1.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
2.
Government of the Northwest Territories
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The Politics of Northwest Territories involves not only the governance of the Northwest Territories but also the social, economic and political issues specific to the territory. Key to the politics and governance of the Northwest Territories are the limits on the jurisdiction of the territorial government, Territories of Canada have no inherent jurisdiction and only have those powers delegated to them by the federal government. The devolution and delegation of power to the territory has always been a factor in the territory’s politics, a hallmark of politics in the Northwest Territories is that it operates as under a “consensus government” system. Candidates for election to the legislature do not stand as members of a political party. While some candidates may express an affiliation or membership with a party, party membership is not recognized in the legislature, as a result, the Members of the Legislative Assembly select a Premier by way of a secret ballot, rather than on the basis of party affiliation. Local governance has been an issue in the territory. This latter issue lead, in part, to the division of the territory into the Northwest Territories, language has also been a long-standing issue in Northwest Territory politics. French became a language, along with English, in 1877. History of Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories Politics of Canada Political Culture of Canada Council of the Federation NWT Legislative Assembly Elections NWT
3.
Yellowknife
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Yellowknife is the capital and only city, as well as the largest community in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on the shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km south of the Arctic Circle. The current population is ethnically mixed, of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife, Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and North Slavey, English, and French. In the Dogrib language, the city is known as Sǫ̀mbakè, the Yellowknife settlement is considered to have been founded in 1934, after gold was found in the area, although commercial activity in the present-day waterfront area did not begin until 1936. Yellowknife quickly became the centre of activity in the NWT. As gold production began to wane, Yellowknife shifted from being a town to a centre of government services in the 1980s. However, with the discovery of diamonds north of Yellowknife in 1991, traditionally, First Nations people of Yellowknives Dene culture had occupied this region, by the 1930s they had a settlement on a point of land on the east side of Yellowknife Bay, Dettah. The current municipal area of Yellowknife was occupied by prospectors who ventured into the region in the mid-1930s, blakeney, made the first discovery of gold in the Yellowknife Bay area in 1898. The discovery was viewed as unimportant in those days because of the Klondike Gold Rush, in the late 1920s, aircraft were first used to explore Canadas Arctic regions. Samples of uranium and silver were uncovered at Great Bear Lake in the early 1930s, in 1933 two prospectors, Herb Dixon and Johnny Baker, canoed down the Yellowknife River from Great Bear Lake to survey for possible mineral deposits. They found gold samples at Quyta Lake, about 30 km up the Yellowknife River, the following year, Johnny Baker returned as part of a larger crew to develop the previous gold finds and search for more. Gold was found on the east side of Yellowknife Bay in 1934, when government geologists uncovered gold in more favourable geology on the west side of Yellowknife Bay in the fall of 1935, a small staking rush occurred. From 1935 to 1937, one prospector and trapper named Winslow C, Ranney staked in the area between David Lake and Rater Lake with few commercial results. The nearby hill known as Ranney Hill is his namesake and a hiking destination today. Although Con Mine was the most impressive gold deposit and its development created the excitement that led to the first settlement of Yellowknife in 1936–1937, Some of the first businesses were Corona Inn, Weaver & Devore Trading, Yellowknife Supplies and post office, and the Wildcat Cafe. Con Mine entered production on September 5,1938, the population of Yellowknife quickly grew to 1,000 by 1940, and by 1942, five gold mines were in production in the Yellowknife region. However, by 1944, gold production had ground to a halt as men were needed for the war effort, an exploration program at the Giant Mine property on the north end of town had suggested a sizable gold deposit in 1944. This new find resulted in a massive post-war staking rush to Yellowknife and it also resulted in new discoveries at the Con Mine, greatly extending the life of the mine
4.
Northwest Territories
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The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. The Northwest Territories are bordered by Canadas two other territories, Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south. The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the era to indicate where it lay in relation to Ruperts Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, in Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ, beautiful land. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, one proposal was Denendeh, as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name – one to name the territory Bob – began as a prank, in the end a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name Northwest Territories. This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canadas north-central and it possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has an area of 1,183,085 km2. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island and its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m. The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 and has a large climate variant from south to north, the southern part of the territory has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, with highs in the mid teens Celsius. Winters are long and harsh, daytime highs in the mid −20 °C, extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C and lows reaching into the negatives. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C, in the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C, and lows can reach into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C, thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower, the Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west
5.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
6.
Adlair Aviation
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Adlair Aviation Ltd. was founded in 1983 as a family-owned charter airline in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. Adlair Aviation was established by one of the pilots, Willy Laserich. It is based in Cambridge Bay and has offices in Yellowknife. It operates out of Cambridge Bay Airport, also, Adlair operates a docking area at the Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome. Adlair primarily provided MEDIVAC or air ambulance services to the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut with flight nurses from Medflight, OConnor, who lives in Yellowknife, was awarded the Order of Canada in 2007 for her work in the medical field. In August 2011 the Government of Nunavut announced that the contract for the Kitikmeot Region had been given to Air Tindi, along with its partner Arsaniq. Adlair has appealed to the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti and a decision is expected by 11 October 2011, the decision to dismiss the appeal was made 29 October 2011 and the new released 31 October. Adlair were given an extension on their contract until the end of November 2011, the plane in the incident was a Beechcraft King Air. While about 180 km from the airport, and at 23,000 ft, the aircraft landed in Cambridge Bay with the damaged door partially open and no injuries to the flight crew or the other passenger. An inquest has been called by Nunavuts chief coroner which will begin on December 7
7.
Air Tindi
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Air Tindi is an airline based in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Now owned by Discovery Air, it scheduled and on demand charter services. Its main base is Yellowknife Airport and the airline was owned by the Arychuk family. The name Tindi means the big lake or Great Slave Lake in the local native Tłı̨chǫ Yatiì language, Air Tindi was established by two families, Alex Arychuk and his wife Sheila, and his brother Peter Arychuk and his wife Teri. It began operations on 1 November 1988, with four float/ski aircraft, in 1991, Air Tindi merged with Latham Island Airways and acquired a further four aircraft in the process. By mid-1992, Air Tindi was operating four Twin Otters on floats, in 1993, its first large aircraft was purchased, a DHC4 Caribou for re-supply work with the mining industry. A DHC Dash 7 was acquired in 1996, on 19 December 2006, Air Tindi was sold to Discovery Air, a publicly traded holding company based in London, Ontario. The founders originally maintained their positions with Air Tindi, but various corporate disagreements led to Alex Arychuk leaving as president, the current holder of the contract, Adlair Aviation, has appealed to the Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti and a decision was expected by 11 October 2011. The decision to dismiss the appeal was made 29 October 2011, Adlair was given an extension on their contract until the end of November 2011. There were, including the pilot, four people on the aircraft, the condition of the two survivors was not disclosed but they had been sent to Stanton Territorial Hospital in Yellowknife
8.
Discovery Air
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Discovery Air, founded in 2004, is a specialized aviation company that operates primarily in Canada. Through its subsidiary companies, Discovery Air provides aviation and aviation related services for corporate customers, Discovery Air operating units provide fixed-wing and rotary-wing services, and logistics and remote operations management services. This includes cargo and passenger air services throughout Canada, vital medivac air services in the north. Discovery Air also provides a range of maintenance, repair and overhaul services to customers through Discovery Air Technical Services. Headquartered in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and traded publicly on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol DA. A,2004 - Discovery Air is incorporated by the Pacific & Western Bank of Canada. 2004 - Discovery Air acquires 50% of Hicks & Lawrence, later renamed Discovery Air Fire Services,2006 - Discovery Air completes an initial public offering of $3.85 million. 2006 - Discovery Air acquires Great Slave Helicopters,2006 - Discovery Air acquires Air Tindi. 2007 - Discovery Air purchases the Wheel Division Assets of Walsten Air Service,2007 - Discovery Air acquires Top Aces, later renamed Discovery Air Defence Services. 2011 - Discovery Air announces the opening of a new business unit,2012 - Discovery Air Innovations sign a provisional deal with Hybrid Air Vehicles to purchase hybrid airships for use in Northern Canada. The deal, which the companies hoped to have finalised by 2012,2011 - Discovery Air Fire Services announces launch of new subsidiary, Discovery Aviation Academy. 2012 - Discovery Air announces that it has repaid the 2009 government loan 10 months early,2012 - On 8 August 2012, it was announced that Discovery Air had let the deal with Hybrid Air Vehicles lapse as they no longer wished to purchase the vehicles. 2012 - Great Slave Helicopters acquires Helicopters. cl SpA.2012 - Great Slave Helicopters acquires Northern Air Support,2013 - Discovery Air acquires Advanced Training Systems International Inc.2016 - Premier Aviation completes purchase of Discovery Air Technical Services. 2017 - Discovery Air completes the sale of Discovery Air Fire Services, founded in 1984, Great Slave Helicopters is a VFR and IFR helicopter operator in Canada with 64 helicopters in its fleet. Air Tindi, founded in 1988, is an airline based in Yellowknife. With their main base as the Yellowknife Airport, they provide scheduled, with 24 fixed-wing aircraft in their fleet, they are capable of transporting 46 passengers or 10,000 pounds of cargo. Tindi has the largest medivac fleet in Northern Canada, former fighter pilots fly Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet, Douglas A-4 and IAI Westwind aircraft. As per the Civil Aircraft Register, the Great Slave fleet consists of 64 helicopters, the Great Slave website also lists the Bell 407 that is not shown in the Transport Canada registration list. Numbers correct as of January 4,2013, Great Slave Helicopters acquired Northern Air Support on February 21,2012 which is based in Kelowna, British Columbia with a base in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta
9.
Buffalo Airways
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Buffalo Airways is a family-run airline based in Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada, established in 1970. Buffalo Airways was launched by Bob Gauchie and later sold to one of his pilots and it operates scheduled passenger, charter passenger, charter cargo, firefighting and fuel services. Its main base is at Yellowknife Airport and it has two other bases at Hay River/Merlyn Carter Airport and Red Deer Regional Airport. The Red Deer base is the storage and maintenance facility. The airline is also the subject of the History television reality series Ice Pilots NWT, in 2007, Buffalo Airways began producing a clothing line that included T-shirts, hoodies and hats. com. The show, which is produced by Omnifilm Entertainment and shown on History, in 2011, Buffalo Airways was involved in a recreation of the historic Dam Busters raids of World War II, flying the mission, with their own plane and pilots. Buffalo dropped an inert reproduction of the Upkeep bouncing bomb from their Douglas DC-4, the project was documented in the television show Dambusters Fly Again in Canada, Dambusters, Building the Bouncing Bomb in the UK, and Nova season 39 episode Bombing Hitlers Dams in the US. A behind-the-scenes look was filmed in the Ice Pilots NWT season 3 episode 2 show Dambusters. On 27 July 2012, Bruce Dickinson, lead singer of Iron Maiden, on 28 July, Dickinson, who holds an Airline Transport Pilot Licence, flew a Douglas DC-3 to Yellowknife and spent a day as a guest star for a season five episode. Buffalo operates a service as Buffalo Air Express which started in 1982-1983. It offers service throughout the Northwest Territories and Northern Alberta, in association with Global Interline Network it can ship around the world from bases in Yellowknife, Edmonton and Hay River. Buffalo maintains and operates Waterbombers which are used for aerial firefighting, the aircraft include the amphibious Air Tractor 802 Fireboss, the amphibious Canadair CL-215, the specially converted Lockheed L-188 Electra as well as the Douglas C-54/DC-4. Waterbombers are assisted by smaller aircraft known as dogs, such as the Beech 95, Gulfstream/Rockwell 690. These aircraft are owned by Buffalo or are operated and maintained under contract on behalf of the Government of the Northwest Territories. The GNWT has recently purchased eight new amphibious Air Tractor 802 Fireboss aircraft which starting in the 2017 firefighting season will replace the eight CL-215 aircraft. In addition, two of Buffalos L-188 Electras have been converted into Waterbombers to replace the C-54/DC-4 which is being phased out due to government aerial firefighting regulations, the newer Electra turboprops offer greater efficiency and reliability than the older radial piston powered DC-4s. Buffalo previously operated the Canso PBY-5, however they are no longer in use, Buffalos aviation school offers an aircraft maintenance engineer program and several other courses. According to Transport Canada listings, it has three aircraft, two are fixed wing, an Aeronca Champion and a Fleet Canuck, the third a helicopter is a Robinson R22
10.
Canadian North
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Canadian North Inc. is an airline headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It operates scheduled services to communities in the Northwest Territories. Southern gateways include Edmonton and Ottawa and its main base is Edmonton Airport. The airline was established in 1989 as a subsidiary of Canadian Airlines, after utilizing three different livery schemes, the airline adopted its current image in 2003. Its logo displays three of the symbols of the North, the polar bear, the midnight sun. Recently, Canadian Norths slogan has changed from Your North. Your Airline to seriously northern, with advertising changed to different aspects of the company. In June 2007, Canadian North began serving the Kitikmeot communities of Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak, Kugaaruk, in April 2008, flights began to seven communities in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut. On April 1,2014 the Inuvialuit Development Corporation bought the 50% share of NorTerra held by Nunasi and this purchase of NorTerra gives the IDC complete control of Canadian North, Northern Transportation Company and other companies that were jointly held. On April 11,2014, Norterra and the Makivik Corporation and we believe the two companies would complement each other’s strengths. In the north Canadian has partnerships with Air Tindi, Aklak Air, Calm Air and these partnerships give them access to 14 destinations in the NWT,6 in Nunavut and 6 in Manitoba. They also partner with Air Canada to provide access to cities in southern Canada. The company headquarters are on the grounds of Calgary International Airport in Calgary, in addition it has regional offices in Iqaluit, Nunavut and in the Nunasi Building in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. It also has an office in Edmonton, Alberta, on the grounds of Edmonton International Airport. Canadian North previously had its headquarters in the Northwest Tower, in downtown Yellowknife, the airline announced that when its lease was to expire in the end of August 2013, the airline will vacate the office and move it and 20 employees out of Yellowknife. The airline kept its community and marketing employees in Yellowknife. Most of the employees forced to move were from the accounting division, lisa Hicks, a spokesperson, stated that there had been excess capacity at the airlines offices in Edmonton and Yellowknife. As of July 31,2013 the operations centre has been moved to the hangar in Edmonton, the airline offers Aeroplan rewards points, both to collect and to redeem
11.
First Air
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Bradley Air Services Limited, operating as First Air, is an airline headquartered in Kanata, a suburb of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It operates services to 34 communities in Nunavut, Nunavik, the majority of its fleet is available for charters worldwide. First Air has assisted in humanitarian missions such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, airlifting relief supplies. The airline was founded by Canadian aviation pioneer Russel Bradley and started operations as Bradley Air Services in 1946 and is registered under that name. First Air started scheduled operations in 1973, between Ottawa and North Bay and this service was operated with an eight-seat passenger plane. The airline opened southern gateways at Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal, through Kuujjuaq in Nunavik and Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, the airline provides services to 26 Inuit communities in Nunavut, Nunavik and the NWT. Service to Sanikiluaq, Nunavut is provided in partnership with Air Inuit, in 1995, First Air bought Ptarmigan Airways, and in 1997 it bought Northwest Territorial Airways, both of which were merged into First Air. Northwest Territorial operated Boeing 727-100 and Boeing 737-200 jetliners, Lockheed L-188 Electra propjets, Lockheed L-100 Hercules cargo turboprops, First Air is wholly owned by the Inuit people of Quebec through the Makivik Corporation, which purchased the company in 1990. On August 21,2008, First Air fired president Bob Davis, Davis had been president since December 1997 and had several disagreements with First Air over a period of time. On June 5,2009, First Air received a wide-body aircraft, a Boeing 767-223 SF, which was under a dry lease from Cargo Aircraft Management. The 767 has since left the fleet, after the introduction of the operationally and logistically more economical Boeing 767-223SF in March 2010, First Air retired and removed its two Boeing 727-233 aircraft from its fleet. One was one of only two types in the world, and the last 727-200 in North America on scheduled passenger-freight services. The other 727-233F full freighter has also phased out. A Hawker Siddeley HS748 turboprop was retired in March 2011, replacing this aircraft type are two ATR72 Combi turboprops as part of First Airs fleet replacement program. They are outfitted with a cargo handling system, and one is outfitted with a cargo door. A first of its kind in North America, it is able to handle built Unit Load Device positions and this in turn will create a larger load capacity and flexibility reaching remote communities. One began service in the last quarter of 2011, and the second in the first quarter 2012, in February 2011, First Air and Qikiqtaaluk Corporation started a new airline named Qikiqtani First Aviation. The new company provides services throughout Nunavuts Qikiqtani Region using First Air’s fleet, another airline, Sakku First Aviation, was started the same time in partnership with Sakku Investments Corporation in Nunavuts Kivalliq Region
12.
Northwestern Air
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Northwestern Air is an airline based in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada. Its main base is Fort Smith Airport, the airline was established in 1965 as a leasing company and started flying operations in 1968. It expanded to scheduled passenger services in 1984. It is wholly owned by the Harrold family and had 75 employees in December 2013
13.
North-Wright Airways
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North-Wright Airways is an airline based in Norman Wells, Northwest Territories, Canada. It operates commuter services to communities in the Northwest Territories. Its main base is Norman Wells Airport, the airline was established in 1986 and used to be known as Nahanni Air Services and North Wright Air. On 5 July 2004, a Twin Otter, C-FMOL, was departing a 1,500 ft gravel runway just off the Canol Road west of Norman Wells. As they took off the aircraft was caught by a sudden crosswind, the aircraft went off the end of the strip and the wing became detached. No one was killed or injured On 14 September 2005, a Cessna 207, C-FAWL, about 7 nautical miles the aircraft, with one pilot and two passengers, went down into the muskeg and flipped over. The passengers were uninjured but the pilot had serious injuries, on 16 August 2006, a Cessna 337, C-FWHP, was flying from Fort Good Hope Airport to Norman Wells with one pilot and five passengers. The aircraft went overdue and a search was begun, the wreckage was found about 26 NM east of Fort Good Hope. All passengers and the pilot were killed, on 16 July 2008, a Twin Otter was on final for Hook Lake when the aircraft stalled. The aircraft hit trees near the shore of the lake
14.
Summit Air
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In the Northwest Territories, their bases include Yellowknife and Norman Wells. They also operate out of the United Kingdom and Indonesia, Summit Air started in Atlin, British Columbia in 1987. In January 2001, the base of operations was moved to Yellowknife, the Ledcor Group of Companies became a partner on June 1,2009. In August 2012 Summit acquired Arctic Sunwest Charters and all aircraft operated by Arctic Sunwest Charters were re-branded as Summit, in January 2015 the airline acquired an Avro RJ85 aircraft which is being operated by Summit for First Air for use on services from Yellowknife and Edmonton. A second Avro RJ85 has since been ordered, as of March 2015, Summit Air has the following aircraft registered with Transport Canada. All aircraft are listed under 8199400 Canada Inc, in addition Transport Canada lists a Cessna 207 registered to Summit Air with a cancelled certificate. Summit Air official site Canadian Company Capabilities
15.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
16.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
17.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
18.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
19.
Canada Flight Supplement
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The Canada Flight Supplement is a joint civil/military publication and is a supplement of the Aeronautical Information Publication. It is the official airport directory. It contains information on all registered Canadian and certain Atlantic aerodromes, the CFS is published, separately in English and French, as a paper book by Nav Canada and is issued once every 56 days on the ICAO AIRAC schedule. The CFS was published by Natural Resources Canada on behalf of Transport Canada, the CFS presents runway data, arrival and departure procedures, air traffic control and other radio frequencies and services such as fuel, hangarage that are available at each listed aerodrome. As well, the CFS contains useful reference pages, including instructions for civil aircraft, chart updating data and search. Most pilots flying in Canada carry a copy of the CFS in case a weather or mechanical diversion to another airport becomes necessary, the Canada Flight Supplement is made up of seven sections, Special Notices — list of new or amended procedures. General Section — glossary, legends, airport code listing, list of abandoned aerodromes, Aerodrome/Facility Directory — list all aerodromes alphabetically by the community in which they are located. A sketch of the airport is included showing runway layout, taxiways, locations of buildings, also included in the sketch is an obstacle clearance circle. Radio Navigation and Communications — listing of radio navigation aids and communication outlets, together all known commercial AM broadcasters and their locations. Military Flight Data and Procedures — military flight and reporting procedures for Canada, emergency — emergency procedures and guidelines for hijacks, fuel dumping, search and rescue, etc. This Canadian Aviation Regulation does not specifically require carriage of a copy of the CFS, because information in the CFS may be out of date, particularly with regard to such issues as runway closures and fuel availability, pilots should check NOTAMs before each flight. NOTAM information in Canada can be obtained from the Nav Canada Aviation Weather Website or by contacting the appropriate regional Nav Canada Flight Information Centre, Nav Canada also publishes the Water Aerodrome Supplement, as a single volume in English and French. This contains information on all Canadian water aerodromes as shown on visual flight rules charts, the WAS is published on an annual basis. Airport/Facility Directory – U. S. publications roughly equivalent to the Aerodrome/Facility and Planning chapters of the CFS, but divided into several volumes covering different regions
20.
Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec. The department is responsible for international environmental issues. CEPA was the piece of Canadas environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation bill entered into effect in June 2012. Under the Constitution of Canada, responsibility for management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges, the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country. Environment Canada continues to undergo a transformation to centralize authority and decision-making. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the Minister of the Environment, Environment Canada Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statues. The Governor-in-Council appoints enforcement officers and pursuant to section 217 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, there are two designations of enforcement officers, Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act, the latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. All officers wear green uniform with black ties and a badge. Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm, on March 4,2009, a bill to increase the enforcement capabilities of Environment Canada was introduced into the House of Commons. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is, the loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of intact vs functional. A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation, what cant be exported without prior informed consent is a non-functioning but no longer intact electronic device. The principal problem being, the non-functioning but intact electronic device is at risk of being disassembled in some far away e-waste dumping ground. The Canadian governments use of an interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations intact. See Canadian fact sheet and associated links, there have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Electronic waste by country Bill C-38, replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act,2012, by placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime and environmental regulatory framework. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020, Environment minister Peter Kent argued that, The Kyoto protocol does not cover the worlds largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work
21.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
22.
Air cargo
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Air cargo is any property carried or to be carried in an aircraft. Air cargo comprises air freight, air express and airmail, - this practice is known as Belly Cargo. Cargo can also be transported in the cabin as hand-carry by an “on-board courier”. Cargo aircraft are dedicated for the job - they carry freight on the main deck, combi aircraft carries cargo on the main deck behind the passengers’ area with side loading and in the belly. The first cargo flight took place on the 7 November 1910 in the USA, philip Orin Parmelee piloted a Wright Model B aeroplane 65 miles carrying a package of 200 pounds of silk for the opening of a store. Newspaper clippings quoted the Wright brothers as stating he covered the distance in 66 minutes, but the flight was recorded at 57 minutes. The worlds first official flight took place on 18 February 1911, at a large exhibition in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. This first airmail flight was piloted by Henri Pequet, who flew 6,500 letters a distance of 13 km, the aircraft used was a Humber-Sommer biplane with about fifty horsepower, and it made the journey in thirteen minutes. The worlds first scheduled airmail post service took place in the United Kingdom between the London suburb of Hendon, and the Postmaster Generals office in Windsor, Berkshire, on September 9,1911. It was part of the celebrations for King George Vs coronation and at the suggestion of Sir Walter Windham, the service ran for just under a month, transporting 35 bags of mail in 16 flights. In the early 20s, air cargo developed rapidly because numerous entrepreneurs realized aircraft could move high value and low volume consignments much faster than the railroads and shipping companies. The first scheduled flight from London to Paris in 1919 had only one passenger but carried leather for a shoe manufacturer and grouse for a restaurant. Although there were a few attempts to air freight airlines from the 1920s on. In 1945, at a conference in Havana,57 airlines formed the International Air Transport Association, in 1948 Berlin was jointly controlled by the Allies and Russians, although the Russians held the area surrounding the city and thus land access. As this access was closed, in the so-called Berlin blockade, an airlift remained the only option to get increasingly urgent deliveries of food, coal, and other supplies to West Berlin. Over 330 days to 12 May 1949 a total of 2.26 million tons of cargo were airlifted to Berlin, although freight traffic developed modestly, reaching only 800,000 tonnes worldwide by the mid-1950s, the world economy was hitting its post-war stride. In 1968, Boeing launched the four engine 747, the first wide-body aircraft, the 747 was the first aircraft capable of transporting full pallets in the cargo hold, revolutionizing the air cargo industry. Despite widespread hopes for a vibrant industry, for decades the air freight did not grow as expected and remained a small part of total air traffic
23.
Port of entry
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In general, a port of entry is a place where one may lawfully enter a country. It typically has a staff of people who check passports and visas, International airports are usually ports of entry, as are road and rail crossings on a land border. Seaports can be used as ports of entry only if a dedicated customs presence is posted there, the choice of whether to become a port of entry is up to the civil authority controlling the port. An airport of entry is an airport that provides customs and immigration services for incoming flights and these services allow the airport to serve as an initial port of entry for foreign visitors arriving in a country. The word international in a name usually means that it is an airport of entry. Airports of entry can range from large urban airports with scheduled passenger service, like John F. Kennedy International Airport. Often, smaller airports of entry are located near a port of entry such as a bridge or seaport. On the other hand, however, some former airports of entry chose to leave their name with the word international in it, one example is Osaka International Airport. Many airports in the region have the same situation, like Taipei Songshan Airport. Songshan retained its official Chinese name, Taipei International Airport, after Chiang Kai-shek International Airport opened, similar cases of transitions of international airports such as Seoul, Tokyo, Nagoya, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Tehran, etc. For the European Union, flights between countries in the Schengen Area are considered domestic regarding passport and immigration check, several international airports have only intra Schengen-flights. Several of these have occasional charter flights to foreign countries, some cases of statelessness have occurred in airports of entry, forcing people to stay there for an extended period. A famous case was of Mehran Karimi Nasseri, an expelled Iranian who lived in the Charles de Gaulle Airport in France for approximately eighteen years after being denied entry to the country, there are two films about his story, Tombés du ciel and The Terminal. Another case is Zahra Kamalfar who lived in the Sheremetyevo International Airport for many months before getting refugee status in Canada, the formal definition of a port of entry in the United States is something entirely different. According to the Code of Federal Regulations, the port and port of entry incorporate the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a port director. In other words, a port of entry may encompass an area that includes several border crossings, as well as some air and this also means that not every border crossing is a port of entry. There are two reasons for this, Every port of entry must have a Port Director, which is a pay grade than a typical border inspector. The U. S. government has determined that some small border crossings do not need their own Port Directors, as a result, border stations like Churubusco, Chateaugay and Fort Covington, New York are considered stations within the Trout River Port of Entry
24.
Nav Canada
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Nav Canada is a privately run, not-for-profit corporation that owns and operates Canadas civil air navigation system. It was established in accordance with the Civil Air Navigation Services Commercialization Act, the company employs approximately 1,900 air traffic controllers,650 flight service specialists and 700 technologists. As part of the transfer, or privatization, Nav Canada paid the government CA$1.5 billion, Nav Canada, which operates independently of any government funding, is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. It is only allowed to be funded by publicly traded debt, Nav Canadas operations consist of various sites across the country. The company is governed by a 15-member board of representing the four stakeholder groups that founded Nav Canada. The four stakeholders elect 10 members as follows, These 10 directors then elect four independent directors and those 14 directors then appoint the president and chief executive officer who becomes the 15th board member. This structure ensures that the interests of individual stakeholders do not predominate, to further ensure that the interests of Nav Canada are served, these board members cannot be active employees or members of airlines, unions, or government. The company was formed on November 1,1996 when the government sold the air navigation services from Transport Canada to the new not-for-profit private entity for CAD$1.5 billion. The company was formed in response to a number of issues with Transport Canadas operation of air traffic control, while TCs safety record and operational staff were rated highly, its infrastructure was old and in need of serious updating at a time of government restraint. This resulted in delays for airlines and costs that were exceeding the airline ticket tax. The climate of government wage freezes resulted in shortages of air traffic controllers that were hard to address within a government department. Having TC as the provider, the regulator and inspector was a conflict of interest. Pressure from the airlines on the government mounted for a solution to the problem that was hurting the air industrys bottom line, the companys revenue is predominately from service fees charged to aircraft operators which amount to about CAD$1. 2B annually. Nav Canada also raises revenues from developing and selling technology and related services to air navigation service providers around the world. It also has some sources of income, such as conducting maintenance work for other ANS providers and rentals from the Nav Centre in Cornwall. In the summer of 2007 the company held $368 million in ABCP which had become illiquid, on 12 January 2009 final Ontario Superior Court of Justice approval was granted to restructure the third party ABCP notes. The company expects that the non-credit related fair value variances from face value on restructured and non-restructured ABCP will be recovered by the time the notes mature in fiscal year 2017. By fiscal year end 2013, the company’s revenues reached $1,231 million, during the period 2005-15 the company held service charge rates steady
25.
Canada Border Services Agency
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The Canada Border Services Agency is a federal agency that is responsible for border enforcement, immigration enforcement and customs services. The Agencys creation was formalized by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, since the September 11 attacks against the United States, Canadas border operations have placed an enhanced emphasis on national security and public safety. The CBSA oversees approximately 1,200 service locations across Canada and it employs over 12,000 public servants, and offers around-the-clock service at 119 land border crossings and thirteen international airports. The Agency oversees operations at three major sea ports and three centres, and operates detention facilities in Laval, Toronto, Kingston and Vancouver. The CBSA operates an Inland Enforcement branch, which tracks down, Inland Enforcement Officers are plain-clothes units, and are armed with the same sidearm pistol as port of entry Border Services Officers. The coat of arms was granted on June 15,2010 and presented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on July 6,2010, also in attendance were Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Use of the coat of arms is reserved for special occasions, the Heraldic Badge was approved for use at the same time as the coat of arms. It portrays a gold tressure which symbolizes the agencys security focus, the portcullis represents Her Majesty’s agents responsible for border services. The motto Protectio, Servitium, Integritas, translates “Protection, Service, the badge figures prominently in the television series Border Security, Canadas Front Line. A flag was approved for use on December 20,2012 and it is meant to resemble Canadas Blue Ensign, which was flown on government vessels prior to 1965. Not only has the structure of the organization changed, but the range of duties, substantial changes began before the 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. These new responsibilities led to the implementation of use of force policies, Border Services Officers across Canada started to carry collapsible batons, OC spray and handcuffs. The 2006 Canadian federal budget introduced $101 million to equip CBSA officers with side arms, in August 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that arming BSOs would begin in early 2007 and would continue through 2016. Some of the first officers to be armed were those working at the Windsor, Ontario port of entry, arming at the other Ports of Entry across Canada is being conducted systematically with those Ports considered the busiest and/or most dangerous to be completed first. Ports of Entry for all modes now have armed officers, including those at airports, Border Services Officers are equipped with handcuffs, oleoresin capsicum spray, batons, and are currently armed with Beretta PX4 Storm pistols. The arming initiative began in 2007 and officially concluded in 2016, Border Services Officers are trained at the CBSA College, located in Rigaud, Quebec. The attacker was an American man who shot the CBSA officer then killed himself, the CBSA officer, Lori Bowcock, was shot in the neck but she survived. This is the first time since CBSAs inception that an officer was shot on duty, in March 2015, Alain Philippon, a man from Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec, was referred to secondary inspection after returning from a trip to the Dominican Republic
26.
General aviation
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General aviation is the term for all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to corporate business jet flights, the majority of the worlds air traffic falls into this category, and most of the worlds airports serve general aviation exclusively. General aviation covers a range of activities, both commercial and non-commercial, including flying clubs, flight training, agricultural aviation, light aircraft manufacturing. Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,96 per cent are engaged in GA operations, there are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities, GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips. GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority, although regulatory powers are being transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency. The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, general aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft. In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U. S, aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing. Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours
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Royal Canadian Mounted Police
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The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is both a federal and a national police force of Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police with the Dominion Police, the former was originally named the North-West Mounted Police, and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. The RCMP-GRC wording is protected under the Trade-marks Act, larger cities may form their own municipal police departments. The two most populous provinces, Ontario and Quebec, maintain provincial forces, the Ontario Provincial Police, the other eight provinces contract policing responsibilities to the RCMP. The RCMP provides front-line policing in those provinces under the direction of the provincial governments, when Newfoundland joined the confederation in 1949, the RCMP entered the province and absorbed the then Newfoundland Ranger Force, which patrolled most of Newfoundlands rural areas. The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary patrols urban areas of the province, in the territories, the RCMP is the sole territorial police force. Many municipalities throughout Canada contract to the RCMP, thus, the RCMP polices at the federal, provincial, and municipal level. It is the police force of any sort in several areas of Canada. The RCMP is responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties, under their federal mandate, the RCMP police throughout Canada, including Ontario and Quebec. Under provincial and municipal contracts the RCMP provides front-line policing in all areas outside of Ontario, there are detachments located in small villages in the far north, remote First Nations reserves, and rural towns, but also larger cities such as Surrey, British Columbia. There, support units investigate for their own detachments, and smaller municipal police forces, investigations include major crimes, homicides, forensic identification, collision forensics, police dogs, emergency response teams, explosives disposal, and undercover operations. CSIS is not part of the RCMP, but is its own entity, Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald first began planning a permanent force to patrol the North-West Territories after the Dominion of Canada purchased the territory from the Hudsons Bay Company. Reports from Army officers surveying the territory led to the recommendation that a force of between 100 to 150 mounted riflemen could maintain law and order. The Prime Minister first announced the force as the North West Mounted Rifles, however, officials in the United States raised concerns that an armed force along the border was a prelude to a military buildup. Macdonald then renamed the force the North-West Mounted Police when formed in 1873, the force added Royal to its name in 1904. It merged with the Dominion Police, the police force for all points east of Manitoba. As part of its security and intelligence functions, the RCMP infiltrated ethnic or political groups considered to be dangerous to Canada. This included the Communist Party of Canada, but also a variety of minority cultural, the force was also deeply involved in immigration matters, and especially deportations of suspected radicals
28.
Royal Canadian Air Force
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The Royal Canadian Air Force is the air force of Canada. Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower, the RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. Lieutenant-General Michael J. Hood, CMM CD, is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search, the RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was incorporated in 1923 and granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V, in 1968 the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy, and the Canadian Army, as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces. Air units were split between several different commands, Air Defence Command, Air Transport Command, Mobile Command, Maritime Command, in 1975 some commands were dissolved, and all air units were placed under a new environmental command called simply Air Command. Air Command reverted to its name of the Royal Canadian Air Force in August 2011. The Royal Canadian Air Force has served in the Second World War, the Korean War, as a NATO member, the force maintained a presence in Europe during the second half of the 20th century. The Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 as the successor to a short-lived two-squadron Canadian Air Force formed during the First World War in Europe. John Scott Williams, MC, AFC, was tasked in 1921 with organizing the CAF, the new Canadian Air Force was a branch of the Air Board and was chiefly a training militia that provided refresher training to veteran pilots. Many CAF members also worked with the Air Boards Civil Operations Branch on operations that included forestry, in 1923, the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada, including civil aviation. In 1924, the Canadian Air Force, was granted the royal title, most of its work was civil in nature, however, in the late 1920s the RCAF evolved into more of a military organization. After budget cuts in the early 1930s, the air began to rebuild. By the end of the war, the RCAF had become the fourth largest allied air force, after the war, the RCAF reduced its strength. In 1950, the RCAF became involved with the transport of troops and supplies to the Korean War, however, members of the RCAF served in USAF units as exchange officers and several flew in combat. Both auxiliary and regular air defence squadrons were run by Air Defence Command, at the same time, the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line and the DEW Line radar stations, largely operated by the RCAF, were built across Canada because of the growing Soviet nuclear threat. In 1957, Canada and the United States created the joint North American Air Defense Command, coastal defence and peacekeeping also became priorities during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1968 the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force and this initiative was overseen by then Liberal Defence Minister, Paul Hellyer
29.
De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
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In addition, the Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations, and is used by the United States Army Parachute Team and the United States Air Forces 98th Flying Training Squadron. Development of the began in 1964, with the first flight on May 20,1965. The availability of the 550 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 turboprop in the early 1960s made the concept of a more feasible. The first six aircraft produced were designated Series 1, indicating that they were prototype aircraft, the initial production run consisted of Series 100 aircraft, serial numbers seven to 115 inclusive. In 1968, Series 200 production began with serial number 116, all Series 1,100, and 200 aircraft and their variants were fitted with the 550-shaft-horsepower PT6A-20 engines. In 1969, the Series 300 was introduced, beginning with serial number 231, both aircraft performance and payload were improved by fitting more powerful PT6A-27 engines. This was a 680 hp engine that was flat-rated to 620 hp for use in the Series 300 Twin Otter. The Series 300 proved to be the most successful variant by far, with 614 Series 300 aircraft, on February 24,2006, Viking purchased the type certificates from Bombardier Aerospace for all the out-of-production de Havilland Canada aircraft. The ownership of the certificates gives Viking the exclusive right to new aircraft. On July 17,2006, at the Farnborough Air Show, on April 2,2007, Viking announced that with 27 orders and options in hand, it was restarting production of the Twin Otter, equipped with more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 engines. As of November 2007,40 firm orders and 10 options had been taken, zimex Aviation of Switzerland received the first new production aircraft, serial number 845, in July 2010. By mid-2014, Viking had built 55 new aircraft at its Calgary facility, the production rate as of summer 2014 was about 24 aircraft per year. In April 2015, Viking announced a reduction of the rate to 18 aircraft per year. On June 17,2015, Viking further announced a partnership with a Chinese firm, the group will purchase 50 aircraft and become the exclusive representatives for new Series 400 Twin Otters in China. Twin Otters could be delivered directly from the factory with floats, skis, or tricycle landing gear fittings, making them adaptable bush planes for remote, areas including Canada and the United States, had much of the demand. Many Twin Otters still serve in the far north, but they can also be found in Africa, Australia, Asia, Antarctica and their versatility and maneuverability have made them popular in areas with difficult flying environments such as Papua New Guinea. In Norway, the Twin Otter paved the way for the network of short-field airports, the Twin Otter showed outstanding reliability, and remained in service until 2000 on certain routes. Widerøe of Norway was, at one time, the worlds largest operator of Twin Otters, during one period of its tenure in Norway, the Twin Otter fleet achieved over 96,000 cycles per year
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440 Transport Squadron
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No.440 City of Ottawa Transport Squadron is a unit of the Canadian Forces under the Royal Canadian Air Force. It is part of 17 Wing and works closely with Joint Task Force North located in Yellowknife, the squadron was founded in the 1930s as an army cooperation squadron. It was for a time an air defence squadron from the start of the Second World War before moving to the UK, there it equipped as a fighter-bomber squadron under RAF operational control. It supported the campaign through Northwest Europe until the end of the war. No.440 Squadron RCAF was a Second World War Royal Canadian Air Force squadron that operated as part of the Royal Air Force in Europe with the Hawker Typhoon. The squadron was formed in Vancouver on 5 October 1932 as No.11 Squadron before being redesignated No.111 Squadron on 15 November 1937. At the outbreak of the Second World War the squadron formed a detachment at Patricia Bay on Vancouver Island, now Victoria International, at this time the squadron flew the Westland Lysander as no modern fighter aircraft were available. It was disbanded on 1 February 1941 and then reformed on 3 November 1941 flying the Curtis Kittyhawk, the squadron and took part in air defence operations in Western Canada and the Aleutian Islands Campaign under RCAF Western Air Command. The squadron had the distinction of shooting down the only Japanese fighter by the RCAF home air force during the war. From the new American base in Umnak, Alaska flying the Curtis P-40K from American stock,111 squadron took part in raids against the Japanese base at Kiska. On 26 September 1942 the Commanding Officer, Squadron Leader K A Boomer shot down an intercepting Nakajima A6M2-N Rufe fighter while leading four Canadian manned P-40s involved in flak suppression. After the squadron moved to RAF Ayr where it was redesignated No.440 Squadron on 8 February 1944 as an Article XV squadron under the control of the British Royal Air Force and it was the third Canadian Typhoon equipped squadron of 143 Wing. The squadron was equipped with the Hawker Hurricane for working up, after a period of training the squadron began operations on 30 March 1944 with the Typhoons from RAF Hurn in the fighter bomber role. Originally the Typhoons were fitted with 500 lb bombs but later were able to carry a 1,000 lb bombs under each wing, the squadron supported and followed the allied armies through France, Netherlands and then into Germany. Although the Canadian Typhoons operated mostly as dive bombers also flew top cover to protect their aircraft from interception. While bombing in the St. Vith area on 27 December 1944,440 Squadron engaged three Bf-109s shooting down one of them for the second aerial kill in the war. The squadron was disbanded at Flensburg on 26 August 1945, in 1953 the squadron was reformed at RCAF Station Bagotville and equipped with the Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck. From 1957 until 1962, when they were again disbanded
31.
CFB Winnipeg
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Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, is a Royal Canadian Air Force base located within the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Co-located at the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, CFB Winnipeg is home to flight operations support divisions. Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 17 Wing, commonly referred to as 17 Wing Winnipeg, the base is supported by over 3,600 military personnel and 700 civilian employees. During World War II, the played a expanded role. During that time, they trained more than 130,000 personnel from across Canada ranging from pilots, navigators, observers, RCAF Station Winnipeg also became an important supply and repair depot and base to ferry and inspect units for the air force. Following the war, RCAF Station Winnipeg continued to provide training for pilots and navigators from many allied countries, the formation of No.2 Air Observer School & Central Navigation School was created from the increased training activities which graduated over 5,000 aircrew from foreign countries. The air force has long had a reserve or auxiliary presence there, No.112 Squadron from 1932 to 1940 and then, since 1946, the February 1,1968 unification of the RCAF with the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian Army formed the Canadian Forces. As a result, RCAF Station Winnipeg was renamed as Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, Kapyong Barracks closed in June 2004 and 2PPCLI re-located to CFB Shilo near Brandon. The Kapyong Barracks name was transferred to the new garrison facility in CFB Shilo. CFB Winnipeg became home to several transport and utility squadrons, as well as headquarters for Air Command, a realignment of the Canadian Forces in the mid-1990s saw Air Command HQ move to National Defence Headquarters. As with other AIRCOM bases across Canada, CFB Winnipegs squadrons were grouped under a system, in this case 17 Wing Winnipeg. CC-138 Twin Otter 1 Air Movements Squadron Canadian Forces School of Aeromedical Training CFB17 Wing – Winnipeg
32.
McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet
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The McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet is a Royal Canadian Air Force fighter aircraft, based on the American McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet fighter. In 1980, the F/A-18 was selected as the winner of the New Fighter Aircraft Project competition, the Canadian Forces began receiving the CF-18 in 1982. CF-18s were also part of the Canadian contribution to the Military intervention against ISIL, in 1977, the Canadian government identified the need to replace the NATO-assigned CF-104 Starfighter, the NORAD-assigned CF-101 Voodoo and the CF-116 Freedom Fighter. Subsequently, the government proceeded with the New Fighter Aircraft competition, the government stressed that the winner of the competition be a proven off-the-shelf design and provide substantial industrial benefits as part of the order. By 1978, the New Fighter Aircraft competitors were short-listed to just three aircraft types, the F-16 and the two F-18 offerings, the F-14, F-15, and the Tornado were rejected due to their high purchase price, while Dassault dropped out of the competition. The F-18L combined the systems and twin-engine layout of the F-18 that Air Command favored with a lighter land-based equipment setup that significantly improved performance. Northrop, the contractor for the F-18L version, had not built the aircraft by the time of the NFA program. While Northrop offered the best industrial offset package, it would pay off if other F-18L orders were forthcoming, something the Department of National Defence was not willing to bet on. The F-14 almost entered Canadian service through the due to the Iranian Revolution. The Canadians offered to them at a steeply discounted price. Negotiations ended before a deal was reached as it was revealed that Canadian involvement was crucial in the smuggling of American embassy personnel out of the new Islamic Republic, in 1980, the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet was declared the winner of the New Fighter Aircraft competition. The order included 98 single-seat variants and 40 dual-seat variants, for a total of 138 purchased, the F/A-18 Hornet was then dubbed the CF-188. In every context except the most official of military documents, the aircraft are referred to as CF-18 Hornets, the CF-18 was procured from 1982 to 1988, at a total capital cost of $4 billion in 1982 dollars. The original CF-18 as delivered is largely identical to the F/A-18A,80 CF-18s, consisting of 62 single-seat and 18 dual-seat models. Many features that made the F/A-18 suitable for carrier operations were retained by the Canadian Forces, such as the robust landing gear, the arrestor hook. The most visible difference between a CF-18 and a U. S. F-18 is the 0.6 Mcd night identification light and this spotlight is mounted in the gun loading door on the port side of the aircraft. Some CF-18s have the light temporarily removed, but the window is always in place, also, the underside of the CF-18 features a painted false canopy. This is intended to disorient and confuse an enemy in air-to-air combat
33.
Air Canada Express
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Air Canada Express is a brand name under which four regional airlines operate feeder flights for Air Canada. On April 26,2011, it was reported that Air Canada decided to retire the Air Canada Jazz brand, prior to establishing the Express name, the flights operated primarily under the Air Canada Jazz or Air Canada Alliance banners. C. Sky Regional Airlines now operates all 15 of Air Canadas former Embraer E-175 aircraft, Air Canada destinations Air Canada Express destinations Air Canada Rouge destinations Air Georgian destinations Air Canada website fleet
34.
Calgary International Airport
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The airport offers scheduled non-stop flights to major cities in Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe and East Asia. YYC Calgary International Airport serves as headquarters for WestJet and as a hub airport for Air Canada, the airport is one of eight Canadian airports with US Border Preclearance facilities. The airport is operated by The Calgary Airport Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System and it is Canadas fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic and 3rd by aircraft movements, handling 15,680,616 passengers in 2016 and 250,953 movements in 2014. In October 2008, The Calgary Airport Authority was named one of Albertas Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc, YYC has both the longest runway and the tallest free-standing control tower in Canada. The airport underwent an expansion project with its new International Facilities Project. The airport opened in 1938 as McCall Field, named in honour of World War I ace and it is actually Calgarys third airport. The original facility was an airstrip in the then-town of Bowness. In 1928, it was replaced with Calgary Municipal Airport, in the Renfrew area, in 1940, McCall Field was taken over by the Department of Transport, and not returned to the city until 1949. A new terminal opened in 1956, but quickly became obsolete with the dawn of the jet age, the city did not have nearly enough funding for the necessary upgrades, and sold it to Transport Canada in 1966, who renamed it Calgary International Airport. This led to a media firestorm and a second petition to not change the name. In October 2016, days prior to opening the new international terminal and we are very pleased that this brand has been formally incorporated into our official airport name. ”The airport is divided into two terminals. The Domestic Terminal consists of concourses A, B, and C, the International Terminal opened on October 31,2016, and handles all International and USA-bound flights. It consists of Concourses D and E, all concourses are connected behind security by a connections corridor, consisting of walkways, moving sidewalks, and a fleet of electric shuttles called YYC Link. Domestic Terminal The domestic terminal consists of Concourses A, B, and C and this was the airports only terminal before the new International Terminal opened on October 31,2016. The terminal was designed by Stevenson, Raines, Barret, Hutton, Seton and Partners, Gates 1 to 24 are located on this concourse, most of which are used primarily by WestJet. Gates 1 to 6 comprise regional operations for WestJet Encore, there are five security lanes dedicated to Concourse A flights. The A concourse contains the Swissport Calgary Chinook lounge, Concourse A used to handle international flights, but it no longer does as of October 31,2016 with the opening of the new International Terminal. Gates 21 to 40 are swing gates, Gates 21 to 24 will swing between Concourse A and B
35.
Edmonton International Airport
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Edmonton International Airport is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility in the Edmonton region of the Canadian province of Alberta. The airport offers scheduled flights to major cities in Canada, the United States, Mexico. It is a hub facility for Northern Alberta and Northern Canada and it is Canadas largest major airport by total land area, the 5th busiest airport by passenger traffic and by aircraft movements. Operated by Edmonton Airports and located 26 kilometres south southwest of downtown Edmonton in Leduc County on highway 2 opposite of the city of Leduc and it served 7,981,074 passengers in 2015. Transport Canada selected the current site for Edmonton International Airport and purchased over 7,000 acres of land, when the airport opened on November 15,1960, its first terminal was an arch hangar. Today, it is in use by Canadian North, in 1963, a passenger terminal, built in the international style, was opened. It remains in use as the North Terminal, artwork, fired by Alberta Natural Gas, adorned the departures area exterior. A large mural, commissioned by the Canadian government in 1963 for CAD$18,000 titled Bush Pilot in Northern Sky by Jack Shadbolt, an appraisal in 2005 indicated that the mural was worth $750,000, and a restoration of the mural was undertaken in 2007. During the 1970s, the experienced a rapid growth in traffic as the city of Edmonton grew. However, from the early 1980s until 1995, traffic declined and this decline was attributed to the continued usage of Edmonton City Centre Airport as well as to a slowing economy. In a municipal plebiscite in that year, 77% of voting Edmontonians voted to consolidate all scheduled jet service at Edmonton International Airport. In 1998, the airport underwent a $282 million 1998–2005 Redevelopment Project, the three-phase project included the construction of a south terminal and central hall concept, a commuter facility, doubling of the apron, and a multi-storey parkade. This redevelopment project expanded the capacity to 5.5 million. By the time the project was completed in 2005, continued passenger growth triggered planning for another expansion. A new 107, 000-square-foot control and office tower was added in 2009, further expansion was completed in 2013. Functional highlights include seven new gates,14 boarding bridges, six new elevators and moving walkways, over 100 security doors. Incremental improvements like improving de-icing capacity and implementing common use systems for airlines were also delivered, the Renaissance Hotel and the iconic snow-drift inspired control and office tower are recent major additions to the airport landscape. In 2016, the Edmonton International Airport expected to begin twinning Highway 19, the realignment of the highway will allow for the airport to finalize engineering and begin construction on the airports third runway - runway 11/29
36.
Vancouver International Airport
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Vancouver International Airport is located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, about 12 km from Downtown Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements and passengers and it has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, Mexico and other airports within Canada. The airport has won several notable international best airport awards, it won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2016. The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th, 8th and it is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results and it is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet. It is also a base for Air Transat. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities and it is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes. In 1929 the city of Vancouver purchased land on Sea Island for aviation purposes, the airport was a base for Royal Canadian Air Force training. The crews and their families were housed in a new townsite on the island, funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada. The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since expanded to include separate domestic. A north runway was completed in 1996, in 2011 the airport announced that it will enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia. It has more flights than any other airport in Canada. Vancouver International Airport has two terminals, the Main Terminal and the South Terminal, free Wi-Fi is available in all sections of the airport. The Main Terminal is divided in two sections, the Domestic Terminal and the International Terminal, the majority of flights operate at the Main Terminal. The Domestic Terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt, the Domestic terminal consists of three concourses. Concourse A consists of six gates, A6 through A10. These gates are used by WestJet Encore, a new permanent ground-loading concourse is planned to start construction in 2016. Concourse B comprises gates B12 through B23 and B26 through B28, gates B14 to B17 have provisions allowing international arrivals in the future
37.
Air North
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Air North Charter and Training Ltd. operating as Air North, Yukons Airline is a Canadian airline based in Whitehorse, Yukon. Its main base is Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport, the airline was established by Joe Sparling and Tom Woods, and started flight training and general purpose charter operations in 1977 with a single Cessna 206. Throughout the 1980s the company grew and acquired several more aircraft including Douglas DC-3s, a Douglas DC-4. Also during the 1980s Air North began offering scheduled passenger and cargo service in addition to charter services. The Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation of Old Crow also began investing in Air North around this time and these jets allowed Air North to begin competing with the mainline carriers between the Yukon and Vancouver, Calgary and Edmonton. These routes proved to be successful and in recent years Kelowna, Yellowknife, soon after a gravel kit was also installed on the 737 Combi, allowing the aircraft to operate on the airlines northern routes and expand charter capabilities. Starting in 2010 a new expansion and modernization plan was put into action, beginning with a larger B737-400. In 2012 a fifth HS748 and a second 737-500 were acquired,2014 saw the arrival of the third 737-500, sporting an updated livery. A fourth 737-500 was put into service in 2016, with the newer 737s in service the two non-gravel equipped 737-200s and one HS-748 have been retired and are now used for spare parts and training. Completion of the expansion and modernization plan is expected to take place over the next few years. Since the arrival of the Boeing 737s, the main Air North base in Whitehorse has steadily expanded, Air North also operates secondary bases in Vancouver, B. C. Edmonton, Alberta, and Dawson City, Yukon, in conjunction with North of Ordinary Media, Air North launched its inflight magazine, Yukon, North of Ordinary in February 2007. Yukon, North of Ordinary is published quarterly with a run of 20,000. It is available in-flight, via subscriptions, and in bookstores across Canada, the magazine is owned and operated by North of Ordinary Media of Carcross, Yukon. Also in the mid-2000s Air North opened its own kitchen in Whitehorse. Most scheduled flights include a service and a complimentary light meal made fresh daily. Yukon products are featured when possible, and often include Midnight Sun coffee, over the years Air North has won several awards for its outstanding customer service. Air North was recently named the 2nd most loved airline in the world by Fortune Magazine
38.
Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport
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Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport is located in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. It is part of the National Airports System, and is owned and operated by the Government of Yukon, the airport was renamed in honour of longtime Yukon Member of Parliament Erik Nielsen on December 15,2008. The terminal handled 294,000 passengers in 2012, representing a 94% increase in traffic since 2002. Air North is based in Whitehorse and it was closed in 1968 and the airfield resumed its status as a civilian airport. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 50 passengers, however, the airport has two fixed-base operators for fuel, limited aircraft maintenance facilities. The control tower operates from 7 a. m. –9 p. m. local time, ARFF services are also provided 24 hours a day,7 days a week. The airport also controls Whitehorse Water Aerodrome, a float base on Schwatka Lake. During the September 11,2001 attacks, two aircraft approaching the United States from Asia were diverted to Whitehorse as part of Operation Yellow Ribbon. One of these flights, a Boeing 747 operating as Korean Air Lines Flight 85, was feared to be hijacked, many of the buildings in the downtown area near the airport were evacuated as a precaution. Those who witnessed the landing by the Korean Air 747 observed the Royal Canadian Mounted Police order the crew out at gunpoint. The airports parking lot is graced by an old Canadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-3 on a pedestal that serves as a weather vane, commencing in the early 1940s, scheduled passenger service was operated by Canadian Pacific Air Lines. Other destinations in the Yukon as well as Fairbanks, Alaska were also served by Canadian Pacific during the mid-1940s with these flights subsequently being discontinued. CP Air served Whitehorse during the 1970s with Boeing 737-200 jetliners with direct, transair was also subsequently acquired by Pacific Western Airlines. U. S. -based Pan American World Airways served Whitehorse during the early 1960s as part of a route linking Seattle with Alaska, Pan Am operated Douglas DC-4 followed by Douglas DC-6B propliners into the airport on a routing of Seattle-Ketchikan-Juneau-Whitehorse-Fairbanks-Galena-Nome. Several Alaska-based airlines also served Whitehorse in the past, during the 1970s, Wien Air Alaska operated Boeing 737-200 jetliners as well as Fairchild F-27 turboprops into the airport with Anchorage-Fairbanks-Whitehorse-Juneau routings. Era Aviation operated Convair 580 turboprop aircraft nonstop between Anchorage and Whitehorse during the 1980s, the airport has its own fire department with three crash tenders and one supervisor vehicle based at a fire station on the airport grounds. Whitehorse/Cousins Airport This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, //www. afhra. af. mil/
Media related to Yellowknife Airport at Wikimedia Commons
