1.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
2.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
3.
John Wiley & Sons
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Founded in 1807, Wiley is also known for publishing For Dummies. As of 2015, the company had 4,900 employees, Wiley was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, Charles Wileys son John took over the business when his father died in 1826. The firm was successively named Wiley, Lane & Co. then Wiley & Putnam, the company acquired its present name in 1876, when Johns second son William H. Wiley joined his brother Charles in the business. Through the 20th century, the company expanded its activities, the sciences. Since the establishment of the Nobel Prize in 1901, Wiley and its companies have published the works of more than 450 Nobel Laureates. Wiley in December 2010 opened an office in Dubai, to build on its business in the Middle East more effectively, the company has had an office in Beijing, China, since 2001, and China is now its sixth-largest market for STEM content. Wiley established publishing operations in India in 2006, and has established a presence in North Africa through sales contracts with academic institutions in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. On April 16,2012, the announced the establishment of Wiley Brasil Editora LTDA in São Paulo, Brazil. Wileys scientific, technical, and medical business was expanded by the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007. Through a backfile initiative completed in 2007,8.2 million pages of content have been made available online. Other major journals published include Angewandte Chemie, Advanced Materials, Hepatology, International Finance, launched commercially in 1999, Wiley InterScience provided online access to Wiley journals, major reference works, and books, including backfile content. Journals previously from Blackwell Publishing were available online from Blackwell Synergy until they were integrated into Wiley InterScience on June 30,2008, in December 2007, Wiley also began distributing its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. On February 17,2012, Wiley announced the acquisition of Inscape Holdings Inc. which provides DISC assessments and training for interpersonal business skills. On August 13,2012, Wiley announced it entered into an agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommers brand. On October 2,2012, Wiley announced it would acquire Deltak edu, LLC, Deltak is expected to contribute solid growth to both Wileys Global Education business and Wiley overall. Seventh-generation members Jesse and Nate Wiley work in the companys Professional/Trade and Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly businesses, respectively. Wiley has been owned since 1962, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1995, its stock is traded under the symbols NYSE, JW. A and NYSE
4.
Genre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
5.
Hardcover
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A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
6.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
7.
National Book Critics Circle Award
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The National Book Critics Circle Awards are a set of annual American literary awards by the National Book Critics Circle to promote the finest books and reviews published in English. The first NBCC awards were announced and presented January 16,1976, There are six awards to books published in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year, in six categories, Fiction, Nonfiction, Poetry, Memoir/Autobiography, Biography, and Criticism. Books previously published in English are not eligible, such as re-issues, nor does the NBC Circle consider cookbooks, self help books, reference books, picture books or childrens books. They do consider translations, short story and essay collections, self published books, winners of the awards are announced each year at the NBCC awards ceremony in conjunction with the yearly membership meeting, which takes place in March. Award for a best first book in any genre, Ivan Sandrof was one founder of the National Book Critics Circle and its first President. The Sandrof Award has also presented as the Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing. It honors Nona Balakian, who was one of three NBCC founders, for 43 years, Balakian was an editor on the staff of the New York Times Book Review. Five finalists are announced each year, one of whom is selected as the winner of the citation, the award has been called the most prestigious award for book criticism in the country. Award year is for the publication year, currently January 1 to December 31. The finalists were announced on January 17,2017, the winners were announced March 17,2016 at the New School in New York. J. The winners were announced March 12,2015, lacy M. Johnson, The Other Side Gary Shteyngart, Little Failure Meline Toumani, There Was and There Was Not Biography Ezra Greenspan, William Wells Brown, An African American Life S. C. The winners were announced on March 13,2014, powers Ruth Franklin James Marcus Roxana Robinson Alexandra Schwartz The finalists were announced January 14,2012. The winners were announced on Feb.28,2012, Fiction Laurent Binet, HHhH tr. A. Powell, Useless Landscape, or A Guide for Boys A. E. Stallings, Olives Autobiography Reyna Grande, The Distance Between Us Maureen N. Pugliese, Bitter Spring, A Life of Ignazio Silone Martha A. A, herring, From Colony to Superpower, US Foreign Relations Since 1776. Allan Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, Jane Mayer, The Dark Side, Autobiography Rick Bass, Why I Came West, Helene Cooper, The House on Sugar Beach, Honor Moore, The Bishop’s Daughter, Andrew X. S. Naipaul, Paul J. Giddings, Ida, A Sword Among Lions, complete list of NBCC winners and finalists
8.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
10.
MIT Press
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The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Six years later, MITs publishing operations were first formally instituted by the creation of an imprint called Technology Press in 1932 and this imprint was founded by James R. Killian, Jr. at the time editor of MITs alumni magazine and later to become MIT president. Technology Press published eight titles independently, then in 1937 entered into an arrangement with John Wiley & Sons in which Wiley took over marketing, in 1962 the association with Wiley came to an end after a further 125 titles had been published. The press acquired its name after this separation, and has since functioned as an independent publishing house. A European marketing office was opened in 1969, and a Journals division was added in 1972, other areas, such as technology and design, have been added since. A recent addition is environmental science, in January 2010 the MIT Press published its 9000th title, and published about 200 books and 30 journals. In 2012 the Press celebrated its 50th anniversary, including publishing a booklet on paper. The MIT Press is a distributor for such publishers as Zone Books, in 2000, the MIT Press created CogNet, an online resource for the study of the brain and the cognitive sciences. In 1981 the MIT Press published its first book under the Bradford Books imprint, Brainstorms, Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology by Daniel C. The MIT Press also operates the MIT Press Bookstore showcasing both its front and backlist titles, along with a selection of complementary works from other academic. Once extensive construction around its location is completed, the Bookstore is planned to be returned to a site adjacent to the subway entrance. The Bookstore offers customized selections from the MIT Press at many conferences and symposia in the Boston area, the Press uses a colophon or logo designed by its longtime design director, Muriel Cooper, in 1962. It later served as an important reference point for the 2015 redesign of the MIT Media Lab logo by Pentagram, the Arts and Humanities Economics International Affairs, History, and Political Science Science and Technology Official Website MIT Press Journals Homepage The MIT PressLog
11.
Harvard University Press
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Harvard University Press is a publishing house established on January 13,1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. In 2005, it published 220 new titles and it is a member of the Association of American University Presses. Its current director is William P. Sisler and the editor-in-chief is Susan Wallace Boehmer, the press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, in New York City, and in London, England. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the Harvard Guide to American History. The John Harvard Library book series is published under the Belknap imprint, Harvard University Press distributes the Loeb Classical Library and is the publisher of the I Tatti Renaissance Library, the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, and the Murty Classical Library of India. It is distinct from Harvard Business Press, which is part of Harvard Business Publishing, category, Harvard University Press books Hall, Max. Official website Blog of Harvard University Press
12.
Paul Rand
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Paul Rand was an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc. He was one of the first American commercial artists to embrace and practice the Swiss Style of graphic design, Rand was a professor emeritus of graphic design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from 1956 to 1969, and from 1974 to 1985. He was inducted into the New York Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1972, Paul Rand was born on August 15,1914 in Brooklyn, New York. He embraced design at a young age, painting signs for his fathers grocery store as well as for school events at P. S. Rands father did not believe art could provide his son with a sufficient livelihood, Rand was largely self-taught as a designer, learning about the works of Cassandre and Moholy-Nagy from European magazines such as Gebrauchsgraphik. Rand Also attended Parsons The New School for Design and the Art Students League of New York and his career began with humble assignments, starting with a part-time position creating stock images for a syndicate that supplied graphics to various newspapers and magazines. Between his class assignments and his work, Rand was able to amass a large portfolio. Morris Wyszogrod, a friend and associate of Rand, noted that he figured that Paul Rand, four letters here, four letters there, roy R. Indeed, Rand was rapidly moving into the forefront of his profession. Although Rand was most famous for the logos he created in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1936, Rand was given the job of setting the layout for an Apparel Arts magazine anniversary issue. The cover art for Direction magazine proved to be an important step in the development of the Paul Rand look that was not as yet fully developed, a perfect union of the aggressive vertical and the passive horizontal. Rands most widely known contributions to design are his corporate identities, IBM, ABC, Cummins Engine, UPS, and the now-infamous Enron, among many others, owe Rand their graphical heritage. One of his strengths, as Moholy-Nagy pointed out, was his ability as a salesman to explain the needs his identities would address for the corporation, the logo was modified by Rand in 1960. The striped logo was created in 1972, the stripes were introduced as a half-toning technique to make the IBM mark slightly less heavy and more dynamic. Two variations of the logo were designed, one with eight stripes. Rand also designed packaging, marketing materials and assorted communications for IBM from the late 1950s until the late 1990s, ford appointed Rand in the 1960s to redesign their corporate logo, but afterwards chose not to use his modernized design. Although the logos may be interpreted as simplistic, Rand was quick to point out in A Designers Art that ideas do not need to be esoteric to be original or exciting. His Westinghouse trademark, created in 1960, epitomizes that ideal of minimalism while proving Rands point that a logo cannot survive unless it is designed with the utmost simplicity and restraint
13.
Yale Repertory Theatre
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In the process it has become one of the first distinguished regional theatres. Located at the edge of Yales main downtown campus, it occupies the former Calvary Baptist Church, some successful works were transferred to commercial theaters. Benjamin Mordecai served as managing director from 1982 to 1993, Victoria Nolan has served in capacity since 1993. Calvary Baptist Church was erected in 1846 in the Gothic revival architectural style on a plot of land that was the home of Richard Platt. Upon redundancy, the church was controlled by Yale University, which was served by a nondenominational chapel. Yale Dramatic Association Official website Yale Repertory Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database
14.
Anchor Bible Series
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Their works offer discussions that reflect a range of viewpoints across a wide theological spectrum. The Anchor Bible project continues to produce volumes that keep readers current on recent scholarship and are grounded in analysis, as of 2005, more than 120 volumes had been published, each edited by David Noel Freedman, General Editor and published by Doubleday, Freedman died in 2008. Since then John J. Collins has served as the General Editor, in 2007, Yale University Press purchased the Anchor Bible Series. Yale now publishes backlist titles and new titles as the Anchor Yale Bible Series, the Anchor Bible Commentary Series, created under the guidance of William Foxwell Albright, comprises a translation and exegesis of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Intertestamental Books. Lengthy or complex biblical books are covered in more than one volume, a work in progress, as of 2006, the series has produced over 80 volumes, some of which are updates of earlier works. The series is 99% complete, the half of Exodus was released in early December 2006. Others such as II Chronicles and Revelation are under contract, the Anchor Bible Dictionary contains more than 6,000 entries from 800 international scholars. It has illustrations and line-art throughout, and is available for download from Logos Bible Software or Accordance Bible Software. Works in the Anchor Yale Bible commentary series include, Speiser, boling, Robert G. Wright, G. Ernest. Replaced Campbell, Edward F. Jr. Ruth, mcCarter, P. Kyle, Jr.1 Samuel. McCarter, P. Kyle, Jr.2 Samuel, replaced Myers, Jacob M.1 Chronicles. Knoppers, Gary N.1 Chronicles 1–9, knoppers, Gary N.1 Chronicles 10–29. Myers, Jacob M. Ezra - Nehemiah, pope, Marvin H. Song of Songs. Hartman, Louis F. DiLella, Alexander A, Meyers, Carol L. Meyers, Eric M. Haggai and Zechariah 1–8. Meyers, Carol L. Meyers, Eric M. Zechariah 9–14, Albright, W. F. Mann, C. S. Matthew. Replaced Orr, William F. Walther, James Arthur, the First and Second Letters to Timothy. The Epistles of James, Peter, and Jude, neyrey, Jerome H.2 Peter and Jude. Skehan, Patrick W. Wisdom of Ben Sira, Myers, Jacob M.1 and 2 Esdras
15.
Doubleday Publishing Group
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Doubleday is an American publishing company founded as Doubleday & McClure Company in 1897 that by 1947 was the largest in the United States. It published the work of mostly U. S. authors under a number of imprints, in 2009 Doubleday was merged with Knopf Publishing Group to form the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. The firm was founded as Doubleday & McClure Company in 1897 by Frank Nelson Doubleday, one of their first bestsellers was The Days Work by Rudyard Kipling. Other authors published by the company in its early years include W. Somerset Maugham, theodore Roosevelt, Jr. later served as a vice-president of the company. In 1900, the company became Doubleday, Page & Company when Walter Hines Page joined as a new partner, in 1922, the founders son, Nelson Doubleday, joined the firm. In 1910, Doubleday, Page, and Co. moved its operations, the Doubleday company purchased much of the land on the east side of Franklin Avenue, and estate homes were built for many of its executives on Fourth Street. In 1916, company co-founder and Garden City resident Walter Hines Page was named Ambassador to Great Britain, in 1927, Doubleday merged with the George H. Doran Company, creating Doubleday, Doran, then the largest publishing business in the English-speaking world. In 1946, the company became Doubleday and Company, Nelson Doubleday, Jr. resigned as president, but continued as chairman of the board until his death on January 11,1949. Douglas Black took over and was president from 1946 to 1963, by 1947, Doubleday was the largest publisher in the US, with annual sales of over 30 million books. In 1980, the company bought the New York Mets baseball team and it defeated the Boston Red Sox to win the World Series in 1986 in a classic 7-game contest. The company had offices in London and Paris and wholly owned subsidiaries in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, with joint ventures in the UK and the Netherlands. Doubleday sold the company to Bertelsmann in 1986, and teamed up with minority owner Fred Wilpon to buy the Mets in his own name. In 1988, portions of the firm part of the Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. In late 2008 and early 2009, the Doubleday imprint was merged with Knopf Publishing Group to form the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, image Books, Catholic Books—still a Doubleday unit as part of Doubleday Religious Publishing Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, a literary imprint established in 1990. Talese, the publisher and editorial director, is a senior vice president of Doubleday
16.
Yale School of Management
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The Yale School of Management is the graduate business school of Yale University and is located on Whitney Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. As of August 2015,668 students were enrolled in its MBA program,114 in the EMBA program,63 in the MAM program, beginning in the 2017-2018 school year, the school will launch a one-year Master of Management Studies degree in Systemic Risk. The School has 86 full-time faculty members, and the dean is Edward A. Snyder, the School conducts education and research in leadership, behavioral economics, operations management, marketing, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, and other areas. The EMBA program offers focused study in healthcare, asset management, beginning in the 1950s, Yale University started to expand coursework offerings in business and organization management. In 1971, Yale University received a donation establishing a program in management from Frederick W. Beinecke, two years later, the Yale Corporation approved the establishment of a School of Organization and Management. Arriving in 1976, the first class of the program that awarded a masters degree in public. Historically known for its strength in studies regarding nonprofits and the public sector, shortly thereafter in 1999, the School began offering a master of business degree and discontinued the MPPM degree. Yale SOM launched an executive MBA program for professionals in 2005. That same year in January, SOMs new building, Edward P. Evans Hall, opened at 165 Whitney Avenue, one block away from the old campus on Hillhouse Avenue. Edward P. Evans Hall, a 249, 743-square-foot building named after the Yale alumnus who donated $50 million to the school, is the new home for Yale School of Management as of January 2014. An inaugural conference entitled Business + Society, Leadership in an Increasingly Complex World marked the opening of the new campus, the three-day conference examined major trends transforming markets and organizations around the world. Foster + Partners, the firm chaired by Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate Lord Norman Foster ARCH ’62, Edward P. Evans Hall houses technology-enabled classrooms, faculty offices, academic centers, and student and meeting spaces organized around an enclosed courtyard. The Master of Advanced Management program is a program based at SOMs New Haven campus for business students from Global Network for Advanced Management schools. All MAM students matriculate into the MAM program immediately after their graduation from their business schools to continue the studies at SOM. The MAM class of 2016 is composed of 63 students from 34 countries and 20 Global Network for Advanced Management schools and is 38% women. For the 2006–2007 academic year, the School introduced its Integrated Curriculum, the Orientation to Management is the first segment of the curriculum, which introduces students to core concepts and business skills. The core of the curriculum and first-year experience is a series of interdisciplinary. These courses include Employee, Innovator, Operations Engine, Sourcing and Managing Funds, Competitor, Customer, Investor, The Global Macro-economy, and State and Society
17.
Ludwig von Mises
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Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises was a theoretical Austrian School economist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on behalf of classical liberalism and he is best known for his work on praxeology, a study of human choice and action. Mises emigrated from Austria to the United States in 1940, since the mid-20th century, the libertarian movement in the United States has been strongly influenced by Misess writings. Misess student, Friedrich Hayek, viewed Mises as one of the figures in the revival of liberalism in the post-war era. Hayeks work, The Transmission of the Ideals of Freedom pays high tribute to the influence of Mises in the twentieth century liberal movement, Misess Austrian School was a leading group of economists. Many of its alumni, including Hayek and Oskar Morgenstern, emigrated from Austria to the United States, Mises has been described as having approximately seventy close students in Austria, and the Austrians as the insiders of the Chicago School of economics. The Ludwig von Mises Institute was founded in the United States to continue his teachings, Ludwig von Mises was born to Jewish parents in the city of Lemberg, in Galicia, Austria-Hungary. The family of his father Arthur Edler von Mises had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in the 19th century, ludwigs mother, Adele, was a niece of Dr. Joachim Landau, a Liberal Party deputy to the Austrian Parliament. Arthur von Mises was stationed in Lemberg as an engineer with the Czernowitz railway company. By the age of twelve, Ludwig spoke fluent German, Polish and French, read Latin, Mises had a younger brother, Richard von Mises, who became a mathematician and a member of the Vienna Circle, and a probability theorist. When Ludwig and Richard were still children, their family moved back to Vienna, in 1900, Ludwig Von Mises attended the University of Vienna, becoming influenced by the works of Carl Menger. Three years later, Mises was awarded his doctorate from the school of law in 1906, in the years from 1904 to 1914, Mises attended lectures given by Austrian economist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. He graduated in February 1906 and started a career as a servant in Austrias financial administration. After a few months, he left to take a position in a Vienna law firm. During that time, Mises began lecturing on economics, and in early 1909, he joined the Vienna Chamber of Commerce, during World War I, Mises served as a front officer in the Austro-Hungarian artillery and as an economic adviser to the War Department. Mises was chief economist for the Austrian Chamber of Commerce and was an adviser of Engelbert Dollfuss. Later he was adviser to Otto von Habsburg, the Christian democratic politician. In 1934, Mises left Austria for Geneva, Switzerland, where he was a professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies until 1940, while in Switzerland, Mises married Margit Herzfeld Serény, a former actress and widow of Ferdinand Serény
18.
National Review
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National Review is an American semi-monthly magazine focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs. The magazine was founded by the author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955 and it is currently edited by Rich Lowry. The online version, National Review Online, is edited by Charles C. W. Cooke and includes free content and they also wanted to marginalize what they saw as the antiwar, noninterventionistic views of the Old Right. In 1953 moderate Republican Dwight D. Louis Globe-Democrat, a few small-circulation conservative magazines, such as Human Events and The Freeman, preceded National Review in developing Cold War Conservatism in the 1950s. In 1953, Russell Kirk published The Conservative Mind, which sought to trace an intellectual bloodline from Edmund Burke to the Old Right in the early 1950s and this challenged the popular notion that no coherent conservative tradition existed in the United States. A young William F. Buckley Jr. was greatly influenced by Kirks concepts, Buckley, from a wealthy oil family, first tried to purchase Human Events, but was turned down. The statement of intentions read, Middle-of-the-Road, qua Middle of the Road, is politically, intellectually and we shall recommend policies for the simple reason that we consider them right, and we consider them right because they are based on principles we deem right. On November 19,1955, Buckley’s magazine began to take shape, Buckley assembled an eclectic group of writers, traditionalists, Catholic intellectuals, libertarians and ex-Communists. The group included, Russell Kirk, James Burnham, Frank Meyer, the former Time editor Whittaker Chambers, who had been a Communist spy in the 1930s, eventually became a senior editor. In the magazine’s founding statement Buckley wrote, Let’s Face it, Unlike Vienna, it seems possible that did National Review not exist. When James Burnham became one of the senior editors, he urged the adoption of a more pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center. For it is the fact that nowadays there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation. The conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not, express themselves in ideas but only. In irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas, there never was an age of conformity quite like this one, or a camaraderie quite like the Liberals’. National Review promoted Barry Goldwater heavily during the early 1960s, Buckley and others involved with the magazine took a major role in the Draft Goldwater movement in 1960 and the 1964 presidential campaign. National Review spread his vision of conservatism throughout the country, the early National Review faced occasional defections from both left and right. Garry Wills broke with N. R. and became a liberal commentator, Buckley’s brother-in-law, L. Brent Bozell Jr. who ghostwrote The Conscience of a Conservative for Barry Goldwater, left and started the short-lived traditionalist Catholic magazine, Triumph in 1966. Buckley and his editors used his magazine to define the boundaries of conservatism—and to exclude people or ideas or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title, therefore, they attacked the John Birch Society, George Wallace, and anti-Semites
19.
Henry Hazlitt
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He is widely cited in both libertarian and conservative circles. Henry Hazlitt was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raised in Brooklyn and he was a collateral descendant of the British essayist William Hazlitt, but grew up in relative poverty, his father having died when Hazlitt was an infant. His early heroes were Herbert Spencer and William James, and his first ambition was for a career in psychology. He attended New Yorks City College, but left only a short time in order to support his twice-widowed mother. Hazlitt started his career at The Wall Street Journal as secretary to the editor when he was still a teenager. His studies led him to The Common Sense of Political Economy by Philip Wicksteed which, Hazlitt published his first book, Thinking as a Science, at the age of 21. During World War I, he served in the Army Air Service, while residing in Brooklyn, he enlisted in New York City on February 11,1918 and served with the Aviation Section of the Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps until July 9,1918. He returned to New York, residing at Washington Square Park for many years. Later, when the publisher W. W. Norton suggested he write a biography of their author Bertrand Russell, Hazlitt spent a good deal of time, as he described it. After a series of debates with socialist Louis Fischer, Hazlitt. In the same year, he became H. L, due to increasing differences with the publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, Sr. Hazlitt opposed the Bretton Woods Agreement, primarily fearing the risk of inflation. After agreeing not to write on the topic, he looked for another venue for his work, deciding on Newsweek magazine, for which he wrote a column, Business Tides. Along with the efforts of his friends, Max Eastman and John Chamberlain and he was the founding vice-president of the Foundation for Economic Education, which also acquired his large personal library in the 1980s. Established by Leonard Read in 1946, FEE is considered to be the first think tank for free market ideas and he was also one of the original members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society in 1947. Flynn, Frank Meyer, Raymond Moley, Morrie Ryskind and George Sokolsky, Hazlitt himself was on the masthead of National Review, either as a Contributing Editor or, later, as Contributor, from its inception in 1955 until his death in 1993. There were differences between the journals, The Freeman under Hazlitt was more secular and presented a range of foreign policy opinion than the later National Review. The two became admirers of Hazlitt and of one another, Hazlitt became well known both through his articles and by frequently debating prominent politicians on the radio, including, Vice President Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and U. S. Senators Paul Douglas and Hubert H. Humphrey, the future Vice President, at the invitation of philosopher Sidney Hook, he was also a participating member of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom in the 1950s
20.
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
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The newspaper announced that this was an attempt to contribute to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Muslim groups in Denmark complained, and the issue led to protests around the world, including violent demonstrations. Islam has a tradition of aniconism, and it is considered highly blasphemous in most Islamic traditions to visually depict Muhammad. This, compounded with a sense that the cartoons insulted Muhammad and Islam and they presented a dossier containing the twelve cartoons from the Jyllands-Posten, and other information some of which was found to be falsified. As a result, the issue received prominent media attention in some Muslim countries, leading to protests across the world in late January, some groups responded to the outpouring of protest by endorsing the Danish policies, launching Buy Danish campaigns and other displays of support. The cartoons were reprinted in newspapers around the world both in a sense of solidarity and as an illustration in what became a major news story. Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmarks worst international relations incident since the Second World War, the cartoons and the reaction to them aggravated already-strained relations. The Danish tradition of high tolerance for freedom of speech became a focus of some attention. Critics of the cartoons described them as Islamophobic, racist, or baiting and blasphemous to Muslims, others saw them as a manifestation of ignorance about the history of Western imperialism, double standards, and stereotyping. Three artists declined Bluitgens proposal out of fear of reprisals, one artist agreed to assist anonymously, he said that he was afraid for his and his familys safety. The story gained some traction, and the major Danish newspapers reported the story the following day, the supposed refusals from these first three artists to participate was seen as evidence of self-censorship out of fear of violence from Islamists, which led to much debate in Denmark. The Danish news paper Politiken stated at February 12,2006, the author refused, and nobody has ever been able to confirm whether the incident is properly described. At an editorial meeting of Jyllands-Posten on 19 September, reporter Stig Olesen mooted the idea of asking the members of the newspaper illustrators union if they would be willing to draw Muhammad and this would be an experiment to see the degree to which professional illustrators felt threatened. Flemming Rose, culture editor, was interested in the idea,12 drawings had been submitted—three from newspaper employees and two which did not directly show Muhammad. The editors thought that some of the illustrators who had not responded were employed by newspapers and were thus contractually prohibited from working for Jyllands-Posten. Carsten Juste has said that the survey lacked validity and the story fell short of sound journalistic basis, on 30 September 2005, Jyllands-Posten published an article entitled Muhammeds ansigt incorporating the cartoons. The article consisted of the 12 cartoons and a text, in which Rose wrote, Modern. They demand a position, insisting on special consideration of their own religious feelings
21.
The Cartoons that Shook the World
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The Cartoons that Shook the World is a 2009 book by Brandeis University professor Jytte Klausen about the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. The book was scheduled to be published in November 2009 by Yale University Press, sheila Blair, Calderwood Professor of Fine Arts at Boston College and an expert on the art of the Islamic world was one of the authorities consulted by the Yale University Press. “I was consulted by the press about the decision whether or not to publish, I suggested that they publish the newspaper page in its entirety as documentary evidence of the episode being discussed, ” he told The Times. “I actually know another professor who was consulted and also told them to go ahead, but do it in a responsible manner. ”Cary Nelson. “What is to stop publishers from suppressing an author’s words if it appears they may offend religious fundamentalists or groups threatening violence. ”“We deplore this decision, according to The Bookseller, the Press has come under heavy criticism for its decision to censor the illustrations. In November,2009, Voltaire Press published all of the images expunged by Yale University in a book entitled Muhammad, according to Hull, the new publication is a picture book – or errata to the bowdlerized version of Klausens book. According to the publisher, Jytte Klausen interviewed politicians in the Middle East, Muslim leaders in Europe, the Danish editors and cartoonists, following the winding trail of protests across the world, she deconstructs the arguments and motives that drove the escalation of the increasingly globalized conflict. She concludes that the Muslim reaction to the cartoons was not—as was commonly assumed—a spontaneous emotional reaction arising out of the clash of Western, Klausen shows how the cartoon crisis was, therefore, ultimately a political conflict rather than a colossal cultural misunderstanding. The Jewel of Medina Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
22.
Nicholas A. Basbanes
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Nicholas Andrew Basbanes is an American author who writes and lectures widely about books and book culture. Nicholas Basbanes is the son of two first-generation Greek-Americans and he graduated from Lowell High School in 1961, and earned a bachelor’s degree in English from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, in 1965. Discharged from active duty in 1971, Basbanes went to work as a general assignment reporter for The Evening Gazette in Worcester, Massachusetts, two selections of his literary journalism were collected in Editions & Impressions and About the Author. Basbanes first book, A Gentle Madness, Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes, and its topic is book collecting, but its focus is human nature – what Basbanes calls the “gentle madness” of bibliomania. A Gentle Madness was named a New York Times notable book of the year, in 2010, the Wall Street Journal named it one of the most influential works about book collecting published in the twentieth century. In 2012, a paperback edition and a new electronic version of the book were published. By 2003, with the publication of A Splendor of Letters, Basbanes was already acknowledged as an authority on books. The eight-year project, which was released in October 2013, was supported in part by the award of a National Endowment for the Humanities Research Fellowship in 2008, in addition to his books, Basbanes writes for numerous newspapers, magazines, and journals. He writes the “Gently Mad” column for Fine Books & Collections magazine, the Public Scholar program is designed to promote the publication of scholarly nonfiction books for general audiences. The Cushing Memorial Library and Archives of Texas A&M University acquired Basbanes papers as the Nicholas A. Basbanes Collection in December 2015, the collection includes archives of Basbanes’ professional career as an author and literary journalist, as well as a significant portion of his personal library. Highlights of the collection include materials related to the writing of his nine books. On Paper, The Everything of Its Two-Thousand-Year History, New York, durham, NC, Fine Books Press,2012 “Bibliophilia, Still No Cure in Sight”, New York Times, April 14,1991. A Voice Revived Dorothy West Was Part Of The Harlem Renaissance In The 20s And 30s, now, At Age 87, She Has A New Novel - Her First In Nearly 50 Years, Philadelphia Inquirer, February 22,1995. “Fragile Guardians of Culture”, Los Angeles Times, January 12,2004, “A Bitter End for Hub Gem”, Boston Globe, Feb.29. “Honorable Death for a Rusty Warrior”, Los Angeles Times, May 6,2004, “Bibliophiles Inside the Wire”, Los Angeles Times, April 24,2006. “Iraq, The Cradle of the Written Word”, Christian Science Monitor, “When We Said Goodbye to the USS Oriskany”, Christian Science Monitor, May 26,2006. “Famous Once Again”, Smithsonian, February 2007, “The Bard Out Loud”, Bates Magazine, June 2007, reprinted from The Book That Changed My Life,71 Remarkable Writers Celebrate the Books That Matter Most to Them. “The Paper Trail, Hand Papermaking in China”, Fine Books & Collections, Los Angeles Times, December 8,2013
23.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
24.
Elihu Yale
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Yales ancestry can be traced back to the family estate at Plas yn Iâl near the village of Llandegla, Denbighshire, Wales. The name Yale is the English spelling of the Welsh place name Iâl, the Yale family left Boston and returned to England when Elihu was three years old and he grew up going to school in London. For 20 years Yale served the Honourable East India Company, in 1684 he became the first president of Fort St. George, the companys post at Madras, India. He succeeded a number of agents from Andrew Cogan to William Gyfford, Yale was instrumental in the development of the Government General Hospital, housed at Fort St. George. Yale amassed a fortune working for the company, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants. By 1692, his repeated flouting of East India Company regulations, Yale returned to Britain in 1699. He spent the rest of his life at Plas Grono, a mansion bought by his father near Wrexham, Wales, or at his house in London, Yale married Catherine Hynmers, a widow, in 1680. The wedding took place at St. Marys Church, at Fort St. George, the marriage was the first registered at the church. Elihu Yale was re-appointed as president of the administration of Fort St George on 26 July 1687 and he then implemented an order dated 14 January 1685 which required the English at Fort St George to make all attempts at procurement of the town of St Thome on lease. To this effect, Chinna Venkatadri was sent to negotiate with the governor on 4 August 1687. The mission was successful and Chinna Venkatadri assumed sovereignty over St Thome for a period of three years, notwithstanding the vehement protests of the Portuguese inhabitants of St Thome, the English gained absolute control over all lands up to St Thomas Mount for a period of three years. In September 1688, the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb took Golconda after a prolonged battle, the Mughals took Sultan of Golconda prisoner and annexed the state. Aurangazeb guaranteed the independence of Madras, but in return demanded that the English supply troops in the event of a war against the Marathas and it was around this time that Yales three-year-old son David Yale died and was interred in the Madras cemetery. The records of this period mention a flourishing trade in Madras. He enforced a law that at least ten slaves should be carried on every ship bound for Europe, in his capacity as judge he also on several occasions sentenced so-called black criminals to whipping and enslavement. When the demand began to rapidly, the English merchants even began to kidnap young children and deport them to distant parts of the world. The charter came into effect on 29 September 1688, and a Corporation was established comprising a Mayor,12 Aldermen, 60-100 Burgesses, Nathaniel Higginson, who was then the second member of the Council of Fort St George took office as the Mayor of Madras. In August 1689, a French fleet appeared near the coast of Ceylon compelling the Governor of Pulicat Lawrence Pitt who was on high seas to seek protection within the bastions of Fort St George
25.
Sterling Professor
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Sterling Professor is the highest academic rank at Yale University, awarded to a tenured faculty member considered one of the best in his or her field. It is akin to the rank of university professor at other universities, the position was established through a 1918 bequest from John William Sterling, and the first Sterling Professor was appointed in 1920. The professorships are named for and funded by a $15-million bequest left by John W. Sterling, partner in the New York law firm Shearman & Sterling, sterlings trustees eventually left the university more than $5 million for this purpose—about $225,000 per chair. By the mid-1920s, the endowment allowed eighteen Sterling Professors to be appointed, in 1958, the Yale Corporation capped the number of simultaneous appointments at 27, but further endowment growth allowed this number to expand to 40 by 2011. In addition to currently appointed faculty, a number of former Sterling Professors retain emeritus appointments at the university, the first woman to be named Sterling Professor was cell biologist Marilyn Farquhar, in 1987. After Farquhar left Yale in 1989, Middle English scholar Marie Borroff and geneticist Carolyn Slayman were the next women appointed, joan Steitz and Thomas Steitz, biochemists appointed in 1999 and 2001 respectively, are the only married couple to have both held the appointment
26.
Yale College
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Yale College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the school of the university. Originally established to train Congregationalist ministers, the college began teaching humanities, at the same time, students began organizing extracurricular organizations, first literary societies, and later publications, sports teams, and singing groups. By the mid-19th century, it was the largest college in the United States, in 1847, it was joined by another undergraduate degree-granting school at Yale, the Sheffield Scientific School, which was absorbed into the college in the mid-20th century. The most distinctive feature of life is the schools system of residential colleges, established in 1932. All undergraduates live in these colleges after their year, when most live on the schools Old Campus. The Collegiate School was founded in 1701 by a charter drawn by ten congregationalist ministers led by James Pierpont, originally situated in Abraham Piersons home in Killingworth, Connecticut, the college moved to New Haven in 1718 and was renamed for Elihu Yale, an early benefactor. Founded as a school to train ministers, original curriculum included only coursework in theology, later in the century, William Graham Sumner, the first professor of sociology in the United States, introduced studies in the social sciences. The relaxation of curriculum came in tandem with expansion in the extracurriculum, participation and leadership in these groups was an important social signifier and a route to induction into prestigious senior societies. Thus extracurricular participation became central to student life and social advancement, by 1870, Yale was the largest undergraduate institution in the country. Two additional colleges were built by 1940, and two more in the 1960s, for most of its history, study at Yale was almost exclusively restricted to white Protestant men, often the children of alumni. Documented exceptions to this paradigm include Hawaiian native Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia, who became a student of Yale President Timothy Dwight in 1809, pennington, who was allowed to audit theology courses in 1837. Moses Simons, a descendent of a slave-holding South Carolinian family, has suggested to be the first Jew to graduate from Yale. Though his maternal ancestry is disputed, he may have also been the first person of African American descent to graduate from any American college. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified. Enrollment at Yale only became competitive in the early 20th century, as late as the 1950s, tests and demographic questionnaires for admission to the college worked to exclude non-Christian men, especially Jews, as well as non-white men. By the mid-1960s these processes were becoming more meritocratic, focusing on recruitment of a racially, economically and geographically diverse student body and this meritocratic transition encouraged the university to establish the first need-blind admissions policy in the United States. After several decades of debate about coeducation, Yale College admitted its first class of women in 1969, in recent years, the college has focused on international recruitment, quadrupling the fraction of international students admitted between 1993 and 2013
27.
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
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The Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences is the graduate school of Yale University. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest graduate school in North America, while doctoral programs are also available in five of Yales professional schools, students are enrolled through the graduate school, which confers their degrees. The school is administered in four divisions—Humanities, Social Sciences, and Biological and Physical Sciences—and its faculty are divided into 52 departments, nineteen of these programs terminate with the master’s degree. The Graduate School enrolls approximately 2,800 students, one-third of whom come from outside the United States, approximately 900 faculty are involved with the graduate students as teachers, mentors, and advisors. Most of these faculty also teach in Yale College, the school of the university. The Department was also the precursor of the Sheffield Scientific School, the program offered seminars in chemistry and metallurgy, agricultural science, Greek and Latin literature, mathematics, philology, and Arabic. Following the model of German research universities, the Scientific School faculty established a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1860. At Commencement in July 1861, the awarded the first three Ph. D. s in North America to Eugene Schuyler, Arthur Williams Wright. NYUs School of Practical and Analytical Chemistry, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, in 1892, seven years after Yale organized as a university, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences was officially formed, and Arthur Twining Hadley was appointed dean. Hadley became Yales 13th president in 1899, in 1920, the Graduate School was assigned its own governing board, and under Dean Wilbur Lucius Cross, it attracted a large and distinguished scholarly faculty. Beginning in the nineteenth century, race and gender restrictions on graduate admissions were gradually relaxed. In 1876 Edward Alexander Bouchet received a doctorate in Physics, becoming the first African American to earn a Ph. D. in the United States, women were admitted into the Graduate School in 1892. A Hall of Graduate Studies for the school was completed in 1932, in 1996, the McDougal Graduate Student Center was established in the Hall of Graduate Studies. It now has professional staff to head offices of Teaching Fellow Preparation and Development, Graduate Career Services, the Graduate Student Assembly was established in 1997. Most Graduate School faculty are members of the Yale Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the largest faculty of the universitys schools and the same faculty body that governs the Yale College curriculum. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is organized into 40 departments, which administer the Graduate Schools four divisions, Humanities, Social Sciences, Biological Sciences, some members of Yales professional school faculties are also members of the Graduate School faculty, which permits them to advise doctoral candidates. A Dean of the Graduate School, appointed by the Yale Corporation, is the chief administrator. The position is held by geneticist Lynn Cooley
28.
Yale School of Architecture
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The Yale School of Architecture is one of the constituent professional schools of Yale University. Yales architecture programs are an outgrowth of a commitment to the teaching of the fine arts in the university. Art was first taught at an American college or university in 1869 when the Yale School of the Fine Arts was established. Yale alumnus and educator Andrew Dickson White was offered the post as the first dean of the school, even earlier, in 1832, Yale opened the Trumbull Art Gallery, the first college-affiliated gallery in the country. The Department of Architecture was established in the School of the Fine Arts in 1916, in 1959 the School of Art and Architecture, as it was then known, was made into a fully graduate professional school. In 1972 Yale designated the School of Architecture as its own professional school. The School is housed in the masterwork of its former Dean, the school also offers joint-degree programs with the School of Management and School of Forestry. Additionally, a course of study for undergraduates in Yale College leads to a Bachelor of Arts, Yales core program has always stressed design as a fundamental discipline. While initially associated with Beaux Arts pedagogy, the adopted a close affiliation with other modes of fine art, including sculpture, graphic design, painting. One of its most illustrious graduates, Eero Saarinen, produced a wide variety of student projects ranging from medals and currency to campus. When the Art and Architecture Building became its home, Paul Rudolphs design reflected this close integration between various fine art departments, the famed department of Graphic Design contributed consistently to architecture posters, publications and exhibits, particularly to Perspecta, Yales ground breaking student journal. Another distinguishing element in the Yale core program has been the Yale Building Project, in later years the program focused more on New Haven and Southern Connecticut. A recent book on the documents the extraordinary breadth and significance of the work produced by students, many of whom went on to become renowned architects. One of the first of its kind, made it possible for architects, only recently have the design professions embraced this wider field of study, spurred by the movement towards sustainability and inter-disciplinarity. Notable recipients of the degree included William J. Mitchell, later dean at MIT, and Steven Izenour, the Yale Urban Design Workshop is a community design center affiliated with the Yale School of Architecture. It was established in 1992 by School of Architecture professor Alan Plattus, as of 2016, the programs ten-year average ranking, places it 4th, overall, on DesignIntelligences ranking of programs accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. Conversely, DesignIntelligences ten-year median ranking places the program 3rd, * denotes tie The school maintains an active publications program. It supports two student-edited journals, Perspecta and Retrospecta, a news magazine, Constructs, and publishes books
29.
Yale School of Art
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The Yale School of Art is the art school of Yale University. U. S. News & World Reports 2012 and 2013 rankings rated Yale first in the United States for its Masters of Fine Arts programs, the Yale Daily News reported in February 2007 that 1,215 applicants for its class of 2009 sought admission to 55 places. The Yale Alumni Magazine reported in November 2008 that the School admitted sixty-five applicants from among 1,142 for its class of 2010, any student applying to the school must have an exceptional undergraduate record as well as a complete body of work for presentation. This is further followed by an essay and recommendations, the complete process for an applicant requires great preparation and the process must be completed in accordance with strict guidelines established by the school. The study of the arts at Yale began with the opening of the Trumbull Gallery in 1832. The Gallery was founded by portrait artist Colonel John Trumbull with the help of Professor Benjamin Silliman, in 1864, Augustus Russell Street donated funds for the establishment of a School of Fine Arts at Yale. In his bequest, Street stipulated that it be “a school for instruction, open to both sexes, for such as propose to follow art as a profession. ”The program was placed under an art council. Morse, a graduate of Yale College, Yale alumnus Andrew Dickson White was petitioned by the schools faculty to become the first dean, but instead opted to be the first president of Cornell University. A new building for the school, Street Hall, was completed in 1866, when the School of Fine Arts opened to students in 1869, it was the first of its kind affiliated with a tertiary institution in America. A three-year course in drawing, painting, sculpture, and art history was inaugurated, for the next four decades, more than three-quarters of its students were women. Early on, the program yielded a certificate of completion. A degree program was created in 1891 with the authorization of a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree by the governing body. Several other arts disciplines were grafted to the School of Fine Arts, architectural instruction was begun in 1908 and was established as a department in 1916 with Everett Victor Meeks at its head. The architecture program quickly became dominant, especially under painter Eugene Savages efforts to reframe painting, the department of graphic design was begun in 1951 under the direction of Alvin Eisenman. It was the first graduate program in graphic design in the United States, joseph Albers came to the school in the same decade, and under his chairmanship the Departments of Painting and Sculpture were renamed the Department of Design. In 1959 the School of Art and Architecture was made a fully graduate professional school, four years later the Art and Architecture Building was opened to much controversy. Designed by Paul Rudolph, its brutalist style was received at the time of completion. In 1972, the School of Art and the School of Architecture, were split and they continued to share the Art and Architecture building until 2000
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Yale Divinity School
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The Divinity School at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut is one of twelve graduate or professional schools within Yale University. Congregationalist theological education was the motivation at the founding of Yale, the school had maintained its own campus, faculty, and degree program since 1869, and it has become more ecumenical beginning in the mid-19th century. Since the 1970s it has been affiliated with the Episcopal Berkeley Divinity School and has housed the Institute of Sacred Music, Theological education was the earliest academic purpose of Yale University. A professorship of divinity was established in 1746, in the same motion, Second Great Awakening theologian Nathaniel William Taylor was appointed to become the first Dwight Professor of Didactic Theology. Taylor was considered the figure in the schools founding, and he was joined in 1826 by Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr. a scholar of sacred languages. After a significant period of enrollment decline, the school began fundraising from alumni for new faculty, Divinity Hall was constructed on the present-day site of Calhoun College between 1869 and 1871, featuring two classroom wings, a chapel. Around the time of the new campus construction came the arrival of new faculty, including James M. Hoppin, George Edward Day, George Park Fisher, the first Bachelor of Divinity was conferred in 1867, and the department became a separate School of Divinity in 1869. The school remained across from Old Campus until 1929, when a new campus was constructed on the edge of the university campus. Berkeley Divinity School affiliated with Yale Divinity School in 1971, while Berkeley retains its Episcopal Church connection, its students are admitted by and fully enrolled as members of Yale Divinity School. The Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale University, a division of the Divinity School, maintains a collection of primary source materials about Jonathan Edwards. The Yale Institute of Sacred Music is jointly-affiliated with the Divinity School and School of Music and it offers programs in choral conducting, organ performance, voice, and church music studies, and in liturgical studies and religion and the arts. The buildings, designed by Richard Morris Hunt, were demolished under the college plan. In 1929, the trustees of the estate of lawyer John William Sterling agreed that a portion of his bequest to Yale would be used to build a new campus for the Divinity School. The Sterling Divinity Quadrangle, completed in 1932, is a Georgian-style complex built at the top of Prospect Hill and it was designed by Delano & Aldrich and modeled in part on the University of Virginia. A $49-million renovation of Sterling Divinity Quadrangle was completed in 2003, poling Peter L. Pond, human rights activist and philanthropist who adopted 16 Cambodian orphans. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. George Rupp Father V. C
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Yale School of Drama
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The school traces its roots to the Yale Dramatic Association, the second-oldest college theatre association in the country, founded in 1900. George Pierce Baker, a teacher of playwriting, was the first chairman of the department, the first Master of Fine Arts in drama was granted in 1931. In 1955, the department was organized as a professional school. In 1966, under Dean Robert Brustein, the Yale Repertory Theatre was formed to further ties between the professional and academic communities. Lloyd Richards, dean and artistic director from 1979 to 1991, increased the emphasis on new plays, premiering works by Athol Fugard, Lee Blessing. Today, Yale Drama students work on School of Drama productions, at the Yale Repertory Theatre, School of Drama students spend the morning in class, with the exact number of hours varying by their year in school and their department. After 2 p. m. all classes are over, and rehearsals for Yale Repertory Theatre, rehearsals can last up to eight hours. Students also participate in clubs, like soccer and volleyball. Students must hold a degree and complete their program of study with distinction. A Certificate in Drama is available to students who do not hold an undergraduate degree from an accredited college. The school also offers a Doctor of Fine Arts to students who hold an M. F. A. degree in Dramaturgy, committee, and a Technical Internship Certificate to students who complete a one-year internship program of the Technical Design and Production department. Founded in 1968, the Yale Cabaret provides an outlet for Yale School of Drama students. Students regularly work outside their disciplines in the 18 productions presented for a public audience. Official website History of the Yale Dramatic Association
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Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science
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The Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science is the engineering school of Yale University. Engineering education at Yale began more than a century before the founding of a School of Engineering, commercialized the process as a fuel source. Norton moved from Brown University to become Yales first Professor of Civil Engineering, in 1854, two years after Nortons appointment, engineering became part of the new Scientific School, renamed the Sheffield Scientific School in 1860 in honor of Joseph Earl Sheffield. In 1863, Yale granted the first American Ph. D. in engineering to J. Willard Gibbs, Professor Norton was joined by physicist Chester Lyman in 1859, by mechanical engineering professor William P. Trowbridge in 1870, and A. Jay DuBois in 1877, who succeeded Trowbridge, by the end of the century, the Engineering Department had three sub-departments, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. The last of these fields was introduced at Yale by Charles S. Hastings, in 1961, the school was reduced to a department within Yale College. Though a new Marcel Breuer–designed engineering building was opened in 1970, University administrators discussed entirely restructuring, or possibly eliminating, the faculty in the early 1990s. The appointment of D. Allan Bromley as Dean of Engineering in 1994 provided much-needed momentum, Bromley, a nuclear physicist and science adviser to U. S. President George H. W. Bush, was a forceful advocate for engineering at Yale. New programs in biomedical and environmental engineering were introduced during his tenure, in 2000, Paul A. Fleury was appointed Dean. The department received renewed university investment beginning in the same year, the Malone Engineering Center was opened in 2005 to expand campus facilities for biomedical engineering and teaching, establishing a separate Department of Biomedical Engineering. The building was named by businessman John C. Malone for his father, kyle Vanderlick was appointed Dean and the school was reestablished as the School of Engineering & Applied Science. In 2009, Vanderlick created the Advanced Graduate Leadership Program, a unique and competitive program designed to provide students with experiences. In July 2010, the school was reorganized by the University, the Department of Applied Physics became an independent department within the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. In 2011, John C. Malone made a $50 million gift to the School, in 2012, the School opened the Center for Engineering Innovation & Design. Vanderlick was reappointed by the University for a term in 2013. In March 2015, Yale’s Department of Computer Science joined the University’s four engineering departments as part of the School of Engineering & Applied Science, in June 2016, construction began on an underground teaching concourse that will physically link the Department of Computer Science to other main engineering buildings. The 10, 000-square-foot space is designed specifically for undergraduate engineering laboratories, Engineering at Yale experienced a renaissance during Vanderlick’s tenure as dean. Interest and enrollment in Yale’s engineering programs flourished and numerous student groups centered on engineering were created, notably, the School has consistently maintained one of the highest percentage of engineering bachelors degrees awarded to women in the nation
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Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
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The Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies is a professional school of Yale University. It was founded to train foresters, and now trains environmental leaders through four 2-year degree programs, still offering forestry instruction, the school has the oldest graduate forestry program in the United States. The school was founded in 1900 as the Yale Forest School, at the urging of Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, his parents endowed the two-year postgraduate program. At the time Pinchot was serving as Bernhard Fernows successor as Chief of the Division of Forestry, Pinchot released two foresters from the division to start the school, fellow Yale graduate Henry Solon Graves and James Toumey. Graves became the Schools first dean and Toumey its second, when the school opened, other places in the United States offered forestry training, but none had a post-graduate program. ) In the fall of 1900, the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell had 24 students, Biltmore Forest School 9, despite its small size, from its beginnings the school influenced American forestry. The first two chiefs of the USFS were Pinchot and Graves, the three were graduates from the schools first decade. Wilderness and land conservation advocate Aldo Leopold graduated in the class of 1908, in 1950, the activist wing of that society formed The Nature Conservancy. Besides the schools own forests, Yale has used a number of sites in the eastern United States for field education over the years. From 1904 to 1926, the summer session leading to a degree in forestry was held at Grey Towers and Foresters Hall in Milford. Beginning in 1912, Yale classes took occasional trips to the land of the Crossett Lumber Company in Arkansas. For two decades from 1946 until 1966, the company provided the school a camp, including cabins, Yale students have also used a field camp at the Great Mountain Forest in northwestern Connecticut since 1941. The school changed its name to the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1972, the schools 16th and present dean is Ingrid C. Indy Burke, who replaced Sir Peter Crane in October,2016, Kroon Hall, the schools main building, is named for the philanthropist Richard Kroon. The building has 50,000 square feet of space, the building obtained Platinum Rating under the LEED certification system. It is designed by Hopkins Architects of London with Architect of Record Centerbrook Architects, goodfellow Inc from Delson, Quebec has supplied all the glulam roof structure for this project. The Yale-Myers Forest, in Union, Connecticut, donated to Yale in 1930 by alumnus George Hewitt Myers, is managed by the school as a working forest. Yale-Toumey Forest, near Keene, New Hampshire, was set up by James W. Toumey in 1913, other Yale forestlands include Goss Woods, Crowell Forest, Cross Woods, Bowen Forest, and Crowell Ravine
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Yale Law School
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Yale Law School is the law school of Yale University, located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The schools small size and prestige make its admissions process the most selective of any law school in the United States, Yale has the lowest acceptance rate among all law schools. Roughly 8 in 10 admits ultimately matriculate, which marks the best yield rate among the top U. S. law schools, established in 1824, Yale Law offers the J. D. LL. M. M. S. L. and Ph. D. degrees in law, Yale Law has been ranked the number one law school in the country by U. S. News and World Report every year since the magazine began publishing law school rankings, through 2017. Yale Law School is widely considered to be the preeminent law school in the nation and is one of the most prestigious law schools in the world, Yale Law has produced a significant number of luminaries in law and politics, including United States presidents Gerald Ford and Bill Clinton. Former president William Howard Taft was a professor of law at Yale Law School from 1913 until he resigned to become chief justice of the United States in 1921. Each class in Yale Laws three-year J. D. program enrolls approximately 200 students, Yales flagship law review is the Yale Law Journal. Another feature of Yale Laws culture since the 1930s, among both faculty and student graduates, has been an emphasis on the importance of spending at least a few years in government service, a similar emphasis has long been placed on service as a judicial law clerk upon graduation. Its 7.6,1 student-to-faculty ratio is the third lowest among U. S. law schools, Yale Law does not have a traditional grading system, a consequence of student unrest in the late 1960s. Instead, it grades first-semester first-year students on a simple Credit/No Credit system, for their remaining two-and-a-half years, students are graded on an Honors/Pass/Low Pass/Fail system. Similarly, the school does not rank its students and it is also notable for having only a single semester of required classes, instead of the full year most U. S. schools require. Students publish nine law journals that, unlike those at most other schools, although the Journal identifies a target maximum number of members to accept each year, it is not a firm number. Other leading student-edited publications include the Yale Law and Policy Review, the Yale Journal on Regulation, the Yale Journal of Law and Technology, and the Yale Journal of International Law. In November 2013, it was announced that a $25 million donation would bring student dormitory living back onto campus, with renovations to begin in 2018. Yale Law has been ranked the number one law school in the country by U. S. News and it is currently ranked as the second best law school in U. S and fourth in the world by the 2016 QS Rankings. Additionally, a 2010 survey of scholarly impact, measured by per capita citations to faculty scholarship, the School began in the New Haven law office of Seth P. Staples in the 1800s, who began training lawyers, by 1810 he was operating a law school. He took on a student, Samuel J. Hitchcock as a law partner
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Yale School of Medicine
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The Yale School of Medicine is the graduate medical school at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1810 as The Medical Institution of Yale College, the primary teaching hospital for the school is Yale-New Haven Hospital. The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, one of the largest modern medical libraries, the faculty includes 62 National Academy of Sciences members,40 Institute of Medicine investigators, and 16 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators. U. S. News and World Report currently ranks the Yale School of Medicine 7th in the country for research, entrance is highly selective, for the class of 2018, the school received 4,374 applications to fill its class of 104 students. The average GPA for Class of 2018 was a 3.81, the School of Medicine offers the Doctor of Medicine degree and a Master of Medical Science degree through the Yale Physician Associate Program for prospective physician assistants. Public health degrees are administered through the Yale School of Public Health, students pursuing a tuition-free fifth year of research are eligible for the Master of Health Science degree. The M. D. program is notable for its assessment of student achievement, in particular, the school employs the so-called Yale System established by Dean Winternitz in the 1920s, wherein first- and second-year students are not graded or ranked among their classmates. In addition, course examinations are anonymous, and are intended only for students self-evaluation, student performance is thus based on seminar participation, qualifying examinations, clinical clerkship evaluations, and the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Prior to graduation, students are required to submit a thesis based on original research, in 18th century United States, credentials were not needed to practice medicine. Prior to the founding of the school, Yale graduates would train through an apprenticeship in order to become physicians. Yale President Ezra Stiles conceived the idea of training physicians at Yale and ultimately, the school was chartered in 1810 and opened in New Haven in 1813. Nathan Smith and Benjamin Silliman were the first faculty members, Silliman was a professor of chemistry and taught at both Yale College and the Medical School. The other two founding faculty were Jonathan Knight, anatomy, physiology and surgery and Eli Ives, pediatrics, one of Yales earliest medical graduates was Dr. Asaph Leavitt Bissell of Hanover, New Hampshire, who graduated in 1815, a member of the schools second graduating class. Following his graduation, Dr. Bissell moved to Suffield, Connecticut, a community where his parents came from. The saddlebags that Dr. Bissell carried in his practice, packed with paper packets, the original building later became Sheffield Hall, part of the Sheffield Scientific School. In 1860, the moved to Medical Hall on York Street. In 1925, the moved to its current campus, neighboring the hospital. This campus includes the Sterling Hall of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Anlyan Center, before 1845, there was no dean
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Yale School of Music
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The Yale School of Music is one of the twelve professional schools at Yale University, offering three graduate degrees, Master of Music, Master of Musical Arts, and Doctor of Musical Arts. The School also offers a joint Bachelor of Arts—Master of Music program in conjunction with Yale College, a Certificate in Performance, in November 2005, an anonymous donation of $100 million endowed full scholarships for all students accepted to the Yale School of Music. Albert Arnold Sprague Memorial Hall, renovated in 2003, abby and Mitch Leigh Hall, Gothic style, renovated in 2006. Portions of Hendrie Hall are also used by the School, woolsey Hall, used for orchestral performances and organ recitals. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, Romanesque style, a History of the Yale School of Music, 1855-1970. Official site Yale School of Music Papers at Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Papers, Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University
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Yale School of Nursing
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Yale School of Nursing is the nursing school of Yale University, located in West Haven, Connecticut. It is among the top 20 graduate schools in the country, in addition to the top 20 tier overall ranking, the school’s midwifery specialty had the second-highest score nationally as ranked by peer institutions. Yale School of Nursing’s psychiatric-mental health specialty ranked sixth, and its pediatric nurse practitioner specialty came in at fifth in a three-way tie, yale’s School of Nursing remains among the most selective in the nation, with only 29% of applicants accepted. Established in 1923 in New Haven, Connecticut, YSN moved in 2013 to Yale Universitys West Campus, located in West Haven and Orange, CT. The school also has the Graduate Entry Prespecialty in Nursing program, joint degree programs are available with Yale School of Public Health and Yale Divinity School. In addition to programs, YSN offers pre and post doctoral research training. The Yale School of Nursing was founded in 1923 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and it celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2013. It had its own Dean, faculty, budget and required a standardized degree, annie Warburton Goodrich was appointed the first Dean of YSN and was the first woman Dean at Yale University. In 1934, bachelors degrees were required for admission and Yale Corporation authorized the Master of Nursing degree and this program, allowing students with no prior background in nursing graduate entry, would continue until 1956 when the Master of Science in Nursing program began. The MSN required students to have a background in nursing in order to gain entry into the program. The Nurse Practitioner track within the MSN degree was established in 1971 with the offering of the Pediatric Nurse Practitioner specialty and this was expanded in 1972, when the Family Nurse Practitioner specialty began. By 1975 YSN offered 10 specialty programs and tracks, and was at the vanguard of the education of nurse practitioners at the level along with clinical nurse specialists. In 1974, YSN reopened admission for students with no background in nursing through its Three-Year Program for Non-Nurse College Graduates
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