1.
Aix-les-Bains
–
Aix-les-Bains, locally called Aix, is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is the second largest Savoy town in terms of population, having 28,585 inhabitants at the last census and is part of its own urban area, The urban area of Aix-les-Bains. A leading town of the Belle Époque, of international renown, Aix-les-Bains was a place of vacation for princely families, although the thermal baths are no longer the main activity of Aix, the area continues to be important for water sports and activities. The town has partially compensated for the loss of visitors coming for spa treatments by developing tourism and it hosts up to 200,000 general visitors, people wanting thermal treatment or tourists per year. Aix-les-Bains shines on a national scale through a number of such as the national thermal baths, tourism. Also, with several labels including Touristic Resort, Flowery City with Four Flowers and a Golden Flower, City of Art and History, a 5@ Internet City, and Nautical Resort. However, Aix is also a town, with a few large companies such as Alstom, the headquarters of the Léon Grosse companies, ABB Cellier, Aixam. Aix-Les-Bains is located in the southeast of France,107 kilometres east of Lyon, thus, the city extends mostly on a north-south axis. Its extension is such that its agglomeration merges gradually with that of Chambéry, the area of the commune is 12.62 square kilometres, which is large for the Department. The town is divided into two, the lower town that occupies the banks of the lake to the west and the upper town. The average altitude of the city is about 320 metres while the part of it is only around 224 metres. 560 square kilometres of the Lac du Bourget watershed is occupied by the spa town of Aix, which borders on the shore. The lake is fed to the south by the waters of the Leysse, and to the east, by those of the Tillet. Native fish can be admired in the aquarium of Aix, the shore, which is occupied by Aix and Tresserve, is highly urbanized and developed along the northeastern part with the road and the railway track. Many restaurants and nightclubs are located there, a nautical complex was built on its shore, this includes a swimming pool and a beach which has an Art Deco-style main entrance dating from 1936. After which is a vast esplanade, allowing walkers to stroll and it offers, to everyone, a panoramic view of the lake and the Dent du Chat, where one can contemplate swans, ducks, herons, gulls and moorhens. The festival of yachting takes place each year and this event has old boats coming from all horizons, a professional market, demonstrations and shows. The slopes above the lake that culminate in the Tour de lAngle Est, the western shore of the lake is narrower as the mountains along its edge are closer to the lakeshore, although lower than those on the eastern side
2.
Columbia Business School
–
Columbia Business School is the business school of Columbia University in Manhattan, New York City. It is one of six Ivy League business schools, and is among the most selective of top business schools, the School was founded in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members and an inaugural class of 61 students, including 8 women. Banking executive Emerson McMillin provided initial funding in 1916, while A, barton Hepburn, then president of Chase National Bank, provided funding for the Schools endowment in 1919. The School expanded rapidly, enrolling 420 students by 1920, and in 1924 added a PhD program to the existing BS, in 1945, Columbia Business School authorized the awarding of the MBA degree. In 1952, CBS admitted its last class of undergraduates, the school currently offers executive education programs that culminate in a Certificate in Business Excellence and full alumni status, and several degree programs for the MBA and PhD degrees. Students in jointly run programs earn an MBA degree from each of the cooperating institutions, on July 1,2004, R. Glenn Hubbard became Columbia Business Schools eleventh dean. Today, Columbia Business School is primarily housed in Uris Hall, an auxiliary space, Warren Hall, is situated on Amsterdam Avenue and is shared with the law school. Eventually, the school will be moved to a new, more spacious facility at Columbias planned new campus on 125th Street in Manhattanville, currently under construction. The donation will go toward construction of the business school’s new site in the Manhattanville section of New York City, one of the school’s two new buildings will be named for Kravis. The buildings will be designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, in December 2012, Ronald Perelman also donated $100 million to the construction of the second business school building. The Columbia MBA Program is highly competitive with a rate of 15% in 2009. The student body is highly accomplished and diverse, students in the class that entered in 2009 come from 61 countries and speak more than 50 languages. The revised core curriculum, launched in the fall of 2008, students enter Columbias MBA program in two tracks. The traditional fall term is approximately 550 students, while the January term J-Term is approximately 200 students, students entering in the fall are divided into eight clusters of approximately 65 students that take all first year core classes together. J-Term students are broken into three clusters, beginning in orientation and continuing through core classes and electives, students are immersed in cases that use faculty research to address real-world business issues. Columbia CaseWorks challenges students to debate corporate decision making and to develop recommendations and solutions. During their first year, students study and discuss a case that focuses on a single company and is incorporated into several core courses. This encourages students to think about a company holistically, analyzing it from the perspective of various disciplines, in 2013, the median starting base salary was $110,000, with a median $30,000 signing bonus and a median $20,000 of other guaranteed compensation
3.
KEDGE Business School
–
KEDGE Business School is a French business school and grande école. Located in Bordeaux, Marseille, Toulon and Paris, the school is a merger between two schools, BEM and Euromed. Following the merger, Kedge is the largest business school in France and it is consistently ranked within the top 5 business schools in France by the Financial Times and is the one of the best 30 business schools in Europe, according to the Financial Times 2014. Nationally, it ranks 3rd for its MBA, 3rd for its budget, the institution also holds the Triple accreditation. In seven years, it has moved up 62 places in this reference ranking, KEDGE Business School is founded by Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Bordeaux and Marseille. It is governed by a Board of Directors composed of business leaders, the Board of Directors is structured into five committees holds 65% of the voting rights. President of the Board of Directors is, François Pierson formerly CEO of AXA France, Chairman of the Board of AXA Corporate Solutions Assurance, vice-President is Pierre Goguet, President of Bordeaux Chamber of Commerce, Statutory Auditor, expert registered with the Bordeaux Court of Appeal. BEM was a member of the Chapitre de la Conference des Grandes Écoles, BEM was based in Talence near Bordeaux. BEM is a member of the campus dexcellence, Université de Bordeaux, in 2008, BEM opened new campuses in Dakar and Paris. After the merger with Euromed to become KEDGE Business School, a new, Euromed Management – School of Management and Business is a French business school. It was founded in Marseille in 1872 by the Chambre de Commerce et d Industrie Marseille-Provence and it has the triple accreditation, EQUIS by the EFMD, AMBA, and the AACSB. It belongs to the top 30 European Business Schools according to the Financial Times and to the top 10 Masters in Management, in France, a department groups together professors who share complementary expertise in their discipline. Kedge Business School currently devotes over 12% of its expenses to research activities and has the ambition to reach 20% by 2018. It was therefore necessary to create the infrastructure and the organisation to help the School meet this ambition, as a consequence, research activities have been reorganised in a Research, Development and Innovation business unit. KEDGE is a triple accredited French Business School situated in Bordeaux & Marseille, the Master in Management program provides a general background in Management, with a change to specialize in the second year. Taught in English or French, this school is recommended for budding experts in Supply-Chain Management, KEDGE Business School also offers Specialized MSc in several fields. The policy of the school is to send nearly 100% of its classes to foreign universities for a term or a year, accordingly, Master Management - Grande Ecole Master Management des Vins et Spiriteux - MVS Master Management Programme ESC M. Sc. Global Supply Chain Management - ISLI Master Patrimoine et Immobilier - IMPI M. Sc, maritime, International Transport & Logistics Management MBA Wine & Spirits Management M. Sc
4.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
5.
London Stock Exchange Group
–
The London Stock Exchange Group plc is a British-based stock exchange and financial information company. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom and it owns the Borsa Italiana, MillenniumIT, Russell Investments, FTSE International, Exactpro, majority stake in LCH, majority stake in MTS and the London Stock Exchange. The London Stock Exchange was founded in Sweetings Alley in London in 1801 and it moved to Capel Court the following year. In 1972 the Exchange moved to a new building and trading floor in Threadneedle Street. Deregulation, sometimes known as big bang, came in 1986, in 1995 the Alternative Investment Market was launched and in 2004 the Exchange moved again, this time to Paternoster Square. Nasdaq built up a stake of over 30% in the Exchange in 2007 in a attempt to acquire it. It has since sold its investment, in 2007 the Exchange acquired the Milan-based Borsa Italiana for 1. 6bn euro to form the London Stock Exchange Group plc. The combination was intended to diversify the LSEs product offering and customer base, the all-share deal diluted the stakes of existing LSE shareholders, with Borsa Italiana shareholders receiving new shares representing 28 per cent of the enlarged register. On 16 September 2009, the London Stock Exchange Group agreed to acquire Millennium Information Technologies, Ltd. a Sri Lankan-based software company specialising in trading systems, the acquisition was completed on 19 October 2009. On 9 February 2011 TMX Group, operator of the Toronto Stock Exchange agreed to join forces with the London Stock Exchange Group in a described by TMX head Tom Kloet as a merger of equals. The deal, subject to government approval would create the worlds largest exchange operator for mining stocks, in the UK the LSE Group first announced it as a takeover, however in Canada the deal was reported as a merger. The provisional name for the group would be LTMX Group plc. On 13 June 2011, a rival, and hostile bid from the Maple Group of Canadian interests, was unveiled for the TMX Group. This was a cash and stock bid of $3.7 billion CAD, the group was composed of the leading banks and financial institutions of Canada. In July 2012, the LSE bought a 5% stake in Delhi Stock Exchange, on 2 June 2014, the LSE became the 10th stock exchange to join the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative. On 26 June 2014, the LSE announced it had agreed to buy Frank Russell Co. making it one of the largest providers of index services. In January 2015, Reuters reported that the London Stock Exchange Group planned to put Russell Investments up for sale, in March 2016, the company announced it had reached an agreement with Deutsche Börse to merge. The companies will be brought under a new holding company, UK TopCo, on February 25,2017, the London Stock Exchange Group PLC stated it wouldnt sell its fixed-income trading platform in Italy to Deutsche Börse AG, to appease anti-trust concerns
6.
Startup company
–
A startup is usually a company such as a small business, a partnership or an organization designed to rapidly develop a scalable business model. Startup companies can come in all forms and sizes, some of the critical tasks are to build a co-founder team to secure key skills, know-how, financial resources and other elements to conduct research on the target market. Typically, a startup will begin by building a first minimum viable product, in addition, startups founders do research to deepen their understanding of the ideas, technologies or business concepts and their commercial potential. Business models for startups are generally found via a bottom-up or top-down approach, given that startups operate in high-risk sectors, it can also be hard to attract investors to support the product/service development or attract buyers. The size and maturity of the startup ecosystem where the startup is launched, the startup ecosystem consists of the individuals, institutions and organizations business incubators and business accelerators and top-performing entrepreneurial firms and startups. A region with all of elements is considered to be a strong entrepreneurship ecosystem. Investors are generally most attracted to new companies distinguished by their strong co-founding team. Attractive startups generally have lower bootstrapping costs, higher risk, successful startups are typically more scalable than an established business, in the sense that the startup has the potential to grow rapidly with a limited investment of capital, labor or land. Startups have several options for funding, venture capital firms and angel investors may help startup companies begin operations, exchanging seed money for an equity stake in the firm. Venture capitalists and angel investors provide financing to a range of startups, with the expectation that a small number of the startups will become viable. Factoring is another option, though it is not unique to startups, startups usually need to form partnerships with other firms to enable their business model to operate. To become attractive to businesses, startups need to align their internal features, such as management style. In their 2013 study, Kask and Linton develop two ideal profiles, or also known as configurations or archetypes, for startups that are commercializing inventions, the inheritor profile calls for management style that is not too entrepreneurial and the startup should have an incremental invention. This profile is set out to be successful in a market that has a dominant design. In contrast to this profile is the originator which has a management style that is highly entrepreneurial and this profile is set out to be more successful in a market that does not have a dominant design. New startups should align themselves to one of the profiles when commercializing an invention to be able to find, by finding a business partner a startup will have greater chances to become successful. Startup founders often have a casual or offbeat attitude in their dress, office space and marketing. Startup founders in the 2010s may wear hoodies, sneakers and other clothes to business meetings
7.
Algeria
–
Algeria, officially the Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, the country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes. Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999, Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria. Algeria is a regional and middle power, the North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy. According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world, Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent, most of Algerias weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC, the countrys name derives from the city of Algiers. The citys name in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāir, a form of the older Jazāir Banī Mazghanna. In the region of Ain Hanech, early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa were found, neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles similar to those in the Levant. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of Middle Paleolithic Flake tool techniques, tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called Aterian. The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called Iberomaurusian and this industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghreb between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. Neolithic civilization developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC and this life, richly depicted in the Tassili nAjjer paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The amalgam of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a native population that came to be called Berbers. These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages, as Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilization was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, by the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthages North African territory, the Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars
8.
Goldman Sachs
–
Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, with additional offices in other international financial centers. The firm provides asset management, mergers and acquisitions advice, prime brokerage, and securities underwriting to its clients, which include corporations, governments, and individuals. The firm also engages in making and private equity deals. The loan was made in November 2008 and repaid with interest in June 2009, the list of former employees of Goldman Sachs who moved on to government positions includes former U. S. In addition, former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange, the World Bank, Goldman Sachs was founded in New York in 1869 by Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldmans son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm, in 1885, Goldman took his son Henry and his son-in-law Ludwig Dreyfuss into the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co. The company made a name for itself pioneering the use of paper for entrepreneurs. By 1898, the firms capital stood at $1.6 million, Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal occurred due to Henry Goldmans personal friendship with the owner of Sears, other IPOs followed, including F. W. Woolworth and Continental Can. In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-family member, in 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. Control of the firm was now in the hands of the Sachs family, waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. In 1920, the firm moved from 60 Wall Street to $1.5 million 12-story premises on 30–32 Pine Street, by 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm. On December 4,1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp. a closed-end fund, the fund failed during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading. In 1930, the firm ousted Catchings, and Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of partner and shifted Goldmans focus away from trading. It was Weinbergs actions that helped to some of Goldmans tarnished reputation. On the back of Weinberg, Goldman was lead advisor on the Ford Motor Companys IPO in 1956, under Weinbergs reign the firm also started an investment research division and a municipal bond department. It also was at time that the firm became an early innovator in risk arbitrage. For most of the 1950s and 1960s, this would be Weinberg, Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance
9.
Credit Suisse First Boston
–
This article is primarily about the former investment banking, capital markets and financial services division of Credit Suisse prior to the 2006 re branding exercise. For the newly reorganized investment banking division of Credit Suisse, see here Credit Suisse First Boston was the investment banking division of Credit Suisse Group and it was active in investment banking, capital markets and financial services. In 1978, Credit Suisse and First Boston Corporation formed a London-based 50-50 investment banking joint venture called the Financière Crédit Suisse-First Boston and this joint venture later became the operating name of Credit Suisses investment banking operations. Credit Suisse acquired a 44% stake in First Boston in 1988, the investment bank acquired its shares held by the public and the company was taken private. Credit Suisse bailed them out and acquired a stake in 1990. Although such an arrangement was illegal under the Glass–Steagall Act, the Federal Reserve. In the mid-1990s, Credit Suisse renamed itself CS First Boston as Credit Suisse First Boston, or CSFB, the terms Credit Suisse First Boston and CSFB are generally used to refer to the global investment bank, and not only the original London franchise. Conflict with Credit Suisse First Boston, or CSFB, in Europe began creating problems for Credit Suisse, First Boston Corporation in New York and CSFB in London had their own management teams, with competing salesmen in each other’s territory and in the Pacific region. In the late 1990s, CSFB purchased the equity division of Barclays Bank, BZW was considered second-tier and CSFB reportedly bought BZW from Barclays for £1 plus assumption of debt - primarily to obtain BZWs client list. CSFB also did significant deals for Apple Computer, Compaq and Sun Microsystems among others, in 2000, at the height of the tech boom, technology deals generated $1.4 billion in revenue for CSFB. The head of CSFB’s tech group, Frank Quattrone, reportedly made $200 million in bonuses between 1998 and 2000, in 2006, the newly reorganized investment banking division of Credit Suisse replaces the brand and entity - CSFB. Credit Suisse retired the First Boston name to allow Credit Suisse to communicate as an organization to clients, employees. The Irish High Court referred to advertisements by the bank in a judgment in February 2013, Credit Suisse v. Billing Credit Suisse official site
10.
Dresdner Kleinwort
–
Dresdner Kleinwort was a British-based investment bank. It disappeared as a brand from the world of investment banking in September 2009, Dresdner Kleinwort was established in July 1995 when Kleinwort Benson was acquired by Dresdner Bank. It added global reach through the acquisition of the US investment bank Wasserstein Perella in 2001, the Frankfurt branch of the bank was instrumental in initiating trading in emissions credits in 2003. In 2004, the Russian government hired Dresdner Kleinwort to value Yukoss Yuganskneftegaz which was sold to Russian state oil major Rosneft. In January 2006, the became the target of a US$1.4 billion class action suit by six employees alleging bias. In December 2008 Commerzbank, who was in the process of acquiring Dresdner Bank, then in March 2009 it became clear that the office in Japan would close. It also became clear that the markets and equities units would close. In February 2009 the Commerzbank management announced that no bonuses would be paid across the Commerzbank group including Dresdner Kleinwort and this was clarified to mean that Front Office staff would receive 10% of the bonus promised December 2008 and support functions would receive their full bonus. This, together with issues regarding severance payments and guaranteed bonus payments, has led to a number of lawsuits, jens-Peter Neumann, former head of Capital Markets sued in Germany in April 2009 for €1.5 million in severance pay. Former senior managers Martin Newson, Eduardo Listorti and Michael Adams sued but settled out of court, other executives won their bonus suits against the bank in August 2009. Additional cases were brought by Dresdner Kleinwort executive committee members John McIntyre, Bertrand Pinel, in September 2009,72 former and current Dresdner Kleinwort front office employees sued for £30 million in disputed bonus payments. In September 2009 Commerzbank decided to use of the Dresdner Kleinwort name. House of Representatives, White House Chief of Staff Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester, Member of the British Parliament Thomson Financial league tables
11.
Lehman Brothers
–
/ˈliːmən/ was a global financial services firm. Lehman was operational for 158 years from its founding in 1850 until 2008, Lehmans bankruptcy filing is the largest in US history, and is thought to have played a major role in the unfolding of the late-2000s global financial crisis. On September 16,2008, Lehman filed for bankruptcy, Global markets immediately plummeted, and systemic risk was uncorked. This market collapse also gave support to the Too Big To Fail doctrine, on September 20,2008, a revised version of that agreement was approved by U. S. Bankruptcy Judge James M. Peck. The deal became effective on October 13,2008, in 1844, 23-year-old Henry Lehman, the son of a Jewish cattle merchant, emigrated to the United States from Rimpar, Bavaria. He settled in Montgomery, Alabama, where he opened a dry-goods store, in 1847, following the arrival of his brother Emanuel Lehman, the firm became H. Lehman and Bro. With the arrival of their youngest brother, Mayer Lehman, in 1850, during the 1850s, cotton was one of the most important crops in the United States. Capitalizing on cottons high market value, the three began to routinely accept raw cotton from customers as payment for merchandise, eventually beginning a second business trading in cotton. Within a few years this grew to become the most significant part of their operation. Following Henrys death from fever in 1855, the remaining brothers continued to focus on their commodities-trading/brokerage operations. By 1858, the center of cotton trading had shifted from the South to New York City, Lehman opened its first branch office at 119 Liberty Street, and 32-year-old Emanuel relocated there to run the office. In 1862, facing difficulties as a result of the Civil War, following the war the company helped finance Alabamas reconstruction. The firms headquarters were moved to New York City, where it helped found the New York Cotton Exchange in 1870. The firm also dealt in the market for railroad bonds. Lehman became a member of the Coffee Exchange as early as 1883, in 1899, it underwrote its first public offering, the preferred and common stock of the International Steam Pump Company. Despite the offering of International Steam, the real shift from being a commodities house to a house of issue did not begin until 1906. In that year, under Emanuels son Philip Lehman, the firm partnered with Goldman, Sachs & Co. to bring the General Cigar Co. to market, followed closely by Sears, Roebuck and Company. During the following two decades, almost one hundred new issues were underwritten by Lehman, many times in conjunction with Goldman, among these were F. W. Woolworth Company, May Department Stores Company, Gimbel Brothers, Inc
12.
London Stock Exchange
–
The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2014, the Exchange had a capitalisation of US$6.06 trillion. The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London, the Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group. London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges, London Stock Exchange Group was created in October 2007 when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana. The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse and it was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571. During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners and they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, notably Jonathans Coffee-House. At that coffee house, a broker named John Casting started listing the prices of a few commodities, exchange rates and certain key provisions such as salt, coal, originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week. This list and activity was moved to Garraway’s coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for the duration that a length of tallow candle could burn, as stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in securities in London. After Greshams Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and this was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange. The Royal Exchange not only housed brokers but also merchants and merchandise and this was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament brought out an act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties and it also set a fixed number of brokers, which was later increased as the size of the trade grew. The street in which they were now dealing was known as Exchange Alley, Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets. Traders became weary of bubbles when companies rose quickly and fell, after the Seven Years War, trade at Jonathans coffee house boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed a club and opened a new and this now had a set entrance fee, through which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not a location for trading. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to such dealings
13.
MillenniumIT
–
MillenniumIT is a Sri Lanka-based information technology firm that specialises in electronic trading systems and is headquartered in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It has been a fully owned technology business sector of London Stock Exchange Group since 2009, the company was founded in 1996 by Tony Weerasinghe as a systems integrator and Sun Microsystems authorized reseller. The CSE solution became the basis for MillenniumIT’s suite of software products. In the year 2000 MillenniumIT became Sun Microsystems’ regional distributor for Bangladesh, Nepal and its capital-markets software found a number of customers around the world, and in 2001 MillenniumIT won its first major US contract and set up operations in Boston, MA. In 2002, the moved into its new corporate headquarters. The company was awarded contracts in Boston and Nairobi and it also continued to expand by opening a UK subsidiary and office in 2004. The following year, the company was contracted to provide an automated equity, ETF, live trading at AMEX commenced in 2006, even as the company received a US patent on its Business Innovation Dynamically technology. Following a contract with London Stock Exchange for a new trading platform for equities, the acquisition gave the company a footing in international competition, and a number of orders from around the world followed shortly. In 2010, LSEGs Turquoise trading platform was successfully migrated to Millennium Exchange, the company was now active on four continents, and important business wins continued in Canada, India and South Africa. In June 2014, founder and CEO Tony Weeresinghe resigned from the company, millenniumITs suite of capital markets products include Millennium Exchange™, Millennium SOR™, Millennium MarketData™ Millennium Surveillance™, Millennium PostTrade™ and Millennium Gateway. These products cater to trading multiple asset classes including equities, derivatives, debt, commodities, forex, structured products, the systems integration business of MillenniumIT, is a leading Sri Lankan information technology solutions provider, specializing in IT solutions for the financial and telecom industries. MillenniumIT also offers information technology infrastructure and consulting services
14.
FTSE Group
–
FTSE Group, formerly FTSE Group, is a British provider of stock market indices and associated data services, wholly owned by the London Stock Exchange and operating out of premises in Canary Wharf. It operates the well known UK FTSE100 Index and the Russell 2000 as well as a number of other indices, FTSE stands for Financial Times Stock Exchange. The FTSE Group was created in 1995 by Pearson and the London Stock Exchange Group, FTSE Japan, based in Tokyo, was launched in 2003. In 2010, the joint venture with Xinhua Finance was terminated, the series was renamed into FTSE China Index Series. In 2011, Pearson sold its stake to LSE, FTSE Group operates 250,000 indices calculated across 80 countries and in 2015 was the number three provider of indices worldwide by revenue. FTSE Group earns around 60 per cent of revenue from subscription fees and 40 per cent from licensing for index-based products. Clients include both active and passive fund managers, consultants, asset owners, sell-side firms and financial data vendors, fTSE’s products are used by market participants worldwide for investment analysis, performance measurement, asset allocation and hedging. FTSE also provides many exchanges around the world with their domestic indices, FTSE Group operates the well known FTSE100 Index and FTSE250 Index as well as over 200,000 other indices, including 600 real-time indices. There are seven main groups of indices, Global Equity, Regional and Partner, Fixed Income, Real Estate, Alternative Investment, Responsible Investment, fees from the use of index information and associated services generate revenues necessary to continue operations. FTSE has offices in London, New York City, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, Milan, San Francisco, Beijing, Sydney, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Toronto. FTSE350 Index FTSE All-Share Index FTSE SmallCap Index FTSE4Good Index FTSE AIM UK50 Index FTSE AIM100 Index FTSE AIM All-Share Index FTSE MIB FTSE MTIRS – interest rate swap index Official site
15.
LCH (clearing house)
–
LCH is a European-based independent clearing house that serves major international exchanges, as well as a range of OTC markets. LCHs members comprise a number of the major financial groups including almost all of the major investment banks, broker dealers. LCH. Clearnet, being a house, sits in the middle of a trade assuming the counterparty risk involved when two parties trade guaranteeing the settlement of the trade. To mitigate the risks involved it imposes certain minimum requirements on its members and collects initial, LCH traces its roots back to the London Clearing House, established in 1888, and the Paris-based Clearnet, established in 1969. Both developed from clearing commodity transactions and they merged in 2003 to form LCH. Clearnet. 1888 - The London Produce Clearing House is established to clear commodities contracts in London, shares are in public ownership and the company is listed on the London Stock Exchange. 1951 - LPCH is wholly acquired by United Dominions Trust,1971 - The company is renamed the International Commodities Clearing House ICCH. 1980 - Ownership passes to a consortium of six British Banks,2003 - LCH. Clearnet Group is formed following the merger of the London Clearing House and Clearnet SA. 1969 - Banque Centrale de Compensation SA is established to clear contracts traded in Paris commodity markets,1990 - Banque Centrale de Compensation SA becomes a subsidiary of MATIF, and is the first organisation in Europe to clear both cash and derivatives. 1998 - Bourse de Paris takes control of MATIF, Clearnet launches a clearing service for French government securities and is the first organisation in Europe to permit remote clearing. 1999 - Restructuring of the French markets, all the markets in Paris are run by a single body. Clearnet is spun off as a subsidiary of Euronext and becomes the clearing house for all products traded in the Paris markets,2000 - Euronext is established through the merger of Bourse de Paris, the Amsterdam Exchanges and the Brussels Exchanges. 2001 - Clearnet merges with Euronext Amsterdams and Euronext Brussels Clearing Houses,2003 - LCH. Clearnet Group is formed following the merger of the London Clearing House and Clearnet SA. 2003 - LCH. Clearnet Group is formed following the merger of the London Clearing House, new ownership comprises, Clearing Members 45. 1%, Exchanges 45. 1%, Euroclear 9. 8%. 2007 - LCH. Clearnet and Euronext announce repurchase by LCH. Clearnet of shares held by Euronext to more closely align customer and shareholder interests, revised ownership comprises, Clearing Members 73. 3%, Exchanges 10. 9%, Euroclear 15. 8%. 2008 - LCH. Clearnet successfully resolves $9 trillion of Lehman Brothers OTC interest rate swap defaults,2009 - Dormant shareholders are retired and shareholders are given the option to reduce or exit their holdings. Revised ownership comprises, Clearing members 82. 85%, Exchanges 17. 15%,2012 - The London Stock Exchange gets enough support to acquiring a 60% stake in LCH. Clearnet with an offer of €19 per share, giving LCH. Clearnet a valuation of €813 million. 2012 - LCH. Clearnet acquired sole ownership of International Derivatives Clearing Group, LLC from the NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. and certain other investors
16.
Russell Investments
–
Russell Investments is a global asset management firm, founded in 1936. It provides multi-asset investing solutions to investors, as well as to individuals via financial advisors. The company is owned by private equity firms TA Associates and Reverence Capital Partners,1936 — Local businessman Frank Russell starts a small brokerage firm in Tacoma, Washington. 1958 — George Russell joins his grandfathers firm, Frank Russell Company, six months later, George becomes chairman, president and CEO when his grandfather dies. The company has two employees — George and an assistant,1974 — Russells institutional consulting business grows from a single client to 40 major U. S. clients, including AT&T and General Motors. 1979 — Russell initiates its global presence with the opening of an office in London,1980 — Russell launches its investment management business in response to a clients request for funds that provide a fully diversified and packaged blend of investment managers. Russell begins leveraging its research of outside managers to create a manager-of-managers investment process for smaller retirement plans,1984 — Russell researchers create the Russell 1000, Russell 2000, and Russell 3000 Indexes as benchmarks for evaluating manager performance. Russell opens an office in Toronto, Ontario,1986 — Russell opens an office in Tokyo, Japan and opens an office in Sydney, Australia. 1988 — Russell dedicates a new building in Tacoma, Wash.1990 — Mike Phillips is named president of Frank Russell Company. In 1993, he is named executive officer. George Russell establishes Russell 20-20, a group of independent money managers,1999 — Russell expands to Singapore. Northwestern Mutual, the largest provider of life insurance in the United States, acquires Russell. The company retains the Russell name, management, office locations,2002 — George Russell retires, retaining the role of chairman emeritus for Frank Russell Company and Russell 20-20. 2003 — Russell changes its business name to Russell Investment Group, craig Ueland is appointed president of Russell in July 2003 and then CEO effective January 2004. 2004 — In March, Russell acquires Pantheon Ventures, the private equity fund-of-funds specialist headquartered in London. In August, Russell acquires the Australian HR services operation of Towers Perrin,2007 — Russells family of U. S. equity indexes goes global with the launch of a family of global stock indexes. Russell opens an office in Seoul, Korea,2008 — Russell investments announced that they might leave Tacoma, having outgrown their old headquarters. The lease on the headquarters on A Street expires in 2013, Local government officials, wary of losing the biggest company in downtown Tacoma, have started an attractive campaign to keep Russell in Tacoma, including plans for a brand new headquarters
17.
Northwestern Mutual
–
The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company is an American financial services mutual organization based in Milwaukee. Its products include life insurance, disability income, and long-term care insurance, annuities, investments, Northwestern Mutual was founded as the Mutual Life Insurance Company of the State of Wisconsin on March 2,1857. Originally located in Janesville, Wisconsin, the company relocated to Milwaukee in 1859. With losses amounting to $3,500 and having funds of only $2,000, company President Samuel Daggett, following the accident, the company saw a rapid increase in its sales, and an expansion into new markets. By 1865, it was operating throughout the Midwest and had entered the market along the Eastern Seaboard, to reflect this increased presence, the board of trustees changed the company’s name to The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. In 1864, the company paid its first dividends to policy owners and it again paid dividends in 1867 and 1870, and has done so annually since 1872. Throughout the early years of the 20th century, Northwestern Mutual focused on life insurance, at the same time, the company worked to increase its accountability. In 1907, company leaders invited policy owners who were not trustees to probe into finances for accountability, in 1969, the company began offering disability income insurance. Less than a later, a series of retirement annuities were introduced for the employee benefits market. In the 1990s, the company saw further growth with the introduction of its long-term care insurance, in 2000, the company changed its name to reflect this broadening of its product offerings to just Northwestern Mutual. In 2015, Northwestern Mutual began construction of Northwestern Mutual Tower, on March 25,2015, Northwestern Mutual bought financial planning company LearnVest for more than $250 million. In 2016 Northwestern Mutual received the following ratings, A. M. Best Company, A++, 5/2016, Fitch Ratings, AAA, 5/2016, Moodys Investors Service, Aaa, 8/2015, Company subsidiary, Northwestern Mutual Investment Services, LLC, created in 1968, is ranked 6th among independent broker-dealers. List of tallest buildings in Milwaukee Fortune 500, Northwestern Mutual October 2008 Q&A with CEO Ed Zore
18.
TA Associates
–
TA Associates, founded in 1968, is one of the early modern-era private equity firms in the United States. The firm leads buyouts and minority recapitalizations of profitable growth companies, TA Associates has invested across a range of industries, including technology, healthcare, consumer products, financial services and business services. TA Associates has raised $24 billion of capital since inception, since its founding, the firm has been a lead investor and director in more than 440 companies, and been ranked among the 50 largest private equity firms globally. The firm is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, as of January 1,2015, TA had more than 130 employees, including 80 investment professionals in Boston, Menlo Park, London, Mumbai and Hong Kong. TA Associates was founded in 1968 by Peter Brooke with the backing of his firm, Tucker, Anthony & RL Day. Prior to founding TA, from 1963 to 1968, Brooke had headed the corporate finance, previously, Brooke had been responsible for expanding the private equity activities of Bessemer Securities and had founded the High Technology Lending Group of First National Bank of Boston. At the time it was founded, the firm focused primarily on making venture investments in earlier stage companies. Through the 1970s, the firms investments averaged 30% to 40% annually, by the mid-1980s, TA was no longer describing itself as a venture capital firm, instead using the more general private equity description. By the early 1990s, the firm found itself rarely investing in early stage start-up companies, much of this evolution from a regional venture capital investor to global growth private equity firm has been credited to C. Mr. Landry began his career with TA in 1968, became a General Partner in 1972, Managing Partner in 1982, CEO in 1984 upon the firms incorporation, and Chairman in 2007. After retiring in 2012, he remained involved in the firm and was serving as a Senior Advisor at the time of his death in 2013. Mr. Landry was among of the leading Super PAC donors to the 2012 Mitt Romney presidential campaign, as one of the earliest venture capital firms, there are many successful investment firms that trace their lineage back to TA Associates. In 1979, TAs Craig Burr and William P. Egan left to found venture capital firm, Burr, Egan, BEDCO would itself give rise to a group of notable successor firms Alta Partners, Alta Communications and Polaris Venture Partners, which can trace their lineage to TA. In 1984, TAs founder Peter Brooke founded Advent International which is today among the largest global private equity firms, also in 1984, Stephen Woodsum and E. Roe Stamps decided to leave TA to form Summit Partners. Two years later, in 1986, the media group, led by David Croll, completed a spin-out to form Media/Communications Partners. In 1994, General Partner Bill Collatos left to private equity firm. Also in 1994, Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc. was sold to TA Associates, the new owners took SASI’s leading software, called ANSYS, as their flagship product and designated ANSYS, Inc. as the new company name. In January 2017, there was a torrent of snow and ice and temperature four degrees below zero in the Kansas City area, a homeless student was given shelter for the night within the school library by campus president Brian Carroll to protect him from likely loss of life
19.
Citigroup
–
Citigroup Inc. or Citi is an American multinational investment banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York City. The company was formed by the merger of banking giant Citicorp, Citigroup ranks 3rd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets and is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, alongside JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo. In addition to U. S. money managers, its largest shareholders include Abu Dhabi, Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, the company is one of 24 primary dealers in United States Treasury securities. Citigroup has over 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries, Citigroup has 219,000 employees, although it had 357,000 employees at its height before the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Citigroup suffered huge losses during the crisis of 2007-2008 and was rescued in November 2008 in a massive stimulus package by the U. S. government. Citigroup was formed on October 9,1998, following the $140 billion merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group to create the worlds largest financial services organization. As such, the history dates back to the founding of. City Bank of New York was chartered by New York State on June 16,1812, serving a group of New York merchants, the bank opened for business on September 14 of that year, and Samuel Osgood was elected as the first President of the company. The companys name was changed to The National City Bank of New York in 1865 after it joined the new U. S. national banking system, and it became the largest American bank by 1895. The bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York in 1955, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card—popularly known as the Everything card and later to become MasterCard—in 1967. In 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B, wriston, First National City Bank was renamed as Citibank, N. A. Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which pioneered the use of 24-hour ATMs, john S. Reed was elected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Travelers Group, at the time of merger, was a group of financial concerns that had been brought together under CEO Sandy Weill. Its roots came from Commercial Credit, a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation that was taken private by Weill in November 1986 after taking charge of the company earlier that year. Two years later, Weill mastered the buyout of Primerica—a conglomerate that had bought life insurer A L Williams as well as stock broker Smith Barney. The new company took the Primerica name, and employed a cross-selling strategy such that each of the entities within the parent company aimed to sell each others services and its non-financial businesses were spun off. With the acquisition, the group became Travelers Inc, Property & casualty and life & annuities underwriting capabilities were added to the business. Meanwhile, the distinctive Travelers red umbrella logo, which was acquired in the deal, was applied to all the businesses within the newly named organization
20.
Barclays
–
Barclays /ˈbɑːrkliz/ is a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London. It is a bank with operations in retail, wholesale and investment banking, as well as wealth management, mortgage lending. It has operations in over 50 countries and territories and has around 48 million customers, Barclays is organised into four core businesses, Personal & Corporate, Barclaycard, Investment Banking and Africa. Barclays traces its origins to a banking business established in the City of London in 1690. James Barclay became a partner in the business in 1736, in 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, including Backhouses Bank and Gurneys Bank, united as a joint-stock bank under the name Barclays and Co. Over the following decades Barclays expanded to become a nationwide bank, in 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash dispenser. Barclays has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. According to a 2011 paper by Vitali et al, Barclays traces its origins back to 1690 when John Freame, a Quaker, and Thomas Gould started trading as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street, London. The name Barclays became associated with the business in 1736, when James Barclay, in 1728 the bank moved to 54 Lombard Street, identified by the Sign of the Black Spread Eagle, which in subsequent years would become a core part of the banks visual identity. In 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, notably Backhouses Bank of Darlington and Gurneys Bank of Norwich, united under the banner of Barclays, between 1905 and 1916 Barclays extended its branch network by making acquisitions of small English banks. In 1925 the Colonial Bank, National Bank of South Africa, in 1938 Barclays acquired the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which had opened in London in 1936 with the sponsorship of Central Bank of India. In May 1958, Barclays was the first UK bank to appoint a female bank manager, hilda Harding managed Barclays Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco, Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash machine, the British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Also that year, the British Linen Bank subsidiary was sold to the Bank of Scotland in exchange for a 25% stake, Barclays DCO changed its name to Barclays Bank International in 1971. In August 1975, following the secondary banking crash, Barclays acquired Mercantile Credit Company, in 1980, Barclays Bank International expanded its business to include commercial credit and took over American Credit Corporation, renaming it Barclays American Corporation
21.
Bank of America
–
Bank of America is a multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is ranked 2nd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets, as of 2016, Bank of America was the 26th largest company in the United States by total revenue. In 2016, it was ranked #11 on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest companies in the world and its acquisition of Merrill Lynch in 2008 made it the worlds largest wealth management corporation and a major player in the investment banking market. As of December 31,2016, it had US$886.148 billion in assets under management, as of December 31,2016, the company held 10. 73% of all bank deposits in the United States. It is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, along with Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America operates—but does not necessarily maintain retail branches—in all 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries. It has a retail banking footprint that serves approximately 46 million consumer, Bank of America provides its products and services through 4,600 retail financial centers, approximately 15,900 automated teller machines, call centers, and online and mobile banking platforms. The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17,1904, Giannini was raised by his mother and stepfather Lorenzo Scatena, as his father was fatally shot over a pay dispute with an employee. When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck, Giannini was able to all deposits out of the bank building. Because San Franciscos banks were in smoldering ruins and unable to open their vaults, from a makeshift desk consisting of a few planks over two barrels, he lent money to those who wished to rebuild. In 1922, Giannini established Bank of America and Italy, in 1918 another corporation, Bancitaly Corporation, was organized by A. P. Giannini, the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation. Monnette and consolidated it with other holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country. Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3,1930 to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association, Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company, serving as co-chairs. Branch banking was introduced by Giannini shortly after 1909 legislation in California that allowed for branch banking in the state and its first branch outside San Francisco was established in 1909 in San Jose. By 1929, the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US$1.4 billion. There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose, and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark. Giannini sought to build a bank, expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry, under the aegis of his holding company. In 1953, regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation, the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies. Bank of America and Transamerica were separated, with the company continuing in the insurance business
22.
Citi
–
Citigroup Inc. or Citi is an American multinational investment banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York City. The company was formed by the merger of banking giant Citicorp, Citigroup ranks 3rd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets and is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, alongside JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo. In addition to U. S. money managers, its largest shareholders include Abu Dhabi, Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, the company is one of 24 primary dealers in United States Treasury securities. Citigroup has over 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries, Citigroup has 219,000 employees, although it had 357,000 employees at its height before the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Citigroup suffered huge losses during the crisis of 2007-2008 and was rescued in November 2008 in a massive stimulus package by the U. S. government. Citigroup was formed on October 9,1998, following the $140 billion merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group to create the worlds largest financial services organization. As such, the history dates back to the founding of. City Bank of New York was chartered by New York State on June 16,1812, serving a group of New York merchants, the bank opened for business on September 14 of that year, and Samuel Osgood was elected as the first President of the company. The companys name was changed to The National City Bank of New York in 1865 after it joined the new U. S. national banking system, and it became the largest American bank by 1895. The bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York in 1955, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card—popularly known as the Everything card and later to become MasterCard—in 1967. In 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B, wriston, First National City Bank was renamed as Citibank, N. A. Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which pioneered the use of 24-hour ATMs, john S. Reed was elected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Travelers Group, at the time of merger, was a group of financial concerns that had been brought together under CEO Sandy Weill. Its roots came from Commercial Credit, a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation that was taken private by Weill in November 1986 after taking charge of the company earlier that year. Two years later, Weill mastered the buyout of Primerica—a conglomerate that had bought life insurer A L Williams as well as stock broker Smith Barney. The new company took the Primerica name, and employed a cross-selling strategy such that each of the entities within the parent company aimed to sell each others services and its non-financial businesses were spun off. With the acquisition, the group became Travelers Inc, Property & casualty and life & annuities underwriting capabilities were added to the business. Meanwhile, the distinctive Travelers red umbrella logo, which was acquired in the deal, was applied to all the businesses within the newly named organization
23.
Goldman, Sachs
–
Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, with additional offices in other international financial centers. The firm provides asset management, mergers and acquisitions advice, prime brokerage, and securities underwriting to its clients, which include corporations, governments, and individuals. The firm also engages in making and private equity deals. The loan was made in November 2008 and repaid with interest in June 2009, the list of former employees of Goldman Sachs who moved on to government positions includes former U. S. In addition, former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange, the World Bank, Goldman Sachs was founded in New York in 1869 by Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldmans son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm, in 1885, Goldman took his son Henry and his son-in-law Ludwig Dreyfuss into the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co. The company made a name for itself pioneering the use of paper for entrepreneurs. By 1898, the firms capital stood at $1.6 million, Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal occurred due to Henry Goldmans personal friendship with the owner of Sears, other IPOs followed, including F. W. Woolworth and Continental Can. In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-family member, in 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. Control of the firm was now in the hands of the Sachs family, waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. In 1920, the firm moved from 60 Wall Street to $1.5 million 12-story premises on 30–32 Pine Street, by 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm. On December 4,1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp. a closed-end fund, the fund failed during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading. In 1930, the firm ousted Catchings, and Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of partner and shifted Goldmans focus away from trading. It was Weinbergs actions that helped to some of Goldmans tarnished reputation. On the back of Weinberg, Goldman was lead advisor on the Ford Motor Companys IPO in 1956, under Weinbergs reign the firm also started an investment research division and a municipal bond department. It also was at time that the firm became an early innovator in risk arbitrage. For most of the 1950s and 1960s, this would be Weinberg, Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance
24.
BNP Paribas
–
BNP Paribas is an international banking group with a presence in 75 countries. It is listed on the First Market of Euronext Paris and is included in the CAC40 index, at 31 December 2016, net income attributable to equity holders was EUR7,702 million. BNP Paribas is one of the largest banks in the world, the retail bank also operates in the Mediterranean region and in the west of the United States. It was formed through the merger of Banque Nationale de Paris, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. BNP Paribas has the highest brand value in France and its brand value increased EUR590 million to reach EUR14.7 billion in 2015. BNP Paribas was the 2nd leading bank in the zone in 2016. The Banque Nationale de Paris S. A. resulted from a merger of two French banks – Banque nationale pour le commerce et lindustrie and Comptoir national descompte de Paris – in 1966. The Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas S. A. or Paribas, was formed from two investment banks based respectively in Paris and Amsterdam, in 1872, Les Pays-Bas is French for the Netherlands. In May 2000, BNP and Paribas merged to form BNP Paribas, on 7 March 1848, the French Provisional Government founded the Comptoir national descompte de Paris in response to the financial shock caused by the revolution of February 1848. The upheaval destroyed the old system, which was already struggling to provide sufficient capital to meet the demands of the railway boom. The CEP grew steadily in France and overseas, although in 1889 there was a crisis in which it was placed in receivership. The former banks headquarter and staff were used to create BNCI with fresh capital of 100 million francs, the bank initially grew rapidly through absorbing a number of regional banks that got into financial trouble. After the Second World War, it continued to grow steadily and it grew its retail business in France and its commercial business overseas in the French colonial empire. After the end of the Second World War, the French state decided to put banks, rené Pleven, then Minister of Finance, launched a massive reorganization of the banking industry. In 1966, the French government decided to merge Comptoir national descompte de Paris with Banque nationale pour le commerce et lindustrie to create one new bank called Banque Nationale de Paris. The bank was re-privatised in 1993 under the leadership of Michel Pébereau as part of a second Chirac governments privatization policy and it went on to develop a strong investment banking business both domestically in France and overseas. During the period 1872 to 1913, it was involved in raising funds for the French and it helped the French government raise funds during the First World War and raised further capital and expanded into investments into industrial companies during the Great Depression. It stagnated and lost assets during the Second World War, after World War II, it missed the nationalisation of the other French banks due to its status as an investment bank and managed to take advantage of that by expanding its operations overseas
25.
Chicago Board Options Exchange
–
CBOE offers options on over 2,200 companies,22 stock indices, and 140 exchange-traded funds. The Chicago Board of Trade established the Chicago Board Options Exchange in 1973, the first exchange to list standardized, exchange-traded stock options began its first day of trading on April 26,1973, in a celebration of the 125th birthday of the Chicago Board of Trade. The CBOE is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, in 2004, CBOE opened trading on the CBOE Futures Exchange for volatility and variance contracts. In 2007, CBOE launched a Reg NMS-compliant stock exchange called the CBOE Stock Exchange to compete with the NYSE, Nasdaq, the CBOE Stock Exchange ceased its trading operations on April 30,2014. Trading at CBOE is carried out by way of the exchanges Hybrid system, about 95 percent of CBOE orders are traded electronically, which equates to between 50 and 60 percent of the exchanges total business. The remaining transactions, traded via open outcry, typically are large or complex institutional orders that use the skills of floor brokers to work the order to gain potential price improvement. On March 11,2010 CBOE filed paperwork to launch a public offering. On June 2,2015 CBOE announced its acquisition of the LiveVol platform, on January 25,2016 CBOE announced it had purchased a majority stake in Vest Financial, an investment adviser specializing in options-centric products. In September 2016, it was announced that CBOE was purchasing BATS Global Markets, effective in early 2017, for approximately US$3.2 billion
26.
Deutsche Boerse AG
–
Deutsche Börse AG or the Deutsche Börse Group, is a marketplace organizer for the trading of shares and other securities. It is also a transaction services provider and it gives companies and investors access to global capital markets. It is a joint stock company and was founded in 1993, as of December 2010, the over 765 companies listed had a combined market capitalization of EUR1.4 trillion. On 1 October 2014, Deutsche Börse AG became the 14th announced member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative, more than 3,200 employees service customers in Europe, the United States, and Asia. Deutsche Börse has locations in Germany, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Czech Republic, and Spain, as well as offices in Beijing, London, Paris, Chicago, New York, Hong Kong. FWB Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse, is one of the worlds largest trading centers for securities, with a share in turnover of around 90%, it is the largest of the German stock exchanges. Deutsche Börse AG operates the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Deutsche Börse is the owner of Clearstream, a clearing house based in Luxembourg. Since 2007 Deutsche Börse operates the joint venture Scoach with SIX Swiss Exchange to provide a European derivative trading platform, in 2001, Deutsche Börse tried to merge with the London Stock Exchange, followed by a takeover bid in late 2004, both rejected by LSE. The New York Stock Exchange beat out Deutsche Börses final bid for Euronext in 2006, on 7 December 2008, Deutsche Börse rebuffed rumors that it might join with NYSE Euronext to create the worlds leading stock exchange. Deutsche Börse had also considered the acquisition again in 2009, on 9 February 2011, reports suggested that NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse were in advanced talks about an all-stock merger. Deutsche Börse was in advanced talks to buy NYSE Euronext in a deal that would create the worlds largest trading powerhouse, the shares of both companies were temporarily frozen on the news due to the risk of large price movements and clarifications of the deal. President and deputy CEO of NYSE Euronext Dominique Cerutti would become the new companys president, roland Bellegarde, also of NYSE Euronext, would become the head of European cash equities. The new company would potentially have 300 million euros in cost savings, however, the merger would be subject to review in both the United States and European Union under concerns it could create a de facto monopoly. NYSE Euronext shareholders approved the Deutsche Börse’s all-stock deal on 7 July 2011, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse AG delayed the deadline for completing their merger until 31 March 2012, as the exchange operators try to persuade European regulators to approve the deal. The European Commission blocked the merger on 1 February 2012, citing the fact that the company would have a near monopoly. This measure taken by the EC is the blocking in over a decade. The commission rejected the merger on antitrust grounds, saying the combined businesses would dominate Europes on-exchange derivatives trading with an estimated 93% market share and this is a black day for Europe and its global competitiveness on financial markets, said former Deutsche Börse chief executive Reto Francioni. In March 2016, the company announced it had reached an agreement with London Stock Exchange Group to merge, the companies will be brought under a new holding company, UK TopCo, and will retain both headquarters in London and Frankfurt
27.
Harvard Business Review
–
The Harvard Business Review is a general management magazine published by Harvard Business Publishing, a wholly owned subsidiary of Harvard University. It is published 6 times a year and is headquartered in Brighton, HBRs articles cover a wide range of topics that are relevant to various industries, management functions, and geographic locations. These focus on areas including leadership, organizational change, negotiation, strategy, operations, marketing, finance, prahalad, Vijay Govindarajan, Robert S. Kaplan, Rita Gunther McGrath and others. Harvard Business Reviews worldwide English-language circulation is 250,000, HBR licenses its content for publication in thirteen languages besides English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Taiwanese. Harvard Business Reviews mission is to improve the practice of management in a changing world, Harvard Business Review began in 1922 as a magazine for Harvard Business School. Founded under the auspices of Dean Wallace Donham, HBR was meant to be more than just a school publication. The paper is intended to be the highest type of business journal that we can make it, and for use by the student and it is not a school paper, Donham wrote. Initially, HBRs focus was on macroeconomic trends, as well as on important developments within specific industries, following World War II, HBR emphasized the cutting-edge management techniques that were developed in large corporations, like General Motors, during that time period. Over the next three decades, the continued to refine its focus on general management issues that affect business leaders. Prominent articles published during this period include, Marketing Myopia by Theodore Levitt and Barriers and Gateways to Communication by Carl R. Rogers, in the 1980s, Theodore Levitt became the editor of Harvard Business Review and changed the magazine to make it more accessible to general audiences. Articles were shortened and the scope of the magazine was expanded to include a range of topics. In 1994, Harvard Business School formed Harvard Business Publishing as an independent entity, in 2009, HBR brought on Adi Ignatius, the former deputy managing editor of Time magazine, to be its editor-in-chief. Ignatius oversees all operations for Harvard Business Review Group. At the time that Ignatius was hired, the U. S. was going through an economic recession, the world was desperate for new approaches. Business-as-usual was not a response, Ignatius has recalled. As a result, Ignatius re-aligned HBRs focus and goals to make sure that it delivers information in the zeitgeist that our readers are living in. Since 1959, the magazines annual McKinsey Award has recognized the two most significant Harvard Business Review articles published each year, as determined by a group of independent judges. Past winners have included Peter F. Drucker, who was honored seven times, Clayton M. Christensen, Theodore Levitt, Michael Porter, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, John Hagel III, and C. K
28.
PhosAgro
–
PhosAgro is a Russian chemical holding company producing fertilizer, phosphates and feed phosphates. The company is based in Moscow, Russia, and its subsidiaries include Apatit, first owner of groups assets was Menatep of famous Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The firesale of assets to current owners happened after court litigation against Yukos, the owners also disputed the court decisions for fines on tax avoidance. This was the first case in history of Russian court system, in 2011, Andrey Guryev owned 71% of PhosAgro. PhosAgro is 10% owned by Vladimir Litvinenko, who oversaw Vladimir Putins doctoral thesis in 1996, Apatit Ammophos Cherepovetsky Azot BMU PhosAgro-Trans Official Website PhosAgro on Facebook PhosAgro on Twitter PhosAgros channel on YouTube
29.
Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
–
The Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment is a global professional body for those who work in the financial and investment industry. It aims to set standards of conduct and ethics for participants in the securities and investments industry, the CISI was formed in 1992 as the Securities Institute by the members of the London Stock Exchange. It changed its name to the Securities and Investment Institute in November 2004 and it became the Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment when it was granted a Royal Charter in October 2009. It is headquartered in London and has offices in Sri Lanka, India, Singapore, Dubai, the Institute offers qualifications, training and industry membership. As the main examining body for the industry, the Institute provides vocational qualifications, over 40,000 CISI qualifications are taken every year in over 70 countries at Computer Based Test centres worldwide. CISI also offers a Continuing Professional Development scheme to members of all levels of seniority, geographical location, CISI produces publications and workbooks, runs conferences and seminars and in-house training courses. The CISI has five grades of membership, Affiliate, Student, Associate, Member, british professional bodies List of organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter Official website
30.
HM Treasury
–
The leading pronoun in the departments name varies depending upon the gender of the reigning monarch. The beginnings of the Treasury of England have been traced by some to a known as Henry the Treasurer. This claim is based on an entry in the Domesday Book showing the individual Henry the treasurer as a landowner in Winchester, where the royal treasure was stored. The Treasury of the United Kingdom thus traces its origins to the Treasury of the Kingdom of England, the Treasury emerged from the Royal Household. It was where the king kept his treasures, the head of the Treasury was called the Lord Treasurer. Starting in Tudor times, the Lord Treasurer became one of the officers of state. In 1667, Charles II of England was responsible for appointing George Downing, the builder of Downing Street, to reform the Treasury. The Treasury was first put in commission in May or June 1660, the first commissioners were the Duke of Albermarle, Lord Ashley, W. Coventry, J. Duncomb, and T. Clifford. After 1714, the Treasury was always in commission, the commissioners were referred to as the Lords of the Treasury and were given a number based on their seniority. Until 1827, the First Lord of the Treasury, when a commoner, also held the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, while if the First Lord was a peer, since 1827, however, the Chancellor of the Exchequer has always been Second Lord of the Treasury. During the time when the Treasury was under commission, the junior Lords were each paid £1600 a year, some of the other whips are nominally Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury, though they are all members of the House of Commons. Whip is a party, rather than a government, position and this has led to the Government front bench in the Commons being known as the Treasury Bench. However, since the no longer have any effective ministerial roles in the Treasury. Lord Young of Cookham, who serves currently as a government whip in the House of Lords, has named as Treasury spokesman. Ramsden is now sole Head of the GES, the previous Head of the GES was Sir Nick Stern. Management support for GES members is provided by the Economists in Government team, banknotes in the UK are normally issued by the Bank of England and a number of commercial banks. Treasury notes had full legal status and were not convertible for gold through the Bank of England. They replaced the coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling
31.
Department for International Trade
–
In July 2016 it was replaced by the Department for International Trade. UKTI was formed in May 1999 as British Trade International, comprising two parts, Trade Partners UK and Invest UK, to support its aim to enhance the competitiveness of companies in Britain through overseas trade and investments, and attract a continuing high level of quality foreign direct investment. UK Trade & Investment is an organisation with headquarters in London. In Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, UKTI regional services are now delivered by Serco, In China, Business and university leaders work with UKTI as business ambassadors. They promote the UK internationally and highlight trade and investment opportunities and they focus on helping small and medium-sized enterprises. UK Trade & Investment brings together the work of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, the UK Special Representative for International Trade and Investment works as part of UKTI to promote British business and produce. UK Trade & Investment has a branch called UKTI DSO headed by Sir Richard Paniguian
32.
Prime minister
–
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
33.
David Cameron
–
David William Donald Cameron is a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He served as the Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016 and was Member of Parliament for Witney from 2001 to 2016, Cameron identifies as a One-Nation Conservative, and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies. Born in London to wealthy upper middle-class parents, Cameron was educated at Heatherdown School, Eton College, from 1988 to 1993 he worked at the Conservative Research Department, assisting the Conservative Prime Minister John Major, before leaving politics to work for Carlton Communications in 1994. Becoming an MP in 2001, he served in the shadow cabinet under Conservative leader Michael Howard. Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives, embracing an increasingly liberal position. The 2010 general election led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a government with the Liberal Democrats. His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare, immigration policy, education and it privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets, and legalised same-sex marriage. When the Conservatives secured a majority in the 2015 general election he remained as Prime Minister. To fulfil a manifesto pledge, he introduced a referendum on the UKs continuing membership of the EU, Cameron supported continued membership, following the success of the Leave vote, he resigned to make way for a new Prime Minister and was succeeded by Theresa May. Cameron has been praised for modernising the Conservative Party and for decreasing the United Kingdoms national deficit, conversely, he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right, and has been accused of political opportunism and elitism. Cameron is the son of Ian Donald Cameron a stockbroker, and his wife Mary Fleur, a retired Justice of the Peace. Camerons parents were married on 20 October 1962, the journalist Toby Young has described Camerons background as being upper-upper-middle class. Cameron was born in Marylebone, London, and raised in Peasemore, Berkshire and he has a brother, Alexander Cameron, QC, a barrister, and two sisters, Tania Rachel and Clare Louise. Blairmore was built by Camerons great-great-grandfather, Alexander Geddes, who had made a fortune in the trade in Chicago, Illinois. Blairmore was sold soon after Ians birth, Cameron has said, On my mothers side of the family, her mother was a Llewellyn, so Welsh. Im a real mixture of Scottish, Welsh, and English and he has also referenced the German Jewish ancestry of one of his great-grandfathers, Arthur Levita, a descendant of the Yiddish author Elia Levita. From the age of seven, Cameron was educated at two independent schools, at Heatherdown School in Winkfield in Berkshire, which counts Prince Andrew, owing to good grades, Cameron entered its top academic class almost two years early. At the age of thirteen, he went on to Eton College in Berkshire and his early interest was in art
34.
KBE
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
35.
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
36.
Legion of Honour
–
The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
37.
Order of Ouissam Alaouite
–
The decoration was established on 11 January 1913 in replacement of the Order of Ouissam Hafidien. It is awarded in five classes, Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer, the Order of Ouissam Alaouite is similar to the Legion of Merit, awarded by the United States military. The order of Ouissam Alaouite was created during the colonial period, the ribbon of the order during this period was a shade of orange or pumpkin-coloured. In 1934, a stripe was added on each side of the ribbon. Morocco was a protectorate of France from 1912 to 1956, after Moroccan independence in 1956, the Alawid Order became a prerogative of the Alawid King and his heirs. The Order continues through the present day, the original medal, the first was Officer Grade by King Hassan II and the second was Commander by King Mohammed VI. Georges Journois, French general Michel Raingeard - French politician Thomas T. Riley - U. S, scott, portraying then-Major General Patton, is shown receiving the Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite. This was no mere Hollywood contrivance, under Pattons command, Allied forces took Casablanca after only four days of fighting. So impressed was the Sultan of Morocco that he presented Patton with the special Order of Ouissam Alaouite, with the citation, Les Lions dans leurs tanières tremblent en le voyant approcher. Patton wryly described the ceremony as an activity, but in his memoirs. Morocco Under Colonial Rule, French Administration of Tribal Areas, 1912-1956, ISBN 978-0-7146-2877-6 Wyllie, Robert E. Orders, Decorations and Insignia, Military and Civil, With the History and Romance of Their Origin and a Full Description of Each. Ordres et décorations de lEmpire chérifien au temps du Protectorat français au Maroc, ISBN 978-2-914611-30-5, OCLC60513643 Décret royal n° 199-66 du 1er ramadan 1386 portant création des ordres du Royaume - website of the government of Morocco
