME review of the Sex Pistols first performance, Shelley and Devoto travelled to London together to see the Sex Pistols in February 1976. Shelley and Devoto were impressed by what they saw and arranged for the Sex Pistols to come and perform at the Lesser Free Trade Hall in Manchester, in June 1976. The Buzzcocks intended to play at this concert, but the musicians dropped out. Once they had recruited bass guitarist Steve Diggle and drummer John Maher, a brief clip of Devoto-era Buzzcocks performing The Troggs I Cant Control Myself appears in the Punk, Attitude documentary directed by Don Letts. In September 1976 the band travelled to London to perform at the two-day 100 Club Punk Festival, other performers included, the Sex Pistols, Subway Sect, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Clash, The Vibrators, The Damned and the French band Stinky Toys. Produced by Martin Hannett, the music was recorded, insistently repetitive. Boredom announced punks rebellion against the status quo while templating a strident musical minimalism, the demos recorded while Devoto was in the band were later issued officially as Times Up. After a few months, Devoto left the group, expressing his dissatisfaction at the direction that punk was taking in his statement what was once unhealthily fresh is now an old hat. He returned to college for a year, then formed Magazine, Pete Shelley took on the vocal duties, his high-pitched, melodic singing stood in stark contrast to the gruff pub rock vocal stylings of many punk contemporaries
20.
Wire (band)
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Wire are an English rock band, formed in London in October 1976 by Colin Newman, Graham Lewis, Bruce Gilbert, and Robert Gotobed. They were originally associated with the rock scene, appearing on The Roxy London WC2 album – a key early document of the scene – and were later central to the development of post-punk. Inspired by the burgeoning UK punk scene, Wire are often cited as one of the more important rock groups of the 1970s and 1980s. Critic Stewart Mason wrote, Over their brilliant first three albums, Wire expanded the boundaries of not just punk, but rock music in general. Wire are an art punk and post-punk ensemble, mostly due to their richly detailed and atmospheric sound. The group exhibited a steady development from an early raucous punk style to a complex, structured sound involving increased use of guitar effects. The band gained a reputation for experimenting with song arrangements throughout its career, field Day for the Sundays, for example, is only 28 seconds long. Chairs Missing followed in 1978, and found Wire stepping back from the stark minimalism of Pink Flag, with longer, more atmospheric songs, Outdoor Miner was a minor hit, peaking at number 51 in the UK singles chart. The experimentation was more prominent on 154. In addition, many of the featured bassist Graham Lewis on lead vocals instead of Colin Newman. The LP came packaged with an EP of a different performance of new material. Between 1981 and 1985, Wire ceased recording and performing in favour of solo and non-Wire collaborative projects such as Dome, Cupol, Duet Emmo, in 1985, the group re-formed as a beat combo, with greater use of electronic musical instruments. Wire announced that they would perform none of their older material, the Ex-Lion Tamers played Wires older material, Wire played their new material. They released IBTABA in 1989, an album of mostly reworked versions of songs from The Ideal Copy and A Bell Is a Cup, heavily rearranged, edited. A new song from the album, Eardrum Buzz, was released as a single, Gotobed left the band in 1990, after the release of the album Manscape. After his departure, the band dropped one letter from its name, becoming Wir, there followed a further period of solo recordings, during which Newman founded the swim ~ label, and later Githead with his wife, while Wire remained an occasional collaboration. It was not until 1999 that Wire again became a full-time entity, with Gotobed back in the line-up, the group initially reworked much of their back catalogue for a performance at Royal Festival Hall on 26 February 2000. Wires reception during a tour in early May of the US
21.
Johnny Moped
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Johnny Moped were a mid-1970s English punk rock group from south London, who once had Chrissie Hynde and Captain Sensible within their ranks. Formed in Croydon in May 1974, the band were a proto-punk band, Johnny Moped became one of the pioneering punk bands that played live in the first few months of London’s now-legendary Roxy Club. They played two gigs in February 1977, one supporting Eater and one backing The Damned, the following month they played two more, one supporting Slaughter & The Dogs and the other backing The Damned. In April, they were on a bill that included Wire, X-Ray Spex, Johnny Moped’s Hard Lovin’ Man appeared on the hit various artists album Live at the Roxy WC2. The band signed with Chiswick Records and released three singles, including Little Queenie, and one album - Cycledelic - before splitting up. Sixteen years after its release, the publishers of The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, most of the band reformed to record a second album The Search For Xerxes in 1991. A documentary about the band, Basically, Johnny Moped, produced by Fred Burns, in 2015 the band, that now featured Rob Brook on second guitar and long time bassist Jacko Pistorious alongside Johnny, Slimey and Dave, entered the studio to record a brand new album. The first single to be taken from it was Aint No Rock n Roll Rookie backed with Super Woofa which came out on Damaged Goods records 31 July 2015 as a limited 7 and Download. Johnny Moped’s style has variously described as, ‘Moronic punk ‘n’ roll fusing future Chiswick label-mates Motörhead with the manic humour of John Otway’. ‘They were one of Chiswick’s top bands because they bridged the gap between mid-seventies pub rock and the end of punk’. The greatest songs, the sloppiest playing, a voice to make Billy Bragg feel grateful, ‘Johnny Moped had been about for a few years practising their sonic terrorism in & around Croydon by the time Punk Rock broke. That didn’t stop them signing to Chiswick Records & releasing the utterly superb 45 No One & the equally frenetic LP, perennially written off by the snobbier elements of the Punk elite, mates of Captain Sensible & part time roadies for The Damned - Johnny Moped had it all’. Nor through the brilliant chaos of their shows, although a good Moped gig could keep you grinning for a week
22.
The Roxy London WC2
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The Roxy London WC2 is a live album of recordings taken from various punk bands that played the Roxy club in Covent Garden, London between January and April 1977. The original Harvest Records release in 1977 included tracks by Eater, Johnny Moped, also, the Boys, the Damned, Sham 69 and U. K. Subs appeared on the reissue but not the original, finally, even for bands that appear on both discs, some of the tracks have been changed The Receiver album was re-released in 2001 by Sanctuary as a double CD set. The original 12-track album reached No.24 in the UK Albums Chart, the album was described as seminal by The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music and others. Author and critic Dave Thompson called it one of the most important live albums ever made, however, it has also been described as a punk rock album of 10 unknown acts who can barely play. Paul Markos book The Roxy London WC2, A Punk History delved deeper, by X-Ray Spex I Am a Cliche by X-Ray Spex Orgasm Addict by Buzzcocks Breakdown by Buzzcocks Love Battery by Buzzcocks World War by U. K. Subs I Couldnt Be with You by U. K, subs Smash It Up by the Damned Neat Neat Neat by the Damned
23.
King's Road
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Kings Road or Kings Road, is a major street stretching through Chelsea and Fulham both in west London. It is associated with 1960s style, and fashion figures such as Mary Quant, Sir Oswald Mosleys Blackshirt movement had a barracks on the street in the 1930s. Kings Road derives its name from its function as a road used by King Charles II to travel to Kew. It remained a royal road until 1830, but people with connections were able to use it. Some houses date from the early 18th century, No.213 has a blue plaque to film director Sir Carol Reed, who lived there from 1948 until his death in 1978. Thomas Arne lived at No.215 and is believed to have composed Rule Britannia there, ellen Terry lived in the same house from 1904–1920, and also Peter Ustinov, the house is commemorated by a blue plaque also. Photographer Christina Broom was born in 1862 at No 8, in 1876, the worlds first artificial ice rink, the Glaciarium, opened just off Kings Road, and later that year it relocated to a building on the street. During the 1960s the street became a symbol of mod culture, evoking an endless frieze of mini-skirted, booted, fair-haired angular angels, one magazine later wrote. Kings Road was home in the 1960s to the Chelsea Drugstore, and in the 1970s to Malcolm McLarens boutique, Let It Rock, which was renamed SEX in 1974, during the hippie and punk eras, it was a centre for counterculture, but has since been gentrified. It serves as Chelseas high street and has a reputation for being one of Londons most fashionable shopping streets. Other celebrated boutiques included Granny Takes a Trip, The Sweet Shop in Blantyre Street just off Kings Road at Worlds End and Stop The Shop,484 Kings Road was the headquarters of Swan Song Records, owned by Led Zeppelin. They left following closure of the company in 1983, Kings Road was site of the first UK branch of Starbucks which opened in 1999. 535 Kings Road was the headquarters of Cube Records, a late 1960s, the label folded in the mid 1970s, becoming part of Elektra Records. The building has since been demolished but the new building on the site still houses a record company. In Ian Flemings novels, James Bond lives in an unnamed square just off Kings Road. Planning The eastern part of Kings Road is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. Bus Buses 11,19,22,49,211,319,328, and C3 all go down Kings Road, yet most of these turn off the street at one point or another. The 11 and the 22 are the routes which run the entirety of Kings Road
24.
Chelsea, London
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Chelsea is an affluent area in West London, bounded to the south by the River Thames. Its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment, Cheyne Walk, Lots Road and its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne, which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square tube station. The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the half of Sloane Street. To the north and northwest, the area fades into Knightsbridge and Brompton, the football club Chelsea F. C. is based at Stamford Bridge in neighbouring Fulham. From 1900, and until the creation of Greater London in 1965, the exclusivity of Chelsea as a result of its high property prices has historically resulted in the term Sloane Ranger being used to describe its residents. Since 2011, Channel 4 has broadcast a reality show called Made in Chelsea. Moreover, Chelsea is home to one of the largest communities of Americans living outside the United States, the word Chelsea originates from the Old English term for landing place for chalk or limestone. Abbot Gervace subsequently assigned the manor to his mother, and it passed into private ownership, the modern-day Chelsea hosted the Synod of Chelsea in 787 AD. King Henry VIII acquired the manor of Chelsea from Lord Sandys in 1536, in 1609 James I established a theological college, King Jamess College at Chelsey on the site of the future Chelsea Royal Hospital, which Charles II founded in 1682. By 1694, Chelsea – always a popular location for the wealthy, Kings Road, named for Charles II, recalls the Kings private road from St Jamess Palace to Fulham, which was maintained until the reign of George IV. One of the important buildings in Kings Road, the former Chelsea Town Hall. Part of the building contains the Chelsea Public Library and this is no longer the case, although housing trusts and Council property do remain. The areas to the west also attract very high prices and this former fashionable village was absorbed into London during the eighteenth century. Many notable people of 18th century London, such as the bookseller Andrew Millar, were married and buried in the district. The memorials in the churchyard of Chelsea Old Church, near the river and these include Lord and Lady Dacre, Lady Jane Cheyne, Francis Thomas, director of the china porcelain manufactory, Sir Hans Sloane, Thomas Shadwell, Poet Laureate. Sir Thomas Mores tomb can also be found there, in 1718, the Raw Silk Company was established in Chelsea Park, with mulberry trees and a hothouse for raising silkworms. At its height in 1723, it supplied silk to Caroline of Ansbach, Chelsea once had a reputation for the manufacture of Chelsea buns, made from a long strip of sweet dough tightly coiled, with currants trapped between the layers, and topped with sugar. The Chelsea Bun House sold these during the 18th century and was patronised by the Georgian royalty, at Easter, great crowds would assemble on the open spaces of the Five Fields – subsequently developed as Belgravia
25.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
26.
Catchphrase
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A catchphrase is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance. Such phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts, some become the de facto or literal trademark or signature of the person or character with whom they originated, and can be instrumental in the typecasting of a particular actor. People are doing it to feel good about themselves, to make others laugh, to make themselves laugh and he found that all of the participants in his study had used film quotes in conversation at one point or another. They overwhelmingly cited comedies, followed distantly by dramas and action adventure flicks, horror films, musicals and childrens films were hardly ever cited. List of catchphrases List of political catchphrases List of exclamations by Robin Category, Catchphrases Barba, Catchy Phrases, over 2000 Catchy Slogans Ideas, Powerful Copy Connectors, Catchy Phrases for Business Tag lines, Magnetic Blog Triggers. Catchphrase, Slogan and Cliché, the origins and meanings of our favourite expressions, a Dictionary of Catch Phrases, American and British, from the sixteenth century to the present day Lanham, Maryland, Scarborough House,1992. Planet Simpson, How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation
27.
Riot grrrl
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Riot grrrl is an underground feminist punk movement that originated in the early 1990s in Washington state and the greater Pacific Northwest. It also had origins in Washington, D. C and it is a subcultural movement that combines feminist consciousness and punk style and politics. It is often associated with feminism, which is sometimes seen as its starting point. Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as rape, domestic abuse, sexuality, racism, patriarchy, in addition to a music scene and genre, riot grrrl is a subculture involving a DIY ethic, zines, art, political action, and activism. Riot grrrls are known to hold meetings, start chapters, and support, during the late 1970s and early and mid-1980s there were a number of female punk and rock musicians that later influenced the riot grrrl ethos. The 1980s also featured a number of folk singers from New York whose lyrics were realistic and socio-political. In 1987, the magazine Sassy premiered and dealt with subjects that conventional magazines aimed at teenage girls did not. An article Women, sex and rock and roll published by Puncture in 1989 became the first manifesto of the movement, in 1991, a radio program hosted by Lois Maffeo entitled Your Dream Girl aimed at angry young women debuted on Olympia, Washington radio station KAOS. During the early 1990s the Seattle/Olympia Washington area had a sophisticated do it yourself infrastructure, young women involved in underground music scenes took advantage of this to articulate their feminist thoughts and desires through creating punk-rock fanzines and forming garage bands. The political model of collage-based, photocopied handbills and booklets was already used by the movement as a way to activate underground music, leftist politics. There was a discomfort among many women in the movement who felt that they had no space for organizing. Many women found that while they identified with a larger, music-oriented subculture, Women at the punk-rock shows saw themselves as girlfriends of the boys, so they took it upon themselves to represent their own interests by making their own fanzines, music and art. Young feminist voices were heard through multiple protests, actions, and events such as the opening night of the International Pop Underground Convention. Uses and meanings of the riot grrrl developed slowly over time. Bratmobile member Jen Smith, used the phrase girl riot in a letter to Allison Wolfe describing the atmosphere among women in the city. Riot grrrls took a double or triple r, placing it in the word girl. Although theyre known for frequently denying exclusive credit for the movement, Kathleen Hanna had been studying at The Evergreen State College in Olympia. She participated in a collective art gallery called Reko Muse
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Anti-consumerism
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Anti-consumerism is a sociopolitical ideology that is opposed to consumerism, the continual buying and consuming of material possessions. The criticism of materialism as a dehumanizing behaviour that is destructive of the Earth, as human habitat, comes from religion. From the secular perspective, social activism indicates that from consumerist materialism derive crime, industrial pollution and the consequent environmental degradation, and war as a business. The term consumerism also denotes economic policies associated with Keynesian economics, many anti-corporate activists believe the rise of large-business corporations poses a threat to the legitimate authority of nation states and the public sphere. They feel corporations are invading peoples privacy, manipulating politics and governments, anti-consumerism protesters point out that the main responsibility of a corporation is to answer only to shareholders, giving human rights and other issues almost no consideration. The management does have a responsibility to their shareholders, since any philanthropic activities that do not directly serve the business could be deemed to be a breach of trust. This sort of financial responsibility means that multi-national corporations will pursue strategies to intensify labor, for example, they will attempt to find low wage economies with laws which are conveniently lenient on human rights, the natural environment, trade union organization and so on. It is preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else, that prevents us from living freely and nobly, trying to reduce environmental pollution without reducing consumerism is like combating drug trafficking without reducing the drug addiction. It is a term which most people deny, having some more specific excuse or rationalization for consumption other than the idea that they are compelled to consume. A culture that has an amount of consumerism is referred to as a consumer culture. The older term conspicuous consumption described the United States in the 1960s, but was linked to larger debates about media influence, culture jamming. The term and concept of conspicuous consumption originated at the turn of the 20th century in the writing of economist Thorstein Veblen, the term describes an apparently irrational and confounding form of economic behaviour. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever-increasing rate, according to archaeologists, evidence of conspicuous consumption up to several millennia ago has been found, suggesting that such behavior is inherent to humans. Anti-consumerists believe advertising plays a role in human life by informing values and assumptions of the cultural system, deeming what is acceptable. They declare that ads create a world where commodities appear as the key to securing happiness. Anti-consumerists cite studies that find that individuals believe their quality of life improves in relation to values that lie outside the capability of the market place. Therefore, advertising attempts to equate the social with the material by utilizing images and slogans to link commodities with the sources of human happiness. The underlying message is that owning these products will enhance our image, anti-consumerists claim that in a consumerist society, advertisement images disempower and objectify the consumer
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Anti-capitalism
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Anti-capitalism encompasses a wide variety of movements, ideas and attitudes that oppose capitalism. Anti-capitalists, in the sense of the word, are those who wish to replace capitalism with another type of economic system. State or worker cooperative ownership is in opposition to private ownership of means of production. Most socialists argue that capitalism unfairly concentrates power, wealth and profit, among a segment of society that controls capital. Socialists argue that the accumulation of capital generates waste through externalizations that require costly corrective regulatory measures, socialists view private property relations as limiting the potential of productive forces in the economy. For the influential German individualist anarchist philosopher Max Stirner private property is a spook which lives by the grace of law, in other words, private property exists purely through the protection of the State, through the States grace. And what is their principle, whose protector they always love, not that of labour, rather it is interest-bearing possession. Labour certainly, yet little or none at all of ones own, and so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State and it is a negatively connoted term used to draw an analogy between slavery and wage labor by focusing on similarities between owning and renting a person. Libertarian socialists believe if freedom is valued, then society must work towards a system in which individuals have the power to economic issues along with political issues. American anarchist Emma Goldman believed that the system of capitalism was incompatible with human liberty. She also argued that capitalism dehumanized workers, turning the producer into a particle of a machine, with less will and decision than his master of steel. Noam Chomsky contends that there is little difference between chattel slavery and renting ones self to an owner or wage slavery. He feels that it is an attack on personal integrity that undermines individual freedom and he holds that workers should own and control their workplace. Many libertarian socialists argue that voluntary associations should manage industrial manufacture. As such, they see a distinction between the concepts of property and personal possession. He believes that Tucker overlooked this due to Tuckers focus on individual market transactions. The theoretical sections of Studies in Mutualist Political Economy are presented as an attempt to integrate marginalist critiques into the theory of value
30.
Wreckless Eric
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Eric Goulden, known as Wreckless Eric, is an English rock/new wave singer-songwriter, best known for his 1977 single Whole Wide World on Stiff Records. More than two decades after its release, the song was included in Mojo magazines list of the best punk rock singles of all time and it was also acclaimed as one of the top 40 singles of the alternative era 1975–2000. Wreckless Eric was born in Newhaven, East Sussex and he is a cousin of actress Gemma Arterton through her mother. He is best known as one of the members of the late 1970s Stiff Records artist roster, along with Ian Dury, Elvis Costello. Erics first appearance on record was Whole Wide World on the Stiff label sampler A Bunch of Stiff Records in April 1977, the single version of that song was finally released in August. The song was produced by, and featured bass guitar by Nick Lowe, the following month, the song was one of five tracks broadcast for the first of two sessions Eric recorded for DJ John Peel at BBC Radio 1. The songs reputation has grown over the years and numerous bands have covered Whole Wide World, such as the Lightning Seeds, Mental As Anything, The Monkees, The Proclaimers and his debut album Wreckless Eric was a Top 50 hit in the UK Albums Chart. His second album with Stiff Records was The Wonderful World of Wreckless Eric, Eric became increasingly unhappy with Stiff Records business ideas and promotion. The label forced Eric to work with songwriting teams and hired backing bands, by 1980, shortly after the release of Big Smash. He decided to leave Stiff and record music at his home studio, while Eric may have left the mainstream music business and the public eye, he has continued writing songs and performing consistently at underground clubs and bars. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s Eric has released albums on independent record labels. In 1985 he released A Roomful of Monkeys with a new band and it was followed in 1986 by a couple of homemade garage albums with The Len Bright Combo. He always stayed in touch with Ian Dury and the Blockheads – two Blockheads, Norman Watt-Roy and Mick Gallagher, were in the Captains of Industry. In 1989, he signed to New Rose Records as Eric Goulden, released the homemade Le Beat Group Electrique with bassist André Barreau and this same year he moved to France, in a quiet countryside corner where he stayed for about ten years. By the time he made this move to the vineyard country, Eric toured Eastern Europe in a 1960s Peugeot car, both solo and with his band. In 1990, he released a second Le Beat Group Electrique album, recorded live in a New Rose record shop in Paris, entitled At the Shop with Eduardo Leal de la Gala, together they formed the Hitsville House Band. Eric contributed his version of Clevor Trever to the Ian Dury tribute album Brand New Boots, a new album Bungalow Hi was home-recorded, produced and released in 2004. The soundtrack to the 2002 film, Heartlands, contained Whole Wide World, Whole Wide World appears in the 1996 film Different for Girls
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The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
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The Hope and Anchor, Islington
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The Hope and Anchor is a pub on Upper Street, in the London Borough of Islington, and first opened its doors in 1880. During the mid-1970s it was one of the first pubs to embrace the emergent, with the decline of this movement, the pub went on to become a leading venue in the punk rock movement. The Hope and Anchor is still an operational pub and live music venue today, venue facilities have been improved via refurbishments over the years. The Hope and Anchor can trace its history back to when the building was built in 1880, when the Tally Ho in Kentish Town decided to switch from showcasing rock music to Irish music, the Hope and Anchor became the venue to go to in North London. In January 1976, the venue was acquired by Albion Management and Agency, in the light of numerous threats of closure, Eichler organised various benefits in order to keep the pub open, with named bands returning to the pub and performing for only expenses. Ian Grant of Albion narrowed down a long list to a final 22 bands – all of which had played at the pub at one time or another previously. The Hope & Anchor Front Row Festival, which took place between Tuesday 22 November and Thursday 15 December 1977, featured numerous pub rock, punk, and new wave groups. The recordings were issued as a double album of the same name. Unfortunately, few records exist of groups who performed at the Hope and it was here that The Stranglers recorded their album Live at the Hope and Anchor. The venue is made up of five floors, of only three are accessible to the public. The basement is the live music venue, and still operates as one today. It can be hired out by various promoters and groups for music shows, the maximum legal capacity is 80 persons, down from its previous maximum of 120. At some point in its history, the venue was converted to run as both a live music venue and as a recording studio, although the latter functionality has since been lost. The ground floor contains the bar, and a space for 120 people. There is a staircase by the door leading to the basement. The side door leads to Islington Park Street, a staircase at the rear provides access to the first floor. The ground floor has a jukebox and fruit machine, the walls are lined with posters and vinyls of tickets and albums recorded at gigs there. The first floor contains both male and female toilets, there used to be an upstairs bar located in the area here, which was later converted into a pool hall, as well as a lounge bar
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Wilko Johnson
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Wilko Johnson is an English singer, guitarist, songwriter and actor, particularly associated with the pub rock/rhythm and blues band Dr. Feelgood in the 1970s. Johnson and Dr Feelgood have been credited as one of the influences of the English punk movement. Paul Weller has said of Johnson, Wilko may not be as famous as some other guitarists, and there are a lot of people wholl say the same. I can hear Wilko in lots of places and his undergraduate course included Anglo-Saxon and ancient Icelandic sagas. After graduating, he travelled overland to India, before returning to Essex to play with the Pigboy Charlie Band, the band evolved into Dr. Feelgood – a mainstay of the 1970s pub rock movement. After returning from Goa, Johnson worked in 1972, for less than a year, in 1965 Johnson bought his first Fender Telecaster from a shop in Southend, Essex for £90. He still plays a vintage 1962 Fender Telecaster with rosewood fingerboard which he bought in 1974, originally of sunburst-coloured body with white pickguard, Johnson later refinished it in black and added a red pickguard. Johnson developed his own image, coupling jerky movements on stage with a guitar style, occasionally raising his guitar to his shoulder like a gun. He achieved his playing style by not using a pick but instead relying on fingerstyle and this enabled him to play rhythm guitar and riffs or solos at the same time creating a highly percussive guitar sound. It evolved from an attempt to copy Mick Green of Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. He left the band in April 1977, following disagreements over the tracks to be included in the Sneakin Suspicion album, Johnson maintains that he was kicked out of the band, while the remaining band members claimed that he had left voluntarily. In 1977, he was a member of Solid Senders, with keyboardist John Potter, bassist Steve Lewins. They signed to Virgin in 1978 and released the album, Solid Senders that year, the Wilko Johnson Band played at the Front Row Festival, a three-week event at the Hope and Anchor, Islington in late November and early December 1977, featuring many early punk rock acts. This resulted in the inclusion of two tracks by The Wilko Johnson Band, on a hit album of recordings from the festival. The Hope & Anchor Front Row Festival compilation album reached number 28 in the UK Albums Chart In 1980, Johnson joined Ian Durys band. He then re-formed The Wilko Johnson Band, joined by Blockhead bassist Norman Watt-Roy, Ramundo was later replaced by Steve Monti. Johnsons second album, Ice on the Motorway, was released in 1981, several albums were released on European labels over the next decade. In 1992, Johnson appeared at the Eurockéennes music festival, the album Going Back Home appeared on the Mystic label in 1998
34.
999 (band)
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999 are an English punk rock band, formed in London in December,1976. From the period of 1976 to 1985, the line-up of 999 consisted of Nick Cash, Guy Days, Jon Watson, Jon Watson left the band in 1985, being replaced by Danny Palmer, who remained with the band until 1991. Palmer was replaced by Arturo Bassick, who remains the bass guitarist with 999 to this date, between 1978 and 2007,999 released fourteen singles and twelve studio albums. Five of the released by 999 between 1978 and 1981 charted within the Top 75 in the UK Singles Chart, with one further single released by 999 in 1978, Homicide. Named after the UKs emergency telephone number,999 was founded in London by singer and guitarist Nick Cash, and Guy Days. Cash and Days met each other when the former was a member of the pub rock band Kilburn and the High-Roads, in late 1976, they placed an advertisement in Melody Maker for band members and ended up turning down Chrissie Hynde, Jon Moss and Tony James. They recruited Jon Watson on bass and Pablo LaBritain on drums, the band that eventually became known as 999 performed their first concert at the Northampton Cricket Club in January 1977. After experimenting with different band names, the band became 999 in May 1977. 999 soon established themselves as a live act on the London punk scene and became regulars at the Hope and Anchor. On the strength of their well received, self-financed debut single,999 were signed to United Artists Records around the time as the Buzzcocks. Im Alive became a favourite in the punk clubs. The bands second single, Nasty Nasty, was cited nearly 20 years after its release as a seminal punk single and their self-titled debut album, produced by Andy Arthurs, was released in March 1978. One retrospective review claimed it demonstrated their limitations as well as their strengths, the 45 cuts like Me And My Desire and Emergency demonstrated the latter, but the album lacked that special ingredient, uniqueness or originality to make it stand out from the crowd. The album reached No.53 in the UK Albums Chart, the following year, the song Emergency from the album appeared — alongside songs by bands like The Jam and The Stranglers — on the punk compilation 20 of Another Kind. That album reached No.45 in the UK chart, years later, Emergency was included in Mojo magazines list of the best punk rock singles of all time. The bands second album, Separates was produced by Martin Rushent, one reviewer lists it as one of the best punk albums of all time. In the United States, an altered version of Separates, re-titled High Energy Plan. In October 1978, a month after the release,999 recorded their only session for John Peel at BBC Radio 1
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The Saints (Australian band)
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The Saints are a rock band, originating in Brisbane, Australia founded by Chris Bailey, Ivor Hay, and Ed Kuepper in 1974. Alongside mainstay Bailey, the group has had numerous line-ups, in 1975, contemporaneously with American punk rock band the Ramones, The Saints were employing the fast tempos, raucous vocals and buzz saw guitar that characterised early punk rock. With their debut single, Stranded, in September 1976, they became the first punk band outside the US to release a record, ahead of acts including the Sex Pistols. They are one of the first and most influential groups of the genre, in early 1979, the Saints had imploded, leaving Bailey to continue the band, with a variable line-up. All Fools Day peaked in the Top 30 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart in April 1986, Bailey also has a solo career and had relocated to Sweden by 1994. The band was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association Hall of Fame in 2001, the Saints continue to record and perform. In 2014 Bruce Springsteen covered their classic Just Like Fire Would on his High Hopes album, the Saints original members were Brisbane schoolmates Chris Bailey, Ed Kuepper, and Ivor Hay. They had formed Kid Galahad and the Eternals in 1973 with Irish-raised Bailey on vocals, Hay on piano and their musical inspirations came from 1950s rock n roll musicians such as Little Richard and Elvis Presley and 1960s proto-punk bands like The Missing Links, The Stooges and MC5. They rehearsed in a shed at the back of Hays place, renamed as The Saints, in 1974, they played covers of Del Shannon, Connie Francis and Ike and Tina Turner – exploding them almost beyond recognition with energy. Jeffrey Wegener joined on drums and Hay switched to bass guitar, Wegener had left by 1975, Hay moved to drums and Kym Bradshaw joined on bass guitar. Contemporaneous with Ramones, the group were employing the fast tempos, raucous vocals, Kuepper explained that they played faster and faster as they were nervous in front of audiences. The police would often break up their gigs, and arrests were frequent, unable to obtain bookings, Bailey and Hay converted the Petrie Terrace house they shared into the 76 Club so they had a venue to play in. According to Australian rock historian, Ian McFarlane, they had developed their own sound as defined by Kueppers frenetic, whirlwind guitar style. In June 1976, The Saints recorded two tracks, Stranded and No Time with Mark Moffatt producing, unable to find any interested label, they formed Fatal Records and independently released their debut single in September. Their self-owned Eternal Promotions sent discs to radio stations and magazines both in Australia – with little local interest – and United Kingdom, in the UK, a small label, Power Exchange, issued the single. Sounds magazines reviewer, Jonh Ingham, declared it, Single of this, EMI head office in London contacted the Sydney branch and directed that they be signed to a three-album contract. Over two days in December, the recorded their first LP, Stranded, with Rod Coe producing. It included a version of The Missing Links track Wild About You
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The Stranglers
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The Stranglers are an English rock band who emerged via the punk rock scene. Formed as the Guildford Stranglers on 11 September 1974 in Guildford and they had major mainstream success with their single Golden Brown. Their other hits include No More Heroes, Peaches, Always the Sun, the Stranglers early sound was driven by Jean-Jacques Burnels melodic bass, but also gave prominence to Dave Greenfields keyboards. Their early music was characterised by the growling vocals and sometimes misanthropic lyrics of both Jean-Jacques Burnel and Hugh Cornwell. Over time, their output gradually grew more refined and sophisticated, prior to forming the band, Jet Black was already in his mid-30s—significantly older than the other members of the band he would eventually assemble. A successful businessman, Black at one point owned a fleet of ice cream vans, and later ran The Jackpot, the group that eventually formed between 1974-75 was originally called the Guildford Stranglers, and operated out of The Jackpot. Their early influences included pre-punk psychedelic rock bands such as the Doors, from 1976 the Stranglers became associated with the burgeoning punk rock movement, due in part to their opening for the first British tours of American punks the Ramones and Patti Smith. However, Burnel was quoted saying, I thought of myself as part of punk at the time because we were inhabiting the same flora, I would like to think the Stranglers were more punk plus and then some. Meanwhile, the received a mixed reception from some critics because of their apparent sexist and racist innuendo. In February 1978 the Stranglers began a mini-tour, playing three secret pub gigs as a thank-you to those venues and their landlords for their support during the rise to success. The first was at The Duke of Lancaster in New Barnet on Valentines Day, with performances at The Red Cow, Hammersmith. The Stranglers were the only band to take part in a landmark scene focussed around S-KEN Studio in Roppongi. The scene included bands such as Friction, and they became friends with the band, Red Lizard, who they invited back to London, in 1979, while still in Japan, Burnel also became close friends with Keith, co-founder and drummer for ARB. At the end of 1983, ARBs bassist was imprisoned, leaving the band with a problem for their forthcoming tour. Burnel toured with ARB for 5 weeks and played on two tracks, Yellow Blood and Fight it Out, both of which appeared on the RCA Victor ARB album Yellow Blood. Meanwhile, Burnel released a solo album Euroman Cometh backed by a small UK tour. Later that year the Stranglers released The Raven, which heralded a transition towards a more melodic, the Raven saw a definite transition in the bands sound. The Hohner Cembalet – so prominent on the three albums – was dropped and Oberheim synthesizers were deployed on most tracks
37.
XTC
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XTC were an English rock band formed in Swindon in 1972 and active until 2006. The band failed to maintain popular success in the UK and US and they nevertheless earned a devoted cult following. Under the name Star Park, the group began as a trio with drummer Terry Chambers, as the punk movement took off, they settled on the name XTC, debuting on Virgin Records in 1977. In 1982, the group stopped touring and became a studio-based project centred on Partridge, Moulding. A spin-off group, the Dukes of Stratosphear, was invented as an outlet for the bands excursions into 1960s psychedelic music, for most of the 1990s, XTC were mired in record label difficulties. The band ceased activity following the disintegration of Partridge and Mouldings creative partnership, XTCs only records that placed within the UK top 20 were the singles Making Plans for Nigel, Sgt. Rock and Senses Working Overtime, as well as the albums Black Sea, in the US, theyre also known for the songs Dear God and The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead, while Mayor of Simpleton was their highest charting US single. Skylarking is generally regarded as their finest album, first coming together in 1972, Colin Moulding and Terry Chambers asked Andy Partridge to join their new band and went through many band names over the next five years. As the Helium Kidz, they were featured in a small NME article as a band from Swindon. Drawing influence from the New York Dolls, particularly the Jetboy single, the band recorded a set at the Swindon Viewpoint studio in 1975. Keyboard player Barry Andrews joined in 1976, and the band settled on a name. In 1977, XTC were signed by Virgin Records and they recorded the 3D - EP that summer, and followed it up with their debut LP White Music in January 1978. These and future XTC releases found Partridge writing and singing about two-thirds of the material, while Colin Moulding would write and sing approximately one-third. White Music received favourable reviews and entered the British top 40 and their second album Go 2, released later in 1978, featured a typewriter-text cover and early pressings were accompanied by a bonus disc Go +, a collection of dub mixes of songs from the album. Following the release of Go 2, in January 1979 Barry Andrews left the group, XTC initially sought a new keyboard player - Thomas Dolby was among those considered - but Dave Gregory, guitarist and long-time friend of Partridges, was eventually selected as Andrews replacement. Gregorys 1960s-influenced guitar style steered the band on a path towards a traditional rock sound. Coinciding with Gregorys arrival, XTC scored their first charting single in the UK with Life Begins at the Hop and their third album Drums and Wires contained the bands first major hit single Making Plans for Nigel. Drums and Wires also marked their first sessions at Londons Townhouse Studios, the Lillywhite-Padgham connection also led to Dave Gregory contributing to Gabriels third solo album
38.
John Peel
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John Robert Parker Ravenscroft, OBE, known professionally as John Peel, was an English disc jockey, radio presenter, record producer and journalist. He was the longest serving of the original BBC Radio 1 DJs, fellow DJ Paul Gambaccini described Peel as the most important man in music for about a dozen years. In 2012 he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles Sgt, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover. Another popular feature of his shows was the annual Festive Fifty countdown of his listeners favourite records of the year. Peel appeared occasionally on British television as one of the presenters of Top of the Pops in the 1980s and he became popular with the audience of BBC Radio 4 for his Home Truths programme, which ran from the 1990s, featuring unusual stories from listeners domestic lives. John Peel was born in Heswall Cottage Hospital in Heswall on the Wirral Peninsula, near Liverpool, the solitary Peel was an avid radio listener and record collector from an early age, cutting his teeth on fare offered by the American Forces Network and Radio Luxembourg. He later recalled an early desire to host a programme of his own so that I could play music that I heard. In his posthumously published autobiography, Peel revealed that he had been raped by an older pupil while at Shrewsbury, whilst in Rochdale Monday to Friday, he stayed in a bed-and-breakfast in the area of Milkstone Road and Drake Street and developed long-term associations with Rochdale through the years. In 1960, aged 21, he went to the United States to work for a producer who had business dealings with his father. Once this job finished, he took a number of others, including working as an insurance salesman. While in Dallas, Texas, where the company he worked for was based, he conversed with the presidential candidate John F. Kennedy. Johnson, who were touring the city during the 1960 election campaign and he later phoned in the story to the Liverpool Echo. While working for the company, Peel wrote programs for punched card entry for an IBM1410 computer. There, he presented the second hour of the Monday night programme Kats Karavan, following this, and as Beatlemania hit the United States, Peel got a job with the Dallas radio station KLIF as the official Beatles correspondent on the strength of his connection to Liverpool. He later worked for KOMA in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, until 1965 when he moved to KMEN in San Bernardino, California, using the name John Ravencroft to present the breakfast show. While in Dallas, in 1965, he married his first wife, Shirley Anne Milburn, then aged 15, the marriage was never happy and although she accompanied Peel back to Britain in 1967, they were soon separated. The divorce became final in 1973, Shirley Anne Milburn later took her own life. Peel returned to England in early 1967 and found work with the pirate radio station Radio London
