1.
Attorney General of California
–
The Attorney General of California is the State Attorney General of California. The Department employs over 1,100 attorneys and 3,700 non-attorney employees, the Attorney General is elected to a four-year term, with a maximum of two terms. The election is held at the statewide election as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Controller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Heads the Department of Justice, which is responsible for providing legal services. Acts as the counsel in state litigation. Oversees law enforcement agencies, including District Attorneys and Sheriffs, previously, the attorney general lacked jurisdiction over matters in the jurisdiction of locally-elected district attorneys and sheriffs. Warren went on to become Attorney General himself in 1938 where he reorganized states law enforcement into districts, for a comprehensive list, see List of Attorneys General of California. Representative George Deukmejian – Governor of California Jerry Brown – California Secretary of State, Governor of California Mayor, Oakland California Kamala Harris – U. S
2.
Jerry Brown
–
Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown Jr. is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the 39th Governor of California since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, Brown previously served as the 34th governor from 1975 to 1983, as the only son of Edmund G. Pat Brown Sr. Elected governor in 1974 at age 36, Brown was the youngest California governor in 111 years, Brown was re-elected governor in 1978, and ran against fellow Democrat and incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 primaries. While challengers to incumbent presidents seldom gain traction, the challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts did, Brown declined to run for a third term in 1982, instead running for the United States Senate in 1982. However, Brown was defeated by Republican Pete Wilson, and many considered his career to be over. After traveling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party, after six years out of politics, Brown returned to public life, serving as Mayor of Oakland, and then Attorney General of California. Brown decided to run for another term as governor in 2010, the law limited a governor to two terms, however, the four living governors when the law was passed remained eligible. Brown defeated Meg Whitman in 2010 to become the 39th governor in 2011, on October 7,2013, he became the governor in California history. Brown was re-elected in 2014, with sixty percent of the vote, as a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor, and the oldest California governor in history. Browns father was of half-Irish and half-German descent, Browns great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during the California Gold Rush. Brown was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius High School, in 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year, and left to attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit novice house, intent on becoming a Catholic priest. Brown left the novitiate after three years, enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics in 1961, Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964. After law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner, returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt. He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor, in 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city, and placed first in a field of 124. In 1970, Brown was elected California Secretary of State, Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations. In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws, while holding this office, he discovered the use of falsely notarized documents by then-President Richard Nixon to fraudulently earn a tax deduction for donation of his pre-presidential papers. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Political Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, among other provisions, it established the California Fair Political Practices Commission. Brown won the primary with the recognition of his father, Pat Brown
3.
Kamala Harris
–
Kamala Devi Harris is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from California. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served as the 32nd Attorney General of California, Harris graduated from Howard University and University of California, Hastings College of the Law. She worked as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, in 2003, she was elected District Attorney of San Francisco, defeating incumbent Terence Hallinan. She was re-elected in 2007 and served from 2004 to 2011, Harris was elected Californias Attorney General in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Harris was the first woman, the first Jamaican American, the first Asian American, Harris was born in Oakland, California. She has one sister, Maya, a lawyer and public policy advocate, who later married Tony West. The family moved to Berkeley, California where both of Kamalas parents attended graduate school and they also introduced their daughter to civil rights protests, which were common during that time in Berkeley. Kamalas parents divorced when she was young, Shyamala continued to raise her daughters in Berkeley, where the family lived in a black neighborhood and the girls sang in a Baptist choir. Her mother eventually moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, after graduating from Montreals Westmount High School in Quebec, Harris attended Howard University in Washington, D. C. where she majored in political science and economics. At Howard, Harris was elected to the liberal arts student council as freshman class representative, a member of the debate team, Harris then returned to California, earning her Juris Doctor from University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1989. Harris failed the California bar exam her first time, later observing and she was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1990. Harris served as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be at the table where decisions are made. After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorneys Office. In 2000, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil code enforcement matters. After the Fajitagate scandal, Harris defeated two-term incumbent Terence Hallinan in the 2003 election to become District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco, in April 2004, San Francisco Police Department Officer Isaac Espinoza was shot and killed in the line of duty. Three days later D. A. Harris announced she would not seek the death penalty, during Officer Espinozas funeral at St. Marys Cathedral U. S. Harris still refused. Officer Espinozas killer was convicted of the murder and sentenced to life in prison, as D. A. Harris started a program that gives first-time drug dealers the chance to earn a high-school diploma and find employment. Over eight years the program has produced fewer than 300 graduates and she was re-elected when she ran unopposed, in 2007
4.
Nancy Pelosi
–
Nancy Patricia DAlesandro Pelosi is an American politician who is the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, representing Californias 12th congressional district. A member of the Democratic Party, Pelosi represents Californias 12th congressional district, the district was numbered as the 5th during Pelosis first three terms in the House, and as the 8th from 1993 to 2013. She served as the House Minority Whip from 2002 to 2003, Pelosi is the first woman, the first Californian and first Italian-American to lead a major party in Congress. On November 17,2010, Pelosi was elected as the Democratic Leader by House Democrats, Pelosi is Italian-American and was born Nancy Patricia DAlesandro in Baltimore, Maryland. She is the youngest of six children of Annunciata M. Nancy, who was born in Campobasso, South Italy, on 25 March 1909, Congressman from Maryland and a Mayor of Baltimore. Pelosis brother, Thomas DAlesandro III, also a Democrat, was mayor of Baltimore from 1967 to 1971, Pelosi was involved with politics from an early age. In her outgoing remarks as the 60th Speaker of the House and she graduated from the Institute of Notre Dame, a Catholic all-girls high school in Baltimore, and from Trinity College in Washington, D. C. in 1962 with a B. A. in political science. Pelosi interned for Senator Daniel Brewster alongside future House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and she met Paul Frank Pelosi while she was attending Trinity College. They married in Baltimore at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen on September 7,1963, after moving to San Francisco, Pelosi worked her way up in Democratic politics. She became a friend of one of the leaders of the California Democratic Party, in 1976, Pelosi was elected as a Democratic National Committee member from California, a position she would hold until 1996. She was elected as party chair for Northern California on January 30,1977, and for the California Democratic Party, Pelosi was appointed Finance Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, the campaign arm of the U. S. Senate Democrats, in 1985. That same year, she ran to succeed Chuck Manatt as chair of the Democratic National Committee, Pelosi left her post as DSCC finance chair in 1986. Phillip Burton died in 1983 and was succeeded by his wife, in late 1986, Sala became ill with cancer and decided not to run for reelection in 1988. She picked Pelosi as her successor, guaranteeing her the support of the Burtons contacts. Sala died on February 1,1987, just a month after being sworn in for a full term. Pelosi represents one of the safest Democratic districts in the country, Democrats have held the seat since 1949 and Republicans, who currently make up only 13 percent of registered voters in the district, have not made a serious bid for the seat since the early 1960s. She won the seat in her own right in 1988 and has been reelected 10 more times with no substantive opposition and she has not participated in candidates debates since her 1987 race against Harriet Ross. The strongest challenge Pelosi has faced was in 2008 when anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan polled 16%, in the House, she served on the Appropriations and Intelligence Committees, and was the ranking Democrat on the Intelligence Committee until her election as Minority Leader
5.
John B. Larson
–
John Barry Larson is the U. S. Representative for Connecticuts 1st congressional district, serving since 1999, the district is based in the state capital, Hartford. He is a member of the Democratic Party, Larson is the former chairman of the House Democratic Caucus. Larson was born in Hartford, but has spent most of his life in nearby East Hartford and he grew up in a public housing project. He was educated at East Hartford High School and Central Connecticut State University and he worked as a high school history teacher and an assistant athletics coach at George J. Penney High School. Larson was also the co-owner of an agency in East Hartford before entering public service. In 1971, he was selected as a Senior Fellow to the Yale University Bush Center in Child Development and Social Policy by the Head Start Program founder, Larson began his political career in 1977, when he served one term on the East Hartford Board of Education. He then served two terms on the East Hartford Town Council, in 1982, Larson was elected to the Connecticut Senate from the 3rd district, based in East Hartford. He served six terms in that body, the last four as President pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate, in 1994, Larson left the state senate and sought the Democratic nomination for Governor of Connecticut but was defeated by Bill Curry in the primary. After being defeated for Governor, Larson entered private business for years but was able to maintain his political credentials. This was tantamount to election in this heavily Democratic district and he has been re-elected six times with no substantive opposition. On February 1,2006, Larson was elected Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus, the previous vice chairman, Jim Clyburn, moved up to chairman when Bob Menendez was appointed to the United States Senate. After being re-elected in 2008, Larson was elected chairman of the Caucus for the 111th Congress, after Emanuel was named White House Chief of Staff. Larson has introduced various pieces of legislation in attempts to nationalize the US’s energy and to greenhouse gas emissions in order to protect the environment. ”According to Larson. Larson’s liberal stance on government spending has earned him a rating of 9% with Citizens Against Government Waste, Larson received media attention for scolding members of Congress for shutting down the government on September 30,2013. Larson has voted consistently to both legalize same-sex marriage, and to expand options for legal abortion, Larson voted to repeal the military’s “don’t ask don’t tell” policy, and voted in favor of the Sexual Orientation Employment Nondiscrimination Act. The Human Rights Campaign gave Larson a rating of 94%, Larson voted not to end federal funding to Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood and NARAL Pro-Choice American both gave Larson a rating of 100% and they now have three children and reside in East Hartford
6.
Joseph Crowley
–
Joseph Joe Crowley is the U. S. Representative for New Yorks 14th congressional district and he is a member of the Democratic Party. He is the Vice-Chair of the Democratic Caucus, Chairman of the Queens County Democratic Party, Crowley was born in New York City, the son of an Irish-American father and an immigrant Catholic mother from County Armagh, Northern Ireland. A paternal uncle was also a politician, joseph Crowley attended private New York City Roman Catholic schools, including Power Memorial Academy, and graduated from Queens College with a degree in political science. He worked briefly as a legislative aide and he was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1987 to 1998, sitting in the 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st and 192nd New York State Legislatures. Because of his Irish roots, he became involved in Irish politics throughout New York. Crowley would serve in the Assembly until 1998, Democratic Congressman Thomas J. Manton quietly retired from the Congress in 1999, having already filed for and circulated petitions for re-election. He withdrew on the last day it was possible to do so and arranged for Crowley, his chosen successor. Crowley wasnt aware of this until Manton phoned him to him his name would be on the general election ballot. Since 2013, Crowley has represented New Yorks 14th congressional district, the district includes the eastern Bronx and part of north-central Queens. The Queens portion includes the neighborhoods of Sunnyside, Astoria, College Point, East Elmhurst, Jackson Heights, Corona, the Bronx portion of the district includes the neighborhoods of Morris Park, Parkchester, Pelham Bay, and Throgs Neck as well as City Island. Prior to Redistricting for the 2012 election, Crowley represented the 7th District, which encompassed portions of Queens, crowleys cousin, New York City firefighter John Moran, was killed as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001. Crowley authored a bill that provided the 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor to all workers who died as a result of the terrorist acts. He also created the Urban Area Security Initiative, which directs money to prevent terrorism toward regions that are seen as the most threatened, Crowley, who has spent much time in India, created a Bangladesh caucus and was formerly the chair of the India Caucus. On October 10,2002, Crowley was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq, Crowley joined Bronx Representative Jose Serrano in 2008 when proposing legislation to help clean up PCB-contaminated schools. In April 2011, Crowley received media attention for a speech he gave without actually speaking. Crowley ripped pieces of paper with words to deliver his message and he was, at one time, in between both sides of this debate. In 1999, he received a rating of 52% from NARAL Pro-choice America and he voted in favor of the 1999 Abortion Funding Amendment that withheld federal funding to foreign institutions which provided family planning services and promoted abortion
7.
John Spratt
–
John McKee Spratt, Jr. is an American politician who was the U. S. Representative for South Carolinas 5th congressional district from 1983 to 2011 and he is a member of the Democratic Party. In addition to his work, he co-chaired the Textile Caucus, the Bearing Caucus. The 5th Congressional District covers all or part of 14 counties in north-central South Carolina, the largest cities are Rock Hill and Sumter. On November 2,2010, he lost to Republican challenger Mick Mulvaney, Spratt was born in Charlotte, North Carolina and raised in York, South Carolina, where he still resides. He is the son of John McKee Spratt, Sr. and his father founded the Bank of Fort Mill and the York law firm where Spratt would eventually practice. Spratts only sibling is Jane Bratton Spratt McColl, wife of Hugh McColl, former Chairman, after graduating from York High School, he earned a BA degree in history from Davidson College in 1964. He served as student body president at both schools, Spratt then earned an MA degree in philosophy, politics, and economics from Oxford University in 1966 while studying on a Marshall Scholarship, and an LLB degree from Yale Law School in 1969. Spratt returned to York in 1971 to practice at the law firm of Spratt, McKeown and he was county attorney and school board attorney, and president of the Bank of Fort Mill. He also ran an insurance agency and owned a farm in Fort Mill. Since his departure from Congress, Spratt has served as Visiting Distinguished Professor of Public Policy at Winthrop University, National Journal featured him on its cover as a stand-out in Congress, comparing his legislative skills to the best infielders in baseball. In a Washingtonian magazine survey, Congressional staff voted him a Workhorse and House Member Id Like to See Win the Presidency in 2008. One of Spratts proudest accomplishments was the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which he co-authored, putting the federal budget in surplus for the first time in 30 years. On March 21,2010, Spratt joined a majority of his House colleagues in approving H. R.3590, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as Chairman of the House Budget Committee, he made the floor motion which led to the vote on the bill. I was where the action was when the bill had to be called from the desk, he told The Herald. It was like sharing a moment in history, on March 24,2010, Spratt was appointed to the Presidents National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform. In reporting on the appointment, Dow Jones Newswires called Spratt one of the staunchest fiscal conservatives among House Democrats, Spratt became active in Democratic politics at an early age, and was elected delegate to the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Spratt was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1982 and he was reelected 13 more times
8.
Chris Van Hollen
–
Christopher Chris Van Hollen, Jr. is the junior United States Senator from Maryland, serving since January 3,2017. From 2003-17, he served as the U. S, representative for Marylands 8th congressional district. He is a member of the Democratic Party, in 2006 Van Hollen became the chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. In this post, Van Hollen was responsible for leading efforts to defend vulnerable Democrats and get more Democrats elected to Congress in 2008, which he did. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi created a new leadership post, Assistant to the Speaker, Van Hollen was elected ranking member on the Budget Committee on November 17,2010. Pelosi appointed him to the 12-member bipartisan Committee on Deficit Reduction with a mandate for finding major budget reductions by late 2011, on October 17,2013 Pelosi appointed Van Hollen to serve on the bicameral conference committee. Van Hollen ran for the United States Senate in 2016 to replace retiring Senator Barbara Mikulski, Van Hollen serves as Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee for the 2018 cycle. Van Hollen was born in Karachi, Pakistan, the eldest of three children of American parents, Edith Eliza and Christopher Van Hollen and he spent parts of his early life in Pakistan, Turkey, India, and Sri Lanka. He returned to the United States for his year of high school, and attended Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. He is an alumnus of the Kodaikanal International School in southern India, in 1982, Van Hollen graduated from Swarthmore College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy. He continued his studies at Harvard University, where he earned a Master of Public Policy degree, concentrating in national security studies and he earned a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1990. Van Hollen worked as an assistant for defense and foreign policy to U. S. Senator Charles Mathias, a Republican from Maryland, from 1985 to 1987 and he was also a staff member of the U. S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and a legislative advisor for federal affairs to Maryland Governor William Donald Schaefer. He was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1990, and joined the law firm of Arent Fox, Van Hollen served in the Maryland General Assembly from 1991 to 2003, first in the House of Delegates and then in the State Senate. In the Senate, he served on the Budget and Taxation Committee and he led successful efforts to raise the tobacco tax, prohibit oil drilling in the Chesapeake Bay, mandate trigger locks for guns, and increase funding for education and healthcare. In 2002, The Washington Post called Van Hollen one of the most accomplished members of the General Assembly, Marylands 8th District hugs the northern border of Washington, D. C. and is one of the wealthiest and most educated congressional districts in the nation. The federal government is the single largest employer in the district, in 2003, he was named Outstanding New Member of the Year by the Committee for Education Funding, the nations largest and oldest non-partisan education coalition. He introduced an amendment, which passed, that repealed a 9.5 percent loophole in student loans that had allowed lenders to pocket billions of taxpayer dollars, now, that money is available for additional student loans
9.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
10.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
11.
Lucille Roybal-Allard
–
Lucille Elsa Roybal-Allard /ˈrɔɪbəl ˈælərd/ is the U. S. Representative for Californias 40th congressional district, serving in Congress since 1993 and she is a member of the Democratic Party. Since redistricting in 2010, the no longer includes downtown Los Angeles. She was born in Boyle Heights, California, the daughter of Representative Edward R. Roybal and she was educated at Ramona Convent Secondary School in Alhambra, California, and California State University, Los Angeles. She was a public officer and fund raising executive. She was also a member of the California State Assembly from 1986 to 1992 and she has also served as the chair of the California Democratic congressional delegation and of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. She has also active in the Congressional Childrens Caucus and on the Democratic Homeland Security. She is the first Mexican-American woman to serve in Congress, along with Nydia Velazquez of New York City, she was the second Latina after Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Miami, and with Velazquez, the first Democrat and the first elected to a full term. Roybal-Allard introduced the Newborn Screening Saves Lives Reauthorization Act of 2013 into the House on March 20,2013, the bill would amend the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize grant programs and other initiatives to promote expanded screening of newborns and children for heritable disorders. Roybal-Allard argued that newborn screening not only transforms and save lives - it saves money, in 1992, she won the Democratic nomination for the newly created 33rd District. She won handily in November, and has been reelected ten times as of 2012 and her district was renumbered as the 34th after the 2000 Census and the 40th after the 2010 Census. Roybal-Allard is married to Edward T. Allard III and she has two children, Ricardo Olivarez and Lisa Marie Roybal Elliott, two stepchildren, Angela Allard and Guy Mark Allard, and four grandchildren. Her husband is a management consultant and a retired Marine Corps captain, NALEO Childrens Act for Responsible Employment a bill the Congresswoman introduced in 2009 to achieve parity among minor workers in the agricultural industry with that of other industries. See also the related film The Harvest
12.
Jimmy Gomez
–
Jimmy Gomez is an American politician currently serving in the California State Assembly. He is a Democrat representing the 51st Assembly District, which encompasses northeastern Los Angeles, Gomez is a member of the California Latino Legislative Caucus. Prior to being elected to the Assembly in 2012, he was the director for the United Nurses Association of California. On December 5,2016, Gomez announced his candidacy for the election to succeed Xavier Becerra in the United States House of Representatives for Californias 34th congressional district. Gomez has received endorsements from Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, on April 4,2017, Gomez came in first during the special election. Since he did not receive a majority of the votes, he will face Robert Lee Ahn, the runner-up, during the runoff, which will take place June 6,2017
13.
California's 31st congressional district
–
Californias 31st congressional district is a congressional district in San Bernardino County, in the U. S. state of California. The district is located in the Inland Empire region, including the city of San Bernardino, the district is currently represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar, who won in 2014 with 51. 4% of the vote. Formerly, from 2003 to 2013, the district was located in Los Angeles County and it was the only congressional district entirely based within the City of Los Angeles, and included Hollywood and some predominantly Hispanic/Latino sections of central and northeast Los Angeles. As of April 2015, there are three members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Californias 31st congressional district that are currently living. The most recent representative to die was Mervyn M. Dymally on October 7,2012, list of United States congressional districts GovTrack. us, Californias 31st congressional district RAND California Election Returns, District Definitions California Voter Foundation map - CD31
14.
Hilda Solis
–
Hilda Lucia Solis is an American politician and a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for the 1st district. Solis previously served as the 25th United States Secretary of Labor from 2009 to 2013, Solis was raised in La Puente, California, by immigrant parents from Nicaragua and Mexico. She earned degrees from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, returning to her native state, she was elected to the Rio Hondo Community College Board of Trustees in 1985, the California State Assembly in 1992, and the California State Senate in 1994. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the State Senate, Solis sought to pass environmental justice legislation. She was the first female recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2000. Solis defeated a long-time Democratic incumbent as part of getting elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 2000 and she was reelected easily to four subsequent terms. In December 2008, President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Solis as the next U. S. Secretary of Labor. She took office after being confirmed by the United States Senate in February 2009, there she focused on workplace safety issues and on strengthening compliance with wage and hour laws. In January 2013, Solis stepped down from her post as Labor Secretary, returning to the area of her upbringing, in April 2014, Solis formally announced a campaign for a seat on the non-partisan Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Solis won the seat outright in a June 3 election and was sworn in on December 1, Solis was born in Los Angeles, California, as the daughter of immigrant parents who had met in citizenship class and married in 1953, Juana Sequeira and Raul Solis. Her father was a Teamsters shop steward in Mexico and, after coming to the United States, there he again organized for the Teamsters, to gain better health care benefits for workers, but also contracted lead poisoning. Her mother worked for over 20 years on the line of Mattel once her children were all of school age, belonged to the United Rubber Workers. She stressed the importance of education and was a devout Roman Catholic, hilda Solis is the third oldest of seven siblings and grew up in a tract home in La Puente, California. She had to raise her youngest siblings, and later said of her childhood. We had to very quickly. Maybe she should follow the career of her sister and become a secretary. ”However, another counselor did encourage her to attend college. She took her sisters to the library to get them to follow her lead. She graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and she then earned a Master of Public Administration degree at the University of Southern California in 1981
15.
Gary Miller
–
Gary Gene Miller is an American politician, who was the Republican U. S. Representative for Californias 31st congressional district and he was first elected in 1998 and served until 2015, when he retired. The district includes most of southern and western San Bernardino County and he previously represented the 42nd District from 1999 to 2013. In February 2014, Miller announced he would stand down at the next election, Miller was born in Huntsville, Arkansas, but grew up in Whittier, California. He attended Mount San Antonio College in Walnut, California, and he is a businessman who founded several companies bearing his name, including G. Miller Development, G. Miller Masonry, and G. Miller Framing. At the age of 20, he began his first company and his business expanded to the development of planned communities. Miller remains active in real estate through his development company, Miller was appointed to the Diamond Bar, California, Municipal Advisory Council in 1988. In 1989, he was elected to the citys first council that helped incorporate the city and he served as mayor in 1992. In 1990, he decided to run for a seat in the California Senate, incumbent Republican State Senator Bill Campbell of Californias 31st State Senate district decided to resign. In the February 1990 special election, Miller ranked fourth, or last, among Republicans in the field, in 1994, he decided to run for the vacant Californias 29th State Senate district. In the open primary in September 1994, he ranked second among Republicans getting 21% of the vote, behind State Representative Dick Mountjoy, who ranked first with 45% of the vote. In 1995, Miller ran in an election for a seat in the California State Assembly in the 60th district after incumbent Paul Horcher was recalled. Miller won the primary with 39% of the vote in a six candidate field. In 1996, he won re-election defeating Democrat Susan Amaya 53–47% and he was succeeded in office by Bob Pacheco. He was Chairman of the Assembly Budget Committee and he was elected to the U. S. House in 1998, defeating incumbent Republican and fellow Diamond Bar resident Jay Kim in the primary and then Democrat Eileen Ansari in the general election with 53 percent. He won again in 2000 with 59 percent of the vote and was re-elected in 2002 with 68 percent of the vote, in 2004, he defeated Democrat Lewis Myers with 71. 5% of the vote per OCvote. com, the official county elections office website. Similarly, he won in 2008 with 63. 8% of the vote, after the 2010 United States Census, Millers district was renumbered as the 39th District, and pushed further into Orange County, making this already strongly Republican seat even more so. The new map placed the home of fellow Republican and 10-term incumbent Ed Royce into the 39th
16.
Henry Waxman
–
Henry Arnold Waxman is an American politician who served as the U. S. Representative for Californias 33rd congressional district from 1975 until 2015, Waxman is a member of the Democratic Party. He now serves as Chairman at Waxman Strategies, a DC-based communications and lobbying firm, working on issues like health care, environment, energy, technology and telecommunications. In addition, he serves as a Regent Lecturer for University of California, Los Angeles, on January 30,2014, Waxman announced he would not seek re-election to a 21st term in 2014. State senator Ted Lieu defeated district attorney Elan Carr in the election on November 4,2014. Waxman was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Esther and his father was born in Montreal, Canada, and his mother was from Pennsylvania, all of his grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Russia. He attended college at UCLA, earning a degree in political science in 1961. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer and he was elected to the California Assembly in 1969 and served three terms. Along with Congressman Howard Berman, Waxman co-founded the Los Angeles County Young Democrats, in 1974, Democratic congressman Chet Holifield retired after 16 terms in Congress. Waxman gave up his state seat to run for the district. Waxman won the Democratic nomination for the district, and easily won the general election and he has been re-elected 17 times with no substantive opposition. He faced no major-party opposition in 1986, and was unopposed in 2008. His district has changed four times in his tenure—from the 24th to the 29th to the 30th to the 33rd. He was one of the last two members, along with George Miller of California, of the large Democratic freshman class of 1975. In this role he conducted investigations into a range of health and environmental issues, including health insurance, Medicare and Medicaid coverage, AIDS and air. In 1994, Waxman forced the chief executives of the seven major companies to swear under oath that nicotine was not addictive. Waxmans stated legislative priorities are health and environmental issues, as an example of Waxmans thoughts regarding tobacco, on April 13,2010, he requested that Major League Baseball ban smokeless tobacco in all its various forms - snuff, dipping tobacco. With the Democrats victory in the 2006 midterm elections, Waxman became chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee and he was the committees ranking Democrat from 1997 to 2007
17.
California State Assembly
–
The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. It consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people, members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman, assemblywoman, or assemblymember. The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, in the current session, the Democrats control 55 seats, forming a supermajority of the chamber. The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full assembly, other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon, the majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon, while the minority leader is Republican Chad Mayes. The chambers green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. According to Article 4, Section 2 of the California Constitution, the Chief Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly and this position has existed since December 15,1849, when Samuel N. Houston became the Assemblys first Sergeant-at-Arms. The Chief Clerk, the acting Chief Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature
18.
California's 59th State Assembly district
–
Californias 59th State Assembly district is one of 80 California State Assembly districts. It is currently represented by Democrat Reggie Jones-Sawyer of Los Angeles, the district encompasses most of South Los Angeles, centered along Interstate 110. The district is urban and heavily Latino. California State Assembly California State Assembly districts Districts in California District map — from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
19.
Sacramento, California
–
Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
20.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
21.
Stanford University
–
Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
22.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
23.
Juris Doctor
–
The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
24.
Downtown Los Angeles
–
Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
25.
Stanford Law School
–
Stanford Law School is a professional graduate school of Stanford University, located in the Silicon Valley near Palo Alto, California. Stanford Law has consistently been regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world, Stanford Law School employs more than 90 full-time and part-time faculty members and enrolls over 550 students who are working toward their Doctor of Jurisprudence degree. Stanford Law also confers four advanced degrees, a Master of Laws, a Master of Studies in Law, a Master of the Science of Law. Each fall, Stanford Law enrolls a J. D. class of approximately 180 students, Stanford also maintains eleven full-time legal clinics, including the nations first and most active Supreme Court litigation clinic, and offers 27 formal joint degree programs. Stanford first offered a curriculum in legal studies in 1893, when the university hired its first two law professors, former U. S. president Benjamin Harrison and Nathan Abbott, Abbott headed the new program and assembled a small faculty over the next few years. In 1900, the department moved from its location in Encina Hall to the northeast side of the Inner Quadrangle. These larger facilities included Stanford’s first law library, beginning to focus more on professional training, the school implemented its first three-year curriculum and became one of 27 charter members of the Association of American Law Schools. In 1901, the school awarded its first professional degree, the Bachelor of Laws, eight years later, Frederic Campbell Woodward became the first dean of the law school, and in 1923, the law school received accreditation from the American Bar Association. In 1924, Stanfords law program officially transitioned into a professional school when it began requiring a bachelors degree for admission. The 1940s and 1950s brought considerable change to the law school, after World War II caused the law schools enrollment to drop to fewer than 30 students, the school quickly expanded once the war ended in 1945. The decision that Stanford should remain a law school with a very limited enrollment emerged during this period. For the third time in its history, the law school relocated in the 1970s, in the 1960s and 1970s, the law school aimed to diversify its student body. Additionally, in 1966, the sought to academically diversify its student body by collaborating with the Stanford Business School to create its first joint-degree program. In 1968, Stanford appointed Thelton Henderson, future judge of the U. S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Henderson expanded minority enrollment from a single student to approximately a fifth of the student body. Stanford Laws commitment to diversity continues today, and The Princeton Review currently ranks Stanford Law as one of the ten best law schools for minority students, earning national recognition in the 1980s and 1990s, the law school embarked on innovating its curriculum. Stanford offered new courses focusing on law and technology, environmental law, intellectual property law, in 1984, the law school launched its first clinical program, the East Palo Alto Community Law Project. By the 21st century, a new focus on interdisciplinary education emerged, in 2009, the law school transitioned from a semester system to a quarter system to align itself with Stanfords other graduate schools. Stanford Law School is known for its student-to-faculty ratio, one of the lowest in the country, the first-year class of approximately 180 students is divided into six smaller sections of 30 students each
26.
Arthur Torres
–
Arthur Art Torres is a former United States Democratic Party state senator. He is the Vice Chair of the Independent Citizens Oversight Committee and he is a colon cancer survivor and serves on the Board as a patient advocate. Torres served as the Chairman of the California Democratic Party from 1995 to 2009 and he was the first Latino in the California Democratic Party to have been nominated for statewide office when he won the Democratic primary for insurance commissioner in 1994. He is the father of a son and daughter, Torres graduated from Montebello High School in 1964. He holds a Bachelors degree from UC Santa Cruz and a Juris Doctor from University of California and he also served as a John F. Kennedy teaching fellow at Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government. In 1972, Torres was defeated in his first election for a seat in the California State Assembly by 615 votes, soon after the election, he became the national legislative director for the United Farm Workers, AFL-CIO, at 25 years of age. Two years later, Torres won a seat in the California State Assembly, in 1982, he was elected to the State Senate, unseating incumbent Alex Garcia after an extremely bitter Democratic primary. Torres served in the State Senate for another twelve years, from 1982 to 1994, Torres co-authored legislation that created the Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, and the California Clean Water Act. In 1994, Torres was nominated for insurance commissioner, making him the first Latino Democrat nominated for an office in California history. Torres would eventually be defeated by Republican Assemblyman Chuck Quackenbush, Torres served as a German Marshall Fund Fellow and delivered a paper on Western European immigration issues. Torres served as President of the Kaitz Foundation, dedicated to bringing people of color into management within the cable television industry through the Kaitz Fellowship program. The foundation provided grants to minority oriented motion picture and cable television associations, the Kaitz Board was composed of a majority of the top CEOs in the cable television industry. Senator Torres is a member of the Board of One Legacy, an organ transplant foundation in Los Angeles, and the Latino Community Foundation, serving the Bay Area and headquartered in San Francisco. He has served on the Board of the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, the San Francisco Ballet, “Heal the Bay” in Santa Monica, in March 2006, Torres had surgery to remove cancer from his colon. The operation was successful, but it prevented him from chairing the 2006 California State Democratic Convention in late April, former San Francisco mayor Willie Lewis Brown, Jr. and 1st Vice-Chair Alexandra Gallardo-Rooker substituted for Torres as convention chair. Torres came out as a gay man in 2009, thanking his longtime partner Gonzalo Escudero at a speech to the California Democratic Party
27.
Congressional Hispanic Caucus
–
The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is an organization of 30 Democratic members of the United States Congress of Hispanic descent. The Caucus is dedicated to voicing and advancing, through the process, issues affecting Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The CHC was founded in December 1976 as a service organization of the United States House of Representatives. Today, the CHC is organized as a Congressional Member organization, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus aims to address national and international issues and the impact these policies have on the Hispanic community. The function of the Caucus is to serve as a forum for the Hispanic, in addition to covering legislative action, the CHC also monitors Executive and Judicial issues. CHC legislative priorities cover all areas that have a impact on the Hispanic or Latino community. In order to best address these issues, members work in smaller task forces that draw on their expertise. The CHC is currently composed entirely of Democrats, although it had been an organization since its founding. The Republican members left in the late 1990s over policy differences and, in 2003, formed their own group, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus was organized in 1976 by five Hispanic Congressmen, Herman Badillo, Baltasar Corrada del Río, Kika de la Garza, Henry B. It was staffed by Raquel Marquez Frankel, who had grown up in Silver City and Albuquerque, New Mexico, and had become, in 1947, the first Latina to attend the University of New Mexico School of Law. Rep. Baca has denied this charge, but two other CHC members, Linda Sánchez and Hilda Solis, expressed support for Loretta Sanchez. In the case of Solis, Baca called her a kiss-up to Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a year prior to the whore incident, The CHCs Political action committee gave $3,000 to Joe Bacas childrens campaigns for state offices in California. Although Baca recused himself from the decision to make the contributions, six members of the caucus criticized the decision, saying that CHCs PAC should support only federal candidates. Consequently, on November 15,2006, when Joe Baca was elected chair of the CHC, Solis, on Monday, April 2,2007, Congresswoman Linda Sánchez closed her offices in honor of César Estrada Chávez Day, a state holiday in California. CHC chair Baca made the comment on Sánchezs decision to close the office I believe the best way to observe César Estrada Chávez Day is not by taking the day off from work or school. She specifically stated that her decision was not based on personal animus directed at Baca, on June 30,2013, Congressman Filemon Vela, Jr. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus has received support over the years from Mexican billionaire, Ricardo Pliego, ramirez has appeared at functions for the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. Nydia Velázquez In October 1981, the House Committee on House Administration drafted new regulations stipulating that fundraising activities were to be moved off all government premises, Congressional caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference 1977 Womens National Conference, Minority-Latino-Women Congressional Hispanic Caucus Website Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute
28.
House Democratic Caucus
–
The House Democratic Caucus nominates and elects the Democratic Party leadership in the United States House of Representatives. The group is composed of all Democratic Representatives in the House and it hosts weekly meetings for these purposes and to communicate the partys message to members. At the Organizational Meeting on November 18,2008, of the Democratic Caucus for the 111th Congress, Larson was elected Caucus Chairman by acclamation. The election was presided over by the chairman of the Democratic Caucus for the 110th Congress. Rep. Larson officially assumed the position of chairman on the first day of the 111th Congress, Rep. Becerra likewise assumed his vice-chairmanship on January 3. The forerunner of the House Democratic Caucus, the Democratic-Republican caucus, was established on April 2,1796, for many years, through 1820, it nominated presidential candidates. Since 2003, the House Democratic Leader has been Rep. Nancy Pelosi of California, republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives Congressional caucus Official site of the Democratic Caucus
29.
Jalisco
–
Jalisco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco, is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided into 125 municipalities, Jalisco is one of the most important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history. Many of the traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico City, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, birria, tequila, jaripeo. Hence, the motto, Jalisco es México. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly retirees from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala, with a total area of 78,599 square kilometers, Jalisco is the seventh-largest state in Mexico, accounting for 4. 1% of the countrys territory. Jalisco is made up of a terrain that includes forests, beaches, plains. Altitudes in the state vary from 0 to 4,300 meters above sea level, over 52% of the bird species found in Mexico live in the state, with 525, 40% of Mexicos mammals with 173 and 18% of its reptile species. There are also 7,500 species of veined plants, one reason for its biodiversity is that is lies in the transition area between the temperate north and tropical south. Its five natural regions are, Northwestern Plains and Sierras, Sierra Madre Occidental, Central Plateau, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which covers most of the state, and it has an average altitude of 1,550 meters MASL, but ranges from 0–4,300 m. Most of the territory is semi-flat between 600–2,050 m, followed by rugged terrain of between 900–4,300 m and a percentage of flat lands between 0–1,750 m. Jalisco has several river basins with the most notable being that of the Lerma/Santiago River, the Lerma River enters extends from the State of Mexico and empties into Lake Chapala on the east side. On the west, water flows out in the Santiago River, tributaries to the Santiago River include the Zula, the Verde River, the Juchipila and the Bolaños. About three quarters of the population lives near this river system. In the southwest of the state, there are a number of rivers that empty directly into the Pacific Ocean. The most important of these is the Ameca, with its one main tributary and this river forms the state’s border with Nayarit and empties into the Ipala Bay. The Tomatlán, San Nicolás, Purificación, Marabasco-Minatitlán, Ayuquila, Tuxcacuesco, Armería and Tuxpan rivers flow almost perpendicular to the Pacific Ocean, another river of this group is the Cihuatlán River, which forms the boundary between Jalisco and Colima emptying into the Barra de Navidad Bay. The southeastern corner belongs to the Balsas River basin and this includes the Ayuqila and Tuxcacuesco, which join to form the Armería and the Tuxpan
30.
C. K. McClatchy High School
–
McClatchy High School is a high school in the Sacramento City Unified School District. It is located in the Land Park area of Sacramento, California, established in 1937, it is the oldest operating high school in the district having succeeded crosstown rival, Sacramento High School, following its closure in 2003. McClatchy High School boasts over fifty clubs and over 50,000 alumni, population growth in the city of Sacramento during the 1930s prompted the construction of C. K. McClatchy Senior High School, the second high school. Construction financing came from sources as well as the Works Progress Administration. The schools design was done by local firm of Starks and Flanders, whose existing portfolio included downtown landmarks such as the Elks Temple. On May 20,1937, local dignitaries and students from the junior high schools gathered to watch the laying of the school’s cornerstone bearing the name of C. K. McClatchy, the editor and owner of The Sacramento Bee. On September 19,1937, the school was officially dedicated, sitting on 30 acres, the school included a shooting range, and a band room complete with soundproof practice rooms as well as dressing and music rooms near the auditorium. A nurse’s suite with bathrooms and a sun porch and a garden with central fountain in the Moorish style were also features of the new campus. The school is an architectural hybrid, according to the application for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, CKM “shares the pared down, stylized design typical of many WPA projects. Moderne in its massing and simplicity of line, it carries stylized elements of Classical Revival—perhaps more accurately, many local, state, national, and international figures have graduated from CKM. Current enrollment is around 2,400 students, in 2002, the school was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places. McClatchys newspaper, The Prospector, has been serving students for 75 years, McClatchy High School began to be recognized as a California Distinguished School. Since then, McClatchy continues to be unique among California high schools by “beating the trends. ”CKM’s school-wide measure of achievement—the Academic Performance Index —jumped 32 points to 745 in 2008, an additional 11 points in 2009 to 756, and the trend is expected to continue. The Air Force Junior Recruitment Officer Training Corps works with students who desire to develop leadership potential, the open-enrollment program provides a scholastic program in the areas of aerodynamics, science, history and cultural awareness. The Criminal Justice Academy is offered through a partnership with the Sacramento Police Department, students study the basic course materials used by those in training to be police cadets. Additionally, the curriculum covers investigative procedures, forensic science, physical training, the Humanities and International Studies Program was founded in 1985
31.
University of Salamanca
–
The University of Salamanca is a Spanish higher education institution, located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It was founded in 1134 and given the Royal charter of foundation by King Alfonso IX in 1218 and it is the oldest founded university in Spain and the third oldest university in the world in continuous operations. The formal title of University was granted by King Alfonso X in 1254 and its origin, like all older universities, was a Cathedral School, whose existence can be traced back to 1130. The university was founded in 1134 and recognized as a General School of the Kingdom by the Leonese King Alfonso IX in 1218, granted Royal Chart by King Alfonso X, dated 8 May 1254, as the University of Salamanca this established the rules for organization and financial endowment. On the basis of a bull by Alexander IV in 1255, which confirmed the Royal Charter of Alfonso X. The historical phrases Quod natura non dat, Salmantica non praestat, in the reign of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, the Spanish government was revamped. Contemporary with the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims, and this involved the massive employment of letrados, i. e. bureaucrats and lawyers, who were licenciados, particularly, of Salamanca, and the newly founded University of Alcalá. While Columbus was lobbying the King and Queen for a contract to seek out a route to the Indies. In the next century, the morality of colonization in the Indies was debated by the School of Salamanca, along with questions of economics, philosophy, by the end of the Spanish Golden Age, the quality of academics in Spanish universities declined. The frequency of the awarding of degrees dropped, the range of studies shrank, the centuries-old European wide prestige of Salamanca declined. Like Oxford and Cambridge, Salamanca had a number of colleges and these were founded as charitable institutions to enable poor scholars to attend the University. By the eighteenth century they had become closed corporations controlled by the families of their founders, most were destroyed by Napoleons troops. Today some have turned into faculty buildings while others survive as halls of residence. In the 19th century, the Spanish government dissolved the universitys faculties of canon law and they were later reestablished in the 1940s as part of the Pontifical University of Salamanca. The faculty of this university discussed the feasibility of Christopher Columbuss project and it was the period when some of the brightest minds attended the university and it was known as the School of Salamanca. The schools members renovated theology, laid the foundation for law, international law, modern economic science. The schools mathematicians studied the reform, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII. By 1580,6,500 new students had arrived at Salamanca each year, Salamanca draws undergraduate and graduate students from across Spain and the world, it is the top-ranked university in Spain based on the number of students coming from other regions
32.
Salamanca
–
Salamanca is a city in northwestern Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León. The city lies on several hills by the Tormes River and its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. It is one of the most important university cities in Spain, Salamanca attracts thousands of international students, generating a diverse environment. It is situated approximately 200 kilometres west of the Spanish capital Madrid and 80 km east of the Portuguese border, with its 30,000 students, the university is, together with tourism, a primary source of income in Salamanca. In the 3rd century BC, Hannibal laid siege to the city, with the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of Helmantica, as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania due to its favorable location. Salamanca lay on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata and its Roman bridge dates from the 1st century, and was a part of this road. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania, later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops of Salamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo, Salamanca surrendered to the Moors, led by Musa bin Nusair, in the year 712 AD. For years, this area between the south of Duero River and the north of Tormes River, became the battlefield between the Christian kingdoms and the Muslim Al-Andalus rulers. The constant fighting of the Kingdom of León first, and the Kingdom of Castile and León later against the Caliphate depopulated Salamanca, after the battle of Simancas the Christians resettled this area. After the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, raymond of Burgundy, instructed by his father-in-law Alfonso VI of León, led a group of settlers of various origins in 1102. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe, during the 16th century, the city reached its height of splendour. During that period, the University of Salamanca hosted the most important intellectuals of the time, in 1551, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered an inquiry to find out if the science of Andreas Vesalius, physician and anatomist, was in line with Catholic doctrine. Vesalius came to Salamanca that same year to appear before the board and was acquitted, Salamanca suffered the general downturns of the Kingdom of Castile during the 17th century, but in the 18th century it experienced a rebirth. In this period, the new baroque Cathedral and main square were finished, the battle which raged that day is famous as a defining moment in military history, many thousands of men were slaughtered by cannon fire in the space of only a few short hours. During the devastating Spanish Civil War the city went over to the Nationalist side and was used as the de facto capital. The Nationalists soon moved most of the departments to Burgos. Like much of fervently Catholic and largely rural Leon and Old Castile regions, Salamanca was a supporter of the Nationalist side
33.
Economics
–
Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system
34.
State Bar of California
–
The State Bar of California is Californias official bar association. It is responsible for managing the admission of lawyers to the practice of law, investigating complaints of professional misconduct and it is directly responsible to the Supreme Court of California. All attorney admissions and disbarments are issued as recommendations of the State Bar, the State Bar was legally established on July 29,1927, when the State Bar Act went into effect. The State Bar of California is the largest in the United States, with 253,306 living members as of February 2015 and it is headquartered in San Francisco, with branch offices in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Article 6, Section 9 of the California Constitution states, The State Bar of California is a public corporation. Every person admitted and licensed to practice law in this State is, the State Bar acts as the administrative arm of the California Supreme Court in matters involving the admission, regulation, and discipline of attorneys. Generally, practicing law in the state of California without being a member of the State Bar is the crime of unauthorized practice of law. S, the State Bars predecessor was a voluntary state bar association known as the California Bar Association. It took almost ten years to establish an integrated bar in California, sullivan, who was also the President of the Bar Association of San Francisco, organized BASF committees to draft and propose appropriate legislation. Both BASF-drafted bills died in the California Legislature, in 1919 and 1921 and that bill died by Governor Friend Richardsons pocket veto. After two more years of lobbying, the CBA tried again, Governor C. C. Young signed the State Bar Act into law on March 16,1927. The State Bar immediately mailed out registration forms to all California attorneys, identification numbers were assigned to each attorney as they registered, notably, State Bar Number 1 went to Chief Justice William H. Waste. By October 1,1927,7,872 lawyers had registered and these lawyers then voted by mail for the State Bars first Board of Governors. On November 17, the State Bar held a dinner at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. By the time the dinner started,9,602 lawyers had registered, the next morning, during the State Bars organization meeting, the CBA yielded to its successor by winding up its affairs and ending its corporate existence. The State Bar of California is one of a number of integrated bar associations where much of its member fee structure must be ratified annually by both the legislature and the governor. Without such annual reauthorization, it can charge California lawyers only $77 per year, in 1990, The U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Keller v. In October 1997, Governor Pete Wilson vetoed the fee authorization bill for that year and he pointed out that Californias bar had the highest annual fee in the country at $478. He also stated that the State Bar had become bloated and inefficient, as a result, the State Bar was forced to lay off 500 of its 700 personnel on June 26,1998
35.
California State Senate
–
The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. The legislative body consists of 40 members, with each member representing approximately 931,000 people, due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per representative ratio of any state legislative house. Each member roughly represents a population equivalent to the state of Delaware, the State Senate convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. In the current session, Democrats control 27 seats, comprising a two-thirds supermajority of the chamber, prior to 1968, state senate districts were drawn so that each county had at most one state senator. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County being accorded the same number of senators as less populous counties such as Humboldt County. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population, as such, boundaries were changed to provide more equitable representation. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate, the President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Kevin de León, the minority leader is Republican Jean Fuller. The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature
36.
John Van de Kamp
–
John Van de Kamp was an American politician. He served as Los Angeles County District Attorney from 1975 until 1981, John Kalar Van de Kamp was born on February 7,1936. He graduated from Dartmouth College and from Stanford Law School in 1959 and he served as assistant U. S. Attorney and later became the first federal public defender in Los Angeles. He was appointed District Attorney after the incumbent died in office. During his tenure as Los Angeles County District Attorney, Van de Kamp dramatically increased the number of deputy district attorneys in the office. He also created special units to focus on gangs, sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, and career criminals, and he set in place programs to help victims and witnesses, as well as quick response teams in cases of police officer-involved shootings. Van de Kamp was criticized for his offices handling of the Hillside Strangler case, Van de Kamp was assured by his prosecutors that because of Bianchis behavior, conviction of Buono could not be secured. Van de Kamp accepted their judgment and allowed the trial prosecutor, Roger Kelly, to move to dismiss all 10 murder charges against Buono and release him with an eye toward trying him for pandering. The judge in the case, Ronald M. George, however, felt enough evidence existed against Buono to justify proceeding to trial, and George took the unconventional step of denying the motion to dismiss. Van de Kamp then declared a conflict of interest with regard to his office continuing the prosecution, judge George accepted the conflict and reassigned the case, moving it to the California Attorney Generals office under George Deukmejian. The trial had been so lengthy that before it ended, Deukmejian had left office, thus, it was ironically a Van de Kamp-led office that had declared the case against Buono to be unwinnable, and another Van de Kamp-led office that completed the winning of that case. The first decision, to give up on the prosecution of Buono, was used against Van de Kamp in later political campaigns to portray him as being soft on crime. He also helped to modernize the Department of Justice by beginning support of DNA forensic investigation and he was re-elected easily in 1986. In 1987, Van De Kamp unsuccessfully led the States charge against pornography by defending the pandering conviction of adult filmmaker Harold Freeman, ultimately, the California State Supreme Court overturned Freemans conviction. Van De Kamp appealed to the United States Supreme Court, who declined to hear the case, in 1989, George Deukmejian announced that he would not seek a third term as Governor of California the following year. Van de Kamp ran for the office in 1990, hoping to succeed Deukmejian a second time, but lost the Democratic primary election to Dianne Feinstein. After his loss to Feinstein, Van de Kamp retired from politics and with his wife returned to his hometown of Pasadena, California, after leaving public office, Van de Kamp entered private law practice and remained active in environmental causes. Van de Kamp was elected the 80th president of the State Bar of California for 2004-2005 and he also served as president of the board of directors for the Planning and Conservation League
37.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
38.
Libertarian Party (United States)
–
The Libertarian Party is a Libertarian political party in the United States that promotes civil liberties, non-interventionism, laissez-faire capitalism and the abolition of the welfare state. The LP was conceived at meetings in the home of David F. Nolan in Westminster, Colorado in 1971 and was formed on December 11,1971, in Colorado Springs. The founding of the party was prompted in part due to concerns about the Nixon administration, the Vietnam War, conscription, the party generally promotes a classical liberal platform, in contrast to the Democrats modern liberalism and progressivism and the Republicans conservatism. Gary Johnson, the presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, states that the LP is more culturally liberal than Democrats. Current cultural policy positions include ending the prohibition of drugs, supporting same-sex marriage, ending capital punishment. Many libertarians believe in lowering the age to 18. While it is the third largest political party in the United States, there are 499,492 voters registered as Libertarian in the 27 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D. C. The LP was the party under which the first electoral vote was cast for a woman, Tonie Nathan, for Vice President in a United States presidential election, the first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972. In 1978, Dick Randolph of Alaska became the first elected Libertarian state legislator, in 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time. 1995 saw a membership and voter registration for the party. In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first third party to earn ballot status in all 50 states two presidential elections in a row, by the end of 2009,146 Libertarians were holding elected offices. He was renominated for president in 2016, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor William Weld as his running mate, johnson/Weld shattered the Libertarian record for a presidential ticket, earning over 4.4 million votes. Though the party has never won a seat in the United States Congress, it has seen success in the context of state legislatures. Three Libertarians were elected to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992, rhode Island State Representative Daniel P. Gordon was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011. Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016, dyer changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017. In 1972, Libertarian Party was chosen as the partys name, the current slogan of the party is The Party of Principle. Also in 1972, the Libersign—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation TANSTAAFL—was adopted as a party symbol, by the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the current Torch Eagle logo. In the 1990s several state libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin as their official mascot, another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006, that is also often associated with the Free State Project
