1.
Yellowknife
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Yellowknife is the capital and only city, as well as the largest community in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on the shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km south of the Arctic Circle. The current population is ethnically mixed, of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife, Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and North Slavey, English, and French. In the Dogrib language, the city is known as Sǫ̀mbakè, the Yellowknife settlement is considered to have been founded in 1934, after gold was found in the area, although commercial activity in the present-day waterfront area did not begin until 1936. Yellowknife quickly became the centre of activity in the NWT. As gold production began to wane, Yellowknife shifted from being a town to a centre of government services in the 1980s. However, with the discovery of diamonds north of Yellowknife in 1991, traditionally, First Nations people of Yellowknives Dene culture had occupied this region, by the 1930s they had a settlement on a point of land on the east side of Yellowknife Bay, Dettah. The current municipal area of Yellowknife was occupied by prospectors who ventured into the region in the mid-1930s, blakeney, made the first discovery of gold in the Yellowknife Bay area in 1898. The discovery was viewed as unimportant in those days because of the Klondike Gold Rush, in the late 1920s, aircraft were first used to explore Canadas Arctic regions. Samples of uranium and silver were uncovered at Great Bear Lake in the early 1930s, in 1933 two prospectors, Herb Dixon and Johnny Baker, canoed down the Yellowknife River from Great Bear Lake to survey for possible mineral deposits. They found gold samples at Quyta Lake, about 30 km up the Yellowknife River, the following year, Johnny Baker returned as part of a larger crew to develop the previous gold finds and search for more. Gold was found on the east side of Yellowknife Bay in 1934, when government geologists uncovered gold in more favourable geology on the west side of Yellowknife Bay in the fall of 1935, a small staking rush occurred. From 1935 to 1937, one prospector and trapper named Winslow C, Ranney staked in the area between David Lake and Rater Lake with few commercial results. The nearby hill known as Ranney Hill is his namesake and a hiking destination today. Although Con Mine was the most impressive gold deposit and its development created the excitement that led to the first settlement of Yellowknife in 1936–1937, Some of the first businesses were Corona Inn, Weaver & Devore Trading, Yellowknife Supplies and post office, and the Wildcat Cafe. Con Mine entered production on September 5,1938, the population of Yellowknife quickly grew to 1,000 by 1940, and by 1942, five gold mines were in production in the Yellowknife region. However, by 1944, gold production had ground to a halt as men were needed for the war effort, an exploration program at the Giant Mine property on the north end of town had suggested a sizable gold deposit in 1944. This new find resulted in a massive post-war staking rush to Yellowknife and it also resulted in new discoveries at the Con Mine, greatly extending the life of the mine
2.
Northwest Territories
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The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. The Northwest Territories are bordered by Canadas two other territories, Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south. The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the era to indicate where it lay in relation to Ruperts Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, in Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ, beautiful land. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, one proposal was Denendeh, as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name – one to name the territory Bob – began as a prank, in the end a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name Northwest Territories. This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canadas north-central and it possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has an area of 1,183,085 km2. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island and its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m. The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 and has a large climate variant from south to north, the southern part of the territory has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, with highs in the mid teens Celsius. Winters are long and harsh, daytime highs in the mid −20 °C, extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C and lows reaching into the negatives. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C, in the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C, and lows can reach into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C, thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower, the Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west
3.
Adlair Aviation
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Adlair Aviation Ltd. was founded in 1983 as a family-owned charter airline in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. Adlair Aviation was established by one of the pilots, Willy Laserich. It is based in Cambridge Bay and has offices in Yellowknife. It operates out of Cambridge Bay Airport, also, Adlair operates a docking area at the Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome. Adlair primarily provided MEDIVAC or air ambulance services to the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut with flight nurses from Medflight, OConnor, who lives in Yellowknife, was awarded the Order of Canada in 2007 for her work in the medical field. In August 2011 the Government of Nunavut announced that the contract for the Kitikmeot Region had been given to Air Tindi, along with its partner Arsaniq. Adlair has appealed to the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti and a decision is expected by 11 October 2011, the decision to dismiss the appeal was made 29 October 2011 and the new released 31 October. Adlair were given an extension on their contract until the end of November 2011, the plane in the incident was a Beechcraft King Air. While about 180 km from the airport, and at 23,000 ft, the aircraft landed in Cambridge Bay with the damaged door partially open and no injuries to the flight crew or the other passenger. An inquest has been called by Nunavuts chief coroner which will begin on December 7
4.
Buffalo Airways
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Buffalo Airways is a family-run airline based in Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada, established in 1970. Buffalo Airways was launched by Bob Gauchie and later sold to one of his pilots and it operates scheduled passenger, charter passenger, charter cargo, firefighting and fuel services. Its main base is at Yellowknife Airport and it has two other bases at Hay River/Merlyn Carter Airport and Red Deer Regional Airport. The Red Deer base is the storage and maintenance facility. The airline is also the subject of the History television reality series Ice Pilots NWT, in 2007, Buffalo Airways began producing a clothing line that included T-shirts, hoodies and hats. com. The show, which is produced by Omnifilm Entertainment and shown on History, in 2011, Buffalo Airways was involved in a recreation of the historic Dam Busters raids of World War II, flying the mission, with their own plane and pilots. Buffalo dropped an inert reproduction of the Upkeep bouncing bomb from their Douglas DC-4, the project was documented in the television show Dambusters Fly Again in Canada, Dambusters, Building the Bouncing Bomb in the UK, and Nova season 39 episode Bombing Hitlers Dams in the US. A behind-the-scenes look was filmed in the Ice Pilots NWT season 3 episode 2 show Dambusters. On 27 July 2012, Bruce Dickinson, lead singer of Iron Maiden, on 28 July, Dickinson, who holds an Airline Transport Pilot Licence, flew a Douglas DC-3 to Yellowknife and spent a day as a guest star for a season five episode. Buffalo operates a service as Buffalo Air Express which started in 1982-1983. It offers service throughout the Northwest Territories and Northern Alberta, in association with Global Interline Network it can ship around the world from bases in Yellowknife, Edmonton and Hay River. Buffalo maintains and operates Waterbombers which are used for aerial firefighting, the aircraft include the amphibious Air Tractor 802 Fireboss, the amphibious Canadair CL-215, the specially converted Lockheed L-188 Electra as well as the Douglas C-54/DC-4. Waterbombers are assisted by smaller aircraft known as dogs, such as the Beech 95, Gulfstream/Rockwell 690. These aircraft are owned by Buffalo or are operated and maintained under contract on behalf of the Government of the Northwest Territories. The GNWT has recently purchased eight new amphibious Air Tractor 802 Fireboss aircraft which starting in the 2017 firefighting season will replace the eight CL-215 aircraft. In addition, two of Buffalos L-188 Electras have been converted into Waterbombers to replace the C-54/DC-4 which is being phased out due to government aerial firefighting regulations, the newer Electra turboprops offer greater efficiency and reliability than the older radial piston powered DC-4s. Buffalo previously operated the Canso PBY-5, however they are no longer in use, Buffalos aviation school offers an aircraft maintenance engineer program and several other courses. According to Transport Canada listings, it has three aircraft, two are fixed wing, an Aeronca Champion and a Fleet Canuck, the third a helicopter is a Robinson R22
5.
Canadian North
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Canadian North Inc. is an airline headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It operates scheduled services to communities in the Northwest Territories. Southern gateways include Edmonton and Ottawa and its main base is Edmonton Airport. The airline was established in 1989 as a subsidiary of Canadian Airlines, after utilizing three different livery schemes, the airline adopted its current image in 2003. Its logo displays three of the symbols of the North, the polar bear, the midnight sun. Recently, Canadian Norths slogan has changed from Your North. Your Airline to seriously northern, with advertising changed to different aspects of the company. In June 2007, Canadian North began serving the Kitikmeot communities of Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak, Kugaaruk, in April 2008, flights began to seven communities in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut. On April 1,2014 the Inuvialuit Development Corporation bought the 50% share of NorTerra held by Nunasi and this purchase of NorTerra gives the IDC complete control of Canadian North, Northern Transportation Company and other companies that were jointly held. On April 11,2014, Norterra and the Makivik Corporation and we believe the two companies would complement each other’s strengths. In the north Canadian has partnerships with Air Tindi, Aklak Air, Calm Air and these partnerships give them access to 14 destinations in the NWT,6 in Nunavut and 6 in Manitoba. They also partner with Air Canada to provide access to cities in southern Canada. The company headquarters are on the grounds of Calgary International Airport in Calgary, in addition it has regional offices in Iqaluit, Nunavut and in the Nunasi Building in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. It also has an office in Edmonton, Alberta, on the grounds of Edmonton International Airport. Canadian North previously had its headquarters in the Northwest Tower, in downtown Yellowknife, the airline announced that when its lease was to expire in the end of August 2013, the airline will vacate the office and move it and 20 employees out of Yellowknife. The airline kept its community and marketing employees in Yellowknife. Most of the employees forced to move were from the accounting division, lisa Hicks, a spokesperson, stated that there had been excess capacity at the airlines offices in Edmonton and Yellowknife. As of July 31,2013 the operations centre has been moved to the hangar in Edmonton, the airline offers Aeroplan rewards points, both to collect and to redeem
6.
First Air
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Bradley Air Services Limited, operating as First Air, is an airline headquartered in Kanata, a suburb of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It operates services to 34 communities in Nunavut, Nunavik, the majority of its fleet is available for charters worldwide. First Air has assisted in humanitarian missions such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, airlifting relief supplies. The airline was founded by Canadian aviation pioneer Russel Bradley and started operations as Bradley Air Services in 1946 and is registered under that name. First Air started scheduled operations in 1973, between Ottawa and North Bay and this service was operated with an eight-seat passenger plane. The airline opened southern gateways at Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal, through Kuujjuaq in Nunavik and Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, the airline provides services to 26 Inuit communities in Nunavut, Nunavik and the NWT. Service to Sanikiluaq, Nunavut is provided in partnership with Air Inuit, in 1995, First Air bought Ptarmigan Airways, and in 1997 it bought Northwest Territorial Airways, both of which were merged into First Air. Northwest Territorial operated Boeing 727-100 and Boeing 737-200 jetliners, Lockheed L-188 Electra propjets, Lockheed L-100 Hercules cargo turboprops, First Air is wholly owned by the Inuit people of Quebec through the Makivik Corporation, which purchased the company in 1990. On August 21,2008, First Air fired president Bob Davis, Davis had been president since December 1997 and had several disagreements with First Air over a period of time. On June 5,2009, First Air received a wide-body aircraft, a Boeing 767-223 SF, which was under a dry lease from Cargo Aircraft Management. The 767 has since left the fleet, after the introduction of the operationally and logistically more economical Boeing 767-223SF in March 2010, First Air retired and removed its two Boeing 727-233 aircraft from its fleet. One was one of only two types in the world, and the last 727-200 in North America on scheduled passenger-freight services. The other 727-233F full freighter has also phased out. A Hawker Siddeley HS748 turboprop was retired in March 2011, replacing this aircraft type are two ATR72 Combi turboprops as part of First Airs fleet replacement program. They are outfitted with a cargo handling system, and one is outfitted with a cargo door. A first of its kind in North America, it is able to handle built Unit Load Device positions and this in turn will create a larger load capacity and flexibility reaching remote communities. One began service in the last quarter of 2011, and the second in the first quarter 2012, in February 2011, First Air and Qikiqtaaluk Corporation started a new airline named Qikiqtani First Aviation. The new company provides services throughout Nunavuts Qikiqtani Region using First Air’s fleet, another airline, Sakku First Aviation, was started the same time in partnership with Sakku Investments Corporation in Nunavuts Kivalliq Region
7.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
8.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
9.
Air cargo
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Air cargo is any property carried or to be carried in an aircraft. Air cargo comprises air freight, air express and airmail, - this practice is known as Belly Cargo. Cargo can also be transported in the cabin as hand-carry by an “on-board courier”. Cargo aircraft are dedicated for the job - they carry freight on the main deck, combi aircraft carries cargo on the main deck behind the passengers’ area with side loading and in the belly. The first cargo flight took place on the 7 November 1910 in the USA, philip Orin Parmelee piloted a Wright Model B aeroplane 65 miles carrying a package of 200 pounds of silk for the opening of a store. Newspaper clippings quoted the Wright brothers as stating he covered the distance in 66 minutes, but the flight was recorded at 57 minutes. The worlds first official flight took place on 18 February 1911, at a large exhibition in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. This first airmail flight was piloted by Henri Pequet, who flew 6,500 letters a distance of 13 km, the aircraft used was a Humber-Sommer biplane with about fifty horsepower, and it made the journey in thirteen minutes. The worlds first scheduled airmail post service took place in the United Kingdom between the London suburb of Hendon, and the Postmaster Generals office in Windsor, Berkshire, on September 9,1911. It was part of the celebrations for King George Vs coronation and at the suggestion of Sir Walter Windham, the service ran for just under a month, transporting 35 bags of mail in 16 flights. In the early 20s, air cargo developed rapidly because numerous entrepreneurs realized aircraft could move high value and low volume consignments much faster than the railroads and shipping companies. The first scheduled flight from London to Paris in 1919 had only one passenger but carried leather for a shoe manufacturer and grouse for a restaurant. Although there were a few attempts to air freight airlines from the 1920s on. In 1945, at a conference in Havana,57 airlines formed the International Air Transport Association, in 1948 Berlin was jointly controlled by the Allies and Russians, although the Russians held the area surrounding the city and thus land access. As this access was closed, in the so-called Berlin blockade, an airlift remained the only option to get increasingly urgent deliveries of food, coal, and other supplies to West Berlin. Over 330 days to 12 May 1949 a total of 2.26 million tons of cargo were airlifted to Berlin, although freight traffic developed modestly, reaching only 800,000 tonnes worldwide by the mid-1950s, the world economy was hitting its post-war stride. In 1968, Boeing launched the four engine 747, the first wide-body aircraft, the 747 was the first aircraft capable of transporting full pallets in the cargo hold, revolutionizing the air cargo industry. Despite widespread hopes for a vibrant industry, for decades the air freight did not grow as expected and remained a small part of total air traffic
10.
Nav Canada
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Nav Canada is a privately run, not-for-profit corporation that owns and operates Canadas civil air navigation system. It was established in accordance with the Civil Air Navigation Services Commercialization Act, the company employs approximately 1,900 air traffic controllers,650 flight service specialists and 700 technologists. As part of the transfer, or privatization, Nav Canada paid the government CA$1.5 billion, Nav Canada, which operates independently of any government funding, is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. It is only allowed to be funded by publicly traded debt, Nav Canadas operations consist of various sites across the country. The company is governed by a 15-member board of representing the four stakeholder groups that founded Nav Canada. The four stakeholders elect 10 members as follows, These 10 directors then elect four independent directors and those 14 directors then appoint the president and chief executive officer who becomes the 15th board member. This structure ensures that the interests of individual stakeholders do not predominate, to further ensure that the interests of Nav Canada are served, these board members cannot be active employees or members of airlines, unions, or government. The company was formed on November 1,1996 when the government sold the air navigation services from Transport Canada to the new not-for-profit private entity for CAD$1.5 billion. The company was formed in response to a number of issues with Transport Canadas operation of air traffic control, while TCs safety record and operational staff were rated highly, its infrastructure was old and in need of serious updating at a time of government restraint. This resulted in delays for airlines and costs that were exceeding the airline ticket tax. The climate of government wage freezes resulted in shortages of air traffic controllers that were hard to address within a government department. Having TC as the provider, the regulator and inspector was a conflict of interest. Pressure from the airlines on the government mounted for a solution to the problem that was hurting the air industrys bottom line, the companys revenue is predominately from service fees charged to aircraft operators which amount to about CAD$1. 2B annually. Nav Canada also raises revenues from developing and selling technology and related services to air navigation service providers around the world. It also has some sources of income, such as conducting maintenance work for other ANS providers and rentals from the Nav Centre in Cornwall. In the summer of 2007 the company held $368 million in ABCP which had become illiquid, on 12 January 2009 final Ontario Superior Court of Justice approval was granted to restructure the third party ABCP notes. The company expects that the non-credit related fair value variances from face value on restructured and non-restructured ABCP will be recovered by the time the notes mature in fiscal year 2017. By fiscal year end 2013, the company’s revenues reached $1,231 million, during the period 2005-15 the company held service charge rates steady
11.
Canada Border Services Agency
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The Canada Border Services Agency is a federal agency that is responsible for border enforcement, immigration enforcement and customs services. The Agencys creation was formalized by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, since the September 11 attacks against the United States, Canadas border operations have placed an enhanced emphasis on national security and public safety. The CBSA oversees approximately 1,200 service locations across Canada and it employs over 12,000 public servants, and offers around-the-clock service at 119 land border crossings and thirteen international airports. The Agency oversees operations at three major sea ports and three centres, and operates detention facilities in Laval, Toronto, Kingston and Vancouver. The CBSA operates an Inland Enforcement branch, which tracks down, Inland Enforcement Officers are plain-clothes units, and are armed with the same sidearm pistol as port of entry Border Services Officers. The coat of arms was granted on June 15,2010 and presented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on July 6,2010, also in attendance were Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Use of the coat of arms is reserved for special occasions, the Heraldic Badge was approved for use at the same time as the coat of arms. It portrays a gold tressure which symbolizes the agencys security focus, the portcullis represents Her Majesty’s agents responsible for border services. The motto Protectio, Servitium, Integritas, translates “Protection, Service, the badge figures prominently in the television series Border Security, Canadas Front Line. A flag was approved for use on December 20,2012 and it is meant to resemble Canadas Blue Ensign, which was flown on government vessels prior to 1965. Not only has the structure of the organization changed, but the range of duties, substantial changes began before the 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. These new responsibilities led to the implementation of use of force policies, Border Services Officers across Canada started to carry collapsible batons, OC spray and handcuffs. The 2006 Canadian federal budget introduced $101 million to equip CBSA officers with side arms, in August 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that arming BSOs would begin in early 2007 and would continue through 2016. Some of the first officers to be armed were those working at the Windsor, Ontario port of entry, arming at the other Ports of Entry across Canada is being conducted systematically with those Ports considered the busiest and/or most dangerous to be completed first. Ports of Entry for all modes now have armed officers, including those at airports, Border Services Officers are equipped with handcuffs, oleoresin capsicum spray, batons, and are currently armed with Beretta PX4 Storm pistols. The arming initiative began in 2007 and officially concluded in 2016, Border Services Officers are trained at the CBSA College, located in Rigaud, Quebec. The attacker was an American man who shot the CBSA officer then killed himself, the CBSA officer, Lori Bowcock, was shot in the neck but she survived. This is the first time since CBSAs inception that an officer was shot on duty, in March 2015, Alain Philippon, a man from Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec, was referred to secondary inspection after returning from a trip to the Dominican Republic
12.
General aviation
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General aviation is the term for all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to corporate business jet flights, the majority of the worlds air traffic falls into this category, and most of the worlds airports serve general aviation exclusively. General aviation covers a range of activities, both commercial and non-commercial, including flying clubs, flight training, agricultural aviation, light aircraft manufacturing. Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,96 per cent are engaged in GA operations, there are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities, GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips. GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority, although regulatory powers are being transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency. The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, general aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft. In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U. S, aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing. Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours
Media related to Yellowknife Airport at Wikimedia Commons
