1.
Coat of arms
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A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to a person, family, state. The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals, the first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial, coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the social classes of Europe. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, in the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and burghers used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology, the coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms, in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son, wives, undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference. One such charge is the label, which in British usage is now always the mark of an apparent or an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents and this has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called heraldry. In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, the author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo
2.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
3.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Art school
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An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on the visual arts, including fine art, especially illustration, painting, photography, sculpture, and graphic design. Art schools are institutions with elementary, secondary, post-secondary or undergraduate and they are distinguished from larger institutions which also may offer majors or degrees in the visual arts, but only as one part of a broad-based range of programs. Frances École des Beaux-Arts is, perhaps, the first model for such organized instruction, breaking with a tradition of master and they are Emily Carr University of Art and Design, NSCAD University, OCAD University, and Alberta College of Art and Design. Emily Carr University has the most active research program among the four with over $15 million in research over the last five years, OCAD Universitys research intensity has reached $3.2 million in 2011/12. All four schools teach in the major disciplines from painting through to new media, over the last five years, Emily Carr has garnered the most of the major awards for students and alums across the country. The most recent RBC Painting Competition was won by Vanessa Maltese, NSCAD University was founded in 1887 by Anna Leonowens and other Halifax women. The school gained international prominence in the 1970s for innovation in art under the leadership of Garry Kennedy. In spite of its modest size, Art in America suggested in 1973 that NSCAD was the best art school in North America, while more recently The Globe and Mail called it Canadas most illustrious. Claude Watson School for the Arts and Karen Kain School of the Arts are intermediate-age public art schools in Toronto, in Brampton, Mayfield Secondary Schools Regional Arts Program offers a public high school-level art school. Innovators like Voice of Purpose out of Toronto, Ontario are currently working on promoting the Purpose Driven Education pedagogy through the use of arts-based programming, in France, art schools have an quite old history. The oldest is Paris fine art school, established in 1682, some of those schools were called academies and were prestigious institutions, devoted to the education of great painters or sculptors. Others were called école gratuite de dessin, and were devoted to the education of arts, as today, there is in France 45 national or territorial public high schools of art, that deliver bachelor and Master degrees. Art schools have a history in Sweden since the first half of the 18th Century, students may attend the Royal Institute of Art, which got its start in 1735. There are also tertiary art schools attached to universities in Gothenburg, Malmö, others, whose existence ties in indelibly with that of larger, non-discipline-specific universities exist. Most art schools of either orientation are equipped to offer opportunities spanning from post-16 to postgraduate level, the range of colleges span from predominantly further education establishments to research-led specialist institutes. The University of the Arts London, for example, is a federally structured institution that comprises six previously independent schools situated in London, the Royal College of Art with its degree-awarding arm and singular focus on postgraduate awards being a most singular exception. Since the 1970s, degrees have replaced diplomas as the qualification in the field. In the case of wholly freestanding institutions, degree validation agreements in liaison with a university have long been the custom for Bachelor of Arts level upward
7.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
8.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
9.
Yale Daily News
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The Yale Daily News is an independent student newspaper published by Yale University students in New Haven, Connecticut since January 28,1878. Called the YDN, the paper is produced in the Briton Hadden Memorial Building at 202 York Street in New Haven and printed off-site at Turley Publications in Palmer, Massachusetts. Each day, reporters, mainly freshmen and sophomores, cover the university, an expanded sports section is published on Monday, a two-page Opinion Forum on Friday, and WEEKEND, an arts and living section, also on Friday. The News prints an Arts & Culture spread on Wednesdays and a Science, Yale TV, the broadcast desk of the Yale Daily News, publishes an online video segment Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Staff members are elected as editors on the managing board during their junior year. A single chairman led the News until 1970, today, the editor-in-chief and publisher act as co-presidents of the Yale Daily News Publishing Company. The News View, an editorial, represents the position of the majority of the editorial board. In 1969, Yale College became coeducational, and by 1972, Mally Cox, andy Perkins was elected as the first female editor in chief in 1981, and Amy Oshinsky was elected as the first female publisher in 1977. The paper version of the News is distributed for free throughout Yales campus, the paper was once a subscription-only publication, delivered to student postal boxes for $40 a year. Subscriptions declined after the 1986 founding of the weekly Yale Herald student newspaper, the News switched to free distribution later that year. In 1978, the Oldest College Daily Foundation was created following a campaign to prevent the university from buying the Briton Hadden Memorial Building. The News survived for a century solely on the income generated by subscription, in 1920, the News began to report on national news and viewpoints. In 1940 and 1955, when professional dailies were not operating due to unrest among its workers, today, the Nation and World sections publish stories and photos from the Associated Press. On September 3,2008, the Oldest College Daily premiere a new designed by Mario Garcia of Garcia Media. In 2009, the Yale Daily News won the Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award, on September 10,2009, the News broke the news of the murder of Annie Le, a Yale graduate student reported missing and subsequently found murdered in the basement of her laboratory. In summer 2010, the 78-year-old Briton Hadden Memorial Building was renovated, increasing the amount of space in the basement. The Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University has a copy of every issue published between 1890 and 1959, the News, founded in 1878, calls itself the oldest college daily in the United States, a claim contested by other student newspapers. The Harvard Crimson calls itself the oldest continuously published college daily, the Daily Targum at Rutgers University was founded in 1869 but was published initially as a monthly newspaper and did not gain independence from the University until 1980
10.
Yale University Art Gallery
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The Yale University Art Gallery houses a significant and encyclopedic collection of art in several buildings on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Although it embraces all cultures and periods, the gallery emphasizes early Italian painting, African sculpture, the Yale University Art Gallery is the oldest university art museum in the western hemisphere. The gallery was founded in 1832, when patriot-artist, John Trumbull, donated more than 100 paintings of the American Revolution to Yale College and this building, on the universitys Old Campus, was razed in 1901. The gallerys main building was built in 1953, and was among the first designed by Louis Kahn, a complete renovation, which returned many spaces to Kahns original vision, was completed in December 2006, by Polshek Partnership Architects. The older Tuscan romanesque portion was built in 1928, and was designed by Egerton Swartwout, the Gallery reopened on December 12,2012, after a 14-year renovation and expansion project at a cost of $135 million. The expanded space totals 69,975 sq ft, the museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program. On the second floor was a valuable collection of paintings by John Trumbull. Among them were his paintings of the Battle of Bunker Hill, Death of Montgomery before Quebec, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Declaration of Independence. Trumbull gave the paintings to Yale in consideration of an annuity of $1,000 and subject to the condition that he, the Gallery’s encyclopedic collections number more than 185,000 objects ranging in date from ancient times to the present day. The permanent collection includes, African Art, over 1000 objects in wood, metal, ivory, American Decorative Arts, about 18,000 objects in silver, glass, wood, porcelain, and textile with an emphasis on the colonial and early federal periods. Ancient Art, over 13,000 objects from the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Etruria, Art of the Ancient Americas, Mayan and Olmec figurines, vessels and sculptures. Prints, Drawings, and Photographs In 2005, the announced that it had acquired 1,465 gelatin silver prints by the influential American landscape photographer. In 2009, the museum mounted an exhibition of its collection of Picasso paintings and drawings. For the first time, portions of the Yale University Librarys, as an affiliate of Yale University, the gallery maintains a robust roster of education programs for university students, New Haven schools, and the general public. One such program is the Gallery Guide program, founded in 1998, the Yale Art Gallery charges no admission
11.
John Trumbull
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John Trumbull was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War and was notable for his historical paintings. His Declaration of Independence was used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill, Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1756, to Jonathan Trumbull and his wife Faith Trumbull. His father served as Governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784, both sides of his family were descended from early Puritan settlers in the state. The young Trumbull entered the 1771 junior class at Harvard College at age fifteen, due to a childhood accident, Trumbull lost use of one eye, which may have influenced his detailed painting style. As a soldier in the American Revolutionary War, Trumbull rendered a service at Boston by sketching plans of the British works. He witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill and he was appointed second personal aide to General George Washington, and in June 1776, deputy adjutant-general to General Horatio Gates. He resigned from the army in 1777 after a dispute over the dating of his officer commission, in 1780 he traveled to London, where he studied under Benjamin West. At Wests suggestion, Trumbull painted small pictures of the War of Independence and he painted about 250 in his lifetime. On September 23,1780, British agent Major John André was captured by Continental troops in North America, after news reached Great Britain, outrage flared and Trumbull was arrested, as having been an officer in the Continental Army of similar rank to André. He was imprisoned for seven months in Londons Tothill Fields Bridewell, after being released, Trumbull returned to the United States. In 1784, following the British recognition of the United States independence, while working in his studio, Trumbull painted Battle of Bunker Hill and Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec. Both works are now in the Yale University Art Gallery, in 1785 Trumbull went to Paris, where he made portrait sketches of French officers for the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis. With the assistance of Thomas Jefferson, serving there as the US minister, while in Paris, Trumbull is credited with having introduced Jefferson to the Italian painter Maria Cosway, they became lifelong intimate friends. Trumbulls painting became widely known due to an engraving of it by Asher Brown Durand. All now hang in rotunda of the United States Capitol, congress reportedly authorized only funds sufficient to purchase these four paintings. Trumbulls The Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar,1789, in 1831 Trumbull sold a series of 28 paintings and 60 miniature portraits to Yale University for an annuity of $1,000. This is by far the largest single collection of his works, the collection was originally housed in a neoclassical art gallery designed by Trumbull on Yales Old Campus, along with portraits by other artists. His portraits include full lengths of General Washington and George Clinton, New York also bought his full-length paintings of Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
12.
Benjamin Silliman
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Benjamin Silliman was an early American chemist and science educator. The British forces had taken his father, General Gold Selleck Silliman, Silliman was educated at Yale, receiving a B. A. degree in 1796 and a M. A. in 1799. He studied law with Simeon Baldwin from 1798 to 1799 and became a tutor at Yale from 1799 to 1802 and he was admitted to the bar in 1802. President Timothy Dwight IV of Yale proposed that he himself to teach in chemistry and natural history. Silliman studied chemistry with Professor James Woodhouse at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and these lectures were the first science lectures ever given at Yale. In 1805, he traveled to Edinburgh for further study, returning to New Haven, he studied its geology, and made a chemical analysis of the meteorite that fell near Weston, Connecticut, publishing the first scientific account of any American meteorite. He lectured publicly at New Haven in 1808 and came to many of the constituent elements of many minerals. In 1837, the first prismatic barite ore of tungsten in the United States was discovered at the mine, the mineral sillimanite was named after Silliman in 1850. Upon the founding of the Medical School, he taught there as one of the founding faculty members. Silliman was a supporter of coeducation in the Ivy League. Although Yale wouldnt admit women as students until over 100 years later and his efforts convinced Frederick Barnard, later President of Columbia College, that women ought to be admitted as students. In that institution the undersigned had an opportunity to observe, as a student, mcCullough also relates that Silliman would later become president of the college. Like his son-in-law James Dana, Silliman was a Christian, in the same line of thought, he posed arguments against atheism and materialism. At 6,30 in the morning of December 14,1807, three loud explosions were heard over the town of Weston in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Stone fragments fell in at least 6 places, the largest and only unbroken stone of the Weston fall, which weighed 36.5 pounds, was found some days after Silliman and Kingsley had spent several fruitless hours hunting for it. The owner, a Trumbull farmer named Elijah Seeley, was urged to present it to Yale by local people who had met the professors during their investigation, but he insisted on putting it up for sale. His son Benjamin Silliman Jr. also a professor of chemistry at Yale and his second marriage was in 1851 to Mrs. Sarah Isabella Webb, daughter of John McClellan. Silliman died at New Haven and is buried in Grove Street Cemetery, Silliman deemed slavery an enormous evil
13.
Samuel Morse
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Samuel Finley Breese Morse was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code and helped to develop the use of telegraphy. Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the first child of the pastor Jedidiah Morse, who was also a geographer and his father was a great preacher of the Calvinist faith and supporter of the American Federalist party. He thought it helped preserve Puritan traditions, and believed in the Federalist support of an alliance with Britain, Morse strongly believed in education within a Federalist framework, alongside the instillation of Calvinist virtues, morals, and prayers for his first son. After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Samuel Morse went on to Yale College to receive instruction in the subjects of philosophy, mathematics. While at Yale, he attended lectures on electricity from Benjamin Silliman, in 1810, he graduated from Yale with Phi Beta Kappa honors. Morse expressed some of his Calvinist beliefs in his painting, Landing of the Pilgrims and his image captured the psychology of the Federalists, Calvinists from England brought to North America ideas of religion and government, thus linking the two countries. This work attracted the attention of the notable artist, Washington Allston, Allston wanted Morse to accompany him to England to meet the artist Benjamin West. Allston arranged — with Morses father — a three-year stay for painting study in England, the two men set sail aboard the Lybia on July 15,1811. In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allstons watchful eye, by the end of 1811, at the Academy, he was moved by the art of the Renaissance and paid close attention to the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. After observing and practicing life drawing and absorbing its anatomical demands, the young artist produced his masterpiece, to some, the Dying Hercules seemed to represent a political statement against the British and also the American Federalists. The muscles symbolized the strength of the young and vibrant United States versus the British, during Morses time in Britain, the Americans and British were engaged in the War of 1812. Both societies were conflicted over loyalties, anti-Federalist Americans aligned themselves with the French, abhorred the British, and believed a strong central government to be inherently dangerous to democracy. As the war raged on, Morses letters to his parents became more anti-Federalist in tone, in one such letter, Morse wrote, I assert that the Federalists in the Northern States have done more injury to their country by their violent opposition measures than a French alliance could. Their proceedings are copied into the English papers, read before Parliament, and circulated through their country and they call them cowards, a base set, say they are traitors to their country and ought to be hanged like traitors. Although Jedidiah Morse did not change Samuels political views, he continued as an influence, critics believe that the elder Morses Calvinist ideas are integral to Morses Judgment of Jupiter, another significant work completed in England. Jupiter is shown in a cloud, accompanied by his eagle, with his hand spread above the parties, Marpessa, with an expression of compunction and shame, is throwing herself into the arms of her husband
14.
Yale College
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Yale College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the school of the university. Originally established to train Congregationalist ministers, the college began teaching humanities, at the same time, students began organizing extracurricular organizations, first literary societies, and later publications, sports teams, and singing groups. By the mid-19th century, it was the largest college in the United States, in 1847, it was joined by another undergraduate degree-granting school at Yale, the Sheffield Scientific School, which was absorbed into the college in the mid-20th century. The most distinctive feature of life is the schools system of residential colleges, established in 1932. All undergraduates live in these colleges after their year, when most live on the schools Old Campus. The Collegiate School was founded in 1701 by a charter drawn by ten congregationalist ministers led by James Pierpont, originally situated in Abraham Piersons home in Killingworth, Connecticut, the college moved to New Haven in 1718 and was renamed for Elihu Yale, an early benefactor. Founded as a school to train ministers, original curriculum included only coursework in theology, later in the century, William Graham Sumner, the first professor of sociology in the United States, introduced studies in the social sciences. The relaxation of curriculum came in tandem with expansion in the extracurriculum, participation and leadership in these groups was an important social signifier and a route to induction into prestigious senior societies. Thus extracurricular participation became central to student life and social advancement, by 1870, Yale was the largest undergraduate institution in the country. Two additional colleges were built by 1940, and two more in the 1960s, for most of its history, study at Yale was almost exclusively restricted to white Protestant men, often the children of alumni. Documented exceptions to this paradigm include Hawaiian native Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia, who became a student of Yale President Timothy Dwight in 1809, pennington, who was allowed to audit theology courses in 1837. Moses Simons, a descendent of a slave-holding South Carolinian family, has suggested to be the first Jew to graduate from Yale. Though his maternal ancestry is disputed, he may have also been the first person of African American descent to graduate from any American college. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified. Enrollment at Yale only became competitive in the early 20th century, as late as the 1950s, tests and demographic questionnaires for admission to the college worked to exclude non-Christian men, especially Jews, as well as non-white men. By the mid-1960s these processes were becoming more meritocratic, focusing on recruitment of a racially, economically and geographically diverse student body and this meritocratic transition encouraged the university to establish the first need-blind admissions policy in the United States. After several decades of debate about coeducation, Yale College admitted its first class of women in 1969, in recent years, the college has focused on international recruitment, quadrupling the fraction of international students admitted between 1993 and 2013
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Andrew Dickson White
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Andrew Dickson White was an American historian and educator, who was the cofounder of Cornell University and served as its first president for nearly two decades. He was known for expanding the scope of college curriculae, a politician, he had served as state senator in New York. He was later appointed as a US diplomat to Germany and Russia and he was born on November 7,1832 in Homer, New York, to Clara and Horace White. Clara was the daughter of Andrew Dickson, a New York State Assemblyman in 1832 and his wife, and Horace was the son of Asa White, a farmer from Massachusetts and their once-successful farm was ruined by a fire when Horace was 13. Despite little formal education and struggles with poverty after his family lost its farm, Horace White became a businessman, in 1839 he opened what became a successful bank in Syracuse. Horace and Clara White had two children, Andrew Dickson and his brother, Andrew was baptized in 1835 at the Calvary Episcopal Church on the town green in Homer. He married first, on September 27,1857, Mary Amanda Outwater, daughter of Peter Outwater and Lucia M. Phillips of Syracuse. Marys maternal grandmother Amanda Danforth, daughter of Asa Danforth, Jr. and wife of Elijah Phillips, Jr. was the first white child born in what would become Onondaga County, New York. After his wife died in 1887, White went on a tour and traveled in Europe with his close friend, Daniel Willard Fiske. After two years as a widower, in 1890, White married Helen Magill, the daughter of Edward Magill and she was the first woman in the United States to earn a Ph. D. Like her husband, Helen was a social scientist and educator, together, Helen and Andrew had one daughter, Karin White. One of Andrews cousins was Edwin White, who became an artist of the Luminism/Hudson River schools and his nephew was Horace White, governor of New York. Beginning in the fall of 1849, White enrolled as an undergraduate at Geneva College at the insistence of his father and he was inducted as member of Sigma Phi. In his autobiography, he recalled that he had felt that his time at Geneva was wasted by being at the small Episcopalian school, rather than continue wasting his time, White dropped out in 1850. After a period of estrangement, White persuaded his father to let him transfer to Yale College, at Yale, White was a classmate of Daniel Coit Gilman, who would later serve as first president of Johns Hopkins University. The two were members of the Skull and Bones secret society and would remain close friends and they traveled together in Europe after graduation and served together on the Venezuela Boundary Commission. His roommate was Thomas Frederick Davies, Sr. who later became the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. Alpha Sigma Phi inducted White as a member in 1850 and he served as editor of the fraternitys publication, White remained active in the fraternity for the rest of his life, founding the Cornell chapter and serving as the national president from 1913 to 1915
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Cornell University
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Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
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Street Hall
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Street Hall is a historic building on Old Campus of Yale University. It was designed by Peter Bonnett Wight in 1864, when the renovation is complete, visitors will be able to enter it from the Yale University Art Gallery. The Art Gallery plans to expand across the bridge over High Street into Street Hall, the buildings facade is characterized by restless, asymmetrical massing and a combination of dark and light stones. The building is the resting place of John Trumbull, the famed American painter
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Benjamin Silliman Jr.
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Benjamin Silliman Jr. was a professor of chemistry at Yale University and instrumental in developing the oil industry. His father Benjamin Silliman Sr. also a famous Yale chemist, in 1855, Silliman Jr. wrote a report for $526.08 on Pennsylvania rock oil and its usefulness as an illuminant that convinced investors to back George Bissells search for oil. In the 1850s the market for light-producing liquid fuels was dominated by coal oil, however, George Bissell, a lawyer from New York, and his partner Jonathan Greenleaf Eveleth had a revolutionary idea. They thought there was a possibility of the crude “rock oil” that had been cropping up in western Pennsylvania being used as an illuminatory substance, at the time, rock oil was nothing but a smelly hindrance to the well-diggers of the region, with some limited medicinal properties. Yet Bissell and Eveleth, after realizing how flammable the liquid was, believed there was money to be made in producing rock oil commercially, marketed as lamp fuel. They found Benjamin Silliman Jr. professor of chemistry at Yale and he was asked to do this as one of the most prominent chemists of his time, and his report on the subject afterwards had extremely far-reaching influences. The immensely important main idea of his report was that distilled petroleum burned far brighter than any fuel on the market, except those that were far more expensive and less efficient. His conclusion was that petroleum is “a raw material from which. they may manufacture a very valuable product. ”Silliman also noted that material was able to survive through large ranges of temperature. The impact of the discovery of petroleum as a high-quality illuminator is obvious. Edwin Drake was in charge of drilling the well, and after many setbacks, generally revolving around the lack of money, he struck oil in quiet, rural, Titusville, the scenery of Titusville changed almost overnight. Oil derricks and towns filled with get-rich-quick speculators filled the newly named Oil Creek, the holes were generally unremarkable, especially by the standards of today, the first probably only gathered less than 20 barrels of oil a day. However, the influence of these oil wells, and Benjamin Silliman Jr. ’s report confirming the use of petroleum as an illuminant, was massive. Almost equally important in Bissell’s idea and Silliman’s discovery was the use of oil for lubrication of the many moving parts in the mechanical age soon to come. Sillimans fame as an oil pioneer put him in demand as a consultant to mining companies. He also reported very optimistically on the mines at Lake Valley, New Mexico, Benjamin Silliman Sr. was clearly the largest inspiration in Benjamin Silliman Jr. ’s career. Both Sillimans were eminent chemists and professors of the subject at Yale University, the father was the first professor of chemistry at Yale in 1802, and studied the subject at the Medical College of the University of Pennsylvania. He was also professor of natural history -- which was defined as geology, mineralogy, zoology and his work in those areas established Yale’s rock and mineral collection as the most significant in America at the time. With his help, Yale became the foremost center of science in 19th-century America, Benjamin Silliman Sr. is considered by many to be the father of American chemistry
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Eugene Savage
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Eugene Francis Savage was an American painter and sculptor known for his murals in the manner made official under the Works Projects Administration. Savage was born in Covington, Indiana, in 1915, while studying at the Chicago Art Institute, he won the Rome Prize in painting, enabling him to study at the American Academy in Rome, where he received a bachelor of arts degree. Later he received Bachelor of Arts and Master of Fine Arts from Yale University, Savage subsequently taught at the Yale School of Art and Architecture for twenty-eight years, where he was the Leffingwell Professor of Painting & Design. Savages training in Early Renaissance techniques strongly influence his style and he was also strongly influenced by Thomas Hart Benton. Other contemporary influences on his art were his Latin American contemporaries Diego Rivera. Savages influence was extended by his service on high-profile arts committees and he became an Associate Member of the National Academy of Design,1924 and National Academician,1926. Savage also served on the U. S, Commission of Fine Arts from 1933 to 1941 and was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, to which he was elected in 1936. Savage was commissioned by the Matson Navigation Company to paint nine 4 by 8 foot Hawaiian-themed murals in Hawaii and they were completed in 1940, but never installed in the companys ships, which had been converted to troopships. In 1948, lithographs based on these murals were used as covers on Matsons flagship. These paintings were done at the time the effort was under way to create the Everglades National Park Murals by Savage are on the campuses of Purdue, Columbia. At Yale, he oversaw the painting of Sterling Memorial Library. He also did the Great Hall murals in the Hall of State at Fair Park for the 1936 Centennial Exposition in Dallas, Texas, after World War II, Savage designed and installed the colored glass mosaic map at the American Cemetery in Épinal France. S. Fifth Army south of the Brenner Pass, the mosaic,54 feet long and 14 feet high, was designed utilizing data provided by the American Battle Monuments Commission. The map is laid out in perspective as seen from the south, consequently, thus, north is toward the upper right instead of vertically upward. Symbolically, the figures on the wall depict the Spirit of Columbia leading the Army, Navy. In the border of the map are the insignia of all units of division size or larger that participated in ground operations in the region. In other media, he provided illustrations for Coningsby Dawsons Christmas Outside of Eden, in 1938 the Matson Lines commissioned him to paint murals depicting native Hawaiian life, which were later adapted for menus and other memorabilia. The Complete Illustrated Guidebook to Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York, Silver Lining Books, New York,2001, ISBN 0-7607-2213-7, pages 32–36
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Yale School of Drama
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The school traces its roots to the Yale Dramatic Association, the second-oldest college theatre association in the country, founded in 1900. George Pierce Baker, a teacher of playwriting, was the first chairman of the department, the first Master of Fine Arts in drama was granted in 1931. In 1955, the department was organized as a professional school. In 1966, under Dean Robert Brustein, the Yale Repertory Theatre was formed to further ties between the professional and academic communities. Lloyd Richards, dean and artistic director from 1979 to 1991, increased the emphasis on new plays, premiering works by Athol Fugard, Lee Blessing. Today, Yale Drama students work on School of Drama productions, at the Yale Repertory Theatre, School of Drama students spend the morning in class, with the exact number of hours varying by their year in school and their department. After 2 p. m. all classes are over, and rehearsals for Yale Repertory Theatre, rehearsals can last up to eight hours. Students also participate in clubs, like soccer and volleyball. Students must hold a degree and complete their program of study with distinction. A Certificate in Drama is available to students who do not hold an undergraduate degree from an accredited college. The school also offers a Doctor of Fine Arts to students who hold an M. F. A. degree in Dramaturgy, committee, and a Technical Internship Certificate to students who complete a one-year internship program of the Technical Design and Production department. Founded in 1968, the Yale Cabaret provides an outlet for Yale School of Drama students. Students regularly work outside their disciplines in the 18 productions presented for a public audience. Official website History of the Yale Dramatic Association
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Rudolph Hall
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Rudolph Hall, also known as the Yale Art and Architecture Building or the A & A Building, is one of the earliest and best known examples of Brutalist architecture in the United States. The building houses Yale Universitys School of Architecture and is located in New Haven, designed by architect Paul Rudolph and completed in 1963, the complex building contains over thirty floor levels in its seven stories. The building is made of ribbed, bush-hammered concrete, the design was influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights Larkin Administration Building, in Buffalo, NY and the later buildings of Le Corbusier. When the building first opened, it was praised widely by critics and academics, New York Times architecture critic, Ada Louise Huxtable, called it a spectacular tour de force. As time went by, however, the reaction to the building became more negative. Architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner bemoaned the structures oppressive monumentality, a large fire on the night of June 14,1969 caused extensive damage and during the repairs, many changes were made to Rudolphs original design. Some have claimed that the fire was the result of arson committed by a disgruntled student, appreciation of the structure has increased in recent years, with Yale investing $126 million for the buildings renovation. The School of Art moved out to its own building and the edifice is undergoing an addition and renovation with the intent of restoring it to the originally envisioned by Rudolph. The renewed structure will restore the rooftop penthouse, a student lounge. The commission for the renovation went to Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, of which Charles Gwathmey is a Yale Architecture alumnus, previous renovation schemes by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Richard Meier, and Beyer Blinder Belle have been commissioned
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Paul Rudolph (architect)
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Paul Marvin Rudolph was an American architect and the Chair of Yale Universitys Department of Architecture for six years, known for his use of concrete and highly complex floor plans. His most famous work is the Yale Art and Architecture Building, Paul Marvin Rudolph was born October 23,1918 in Elkton, Kentucky. His father was an itinerant Methodist preacher, and through their travels Rudolph was exposed to the architecture of the American south and he also showed early talent at painting and music. Rudolph earned his bachelors degree in architecture at Auburn University in 1940, after three years, he left to serve in the Navy for another three years, returning to Harvard to receive his masters in 1947. Rudolph was known to be gay and he is one of the modernist architecture architects considered part the Sarasota School of Architecture. Following his studies at Harvard, Rudolph moved to Sarasota, Florida, Rudolphs Sarasota time is now part of the period labeled Sarasota School of Architecture in his career. The roof was concave and was constructed using a built-up spray-on process that Rudolph had seen used to cocoon disused ships during his time in the US Navy. In addition, Rudolph used jalousie windows, which enabled the characteristic breezes to, other Sarasota landmarks by Rudolph include the Riverview High School, built in 1957 as his first large-scale project. As Charles Gwathmey, the architect overseeing renovation of Art and Architecture Building at Yale, said, In June 2009 and he then took the chairmanship of the Yale School of Architecture Department of Architecture in 1958, shortly after designing the Yale Art & Architecture Building. Rudolph stayed at Yale for six years until he returned to private practice and he designed the Temple Street Parking Garage, also in New Haven, in 1962. While chair of the Department of Architecture at Yale, Rudolph taught Muzharul Islam, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers, Foster in particular has noted the significant influence that Rudolph had upon him. Rudolph was invited to Bangladesh by Muzharul Islam and designed Bangladesh Agricultural University and he worked on the Milam Residence, which was designed and constructed between 1959 and 1961. It still stands today on Floridas eastern coast, outside Jacksonville, here, the only dimensional control was the size of standard concrete blocks that were used, fair-faced, for structural and partition walls alike. The large blocks provide shade for the windows, allowing the Florida home to be easily cooled and this houses seaside facade of stacked rectangles exemplifies the sculptural nature of Rudolphs work during this period. Rudolphs fascination with European Modernism and the theory made this a difficult building to construct. Rudolph had to concern for multiple influences as well as his own style. At the time, Rudolph was working independently and would become an icon in European Modernism. In 1958, Rudolph was commissioned to create a plan for Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee
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Brutalism
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Brutalist architecture is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, descending from the modernist architectural movement of the early 20th century. The term originates from the French word for raw in the used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material béton brut. British architectural critic Reyner Banham adapted the term into brutalism to identify the emerging style, there is often an emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations and in the whole-site architectural plan the main functions and people-flows of the buildings. Brutalism became popular for educational buildings, but was rare for corporate projects. Brutalism became favoured for government projects, high-rise housing. In one critical appraisal by Banham, Brutalism was posited not as a style, Brutalism as an architectural critical term was not always consistently used by critics, architects themselves usually avoided using it altogether. More recently, brutalism has become used in popular discourse to refer to buildings of the twentieth century that are large or unpopular – as a synonym for brutal. The term brutalism was originally coined by the Swedish architect Hans Asplund to describe Villa Göth in Uppsala, designed in 1949 by his contemporaries Bengt Edman and he originally used the Swedish-language term nybrutalism, which was picked up by a group of visiting English architects, including Michael Ventris. In England, the term was adopted by architects Alison. The best known proto Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité dHabitation, Brutalist buildings are usually formed with repeated modular elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and grouped together into a unified whole. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting dramatically with the refined and ornamented buildings constructed in the elite Beaux-Arts style. Surfaces of cast concrete are made to reveal the nature of its construction. Brutalist building materials include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone. Another common theme in Brutalist designs is the exposure of the buildings functions—ranging from their structure, from another perspective, the design of the Hunstanton School included placing the facilitys water tank, normally a hidden service feature, in a prominent, visible tower. This style had a position in the architecture of European communist countries from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s. In Czechoslovakia brutalism was presented as an attempt to create a national, John Andrewss government and institutional structures in Australia also exhibit the style. In the United States Paul Rudolph and Ralph Rapson are both noted Brutalists, Walter Netsch is known for his Brutalist academic buildings. Marcel Breuer was known for his approach to the style
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Yale School of Architecture
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The Yale School of Architecture is one of the constituent professional schools of Yale University. Yales architecture programs are an outgrowth of a commitment to the teaching of the fine arts in the university. Art was first taught at an American college or university in 1869 when the Yale School of the Fine Arts was established. Yale alumnus and educator Andrew Dickson White was offered the post as the first dean of the school, even earlier, in 1832, Yale opened the Trumbull Art Gallery, the first college-affiliated gallery in the country. The Department of Architecture was established in the School of the Fine Arts in 1916, in 1959 the School of Art and Architecture, as it was then known, was made into a fully graduate professional school. In 1972 Yale designated the School of Architecture as its own professional school. The School is housed in the masterwork of its former Dean, the school also offers joint-degree programs with the School of Management and School of Forestry. Additionally, a course of study for undergraduates in Yale College leads to a Bachelor of Arts, Yales core program has always stressed design as a fundamental discipline. While initially associated with Beaux Arts pedagogy, the adopted a close affiliation with other modes of fine art, including sculpture, graphic design, painting. One of its most illustrious graduates, Eero Saarinen, produced a wide variety of student projects ranging from medals and currency to campus. When the Art and Architecture Building became its home, Paul Rudolphs design reflected this close integration between various fine art departments, the famed department of Graphic Design contributed consistently to architecture posters, publications and exhibits, particularly to Perspecta, Yales ground breaking student journal. Another distinguishing element in the Yale core program has been the Yale Building Project, in later years the program focused more on New Haven and Southern Connecticut. A recent book on the documents the extraordinary breadth and significance of the work produced by students, many of whom went on to become renowned architects. One of the first of its kind, made it possible for architects, only recently have the design professions embraced this wider field of study, spurred by the movement towards sustainability and inter-disciplinarity. Notable recipients of the degree included William J. Mitchell, later dean at MIT, and Steven Izenour, the Yale Urban Design Workshop is a community design center affiliated with the Yale School of Architecture. It was established in 1992 by School of Architecture professor Alan Plattus, as of 2016, the programs ten-year average ranking, places it 4th, overall, on DesignIntelligences ranking of programs accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. Conversely, DesignIntelligences ten-year median ranking places the program 3rd, * denotes tie The school maintains an active publications program. It supports two student-edited journals, Perspecta and Retrospecta, a news magazine, Constructs, and publishes books
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Louis Kahn
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Louis Isadore Kahn was an American architect, based in Philadelphia. After working in various capacities for several firms in Philadelphia, he founded his own atelier in 1935, while continuing his private practice, he served as a design critic and professor of architecture at Yale School of Architecture from 1947 to 1957. From 1957 until his death, he was a professor of architecture at the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Kahn created a style that was monumental and monolithic, his buildings for the most part do not hide their weight, their materials. Louis Kahns works are considered as monumental beyond modernism, famous for his meticulously built works, his provocative proposals that remained unbuilt, and his teaching, Kahn was one of the most influential architects of the twentieth century. He was awarded the AIA Gold Medal and the RIBA Gold Medal, at the time of his death he was considered by some as Americas foremost living architect. Louis Kahn, whose name was Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky, was born into a poor Jewish family in Pärnu, formerly in Russian Empire. He spent his childhood in Kuressaare on the island of Saaremaa. At the age of three, he saw coals in the stove and was captivated by the light of the coal and he put the coal in his apron, which caught on fire and seared his face. He carried these scars for the rest of his life, in 1906, his family emigrated to the United States, as they feared that his father would be recalled into the military during the Russo-Japanese War. His birth year may have been recorded in the process of immigration. According to his sons 2003 documentary film, the family could not afford pencils and they made their own charcoal sticks from burnt twigs so that Louis could earn a little money from drawings. Later he earned money by playing piano to accompany silent movies in theaters and he became a naturalized citizen on May 15,1914. His father changed their name to Kahn in 1915, Kahn trained at the University of Pennsylvania in a rigorous Beaux-Arts tradition, with its emphasis on drawing. After completing his Bachelor of Architecture in 1924, Kahn worked as draftsman in the office of the city architect. He worked on the designs for the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition, in 1928, Kahn made a European tour. He was interested particularly in the walled city of Carcassonne, France. In 1932, Kahn and Dominique Berninger founded the Architectural Research Group, whose members were interested in the populist social agenda, among the more important of Kahns early collaborations was one with George Howe
26.
Jewish Community Center
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A Jewish Community Center or Jewish Community Centre is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of cities. JCCs promote Jewish culture and heritage through holiday celebrations, Israel-related programming, however, they are open to everyone in the community. The Hebrew Young Mens Literary Association was first set up in 1854 in Baltimore, the first YMHA was founded in New York City in 1874, its first president being Lewis May. The first official headquarters were the Harvard Rooms, located at 42nd Street, a YWHA was first established as an annex to the YMHA in 1888. The New York YMHA and YWHA now operate together as the 92nd Street Y, the first independent YWHA was set up in 1902. In 1917 these organizations were combined into a Jewish Welfare Board, in the New York City area, many retained the designation into the 1990s. An example of the objectives of Jewish Community Centers can be seen within the New Bedford, in January 1947, the Jewish Community Center of New Bedford listed the following objectives, To foster and develop the highest values of Jewish spiritual and cultural life. To provide social, educational, literary, benevolent, recreational and athletic activities for the benefit of Jewish men, women, to serve the spiritual, intellectual, social, and physical welfare of its members. To fulfill the great ideals of American citizenship, some JCCs provide services for people with special needs, such as autism, Asperger syndrome and learning disabilities. In 2008, The Mandel JCC of Cleveland was awarded $652,500 in grant funding to be used for individuals with disabilities, cleveland-area children and adults with emotional, physical and developmental disabilities now have many opportunities to get involved in fitness, wellness and recreational activities. Whenever possible, activities are inclusive and children are able to fully participate, as a rule, today JCCs are open to other ethnic groups as well, with a possible exception of strictly traditional Jewish activities. In fact, many JCCs sponsor local events, there are, however, many other activities that anyone can host at the JCC. For example, in Houston there are rooms to rent and Drivers Education classes, although the majority of JCCs are found on the East Coast, with 17 sites in Florida, JCCs operate in many other communities. For example, California has 17 locations — eight in the San Francisco Bay Area and nine scattered through Southern California — and Chicagoland has 10. Almost all of the largest metropolitan areas in the U. S. now have at least one JCC, JCCs all over the country sponsor film festivals and book fairs, bringing world-renowned writers and directors to smaller communities. Their programs and activities vary by location, particularly noteworthy is the JCC in West Bloomfield, Michigan, which is the largest JCC in North America, and possibly the world. The Holocaust Memorial Center, which many visitors to its programs and exhibits, used to be a part of the JCC of West Bloomfield. The top floor is dedicated to The Jean and Samuel Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit
27.
Artsy (website)
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Artsy is a free online platform designed to connect users to art. Artsys search engine and database draw connections and map relationships among works of art, led by Carter Cleveland, computer science graduate from Princeton and Sebastian Cwilich, former executive of Christies and Haunch of Venison director. Artsy aims “to make all the world’s art accessible to anyone with an internet connection, john Elderfield, former chief curator at New York’s Museum of Modern Art serves as Artsy’s senior advisor and Larry Gagosian and Marc Glimcher, president of Pace Gallery, are advisors. Carter Cleveland founded Artsy during his year at Princeton University. Cleveland’s goal for Artsy is for the site to be the place every single user in the world goes to discover art online. In May 2010, Artsy participated in the New York City conference, TechCrunch Disrupt, a year later, the team demod Artsy at the Beyeler Foundation at Art Basel. Artsy currently features over 500,000 works and 50,000 artists on its site, Artsy also partners with over 700 museums and institutions and 60 international art fairs, who also publish work on the site. Artsy is powered by The Art Genome Project — an ongoing study of the characteristics that distinguish and these genes ranges from color to Content, Private of Personal Space to period to Technique, Documentary Photography to Group Portrait. The Art Genome Project aims to help users uncover works of art based on taste and preference to facilitate education. Matthew Israel serves as the Director of The Art Genome Project, Artsy initially raised around $160,000 in seed funding. Since launching, Artsy has raised a total of $51 million from players in the worlds of art, tech, and media, including Larry Gagosian, Wendi Murdoch, criticism around The Art Genome Project centers on “its classification system, which rubs some artists the wrong way. I dont think what I am doing has anything to do with Cindy Sherman and that sounds like something a programmer would think of. Also, theres the issue of whether art can be represented on the Web. There is something sensual about an object that doesnt translate online. Numerous publications, including Wired, The New York Observer, Vogue, Carter Cleveland was listed in BLOUINARTINFO’s The 30-and-Under Crowd, The Art World’s Most Influential Young Figures of 2012. Artsy received the Rookie Disruptor Award in 2010 and was listed in Forbes’ Names you Need to Know in 2011, official website Open Source The Art Genome Project
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Jennifer Bartlett
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Jennifer Losch Bartlett is an American artist. She is known for paintings and prints that combine the aesthetic of Conceptual art with the painterly approach of Neo-expressionism. Many of her pieces are executed on small, square, enamel-coated steel plates that are combined in grid formations to create large works. Bartlett was born Jennifer Losch in 1941 in Long Beach, California and her father owned a construction company and her mother was a fashion illustrator who left the field to raise her children. She grew up in the suburbs of Long Beach, close enough to the ocean that she developed an affinity for water which would reappear in her mature work and she attended Mills College in Oakland, California, graduating with a BA in 1963. She then moved to New Haven to study at the Yale School of Art and she studied with Josef Albers, Jack Tworkov, Jim Dine, and Richard Serra, receiving her MFA in 1965. Bartlett has described the experience of study at Yale as her broadest influence, among Bartlett’s early influences were the painter Arshile Gorky, whose drawing she admired, Piet Mondrian, for the sense of stillness in the work, and Sol LeWitt, for his conceptual systematics. After marrying medical student Ed Bartlett in 1964, she commuted between the Soho district of New York and New Haven, where she taught at the University of Connecticut. Following her 1972 divorce, Bartlett moved to New York full time, in 1983 she married German actor Mathieu Carrière, with whom she had a daughter, Alice, they divorced in the early 1990s. In the late 1960s, influenced by the work of John Cage, most critics see Bartletts work as inventive, energetic, wide-ranging, and ambitious, and she has been called one of the two best painters of the Postminimalism generation. A few critics find her work shallow, overly focused on surface, early on, Bartlett made a number of three-dimensional works that she subjected to extreme conditions such as freezing and smashing. She also realized that she wanted something to draw on that was erasable but gridded like the paper that she. She came up with what is now one of her signature materials and she had these fabricated in large quantities, and later worked with other sizes as well. With her earliest well-known work, Rhapsody, Bartlett reinvented the mural form for Conceptual art, Rhapsody is a painting executed on 987 foot-square enamel-coated steel tiles arranged in a grid 7 plates tall by roughly 142 wide, extending across multiple walls. The subject matter consists of variations on what Bartlett felt were the elements of art, four universal motifs, geometric forms. The seven sections are entitled Introduction, Mountain, Line, House, Tree, Shape, Rhapsody has been called an extended portable mural and a post-painting painting that took the American art world by storm. It is so large that Bartlett has commented that she never saw the piece as a whole until its first public exhibition, Bartlett has said of Rhapsody that it opened the wall up instead of closing it down. It looks bigger than it really is, it’s my way of making edgeless paintings
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Chuck Close
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Charles Thomas Chuck Close is an American painter and artist and photographer who achieved fame as a photorealist, through his massive-scale portraits. Close often paints abstract portraits of himself and others, which hang in collections internationally, although a catastrophic spinal artery collapse in 1988 left him severely paralyzed, he has continued to paint and produce work that remains sought after by museums and collectors. Close also creates photo portraits using a large format camera. Chuck Close was born in Monroe, Washington and his father, Leslie Durward Close, died when Chuck was eleven years old. His mothers name was Mildred Wagner Close, Close suffered, as a child, from a neuromuscular condition that made it difficult to lift his feet and a bout with nephritis that kept him out of school for most of sixth grade. Even when in school, he did poorly, as result of dyslexia, most of his early works are very large portraits based on photographs of family and friends, often other artists. Chuck suffers from prosopagnosia and has suggested that this condition is what first inspired him to do portraits, I saw this Jackson Pollock drip painting with aluminum paint, tar, gravel and all that stuff. It was so far removed from what I thought art was, however, within 2 or 3 days, I was dripping paint all over my old paintings. In a way Ive been chasing that experience ever since, Close attended Everett Community College in 1958–60. Notable Snohomish County resident, author John Patric, was an intellectual influence on Chuck Close. In 1962, Close received his B. A. from the University of Washington in Seattle. In 1961 he won a scholarship to the Yale Summer School of Music and Art, and the following year entered the graduate degree program at Yale University. Among Closes classmates at Yale were Brice Marden, Vija Celmins, Janet Fish, Richard Serra, Nancy Graves, Jennifer Bartlett, Robert Mangold, after Yale, he studied at Academy of Fine Arts Vienna for a while on a Fulbright grant. When he returned to the US, he worked as an art teacher at the University of Massachusetts, Close came to New York City in 1967 and established himself in SoHo. His early airbrush techniques inspired the development of the ink jet printer, Close had been known for his skillful brushwork as a graduate student at Yale University. There, he emulated Willem de Kooning and seemed destined to become an abstract expressionist. I threw away my tools, Close said, I chose to do things I had no facility with. The choice not to do something is in a way more positive than the choice to do something
30.
John Currin
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John Currin is an American painter based in New York City. He is best known for satirical figurative paintings which deal with sexual and social themes in a technically skillful manner. His work shows a range of influences, including sources as diverse as the Renaissance, popular culture magazines. He often distorts or exaggerates the erotic forms of the female body, Currin was born in Boulder, Colorado, and grew up in Connecticut, the son of a physics professor from Connecticut and a piano teacher from Oklahoma. In Connecticut he studied painting privately with a renowned and traditionally trained Russian artist from Odessa, Ukraine and he went to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where he obtained a BFA in 1984, and received a MFA from Yale University in 1986. In the 1990s, when political themed art works were favored, Currin brazenly used bold depictions of busty young women, mustachioed men and asexual divorcés and he used magazines like Cosmopolitan along with old issues of Playboy for inspiration for his paintings. In 1992 Currin moved to the Andrea Rosen Gallery, focusing, less sympathetically, Currins Whitney retrospective of 2004 showcased the development of his career through over 40 of his displayed paintings. In 1994 Currin met artist Rachel Feinstein at a gallery in which she was living in a gingerbread house as a performance piece. However, Feinstein specializes in sculptural work and they were engaged two weeks later at Currins show in Paris, and married three years later on Valentines Day. They have two sons and a daughter and she has been described as his muse, which he says is kinda corny. However, he has stated hen I met Rachel I felt that I could connect with some principles that moved my art along, Feinstein has appeared in many of Currins paintings, both as a recognizable face and as a body model. In 2002 Feinstein and Currin published a 24-page book of their works at the Hydra Workshop in Hydra, Greece which they titled The Honeymooners, John Currin and it includes an interview conducted by Sadie Coles. In 2011 the New York Times described them as the power couple in today’s art world. In a 2011 interview, Currin described his relationship to his work as. a completely ambisexual atmosphere, I think you’re right if there’s a reverse logic to my work It’s that the pictures of men are about men and the pictures of women are about me. As of 2015, he is represented by the Gagosian Gallery and his inspirations come from Old Master portraits and pin-ups, nymphs, and ethereal feminine prototypes, as well as his muse and wife, Feinstein. Currin has cited Danish pornography pulled, off the Internet as source material for his work. Specific images published by Color Climax Corporation have been identified as sources for Currins more pornographic paintings, including compositions,2008 Diana And Actaeon - The Forbidden Gaze, Stiftung Museum Kunst Palast, Düsseldorf, Germany Travels to, Compton Verney, Warwickshire, England Bad Painting. Thomas Dane Gallery, London, England Insight, Gagosian Gallery, Moscow, Russia What is Painting
31.
Rackstraw Downes
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Rackstraw Downes is a British-born realist painter and author. Born Rodney Harry Rackstraw Downes in Pembury, Kent, England, he moved to the United States and studied painting as a student at The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville. He then returned to England and attended Cambridge University, where he was at St Johns College and received a Bachelor of Arts in English literature. Back in the United States, he studied at the Yale School of Art with Neil Welliver, Al Held and Alex Katz, originally an abstract painter, in 1966 Downes changed course and began working in the realist, plein-air style he is known for. Downes friendship with Welliver led to the purchase of a farm in Maine in 1964, in 1965 Downes moved to New York City. Over the next years he taught at the University of Pennsylvania, Parsons School of Design. He has also painted interiors of a scale similar to his landscapes. He has written for The New York Times, Art in America, Art News, The New Criterion and he also edited Art In Its Own Terms, Selected Criticism, 1935–1975, a collection of Fairfield Porters writing. Downes received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1998, in 1999 he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and in 2009 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship genius award. In 1982 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, New York Times art critic Ken Johnson wrote that Downes paints beautiful pictures of ugly places. Downes work is held in collections including the Museum of Modern Art. He is represented by the Betty Cuningham Gallery in New York,2010 Parrish Art Museum in Southampton, New York. 2010 Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield, Connecticut,2011 Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, North Carolina. Schwartz, Sanford, Storr, Robert, and Downes, Rackstraw, princeton University Press, April 2005 Under the Gowanus and Razor-Wire Journal, The making of two paintings. New York, Turning the Head Press,2000 In Relation to the Whole, Three Essays from Three Decades -1973,1981,1996
32.
Janet Fish
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Janet Fish is a contemporary American realist artist. She paints still life paintings, some of light bouncing off surfaces, such as plastic wrap containing solid objects. Janet Isobel Fish was born on May 18,1938 in Boston, Massachusetts, and was raised in Bermuda and she came from a very artistic family. Her father was professor of art history Peter Stuyvesant and her mother was sculptor and her sister, Alida, is a photographer. Her grandfather, whose studio was in Bermuda, was American Impressionist painter Clark Voorhees, another member of her family also named Clark Voorhees was her uncle, a wood carver whose wife was a painter. Fish knew from an age that she wanted to pursue the visual arts. She said, I came from a family of artists, and I always made art, Fish was talented in ceramics, and had her mothers kiln available. She initially intended to be a sculptor, as a teenager, Fish had a job helping out in the studio of sculptor Byllee Lang. She attended Smith College, in Northampton, Massachusetts, concentrating on sculpture and she studied under George Cohn, Leonard Baskin, and Mervin Jules. She spent one of her summers studying at the Art Students League of New York, Fish received a Bachelor of Arts from Smith in 1960. This was followed by a residency at The Skowhegan School of Art in Skowhegan. She enrolled at the Yale University School of Art and Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut, there she changed her focus from sculpture to painting. Her instructor for a painting class was Alex Katz, who encouraged students to explore the shows in New York galleries. Fish got a sense of the direction of art world. During that period, art schools tended to favor the teaching of Abstract Expressionism and she soon abandoned it, noting that Abstract Expressionism didnt mean anything to me. Her fellow Yale students included Chuck Close, Richard Serra, Brice Marden, Nancy Graves, Sylvia and Robert Mangold, and Rackstraw Downes. She was awarded her Bachelor of Fine Arts, and in 1963 became one of the first women to earn a Master of Fine Arts from Yales School of Art and Architecture. After graduating, Fish spent a year in Philadelphia, then she took up residence in SoHo and her work, although Realist, may include abstract forms
33.
Robert Mangold
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Robert Mangold is an American minimalist artist. Mangold was born in North Tonawanda, New York and his mother, Blanche, was a department store buyer, and his father, Aloysius Mangold, worked at an organ factory. He first trained at the Cleveland Institute of Art from 1956 to 1959, in 1961 he married Sylvia Plimack, and they moved to New York. ”His works are comprised often of simple elements which are put together through complex means. Mangolds work challenges the typical connotations of what a painting is or could be, elements refer often to architectural elements or have the feeling of an architects hands. He almost always works in series, often carried through both paintings and works on paper. Mangold’s early work consisted largely of monochromatic free-standing constructions displayed against the wall, in 1968 he began employing acrylic instead of oil paint, rolling rather than spraying it on Masonite or plywood grounds. Within the year, he moved from more industrially oriented supports to canvas. In 1970 he began working with shaped canvases and within the year began brushing rather than spraying paint onto canvas, by the mid-1970s, Mangold moved on to overlapping shapes whose contours are formed by combinations of canvas edges and both drawn and implied lines. A Rectangle and a Circle within a Square from 1975, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is an example of these subtle geometric relationships. A1994 series consisted of panels, deployed in two-panel trapezoidal works whose colors, sometimes matching, sometimes contrasting, run to deep oranges, olive greens, browns. Mangold’s paintings, quiet and restrained on the surface, are admired by artists. In a 1994 review in Art in America, Robert Kushner wrote that “underneath the composure of their execution, there is an almost romantic vividness of experience. The contrast of this veiled undercurrent and the Apollonian restraint of the presentation make these new paintings both powerful and poignant. ”Mangold made his first prints in 1972 at Crown Point Press and has made throughout his career, working with Pace Editions. Mangold designed the colored glass panels contained in the Buffalo Federal Courthouse pavilion lobby. Mangold lives in Washingtonville, New York with his wife Sylvia Plimack Mangold and they are the parents of film director and screenwriter James Mangold, and musician Andrew Mangold. In 1965, the Jewish Museum in New York held the first major exhibition of what was called Minimal art, in 1967, he won a National Endowment for the Arts grant and in 1969, a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1971, he had his first solo exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum. He has been featured in the Whitney Biennial four times, in 1979,1983,1985, from 1964 through 1973, Mangold was affiliated with Thibaut and Fischbach galleries in New York and had numerous exhibitions in European galleries
34.
Brice Marden
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Brice Marden, is an American artist, generally described as Minimalist, although his work may be hard to categorize. He lives and works in New York City, Tivoli, New York, Hydra, Greece, Marden was born in Bronxville, New York and grew up in nearby Briarcliff Manor. He attended Florida Southern College, Lakeland, receiving his BFA from the Boston University, School of Fine, among his fellow students were the future artists Richard Serra, Chuck Close, Vija Celmins, Nancy Graves, Gary Hudson and Robert Mangold. As he studied art, Marden was also immersed in the Cambridge folk music world and his first wife, Pauline Baez, whom he married in 1960, is Joan Baezs sister. He met Bob Dylan and Pete Seeger and lived for a while at Joan Baezs house in Carmel, in his early work of the 1960s and 1970s, he used simplified means, typically monochrome canvases either alone or in series of panels, diptychs or triptychs. These include the works The Dylan Painting,1966,1986, 1969s Fave, and Lethykos,1976. Marden relocated to New York in 1963, where he came into contact with the work of Jasper Johns while employed as a guard at the Jewish Museum, the following summer Marden traveled to Paris where he began to make compressed charcoal and graphite grid-patterned drawings. Mardens graphic works are a corollary to his paintings, and he would transfer ideas into even his most recent paintings and drawings, Marden made his first monochromatic single-panel painting in the winter of 1964. In 1966, at Dorothea Rockburnes suggestion, Marden was hired by Robert Rauschenberg to work as his assistant and that same year he had his first solo show in New York at the Bykert Gallery, which exhibited the first of his classic oil-and-beeswax paintings. In the late 1960s and early 70s, a moment when painting was widely considered moribund, in 1971, Brice and his wife, Helen Harrington, visited the Greek island of Hydra, to which they have returned every year since. The couple bought their first home there in 1973, the light and landscape have greatly influenced Mardens work. Executed in oil on marble fragments, he made a total of 31 paintings on marble on Hydra, Marden’s early monochromatic paintings exist as single panels, diptychs and triptychs. He gradually increased the number of panels, arranging them into post-and-lintel configurations, after preparing designs for stained-glass windows for Basle Cathedral in 1977, he became interested in expressing in his paintings the conditions of colour and light in architecture. Between 1981-87, Marden made a total of 31 paintings on marble, in 1977, Marden traveled to Rome and Pompeii, where he strengthened his interest in Roman and Greek art and architecture, which would influence his work of the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1983, Marden and family traveled to Thailand, Sri Lanka, and India, the artist became fascinated by the art, landscape, Marden has subsequently incorporated numerous elements of certain Asian traditions into his work, making them one key to his process. Combining airy, calligraphic scaffoldings of line with whitish or palely tinted backgrounds, in 2000, Marden embarked on The Propitious Garden of Plane Image, the longest two of which measure 24 feet. Writing in The New Yorker in 2006, the critic Peter Schjeldahl described Marden as the most profound abstract painter of the past four decades, Marden has participated in hundreds of group exhibitions, and has also been the subject of numerous one-person shows and retrospectives. His first solo show in New York was held at the Bykert Gallery in 1966, in 1972, his work was showcased at Documenta 5 in Kassel
35.
Kehinde Wiley
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Kehinde Wiley is a New York-based portrait painter who is known for his highly naturalistic paintings of black people in heroic poses. Kehinde Wiley was born in Los Angeles, California in 1977 and his father is Yoruba from Nigeria, and his mother is African-American. As a child, his mother supported his interest in art, at the age of 12, he spent a short time at an art school in Russia. Wiley did not grow up with his father, and at the age of 20 Wiley traveled to Nigeria to explore his roots and he earned his BFA from the San Francisco Art Institute in 1999 and his MFA from Yale University, School of Art in 2001. He often references Old Masters paintings for the pose of the figure, Wiley’s paintings often blur the boundaries between traditional and contemporary modes of representation. Wileys slightly larger than life figures are depicted in a heroic manner, as their poses connote power. Wiley’s portrayal of masculinity is filtered through these poses of power, Wiley investigates the perception of blackness and creates a contemporary hybrid Olympus in which tradition is invested with a new street credibility. His portraits are based on photographs of men whom Wiley sees on the street. He painted men from Harlem’s 125th Street, as well as the South Central Los Angeles neighborhood where he was born, dressed in street clothes, his models were asked to assume poses from the paintings of Renaissance masters, such as Tiziano Vecellio and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Wiley describes his approach as interrogating the notion of the painter, at once critical. Wiley’s figurative paintings quote historical sources and position young black men within that field of power. ”In this manner, Wiley’s paintings fuse history and style in a unique, Wiley had a retrospective in 2016 at Seattle Art Museum. In October 2011, Wiley received the Artist of the Year Award from the New York City Art Teachers Association/United Federation of Teachers and he also received Canteen Magazines Artist of the Year Award. Two of Wileys paintings were featured on the top of 500 New York City taxi cabs in early 2011 as a collaboration with the Art Production Fund, Wiley is featured in a commercial on the USA as a 2010 Character Honoree. Puma AG commissioned Wiley to paint four portraits of prominent African soccer players, patterns from his paintings were incorporated into Puma athletic gear. The complete series, Legends of Unity, World Cup 2010, was exhibited in early 2010 at Deitch Projects in New York City and his work was exhibited in the National Portrait Gallery as part of the Recognize exhibit in 2008. Kehinde Wiley, A New Republic, a retrospective at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, in the summer of 2016 assembled nearly 60 of his paintings, roberts & Tilton Publications Kehinde Wiley, The World Stage, Israel, monography by Shalva Weil, Ph. D. Ruth Eglash and Claudia J. Interview by Paul D. Miller, Rhona Hoffman Gallery Publications
36.
Gregory Crewdson
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Gregory Crewdson is an American photographer. He photographs tableaux of American homes and neighborhoods, Crewdson was born in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. He attended John Dewey High School, graduating early, as a teenager, he was part of a punk rock group called The Speedies that hit the New York scene. Their song, Let Me Take Your Photo proved to be prophetic to Crewdsons future career, in 2005, Hewlett Packard used the song in advertisements to promote its digital cameras. At Purchase College, State University of New York, he began experimenting with photography, not yet taking it seriously, Crewdson only saw it as a creative outlet and hobby. Gaining school recognition and a growing interest for art, he graduated undergraduate from SUNY Purchase and his senior thesis embodied everyday life through portraiture of Lee, Massachusetts residents, the same location that later inspired his first series Natural Wonder from 1992 to 1997. He has taught at Sarah Lawrence, Cooper Union, Vassar College, and Yale University and he is now a professor at the Yale University School of Art. In 2012, he was the subject of the documentary film Gregory Crewdson. The film series followed the construction and the explanation from Crewdson himself of his thought process. Crewdson is represented by Gagosian Gallery worldwide and by White Cube Gallery in London, Crewdsons photographs usually take place in small-town America, but are dramatic and cinematic. They feature often disturbing, surreal events and his photographs are elaborately staged and lit using crews familiar with motion picture production and lighting large scenes using motion picture film equipment and techniques. Fireflies, has become a standout amongst his collections known for their emotion and drama compared to its simplicity of color. The exploration of form within his own work was evident within his transformation of how the photo was taken rather than just focusing on the subject, Crewdson wanted to focus even more heavily on the suburban lifestyle that is the focus of his main movie inspirations. Known for their methodical yet rhythmic use of language, Hitchcock, the look of sadness and contemplation on the subjects faces was something most major galleries had never seen, intentional sadness yet in such a bland and unexpected way. Similarly, Dream House captures the same “moment between moment” of thought from the subject from creative angles and cryptic perspectives, branching off of his previous collections, Beneath the Roses was aimed to capture cinematic production in the stillness of one picture. With a budget similar to that of a movie production, each image involved hundreds of people. Crewdson explored the idea of challenging tradition with experimentation of his title outside of the U. S. at the abandoned Cinecittá studios outside of Rome, after years of exploring the idea of cinematic photography, Sanctuary was Crewdson’s return to photography, his original hobby and technical training. The collection was shown at Crewdson’s principal agent, The Gagosian Gallery in New York City, the collection returns to his early photographic origins in Becket, Massachusetts set deep in the woods far from familiarity of subject and setting
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Philip-Lorca diCorcia
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Philip-Lorca diCorcia is an American photographer. He studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, afterwards diCorcia attended Yale University where he received a Master of Fine Arts in Photography in 1979. He now lives and works in New York City, and teaches at Yale University in New Haven, DiCorcia was born in 1951 in Hartford, Connecticut. His family is of Italian descent, having moved to the United States from Abruzzo and he attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where he earned a Diploma in 1975 and a 5th year certificate in 1976. DiCorcia alternates between informal snapshots and iconic quality staged compositions that often have a baroque theatricality and his work could be described as documentary photography mixed with the fictional world of cinema and advertising, which creates a powerful link between reality, fantasy and desire. His work from this period is associated with the Boston School of photography and he would later start photographing random people in urban spaces all around the world. His photographs would then give a sense of heightened drama to the passers-by accidental poses, unintended movements, each of his series, Hustlers, Streetwork, Heads, A Storybook Life, and Lucky Thirteen, can be considered progressive explorations of diCorcia’s formal and conceptual fields of interest. Besides his family, associates and random people he has also photographed personas already theatrically enlarged by their life choices and his pictures have black humor within them, and have been described as Rorschach-like, since they can have a different interpretation depending on the viewer. As they are planned beforehand, diCorcia often plants in his concepts issues like the marketing of reality, the commodification of identity, art, in 1989, financed by a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship of $45,000, DiCorcia began his “Hustlers” project. Starting in the early 1990s, he made five trips to Los Angeles to photograph male prostitutes in Hollywood and he used a 6-by-9 Linhof view camera, which he positioned in advance with Polaroid tests. At first, he photographed his subjects only in motel rooms, later, he moved onto the streets. In 1999, DiCorcia set up his camera on a tripod in Times Square, attached strobe lights to scaffolding across the street and took a random series of pictures of strangers passing under his lights. Originally published in W as a result of a collaboration with Dennis Freedman between 1997 and 2008, DiCorcia produced a series of stories in places like Havana, Cairo. New York, Museum of Modern Art,2003, santa Fe, NM, Twin Palms,2003. Steidl/Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston,2007, bennett Simpson, Jill Medvedow, Lynne Tillman, diCorcia. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, centre National de la Photographie, Paris. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, thousand, David Zwirner Gallery, New York, March 2009. One thousand actual-size reproductions of diCorcias Polaroids, the Hepworth Wakefield, England, February 2014
38.
Eva Hesse
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Eva Hesse, was a Jewish German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics. She is one of the artists who ushered in the art movement in the 1960s. Hesse was born into a family of observant Jews in Hamburg, Germany, when Hesse was two years old in December 1938, her parents, hoping to flee from Nazi Germany, sent Hesse and her older sister, Helen Hesse Charash, to the Netherlands via Kindertransport. After almost six months of separation, the family moved to England and then, in 1939, emigrated to New York City. In 1944, Hesses parents separated, her father remarried in 1945, in 1962, she met and married sculptor Tom Doyle, they divorced in 1966. In October 1969, she was diagnosed with a brain tumor and her death, after three operations within a year, at age 34 ended a career spanning only 10 years. Hesse graduated from New Yorks School of Industrial Art at the age of 16 and she dropped out only a year later. Then, from 1954-1957 she studied at Cooper Union and in 1959 she received her BA from Yale University, while at Yale, Hesse studied under Josef Albers and was heavily influenced by Abstract Expressionism. After Yale, Eva returned to New York, where she became friends with other young minimalist artists, including Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Yayoi Kusama. Her close friendship with Sol LeWitt remained until the end of her life, the two frequently wrote to one another, and in 1965 Sol famously counseled a young doubting Eva to Stop and just DO. Sol and Eva went on to two of the most influential artists of the 1960s, and their friendship aided in the artistic development of each of their works. In 1962, Eva married fellow sculptor Tom Doyle, and in 1965, Hesse and Doyle, whose marriage was coming apart, lived and worked in an abandoned textile mill in the Ruhr region of Germany for about a year. Their studio was set up in a part of Friedrich Arnhard Scheidt’s textile factory in Kettwig-on-the-Ruhr near Essen. Hesse was not happy to be back in Germany, but began sculpting with materials that had left behind in the abandoned factory. Her first sculpture, a relief titled Ring Around Arosie featured cloth-covered cord, electrical wire and this year in Germany marked a turning point in Hesses career. From this point on she would continue to make sculptures, which became the focus in her work. Returning to New York City in 1965, she began working in the materials that would become characteristic of her work, latex, fiberglass, and plastics. From 1968 to until her death in 1970, Hesse taught at the School of Visual Arts, New York, while continuing to make, when Hesse was 18 years-old, she interned at Seventeen magazine
