X.25
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X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for packet-switched data communication in wide area networks. It was originally defined by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee in
Representatives of PTTs and private companies who championed the development of X.25-based networks and services in Europe, North America and Japan. Photographed at the CCITT Rapporteur-group meeting of March 1975 in Ottawa, where they drafted the first X.25 proposal.
A Televideo terminal model 925 made around 1982
An X.25 modem once used to connect to the German Datex-P network
Protocol Wars
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The Protocol Wars were a long-running debate in computer science that occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s, when engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which communica
X.25
…Packet switched networks – are networks, including X.25, that have protocols using "packets" Protocol Wars XOT – is an "X.25 Over TCP" protocol, i.e. with X.25 encapsulation on TCP/IP networks…
The first demonstration of the Internet, linking DARPA's three networks (the ARPANET, SATNET, and PRNET), which took place in July 1977
A cartoon sketched in 1988 by François Flückiger illustrated that "some people foresaw a division between world technologies: Internet in the United States, OSI in Europe. In this model, the two sides would have communicated via gateways."
Vint Cerf emphasized the goal of running "IP on everything", notably with a T-shirt he wore while presenting to the 1992 IETF meeting.