1.
Regional Municipality of York
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The Regional Municipality of York, also called York Region, is a regional municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the former York County in 1971, and is part of the Greater Toronto Area, the regional government is headquartered in Newmarket. The 2011 census population was 1,032,524, surpassing the mark of one million. At the Canada 2011 Census,53,989 residents inhabited rural areas in the municipality,67,551 resided in urban areas. Its growth rate of 15. 7% from 2006 to 2011 was the sixth highest amongst all census divisions in Canada, and the Government of Ontario expects its population to surpass 1.5 million residents by 2031. At a meeting in Richmond Hill on 6 May 1970, officials representing the municipalities of York County approved plans for the creation of a government entity to replace York County. The plan had been presented in 1969 by Darcy McKeough, the Ontario Minister of Municipal Affairs, the Regional Municipality of York was created by Act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1970, which took effect on January 1,1971. The eastern boundary of the new town of Markham was defined to be at Yonge Street, the townships of Georgina, North Gwillimbury, and Sutton were merged into the township of Georgina, and the East Gwillimbury neighbourhood of East Gwillimbury Heights was merged into Newmarket. The boundary between Aurora and Newmarket was defined to be St. Johns Sideroad, and Newmarkets northern boundary was defined to be Green Lane. The growth centres were each restricted to grow to a population of 25,000 by 2000. The municipal realignment merged 40% of East Gwillimburys population into Newmarket, the council of East Gwillimbury voted to amalgamate with Newmarket, but Newmarket council opposed the amalgamation. In the plan presented by McKeough, the councils of the towns of Newmarket, the internal municipal realignments resulted in some politicians residing in a new municipality from that which they represented at the time of realignment. York Region covers 1,762 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south and its eastern border is shared with Durham Region, to the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest. A detailed map of the region showing its major roads, communities, York Regions landscape includes farmlands, wetlands and kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, in addition to the built-up areas of its municipalities. York Region is situated on a continental climate with warm summers. The region is governed by a known as York Regional Council. Wayne Emmerson, a mayor of Whitchurch-Stouffville, was elected to this office in December,2014. In October 2008, the York Regional Municipality was named one of Greater Torontos Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc, the economy of York Region is diverse
2.
East Gwillimbury
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East Gwillimbury is a town on the East Holland River in the Regional Municipality of York. It is part of the Greater Toronto Area of southern Ontario and it was formed by the amalgamation of the Township of East Gwillimbury with all the previously incorporated villages and hamlets within the township. The main centres in East Gwillimbury are the villages of Holland Landing, Queensville, Sharon, the Civic Centre are located along Leslie Street in Sharon. The northernmost interchange of Highway 404 is at the North edge of East Gwillimbury, the hamlets of Holt and Brown Hill are also within town limits. East Gwillimbury takes its name from the family of Elizabeth Simcoe, née Gwillim, wife of Sir John Graves Simcoe, the municipal council consists of a mayor and four councillors elected at large, with the mayor also representing the town in York Regional Council. The current and recent mayors are, In the 2010 election, Virginia Hackson was elected mayor, with Cathy Morton, joining them were Tara Roy-DiClemente and John Eaton. In the 2014 election Virginia Hackson was re-elected as Mayor, with a council consisting of Tara Roy-DiClemente, Marlene Johnson, James Young, the Federal Member of Parliament is Peter Van Loan, a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, representing the riding of York—Simcoe. The Member of Provincial Parliament is Julia Munro, a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, the town operates three fire and emergency services locations, in Holland Landing, Mount Albert and Queensville. They are each staffed by a District Fire Chief and volunteer firefighters, Police services are provided by the York Regional Police. East Gwillimbury is the first jurisdiction in Canada to require Energy Star certification for residential units, in June 2010, town council passed the Official Plan for the Town of East Gwillimbury. The Official Plan was praised for its consultations with the public, despite the large amount of growth, almost 75% of East Gwillimbury land will not be developed as it is part of both the Greenbelt and the Oak Ridges Moraine. Rather than being spread out throughout the town, growth will be concentrated in the villages of Holland Landing, Sharon, Queensville. Queensville will see the most growth, going from a population of 650 people in 2010, in October 2011, the Regional Municipality of York advised the Ontario Municipal Board, that they support the Official Plan for East Gwillimbury. The Sharon Temple is located in the village of Sharon, Ontario and it was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1990. The site is composed of eight distinctive heritage buildings and dwellings, the Temple was constructed between 1825 and 1832 by the Children of Peace, a Quaker sect led by David Willson on whose property it was built. Bare Oaks Family Naturist Park is a naturist park located between the villages of Sharon and Mount Albert and it attracts thousands of visitors to East Gwillimbury and has a significant economic impact on area tourism. It has been in that location since 1972 when it was known as the Toronto Helios Society, schools in East Gwillimbury are governed by the York Region District School Board and the York Catholic District School Board. Sharon Public School, Queensville Public School and Mt. Albert Public School are located in Sharon, Queensville, the York Catholic District School Board operates Good Shepherd Catholic School
3.
Queens Quay (Toronto)
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Queens Quay is a prominent street in the Harbourfront neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The road supplanted both Front Street and Lake Shore Boulevard as the most southerly east-west corridor in the city when it was created on reclaimed land in the inner harbour, sometime after 1919 to the early 1920s the inner harbour was filled in and new slips were created. Queens Quay continues to go through a significant transformation, originally, it served as an access road for the various ports and slips in the inner harbour. However, the industrial uses along Queens Quay were slowly replaced by commercial and residential uses. Between 1975 and 1979, a cluster of large, concrete towers were erected at the foot of Bay Street, south of Queens Quay, in 1990, the 40-storey York Quay towers were built and remain the tallest buildings on Queens Quay. The scale and density of these and subsequent high-rise development along Queens Quay were criticized for blocking the lake, in 1999, the Toronto Transit Commission opened a dedicated streetcar right-of-way in the median from Bay Street to Bathurst Street. In 2001, the city set out to improve Queens Quay by reclaiming public space for pedestrians. This resulted in the Waterfront Toronto Central Waterfront Public Realm International Design Competition, in August 2006, the city closed the two eastbound lanes, replacing them with bike lanes as part of the Martin Goodman Trail and additional pedestrian space. The experiment resulted in a public realm and more visitors to the overall waterfront area. The plan will restrict Queens Quay to two lanes, on the north side of the streetcar tracks, similar to the design of the 2006 experiment. Additionally, the calls for the beautification and extension of the Harbourfront streetcar line along Queens Quay East between Yonge and Cherry Street. The transit right-of-way will be grass-covered, in 2013 two open spaces opens, Ontario Square and Canada Square. The former is a public space and the latter a green area. Both replace the parking lot, which is now underground. Queens Quay is served by two lines, operating on a dedicated right-of-way. The 509 Harbourfront and 510 Spadina both terminate at Union Station and run along Queens Quay from Bay Street, westward, at Spadina Avenue, the 510 heads north to Spadina Station, and the 509 continues west, bound for the Exhibition Loop. Originally there was to have been a station in front of the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel. This plan was cancelled when the management became unwilling to share in the cost
4.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
5.
King Street (Toronto)
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King Street is a major east–west commercial thoroughfare in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was one of the first streets laid out in the 1793 plan of the Town of York and this original core was destroyed in the 1849 Great Fire of Toronto, but subsequently rebuilt. The original street extended from George to Berkeley Street and was extended by 1901 to its present terminuses at Roncesvalles Avenue in the west and the Don River in the east. King Streets western terminus is at an intersection with The Queensway to the west, Roncesvalles Avenue to the north, King runs to the south-east briefly before curving to the east until just west of Parliament Street. There, it curves north-east until terminates at a merge with Queen Street East just west of the Don River, prior to a realignment, Eastern Avenue was the East end of King Street and crossed the Don at the King Street Bridge. Yonge Street, the north–south divider of many Toronto east–west streets, divides King Street into King Street East, canadas Walk of Fame runs along King Street from John Street to Simcoe Street and south on Simcoe. It is a tribute in granite to Canadians who have gained fame in the fields of music, literature, journalism, dance, sports, acting, entertainment and broadcasting. King Street East is predominantly known as the high-end, luxury furniture district of downtown Toronto, with dozens of stores on King Street and in the surrounding area. King Street is served along its length by the Toronto Transit Commissions 504 King streetcar route. It connects with the Yonge–University–Spadina subway line at St. Andrew Station at University Avenue and it connects with the Bloor–Danforth subway line at Dundas West and Broadview stations. The street was served by the 508 Lake Shore route until it was terminated in June 2015. It was subsequently replaced by the 514 Cherry route in June 2016, in the original 1793 plan of the Town of York, King Street was the original name of the section of todays Front Street from George Street east to Parliament Street. This was changed in 1797, when York was extended to the west, the original King Street became Palace Street, and Duke Street was renamed King Street. The new King Street was extended west to York Street, in 1798, King Street was extended further west, to Peter Street. In the 1837 westerly extension of Toronto, King Street was extended west to Garrison Creek, in the 1849 Great Fire, much of the business core at King and Jarvis was destroyed. By 1901, King Street West was completed to its intersection at Roncesvalles. Lawrence Market and the historic King Edward Hotel
6.
Dundas Street
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Dundas Street /ˈdʌnˌdæs/, is a major historic arterial road in Ontario, Canada. The road connects the city of Toronto with its western suburbs, three provincial highways—2,5, and 99—followed long sections of its course, although these highway segments have since been downloaded to the municipalities they passed through. A historic alternate name for the street was Governors Road, Dundas Street is also one of the few east–west routes to run uninterrupted through the Greater Toronto Area, from Toronto to Halton Region. Within Toronto, the TTCs 505 Dundas streetcar route serves the street from Riverdale to the Junction, the route of Dundas through the city of Toronto is irregular. The streets various sections were constructed as several smaller named streets, running parallel. Crossing the lower reaches of the Don River west of Broadview Avenue, at Yonge Street, Dundas intersects the citys unofficial heart at Yonge-Dundas Square, within sight of downtown landmarks such as the Eaton Centre and Ryerson University. Called Dundas Street West from this point westward, the route passes Canadas financial heart to the south on Bay Street, at Spadina Avenue, Dundas serves as the east–west axis of the citys largest Chinatown. West of Ossington Avenue, it meanders northwards towards Bloor Street near the intersection of Roncesvalles Avenue, proceeding due west from Keele through the Junction, Dundas parallels the CP Rail line through the mixed industrial-residential district. At Scarlett Road the route veers southwest toward a crossing over the Humber River valley. Beyond the river, Dundas serves as the boundary of the upscale Kingsway residential district. Passing the historic St. Georges Church-on-the-Hill, Dundas again heads southwest toward the village of Islington. The road passes through Mississauga, Oakville, and Burlington, the street loses the name Dundas St. west of Highway 6, as the route follows a still-provincially maintained stretch of Highway 5, entering rural Brant County near St. In London, the street ends just east of the confluence of the Thames River before it crosses the Kensington Bridge to west London, originally, this section was called Dundas Street West with the eastern portion being Dundas Street East. However, since construction in the mid-1980s, the western portion has been called Riverside Drive. Some Londoners still refer to Dundas Street East though no part of the street retains that name, immigrant communities have sprung up along the route of Dundas Street within Toronto, with most still retaining elements of their original character. This district was settled by emigrants from Portugal and Brazil. Downtown centre Dundas Street is centrally located in downtown Toronto, about midway between Front Street and Bloor Street and it serves as a major east–west thoroughfare for vehicular, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic downtown and beyond. Since the building of the Eaton Centre and the Yonge-Dundas Square and it is estimated that over 56 million people pass this intersection each year
7.
Bloor Street
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Bloor Street is a major east–west residential and commercial thoroughfare in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bloor Street runs from the Prince Edward Viaduct, which spans the Don River Valley, east of the viaduct, Danforth Avenue continues along the same right-of-way. The street, approximately 25 kilometres long, contains a significant cross-sample of Torontos ethnic communities and it is also home to Torontos famous shopping street, the Mink Mile. The street is named after Joseph Bloore, a brewer and land speculator of this area in the 19th century who founded the Village of Yorkville in 1830 and he is buried at Necropolis Cemetery on Bayview Avenue and Rosedale Valley Road. A portion of Line 2 of the Bloor-Danforth subway line runs along Bloor from Kipling Avenue to Yonge Street, and then continues east along Danforth Avenue. Originally surveyed as the first concession road north of the baseline, it was known by names, including the Tollgate Road, then St. Pauls Road. Although Bloore had an e at the end of his surname, Bloor Street was never spelled with it, the idea of installing bicycle lanes on Bloor had been debated since at least the early 1970s. On 4 May 2016, city council voted 38-3 to implement physically separated bike lanes along a 2. 6-km stretch of the street. Mayor John Tory stated, in support of the project, that if council sought to make Toronto a 21st century city, Bloor street begins at the eastern edge of the Prince Edward Viaduct, which passes over the ravine holding the Don River. The street continues through to the Rosedale Ravine, marking the border of the affluent community of Rosedale. West of Parliament Street, the passes just to the north of the large St. James Town housing project. On the northern side of section of Bloor are the forested slopes of the Rosedale Ravine. Between Sherbourne and Church Streets the street is lined by large office towers and this area has long been the centre of the insurance industry in Canada. West of Church the street becomes commercial and is an important shopping district. In downtown, especially around the intersection with Bay Street, Bloor is one of the most exclusive stretches of real estate in Canada. Rents on the upscale Bloor Street have doubled in 4 years, ranking as the 22nd most expensive location in the world in 2006. Nationally, Vancouvers upscale Robson Street tied with Bloor Street West as the most expensive street in Canada, under the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is the Bloor-Yonge subway station, which is the busiest in the city, serving approximately 368,800 people a day. Above ground, the intersection encompasses commercial stores and condominiums and it generally retains its commercial character, and serves as the main shopping area for most of these communities
8.
St. Clair Avenue
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St. Clair Avenue is a major east-west street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was laid out in the late 18th century by the British as a road,2 kilometres north of Bloor Street and 4 kilometres north of Queen Street. St. Clair Avenue has two sections, the western section extends from Moore Park in the east to Scarlett Road in the west, a distance of approximately 10 kilometres. An eastern section picks up on the far side of the Don Valley at Taylor Creek Park, like all streets in Toronto which cross Yonge Street, St. Clair is divided into separate East and West sections, each with its own street numbers beginning at Yonge Street. Unlike other concession roads in Toronto, St. Clair does not extend west into Etobicoke, St. Clair Avenue West has heavy automotive and public transit traffic. Over half the commuters in rush hour traffic travel by streetcar, the 512 St. Clair streetcar line connects with St. Clair and St. Clair West subway stations on Line 1 Yonge–University. St. Clair Avenue takes its name from Augustine St. Clare, the Grainger family, who rented a farm near the present-day intersection of Avenue Road and St. Clair, had viewed a stage production of Uncle Toms Cabin. Two members of the family, Albert and Edwin, adopted names of two characters as their names as each boy had no given middle name. Edwin added Norton to his name, and Albert chose St. Clare, although he used the spelling of St. Clair. As a joke, Edwin and Albert made street signs using their names and posted them at Yonge, the St. Clair sign survived for a while and the name became adopted as the name for the 3rd Concession Road. The first known printed use of the St. Clair name was in an 1878 publication, in 1913, a Roman Catholic church was built in the Earlscourt District, and named after the actual Saint Clare. St. Clares Church is at 1118 St. Clair Avenue West, on the side of the street. The parish opened the St. Clares Catholic School, an elementary school, the first European settlement on St. Clair was at Yonge Street, where the Heath family bought land in 1837. A thriving neighbourhood, Deer Park, was established by the 1850s, the next settlement was about 5.5 km west, at Old Weston Road, where settlement of Carlton Village began in the late 1840s. The western end of St. Clair experienced substantial development, with the municipalities of West Toronto, Earlscourt, Dovercourt and these municipalities were annexed by Toronto between 1908 and 1911, and the western section of St. Clair Avenue became entirely managed by the City of Toronto. To stimulate development along what was largely a rural road. Though the operators initially refused, they accepted the citys offer of $100,000 in 1915. The muddy road was opened to traffic in 1918, from 1937 to 1952, St. Clair West formed part of provincial Highway 5A, providing an alternate route between Islington and Yonge Street that avoided the congestion of Bloor Street
9.
Eglinton Avenue
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Eglinton Avenue is a major east-west arterial thoroughfare in Toronto and Mississauga, in the Canadian province of Ontario. Within Toronto, Eglinton Avenue is the road which crosses through all six former municipalities. The road begins at 6th Line in Milton as Lower Baseline, becomes Eglinton Avenue as it crosses into Mississauga, the section between the Etobicoke Creek and Renforth Drive forms the city limits of Toronto and Mississauga. The Toronto section was surveyed in the 19th Century as the 4th Concession Road in relations to Lakeshore Road and it was historically known as Richview Sideroad in Etobicoke, Lower Baseline in Mississauga, and Highway 5A in Scarborough. Eglinton Avenue runs through a number of neighbourhoods and is residential, for the most part, the Eglinton West area, which stretches from Oakwood–Vaughan to Keele Street, is home to a number of Caribbean and West Indian stores. Eglinton Avenue is one of the few east-west routes north of Bloor Street that crosses Toronto uninterrupted in a more or less straight line across the entire city. Eglinton was also the street to cross through all six municipalities that made up Metro Toronto, East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, Toronto. There are two sources for the naming of Eglinton Avenue, henry Scadding in an early history of the city wrote that it originated from Eglinton Castle in Scotland, itself named for the Earls of Eglinton. Several early settlers, impressed by the Eglinton Tournament of 1839 hosted by the 13th Earl, the wagon trail connecting to Yonge between the third and fourth concessions soon adopted the name of the village, and was gradually improved over the years near Yonge Street. In 1890 the area was incorporated as North Toronto, and in 1912 it was annexed to Toronto itself, in 1953, Metropolitan Toronto was formed. Seeking to build new connections to the developing suburbs, Metro widened and interconnected Eglinton to its current form through the decade. The eastern segment through Scarborough was known as Highway 5A between 1937 and 1953, this also appeared on St. Clair Avenue West until 1952. The two pieces of Highway 5A were never connected, in 1953, what remained was renumbered as Highway 109, a year later, the road was removed from the provincial highway system. Because of its time as a highway, the road through Scarborough was widened considerably. A right of way was acquired to bridge the gap in Eglinton. Until the mid-1950s, Eglinton did not cross either of the valleys of the Don River, the road ended at Brentcliffe and resumed at Victoria Park Avenue. The Department of Highways relinquished control of Highway 109 to the newly formed Metro government, Metro built the new section of Eglinton Avenue, first between Dawes Road and Don Mills Road in 1955, and later between Don Mills Road and Leaside in 1956. The structure over the GO rail line and East Don River is known as the Harvey C, rose Bridge, and honours the Chief engineer of the Toronto and York Roads Commission, later the Metropolitan Toronto Commission of Roads
10.
Lawrence Avenue
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Lawrence Avenue is a major east-west thoroughfare in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is divided into east and west portions by Yonge Street, the western terminus of Lawrence Avenue is Royal York Road. After only a stretch in Etobicoke, where it runs through the Humber Heights – Westmount neighbourhood Lawrence crosses the Humber River. East of Weston it enters North York, and passes through the neighbourhoods of Amesbury, Maple Leaf, Glen Park, Lawrence Heights, through this section the street is mostly home to low-rise residential, with some retail and office locations. East of Avenue Road the road enters the Old City of Toronto and this is one of the wealthiest parts of Toronto. Lawrence remains almost wholly residential through this section, with single family homes. Lawrence Avenue East is interrupted at Bayview Avenue, by the west branch of the Don River, a detour north on Bayview leads to Post Road, and a connection back to Lawrence Avenue on the east side of the valley. This detour runs through The Bridle Path, one of Torontos most affluent neighbourhoods, East of Leslie Street, Lawrence becomes a principal arterial road, passing through Don Mills. East of the Don River is the Lawrence Avenue exit of the Don Valley Parkway, Lawrence continues as a six-lane road through most of Scarborough, with many strip malls flanking its sides. Through Scarborough it is the main east-west arterial for a number of neighbourhoods, including Wexford, Bendale, Woburn, the segment east of Morningside Avenue is primarily residential. The road ends at Rouge Hill Drive near the Rouge River, the Toronto Transit Commissions 52 Lawrence West and 54 Lawrence East, and 162 Lawrence-Donway bus routes provide service along the length of the avenue. GO Transit has two rail stations on Lawrence Avenue, Rouge Hill, on the Lakeshore East line. Lawrence Avenue was named for Jacob Lawrence, a tanner and farmer in the area of Yonge Street, during Hurricane Hazel in 1954, the Lawrence Avenue bridge over the Humber River was washed out when the rivers water levels rose heavily as a result of the rainfall. This portion to Kingston Road, is a minimum of six lanes wide, Lawrence Avenue served as the Base Line for the Scarborough Township Survey in the 1800s, and remains a key road in that area. Lawrence Avenue east of Meadowvale Road in Scarborough was part of Colonel Danforth Trail until the early 1970s
11.
Wilson Avenue
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The following is a list of the east–west arterial thoroughfares in the Canadian city of Toronto. The city is organized in a grid pattern dating back to the laid out by Augustus Jones between 1793 and 1797. Most streets are aligned in the north-south or east-west direction, based on the shoreline of Lake Ontario, in other words, major north–south roads are generally perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline and major east–west roads are generally parallel to the lakes shoreline. The Toronto road system is influenced by its topography as some roads are aligned with the old Lake Iroquois shoreline. Minor streets with documented history or etymology are listed in a separate section, roads are listed south to north. Queens Quay begins west of Bathurst Street at Stadium Road and ends at Lake Shore Boulevard East, the road bed is built entirely on infill, and is the closest road to Lake Ontario throughout the downtown core. In 1999, the Toronto Transit Commission opened a dedicated streetcar right-of-way in the median from Bay Street to Bathurst Street, the plan reduces the number of traffic lanes on Queens Quay to two, to the north side of the streetcar tracks. Additionally, the calls for the beautification and extension of the Harbourfront streetcar line along Queens Quay East between Yonge and Cherry Streets. The newly modified Queens Quay was completed in 2015 from Bathurst to Bay Street, Lake Shore Boulevard, often misspelled as Lakeshore Boulevard as shown on the street sign to the right for example, is so named because of its position along the Lake Ontario shoreline. Lake Shore Road travelled as far east as Roncesvalles, where it connected to Queen Street, incorporating various side streets such as Laburnam Avenue, Starr Avenue and Dominion Street, the route was pushed east to Bathurst Street on January 28,1924. From there it continued as Fleet Street to Cherry Street, keating Street continued east from a point just south of that intersection to Woodbine Avenue. These two streets were reconstructed to form a roadway, and renamed as part of Lake Shore Road on August 25,1959. The Frederick G. Gardiner Expressway, known locally as the Gardiner, is an expressway connecting downtown with the western suburbs, East of Dufferin Street, the roadway is elevated, running above Lake Shore Boulevard east of Bathurst Street. Elevated sections east of the Don were demolished and integrated into Lake Shore Boulevard, the highway is named for the first chair of the now-defunct Metropolitan Toronto Council, Frederick G. Gardiner, who championed it, the Don Valley Parkway and Spadina Expressway projects. The six-lane section east of the Humber River was built in segments from 1955 until 1964 by the Metropolitan Toronto government with provincial highway funds, the ten-lane section west of the Humber was formerly part of the QEW. The Gardiner Expressway is now owned and operated by the City of Toronto. When the Gardiner was built, it passed through industrial lands, one elevated section east of the Don River was demolished in 2001, and a study is underway to demolish that part of the elevated section east of Jarvis Street to the Don. Front Street is so named because it fronted the Lake Ontario shoreline at the time of the layout of York
12.
York Mills Road
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The village of York Mills is distinguished from the 1920s subdivision to the south known as Hoggs Hollow. York refers to York Township and Mills refers to the gristmills and sawmills that once operated in the valley through which the Don River runs, York Mills runs east of Yonge Street and ends at Victoria Park Avenue. Near Victoria Park, most of the traffic follows Parkwoods Village Drive in connection to Ellesmere Road, to the west, York Mills Road becomes Wilson Avenue. These roads form an alternative to the nearby Highway 401
13.
Ontario Highway 401
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It stretches 828.0 kilometres from Windsor in the west to the Ontario–Quebec border in the east. The part of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto is North Americas busiest highway, the route is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario and patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. The speed limit is 100 km/h throughout its length, unless posted otherwise and these three sections of highway were 11.8,54.7 and 41.2 km, respectively. In 1964, the route became fully navigable from Windsor to the Ontario–Quebec border, in 1965 it was given a second designation, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, in honour of the Fathers of Confederation. At the end of 1968, the Gananoque–Brockville section was bypassed, in 2011, construction began on a westward extension called the Right Honourable Herb Gray Parkway. This new route follows, but does not replace, former Highway 3 between the end of the freeway and the E. C. Row Expressway, at which point it turns and parallels that route towards the site of the future Gordie Howe International Bridge, an 8-kilometre section of the parkway, east of the E. C. Row interchange, opened on June 28,2015, with the remaining section completed and opened on November 21, the expansive twelve-plus-lane collector–express system will also be extended west through Mississauga to Milton and east through Ajax and Whitby. Highway 401 extends across Southwestern, Central and Eastern Ontario, in anticipation of the future expansion of the highway, the transportation ministry purchased a 91. 4-metre-wide right-of-way along the entire length. Generally, the highway occupies only a portion of this allotment and this makes it North Americas busiest roadway, surpassing the Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles and I-75 in Atlanta. Highway 401 also features North Americas busiest multi-structure bridge, located at Hoggs Hollow in Toronto, the four bridges, two for each direction with the collector and express lanes, carried an average of 373,700 vehicles daily in 2006. The highway is one of the backbones of a network in the Great Lakes region, connecting the populous Quebec City–Windsor corridor with Michigan, New York. It is the connection between Toronto and Montreal, becoming Autoroute 20 at the Ontario–Quebec border. At present, Highway 401 begins as a freeway at the west end of the E. C. At the Dougall Parkway, the highway turns east and exits Windsor, from here, Highway 401 mostly parallels the former route of Highway 98 from Windsor to Tilbury. Southwestern Ontario is flat, primarily land, that takes advantage of the fertile clay soil deposited throughout the region. Here the highways flat and straight route is notorious for leading to driver inattention, the section from Windsor to London has become known for deadly car accidents and pile-ups, earning it the nickname Carnage Alley. As the highway approaches London, Highway 402 merges in, resulting in a six-lane cross-section, within London, it intersects the citys two municipal expressways, Highbury Avenue and the Veterans Memorial Parkway
14.
Sheppard Avenue
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Sheppard Avenue is an east-west principal arterial road in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A small portion of a continuation of the road in Pickering, Ontario is also called Sheppard Avenue from Altona Road, Sheppard is named for Joseph Sheppard I, who acquired 400 acres of land at the northwest corner of Sheppard and Yonge Street. His son opened a store there. The site was occupied in 1860 by the Dempsey Hardware Store, since the mid-2010s, the former site is developed as a commercial building. In the former Scarborough municipality, Sheppard was once called the Lansing Sideroad, east of Yonge Street, Sheppard travels east through North York to Highway 404. Historically, it continued straight to Victoria Park Avenue at the Scarborough border, however, a new section called the Lansing Cutoff was constructed joining the two disconnected pieces. The orphaned section of Sheppard between the 404 and Victoria Park was renamed Old Sheppard Avenue, at that junction, it also meets Port Union Road, which heads south into the Port Union neighbourhood. However, Twyn Rivers Drive continues east into the Rouge valley as a collector road and it continues farther east until it ends at Fairport Road just north of Highway 2 / Kingston Road. 43°49′28″N 79°06′26″W This routing parallels the alignment for Highway 401 and serves as an alternative if the highway is closed or congested, west of Yonge Street, Sheppard travels west across the Sheppard Avenue Bridge over the Don and past Bathurst Street and Wilson Heights Boulevard. Further west, the road allowance became blocked in 1939 by the appropriation of land for a De Havilland aircraft plant and, after World War II, Canadian Forces Base Downsview. A crescent-shaped section of road was constructed along the northern edge of the now former base in the 1970s. 43°45′17″N 79°28′42″W Today, Sheppard also intersects Allen Road on this section, Sheppard Avenue continues still further west to Weston Road, but cannot be extended because the Humber Sheppard Community Centre is on the west side of the intersection. There are five stations on the line providing access to Sheppard Avenue, including Bayview, Bessarion, Downsview station is located at the corner of Sheppard and Allen Road at the northern terminus of the Spadina section of the Yonge-University-Spadina line
15.
Finch Avenue
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Finch Avenue is an arterial thoroughfare that travels east–west in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The road continues west into the Regional Municipality of Peel as Regional Road 2, the road is considered a high-density transit corridor by Metrolinx. At its intersection with Yonge Street in North York, the Finch subway station, Finch Avenue was named after hotel owner John Finch, who operated John Finchs Hotel at the northeast corner of Finch Avenue and Yonge Street in Toronto. The road allowance was a road, and at one time, there were a number of older churches, schoolhouses. In the 1950s, Ontario Hydro constructed a series of lines around Toronto. A compressed natural gas pipeline also follows this routing, as suburban development in North York progressed northward in the 1960s, Finch was rapidly reconstructed from a gravel road into a four-laned traffic artery. This began with the realignment of several sections, such as at Bayview where Newtonbrook Creek flows diagonally beneath the crossroads, a rail overpass west of Leslie was built by 1968. In the west, Finch originally ended at the Humber River at Islington Avenue, a separate western section was later constructed as development occurred in the-then Borough of Etobicoke. Traffic proceeding west had to travel on Islington, south across the Humber to Albion Road, in the early 1990s, this gap was closed. Earlier, in the 1980s a short extension was built northwestward into Mississauga and Brampton with the construction of Highway 427, turning onto the Gorewood Drive concession. Finch ends at Steeles Avenue, and Gorewood Drive continues it for a distance north of Highway 407. The concession is then called MacVean Drive in northeastern Brampton, north of Queen Street and it then continues into Caledon as Centreville Creek Road. The crater left where a 4 lane roadway once was is approximately 20–25 feet deep, two lanes reopened in late 2005, and the remaining lanes opened in April 2006. On July 24,2009, two appeared on Finch Avenue West between Dufferin Street and Bathurst Street. Despite its length, few major landmarks are located on Finch, it primarily through business. Many condominium and office high-rises are located at the intersection with Yonge Street in the North York City Centre area, most of Finch Avenue west of Morningside Avenue is a four to six-lane principal arterial, with a speed limit of 60 km/h in most sections. E becomes Staines Rd. a collector road that runs through residential communities, in Pickering, Finch Avenue is also known as Durham Road #37 and continues east to Brock Road. It ends at a cul-de-sac at Kingston Road, and Kingston Rd. continues the line to the eastern boundary of Oshawa
16.
Steeles Avenue
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Steeles Avenue is an east-west street that forms the northern city limit of Toronto and the southern limit of York Region, Ontario, Canada. Steele, who owned the Green Bush Hotel on the northwest corner of the intersection with Yonge Street. York Region refers to Steeles Avenue as Regional Road 95, but the designation is strictly internal, Steeles in Scarborough was once referred to as Scarborough Town Line. The combination of Steeles and Taunton Road is the only road to cross almost the entire Greater Toronto Area without breaks or turnoffs. Steeles Avenue is a rural road east of York Regional Road 69. The area consists of parklands in the east end, a mix of commercial and residential in the middle, like many other east-west arterial roads within Toronto and York Region, Steeles is divided into an east and west segment by Yonge Street. East of Scarborough-Pickering Town Line / York-Durham Line, it becomes Taunton Road or Durham Regional Road 4, West of Albion Road, Steeles Avenue continues into Peel Region, where it is also designated as Peel Regional Road 15. Like the section in Toronto, Steeles Avenue in Brampton has east-west segments and it runs through Brampton and into Halton Region, where it is also designated as Halton Regional Road 8, through the town of Milton, ending at Appleby Line. The road is served predominantly by TTC bus routes 53 Steeles East and 60 Steeles West, both routes turn away from Steeles upon approaching Yonge Street. York Region Transit routes that run along Steeles include 3,10,88,12, work is underway to extend Line 1 Yonge–University through York University and into Vaughan, which will include a station to be called Pioneer Village at Steeles Avenue. MoveOntario 2020 also includes plans to extend the Yonge Line north and add a station at Yonge, Steeles Avenue East will be made the third arterial for Bramptons Züm bus rapid transit. In October 2008, it was crowned the worst road in Ontario. Reasons include potholes and general quality of surface, soon after the results of CAAs survey were made public, some parts of the road between Dufferin Street and Bayview Avenue were resurfaced. The results of the 2009 survey listed Steeles as Ontarios worst road, landmarks and notable sites along Steeles from west to east
17.
Ontario Highway 407
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Highway 407 is a tolled 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The segment between Burlington and Brougham in Pickering is leased to and operated by the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited and is known as the 407 Express Toll Route. It begins at the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 in Burlington, East of Brock Road, the freeway continues east as Highway 407 East for 21.2 km to Harmony Road in Oshawa. Highway 407 is the first electronically operated toll highway opened in the world, distances are calculated automatically using transponders or licence plates, which are scanned at entrance and exit points. Major interchanges along the route include the QEW, Highway 403, Highway 401, Highway 410, Highway 427, Highway 400, Highway 404, and Highway 412. Highway 407 was planned in the late 1950s as a freeway bypassing the Toronto segment of Highway 401, however, construction did not begin until 1987. During the early 1990s, the government proposed tolling the highway to alleviate a revenue shortfall. The central sections of Highway 407 opened 1997, the remaining sections were built quickly over the following four years, with the final segment of opening in mid-2001. Despite being included in the 400-series network, the Highway 407 ETR section is not considered part of the highway network due to it now being privately operated. The route is operated privately under a 99-year lease agreement with the provincial government, the lease was sold in 1998 for approximately C$3.1 billion to a consortium of Canadian and Spanish investors operating under the name 407 International Inc. The privatization of the Highway 407 ETR section has been the source of significant criticism, especially regarding the increases in tolls, plate denial, in addition, the safety of segments constructed following the sale of the freeway has been called into question. Many have come to regard Highway 407 ETR as a luxury, the first phase of a provincially owned and tolled extension of the route, known solely as Highway 407 opened to traffic from Brock Road in Pickering to Harmony Road in Oshawa on June 20,2016. Included as part of extension, was the construction of a tolled north-south link between Highways 401 and 407 known as Highway 412. Construction is currently underway to extend the provincially owned portion of Highway 407 easterly to Highway 35 / Highway 115 in Clarington and this construction is set to open in two stages, with the first phase opening in 2017, and the second phase opening in 2019. This construction includes a link to Highway 401 east of Oshawa that will be known as Highway 418. The 407 ETR is contractually responsible for maintaining high levels as justification for increasing tolls. Despite increased usage, parallel roads that Highway 407 was intended to supplement continue to grow congested, forcing the MTO to revisit costly widening projects of Highway 401 and the QEW. Highway 407 has been designed with aesthetics and environmental concerns in mind by featuring landscaped embankments,79 storm drainage ponds, as well as a curb, unlike most other Ontario highways, it features concrete pavement as opposed to top-coated asphalt
18.
Ontario Highway 7
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Kings Highway 7, commonly referred to as Highway 7 and historically as the Northern Highway, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. At its peak, Highway 7 measured 716 km in length, Highway 7 was first designated in 1920 between Sarnia and Guelph and extended to Brampton the following year. Between 1927 and 1932, the more than doubled in length as it was gradually extended eastward to Perth. In the early 1960s, that section of Highway 15 was renumbered as Highway 7, in that same decade, the Conestoga Parkway and Peterborough Bypass were constructed. During the 1970s and 1980s, many sections of Highway 7 were widened from the two lane cross-section to four or six lanes. Within York Region, the route was upgraded to an expressway in preparation for the construction of Highway 407. Soon thereafter, that new tollway would act as justification for transferring the section of Highway 7 through the Greater Toronto Area to regional governments. In the west, the construction of Highway 402 between Sarnia and London provided an alternative to Highway 7, resulting in the transfer of the section west of Highway 4. A third transfer took place in Peterborough, briefly separating the route into three segments, but has since been rectified by renumbering a section of Highway 7A. From 2007 to 2012, the section of Highway 7 between Carleton Place and Ottawa has been widened to a divided freeway, in addition, work is underway to extend the Conestoga Parkway to New Hamburg as well as to build a new freeway between Kitchener and Guelph. The western segment of Highway 7 travels from Elginfield in Middlesex County in the southwest to the Halton - Peel border at Norval near Brampton, a distance of 152.6 kilometres. A23.4 km portion of this segment, from Waterloo Regional Road 51 south of Baden to Highway 85 in Kitchener is a freeway, plans to build a freeway bypass of Highway 7 from Kitchener to Guelph are currently underway. At one point Highway 7 travelled as far west as Sarnia, at Highway 40, Highway 7 ended and the much shorter than today Highway 402 continued westwards to the Bluewater Bridge at the American border. Highway 402 was completed between Sarnia and Highway 401 in 1982, resulting in the redundancy of Highway 7 west of London as traffic shifted to the high-speed alternate. Nonetheless, Highway 7 remained provincially maintained until the segment west of Highway 4 was transferred to county jurisdiction on January 1,1998, the former highway now known as Lambton County Road 22 and Middlesex County Road 22. Though the highway changes direction several times between Elginfield and Kitchener, it is straight and two lanes wide, except east of New Hamburg where it widens to four lanes. Proceeding east-northeast through farmland, the highway the southern terminus of Highway 23 just 1.2 kilometres later, southeast of St. Marys, Highway 7 curves northeast into Perth County until it reaches downtown Stratford, where it meets Highway 8. The two highways travel east concurrently for 45.1 kilometres, passing through the town of Shakespeare as it travels in a line through farmland
19.
Ontario Highway 9
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Kings Highway 9, commonly referred to as Highway 9, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The western segment of the highway begins at Highway 21 in Kincardine and it travels 73 km to the junction of Highway 23 and Highway 89 in Harriston. The central segment is now known as Wellington County Road 109, at Highway 10 in Orangeville, Highway 9 resumes and travels east to Highway 400. The highway once continued east to Yonge Street in Newmarket, but is now known as York Regional Road 31, Highway 9 was first assumed into the provincial highway system on February 26,1920 as the Arthur–Kincardine Road. It was extended to Cookstown in the early 1930s via Orangeville and Shelburne, in 1937, the road between Orangeville and Schomberg was designated part of Highway 9. The concurrency was discontinued, and the remainder became Highway 89, in 1965, Highway 9 was extended to Newmarket along Davis Drive. Highway 9 begins at the edge of Kincardine near the shoreline of Lake Huron. The roadway continues west past Highway 21 to the lake as Broadway Street, to the east of Highway 21, the highway travels along a concession road for 40 km, through the Saugeen Conservation Lands to the town of Walkerton. Within Walkerton, Highway 9 turns south at a junction with Bruce County Road 4 and it travels south to the village of Mildmay, where it curves to the south-east. The highway continues in this direction through the villages of Clifford and Harriston, in the centre of Harriston, Highway 9 ends at a four way junction. Highway 89 travels north-east from this location, while Highway 23 travels south-west, Highway 9 formerly continued south-west, but is now known as Wellington County Road 109 past this junction. At Highway 10 in Orangeville, Highway 9 resumes and travels east to Highway 400, the highway once continued east to Yonge Street in Newmarket, but this section is known as York Regional Road 31. Highway 9 ends at an interchange with Highway 400, a commuter parking lot is provided for carpooling. The portion of Highway 9 between Kincardine and the junction with Yonge Street in Walkerton was built originally as the Durham Settlement Road or Durham Road for short, the Durham Road was surveyed and constructed between 1849 and 1851. It extended from the border between present-day Grey Highlands, Grey County and Clearview, Simcoe County, south of Singhampton, through Flesherton, Durham, Hanover and Walkerton to Kincardine. The western section from Kincardine to Walkerton is today Highway 9, and the sections to the east were at one point part of Highway 4. On February 26,1920, the Arthur–Kincardine Road was designated as a provincial highway and it connected what would become Highway 6 with Kincardine, on the shores of Lake Huron. In August 1925, the road was numbered as Highway 9, the route was extended to Cookstown in the early 1930s
20.
Ontario Highway 11
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Kings Highway 11, commonly referred to as Highway 11, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. At 1,784.9 kilometres, it is the second longest highway in the province, North and west of North Bay, Highway 11 forms part of the Trans-Canada Highway. The highway is part of MOMs Way between Thunder Bay and Rainy River. Although many of the roads that make up the route were constructed before the highway was designated, at the time, it only extended to north of Orillia. In 1937, the route was extended to Hearst, northwest of Timmins, the route was extended to Nipigon by 1943. In 1965, Highway 11 was extended to Rainy River, bringing it to its maximum length, the section through Barrie and south to Toronto was decommissioned as a provincial highway in 1998. Since then, ongoing construction resulted in the highway being four-laned as far north as North Bay by 2012, a section concurrent with Highway 17 was rebuilt as a divided highway in the early 2010s, while construction of a twin-span bridge at Nipigon is underway. The earliest established section of Highway 11 is Yonge Street, though it is no longer under provincial jurisdiction, Yonge Street was built under the order of the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe. Fearing imminent attack by the United States, he sought to create a route between York and Lake Simcoe. In doing so, he would create a means of reaching the upper Great Lakes. In late 1793, Simcoe determined the route of his new road, the following spring, he instructed Deputy Surveyor General Augustus Jones to blaze a small trail marking the route. Simcoe initiated construction of the road by granting land to settlers, in the summer of 1794, William Berczy was the first to take up the offer, leading a group of 64 families north-east of Toronto to found the town of German Mills, in modern Markham. By the end of 1794, Berczys settlers had cleared the route around Thornhill, however, the settlement was hit by a series of setbacks and road construction stalled. Work on the road resumed in 1795 when the Queens Rangers took over and they began their work at Eglinton Avenue and proceeded north, reaching the site of St. Albans on February 16,1796. The southern end of the road was in use in the first decade of the 19th century, for several years the Holland River and Lake Simcoe provided the only means of transportation, Holland Landing was the northern terminus of Yonge Street. The military route to Georgian Bay prior to, and during the War of 1812, crossed Lake Simcoe to the head of Kempenfelt Bay, then by the Nine Mile Portage to Willow Creek, the Penetanguishene Military Post was started before the war. However, lacking a suitable transport route, passage from York to Lake Huron continued via the Nottawasaga. The Penetanguishene Road, begun in 1814, replaced this route by the time the military post was opened in 1817, in 1824, work began to extend Yonge Street to Kempenfelt Bay near Barrie
21.
Holland River
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The Holland River is a river in Ontario, Canada, that drains the Holland River watershed into Cooks Bay, the southern extremity of Lake Simcoe. It is named after Captain Samuel Holland, Dutch-born first Surveyor General of British North America, the river flows generally north, and its headwaters lie in the Oak Ridges Moraine. The Holland River watershed is approximately 600 square kilometres, spanning an area that includes New Tecumseth, King Township, Newmarket, Aurora, East Gwillimbury, the rivers watershed also contains the Holland Marsh, a fertile farmland region renowned for its vegetable production. The Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority is responsible for leading the protection and environmental health of the Holland River, list of rivers of Ontario Map of East Holland River Watershed area Map of West Holland River Watershed area
22.
Vaughan
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Vaughan is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is within the region of York, just north of Toronto, Vaughan was the fastest-growing municipality in Canada between 1996 and 2006, achieving a population growth rate of 80. 2% according to Statistics Canada having nearly doubled in population since 1991. It is the fifth-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area, in the late pre-contact period, the Huron-Wendat people populated what is today Vaughan. The Skandatut ancestral Huron village overlooked the east branch of the Humber River and was home to approximately 2000 Huron in the sixteenth century. The township was named after Benjamin Vaughan, a British commissioner who signed a treaty with the United States in 1783. Despite the hardships of life, settlers came to Vaughan in considerable numbers. The population grew from 19 men,5 women, and 30 children in 1800 to 4,300 in 1840, the first people to arrive were mainly Pennsylvania Germans, with a smaller number of families of English descent and a group of French Royalists. This migration from the United States was by 1814 superseded by immigrants from Britain, while many of their predecessors had been agriculturalists, the newer immigrants proved to be highly skilled tradespeople, which would prove useful for a growing community. Vaughan changed little in its history, from the 1840s when the number of inhabitants stood at 4,300 to 1935 when it had 4,873 residents. However, World War II sparked an influx of immigration, and by 1960, as well, the ethno-cultural composition of the area began to change with the arrival of different groups such as Italians, Jews and Eastern Europeans. Incorporated in 1850 as Vaughan Township, a government was established. In 1991, it changed its legal status to City of Vaughan. An F2 tornado tore through the city of Vaughan during the Southern Ontario Tornado Outbreak on August 20,2009. Premier Dalton McGuinty and Mayor Linda Jackson toured the destruction the day and reported 200 homes in critical shape. The tornado also ripped up trees, flipped cars, and left thousands of people without power, Vaughan declared a state of emergency because of the widespread damage. One man injured in the storm suffered an attack the following morning. Vaughan City Council has nine members, the mayor, three councillors, and five local councillors. The mayor, elected at large, is the head of Vaughan council, the three regional councillors are elected to represent Vaughan at both local and regional levels of government
23.
Markham, Ontario
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Markham is a city in the Regional Municipality of York within the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada. Markhams population in 2015 was estimated at 342,000 through The Region of York population census data monitoring, the city is the fourth-most populous community within the Greater Toronto Area after Toronto, Mississauga and Brampton and is the York regions most populous municipality. Markham is also Canadas 16th largest city, Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1,2012. The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, while they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 64,000 acres in Markham Township in 1794. Through much of Markhams history the community has been described as an agricultural community, a turn towards a more urbanized community within the township began after World War II when the township began to feel the effects of urban encroachment from Toronto. The completion of Highway 404 during the mid-1970s accelerated urban development in Markham, as of 2013 tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. As of 2010 business services employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force, the city also has over 1,100 technology and life-sciences companies, with IBM as the citys largest employer. Each family was granted 200 acres of land, however the lack of roads in the region led many to settle in York, German Mills later became a ghost town. Between 1803 and 1812, another attempt at settling the region was made, the largest group of settlers were Pennsylvania Dutch, most of whom were Mennonites. These highly skilled craftsmen and knowledgeable farmers settled the region and founded Reesorville, in 1825, Reesorville was renamed to Markham having taken the name of the unincorporated village. By 1830, a number of Irish, Scottish and English families began immigrating to Upper Canada. Markhams early years blended the rigours of the frontier with the development of agriculture-based industries, the many rivers and streams in the township soon supported water-powered saw and gristmills and later wooden mills. With improved transportation routes, such as the construction of Yonge Street in the 1800s, in 1842 the township population was 5,698,29,005 acres were under cultivation, and the township had eleven gristmills and twenty-four sawmills. By 1850, the first form of structured municipal government formed in Markham, by 1857, most of the township had been cleared of timber and was under cultivation. Villages like Thornhill, Unionville, and Markham greatly expanded, in 1851 Markham Village was a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the Rouge River. A woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill, and distillery, foundry, a temperance hall and four churches. In 1972, Markham was incorporated as a town, as its population skyrocketed due to urban sprawl from Toronto, in 1976, Markhams population was approximately 56,000
24.
Richmond Hill, Ontario
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Richmond Hill is a town in south-central York Region, Ontario, Canada. Part of the Greater Toronto Area, it is the York Regions third most populous municipality and it is also Canadas most populous town. Richmond Hill has in recent years seen a huge population upsurge and it is an affluent town with a large number of people employed in business, finance, industry and healthcare. The town is home to the world-renowned David Dunlap Observatory telescope, at one time the second largest telescope in the world, and still the largest in Canada. The town grew to encompass the communities of Gormley, Dollar, Langstaff, Carrville, Headford, Elgin Mills, Jefferson, Bond Lake, Temperanceville, Lake Wilcox, Oak Ridges and Richvale. Policing was taken over by the York Regional Police, but fire protection remained with Richmond Hill, having hired its first full-time employee in 1967, it had fourteen full-time employees by 1971. Yonge Street through Richmond Hill expanded from two lanes to four in 1971, relieving congestion on what was known as Ontarios worst stretch of highway, the Richmond Hill Dynes Jewellers softball team was the 1972 Softball World Champions. The Royal Canadian Air Farce was recorded at the Curtain Club Theater in Richmond Hill for its first 5 seasons on radio, the Air Farce returned for an anniversary recording in the 1990s. June 27 was officially declared Russell Lynett Day, named after the towns clerk,1973 also saw the sale of the last of the original rose-growing greenhouses in Richmond Hill. Development had led to increasing property taxes and the H. J. Mills greenhouses relocated to Bayview Avenue, the site of the greenhouses was developed as a subdivision. The fast-growing town set aside significant areas for parks, with five new parks dedicated in 1973, the Richmond Hill Historical Society was founded in 1973. The society was dedicated to preserving the history of Richmond Hill and their first action was to restore a 150-year-old house, known as the Burr House. As the 1970s went on, the growth of Richmond Hill remained large. In 1976, home prices in Richmond Hill were among the highest in Canada, by this time, the town council was split over whether to keep expanding rapidly. The deadlock over a fifty-five house subdivision named Springmills Estate lead to one saying that it was not the reform council it was dubbed. Other housing projects faced similar problems as councilors debated many things, including the need for housing and the encroachment of homes into the farmland. GO train service was extended to Richmond Hill in 1978, officially opened on April 29,1978 by Bill Davis, growth in Richmond Hill slowed towards the end of the 1970s, with M. L. McConaghy Public School closing in 1979 due to dropping enrollment, at the same time, Richmond Hill began to make official plans for future land development
25.
Aurora, Ontario
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Aurora is a town in central York Region in the Greater Toronto Area, within the Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario. It is located north of the Town of Richmond Hill and is situated on the Oak Ridges Moraine. In the Canada 2016 Census, the population of Aurora was the 95th largest in Canada. Aurora has consistently ranked in the top 10 wealthiest cities in Canada, lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe gave the order for Yonge Street to be extended to Holland Landing in 1793, and the way was paved for the establishment of a community where Aurora now stands. In 1795, the first house in Aurora was built at Yonge St, in 1804, Richard Machell became the first merchant at the cross roads of Yonge and Wellington and the hamlet soon became known as Machells Corners. Charles Doan was another early businessman at Machells Corners and became the first postmaster and later the first reeve, as postmaster, he was influential in renaming the village Aurora. With the coming of the railway in 1853, Aurora emerged as an important centre north of Toronto, the Fleury plough works was established soon after and Aurora was on its way to becoming a flourishing industrial town. The population of Aurora in 1863 was 700, and by 1888 it had grown to become a town of 2,107 residents, with some ups and downs in growth over the years, Aurora is now a flourishing town with a strong commercial and industrial base. Worthy of note is the fact that Aurora was the home of Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968, when his father, Aurora is noted for preserving its historical built form and in 2008 was awarded The Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership. In 2009 the town received the Lieutenant Governors Ontario Heritage Award for Community Leadership in heritage conservation and promotion, on April 8,2010, the town re-opened the historic and fully renovated Church Street School as the Aurora Cultural Centre. Aurora is twinned with Leksand, Sweden, the towns growth rate from 2011 to 2016 was 4.2 per cent. Based upon current population figures and total area, the population density is 1,068.8 residents per square kilometre. The population is forecasted to reach approximately 69,688 by 2020, in 2010, average household income in Aurora was $155,463, making it one of Canadas most affluent towns. English is the tongue of 73. 7% of Aurora residents. Following are Italian, Russian, Persian, Chinese, not otherwise specified, mother Languages as reported by each person, Source, The Town of Aurora municipal government is composed of a mayor and eight councillors elected on an at large basis. The councillor with the highest votes becomes the deputy mayor and may proxy for the mayor, the mayor is a member of York Regional Council. In the municipal elections of 25 October 2010, Geoff Dawe was elected mayor, the town is part of the federal riding of Newmarket—Aurora
26.
Newmarket, Ontario
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Newmarket is a town and regional seat of the Regional Municipality of York in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is part of Greater Toronto in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, many Newmarket residents commute to Toronto, located south of the town. In 2013, MoneySense magazine ranked Newmarket 10th out of 200 cities in Canada, in 2017, Amazon Canada ranked Newmarket as number 20 of the top 100 most romantic cities in Canada. Newmarkets geographical coordinates are 44. 05°N,79. 46°W and it has an area of 38.33 km². The town is bounded on the south by Aurora, on the west by King, on the north by East Gwillimbury, the main river in Newmarket is the East Holland River, and all other streams in the town are tributaries thereto. Furthermore, the level in the reach of the East Holland north of Davis Drive is controlled from an unfinished Newmarket Canal lock. The land is characterized mainly by deposits from the last ice age. The town is mainly by sand and gravel, ground by the icesheets that covered the area until about 10,000 years ago. No outcrops are to be anywhere in Newmarket, so deep are the glacial deposits. Newmarket has a continental climate with four distinct seasons featuring cold, somewhat snowy winters and warm. Precipitation is moderate and consistent in all seasons, although summers are a bit wetter than winter due to the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, Newmarkets location on the Holland River long ago made the area a natural route of travel between Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe. A more used route ran down the branch of the Holland River, over the moraine. In 1793, John Graves Simcoe travelled the trail, northward along the route to the west. In June,1800, Timothy Rogers, a Quaker from Vermont, some of the United States Quakers were interested in moving northward, disturbed by the violence they were expected to take part in during the American Revolution. In 1801 Rogers returned along with several Quaker families who had left their homes in Vermont, by the Christmas of 1801, Joseph Hill had constructed a mill on the Holland River, damming it to produce a mill pond that is now known as Fairy Lake. The town of Upper Yonge Street sprouted up around the mill, which explains why its primary downtown area was centred on the Holland River, Hill also built a tannery just to the north of the mill, and the first store and house, as well as additional mills. By 1802, Elisha Beman had begun to establish businesses and buy land in Newmarket, a mill was first and other businesses soon followed. The town continued to grow through the early 19th century, along with the formation of Aurora and Holland Landing, Newmarket played a central role in the Rebellion of 1837
27.
Bay Street
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Bay Street is a major thoroughfare in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the centre of Torontos Financial District and is used by metonymy to refer to Canadas financial services industry since succeeding Montreals St. James Street in that role in the 1970s. Bay Street begins at Queens Quay in the south and ends at Davenport Road in the north, the original section of Bay Street ran only as far north as Queen Street West. Sections north of Queen Street were renamed Bay Street as several streets were consolidated. The largest of these streets, Terauley Street, ran from Queen Street West to Grenville Street, at these two points, there is a curve in Bay Street. Bay Street is frequently used as a metonym to refer to Torontos Financial District, Bay Street banker, as in the phrase cold as a Bay Street bankers heart, was a term of opprobrium especially among Prairie farmers who feared that Toronto-based financial interests were hurting them. Within the legal profession, the term Bay Street is also used colloquially to refer to the large, the street was originally known as Bear Street because of frequent bear sightings in the early history of Toronto. It was renamed Bay Street in 1797 from the fact that it connected Lot Street to a bay at the Toronto Harbour, until 1922, the section of Bay running north from Queen Street and ending at College Street was known as Terauley Street. Several discontinuous streets existed north of College Street to Davenport Road, By-Law 9316 joined these streets together as far north as Scollard Street in 1922. Finally, By-Law 9884, enacted on January 28,1924, changed the name of Ketchum Avenue to Bay Street, there is a short street called Terauley Lane running west of Bay from Grenville Street to Grosvenor Street. The intersection of Bay and King Street is often seen as the centre of Canadian banking, the core cluster of towers has crept north with the addition of the 50-storey Bay Adelaide Centre and the Trump Tower Toronto. Significant condominium development on Bay, north of the district, boomed during the 1990s and construction continues on large, 40-plus storey condominiums. The area is defined by Dundas Street to the south and Bloor/Yorkville to the north and crosses through Torontos Discovery District, the area attracts many who work in the financial district and those who work in the Discovery District, nearby hospitals and schools. More than 67% of residents in this area are in the ages of 25-64. The intersection of Bay and Bloor is the location of the Toronto Transit Commissions Bay subway station, Bay Street is served by the route 6 Bay bus, which is one of the few downtown bus routes. The street used to be served by lines, which were gradually phased out after the north-south Yonge. The remaining streetcar tracks between Dundas and College Streets are now used for turns and diversions. City of London Financial district Wall Street Bay Street at Google Maps Bay Street Corridor neighbourhood profile
28.
Avenue Road
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Avenue Road is a major north-south street in Toronto, Ontario. The road is a continuation of University Avenue, linked to it via Queens Park, until January 1,1998, these roads were designated Highway 11A. Avenue Road is the limit of the former town of Yorkville, officially beginning at Bloor Street. At its southern terminus, it runs two of Torontos major hotels, the Park Hyatt and the Four Seasons Hotel. On the northeast corner of the intersection with Bloor is the Church of the Redeemer, for much of its length the road is fairly residential, with a mix of small businesses, as well as a few large schools and churches. A notable site along this section is the Hare Krishna Temple, formerly the Avenue Road Church, opposite Dupont Street. Just north of St. Clair Avenue, Avenue Road is interrupted by Upper Canada College, ending at Lonsdale Road, the primary traffic route runs east of the school, following widened sections of Lonsdale Road and Oriole Parkway and returning to Avenue Road via Oxton Avenue. North of Eglinton Avenue, the former St. James-Bond Church once stood and this building, which used to house two prime downtown congregations – St. James Square, and Bond Street – was built in the late 1920s, and closed in June 2005. Near Lawrence Avenue is Havergal College, a private girls school. Although in the city of North York, much of the area considers the school part of North Toronto. Avenue Road ends at Bombay Avenue, just after crossing Highway 401, a few miles north of Torontos Avenue Road, there is a separate Avenue Road in Richmond Hill, running almost due north of the Toronto one. However, Avenue Road is a street name elsewhere in the English-speaking world, notably London. In British English, an avenue is a row of trees, thus ones reaction to the name may be seen as a shibboleth evincing attachment to British or American culture. A common urban legend about the origin of the name goes as follows, lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe was surveying the old town of York and came to a spot on Bloor Street and pointed north. He said, Lets ave a new road, public transit along Avenue Road is provided by the Toronto Transit Commission, on three different bus routes. The two main routes are the 5 Avenue Road, and the 61 Avenue Road North. The former originates from Eglinton station and takes commuters into downtown, there is also an express route,142 Avenue Road Express, which runs the length of the road, for a direct ride into downtown and the Financial District. It runs during rush hours only and requires a double fare
29.
Bathurst Street (Toronto)
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Bathurst Street is a main north-south thoroughfare in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It begins at an intersection of the Queens Quay roadway, just north of the Lake Ontario shoreline and it continues north through Toronto to the Toronto boundary at Steeles Avenue. It is a four-lane thoroughfare throughout Toronto, the roadway continues north into York Region where it is known as York Regional Road 38. Bathurst Street begins in the south at the intersection with Queens Quay, the southernmost part of Bathurst, south of the Gardiner Expressway, was heavily industrialized until the 1970s. These factories are now gone, in their place some residential development has occurred, the former Omni Television headquarters are located in this area, before they relocated in October 2008 but Rogers Media still owns the building. North of the Gardiner is Fort York on the western side, the Sir Isaac Brock Bridge connects the section south of Fort York to the section north of the railways. The bridge, dating back to 1910, used to be the bridge over the Humber River and was moved here. North of the tracks, the area is a mix of commercial and residential buildings on the western fringe of downtown. North of Queen Street, the side of Bathurst is the edge of the Alexandria Park cluster of housing projects. North of Dundas Street, Bathurst is dominated by Toronto Western Hospital and this part of the street continues to be a mix of small commercial establishments and residential housing, generally rental apartments. North of College Street, Bathurst becomes more residential, with the exception of areas, chiefly around the intersections with Bloor Street, St. Clair Avenue. The portion of Bathurst Street north of Bloor Street is the boundary of The Annex neighbourhood. The Spadina segment of Toronto Transit Commission Line 1 Yonge–University crosses underneath Bathurst north of St. Clair, North of Eglinton, the street continues as a four-lane arterial road into the former borough of North York. The street has lay-bys for TTC buses and turning lanes at intersections, development along both sides of the road is both residential and commercial, with shopping plazas at many intersections. The West Branch of the Don River crosses Bathurst Street north of Sheppard, North of Steeles Avenue, Bathurst runs through York Region, and is also referred to as York Regional Road 38. From Steeles north, the road is a arterial road. It serves many residential sub-divisions on either side and it serves as the boundary between Vaughan and Richmond Hill north of Highway 407, and between King Township and Newmarket and Aurora. Bathurst Street ends at the Holland Marsh, between Holland Landing and Bradford and it is interrupted for roughly 500 m due to rugged terrain north of Morning Sideroad, north of Newmarket
30.
Jarvis Street
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Jarvis Street is a north-south thoroughfare in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, passing through some of the oldest developed areas in the city. Its alignment extends from Queens Quay East in the south to Bloor Street in the north, the segment south of Front Street is known as Lower Jarvis Street while the segment from Bloor Street to Mount Pleasant Road is known as Ted Rogers Way. The street is a mix of buildings dating back to the 1800s, including St. Lawrence Market. The street is considered by engineers as an important artery to carry commuter traffic before. To this end, a lane was built in the mid-20th century along much of its length to allocate lanes. As well, Mount Pleasant Road was extended south to Jarvis, the City of Toronto initiated a redevelopment of the street in the early 2000s that widened sidewalks, added cycling lanes and removed the reversible lane. After less than two years, a subsequent City government removed the cycling lanes to nearby Sherbourne Street and the lane was reinstated. Jarvis Street begins at Queens Quay East as a four-lane two-way arterial road, at its foot is Jarvis Slip, used for freighters delivering sugar cane to the Redpath Sugar Refinery. This section, north to Front Street is known as Lower Jarvis Street, Street numbering starts again at Front Street and increase northward. At the intersection of Front and Jarvis Street is St. Lawrence Market on the west side, a market has been in this place since 1803. The street continues north as a four-lane two-way street to Richmond Street, north of King Street on the west side is St. James Park, which is next to St. James Cathedral, while on the east side are more heritage three-storey brick buildings. North of Queen Street on the east side is Moss Park Armoury, on the west side is th Salvation Army Toronto Harbor Light hostel and mission. Both buildings use up most of the block from Queen to Shuter, north of Shuter to Gerrard, the street has been mostly redeveloped with several mid-rise and high-rise residential towers and a recent condominium apartment building at Dundas. Interspersed are heritage buildings including row houses and three-storey commercial buildings, on the east side, a few mansions dating to Victorian times remain. Along the east side is the Ontario Court of Justice at 333 Jarvis, north of Gerrard, the Jarvis Street Baptist Church remains on the north-east corner, while most of the east side from Gerrard to Carlton Street is the Allan Gardens park. Along the west side, mostly 20th Century era apartment buildings take up the block with a mansion at 362 which has been repurposed for offices. North of Carlton are more 20th century vintage tall apartment buildings, a stretch of Victorian-era townhomes still exists on the west side north of Carlton, while the east side is taken by more residential apartment complexes. On the west side at 354 Jarvis is the former Main School for girls building dating to the early 1900s, which is now the Margaret McCain Academic Building
31.
Bayview Avenue
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Bayview Avenue is a major north-south route in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario. North of Toronto, in York Region, Bayview is also designated as York Regional Road 34, Bayview Avenue follows the first concession line, laid 6,600 ft east of Yonge Street. Over time, the road became known as East York Avenue. In 1931, James Stanley McLean constructed Bay View overlooking the Don Valley on the edge of Moore Park, on August 17,1959, Bayview was extended south from Moore Avenue in Leaside to Front Street. The northern section of extension was routed alongside Pottery Road to Nesbitt Drive. South of this, it wraps around a hill and descends into the Lower Don Valley and this addition is frequently referred to as the Bayview Extension. It was constructed as part of the Don Valley Parkway project, the extension fulfilled the central spoke in the building of the Don Valley Roadway as proposed in the 1940s. A route through the ravine to St. Clair Avenue was replaced with the present route which stays within the Don Valley proper, Bayview Avenue now terminates at the Corktown Common at Mill Street. A lengthy battle ensued between environmentalists, upset over continuing construction in the supposedly protected Oak Ridges Moraine. The discovery of Jefferson salamanders in the area resulted in several modifications to the design of the route, including a 70 m structure over a dry ravine. On November 17,2002, the new extension was opened, the former route of Bayview was turned into several short streets, which lie directly west of the new roadway. Today, Sunnybrook Hospital and Sunnybrook Park occupy those lands, while Bayview was never renamed, a recently constructed street south of the hospital carries the name Kilgour Road today. The southern end of Bayview Avenue starts at River Street, for the first part of its route northward it runs through the Don Valley, on the West side of the river opposite the Don Valley Parkway. Along this stretch a steep cliff separates it from such as Cabbagetown. Bayview exits the Don Valley, passing through the Governors Bridge neighbourhood and it is the major commercial street for Leaside, home to many small shops and restaurants. North of Leaside Bayview runs across several tributaries of the Don River and is carried over one of them by the six-lane Bayview Bridge. This is the portion of the wealthy Lawrence Park neighbourhood, and just to the east is the Bridle Path. North of York Mills Avenue Bayview becomes one of the major north-south arterials for suburban North York and it passes through the neighbourhoods of Bayview Village, Bayview Woods, Willowdale, and Newtonbrook
32.
Simcoe County
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Simcoe County is located in central portion of Southern Ontario, Canada. The County is situated just north of the Greater Toronto Area stretching from the shores of Lake Simcoe in the east to Georgian Bay in the west, Simcoe County forms part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe area, a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the Greater Toronto Area. The land area of the county is 4,690.24 square kilometres, the county administrative centre is located on highway 26 in Midhurst, outside of Barrie. Although not politically recognized, Simcoe County is informally split into two subregions, “South Simcoe” and “North Simcoe”, the dividing line between these two areas is Simcoe County Road 90. South Simcoe municipalities are situated at the boundary of the Greater Toronto Area. South Simcoe is also within the Toronto commuter-belt as it is home to a high proportion of people commuting to the GTA. However, North Simcoe hosts two GO Train Stations which provide daily rail service to Toronto. Simcoe County, in particular the former Wendake area near Nottawasaga Bay, was the site of the earliest French exploration and settlement of Ontario, they were the first Europeans in the area. Several historic sites, including Carhagouha and Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, the Huron capital, Ossossané, was at one time the largest aboriginal settlement in all of North America outside of Mexico. The most recent restructuring took place in 1994 which resulted in the current 16 local municipalities, the Corporation of the County of Simcoe comprises 16 local municipalities. They are counted within the census division, County Council is composed of the mayors and deputy mayors of each of the sixteen towns and townships which comprise the County of Simcoe. The head of County Council is called the Warden, who is elected for a term by the council members at the Inaugural Meeting. The Warden for the 2014 -2015 term is Gerry Marshall, though once a consideration according to the Wasaga Sun, Simcoe County has elected not to restructure itself as a regional municipality. The economy of Simcoe County is diverse and includes a range of businesses from agricultural, industrial to high-tech. Honda of Canada Manufacturing has been established in Simcoe County since 1986, in addition to the automotive industry, other industries include plastics, glass manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, aggregate resources. The County is also home to internationally known institutions like Casino Rama, Georgian College, Canadian Forces Base Borden, Lakehead University and the Ontario Provincial Police Headquarters. Agri-business is a diverse multi-faceted industry and farmland in the region is among the best in all of Canada including a section of the Holland Marsh in Bradford. Tourism is an industry in Simcoe County, providing a diversity of jobs and economic impact in a variety of sectors including accommodation, restaurants, destinations, events
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Barrie
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Barrie is a city in Central Ontario, Canada, on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay, the western arm of Lake Simcoe. Although located in Simcoe County, the city is politically independent and it is part of the Huronia region of Central Ontario. Barrie is within the part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. In 2011 census, the population was originally reported as 135,711. The citys 2011 population was revised to 136,063. The Barrie census metropolitan area had a population of 187,013 residents, the portage linked Kempenfelt Bay through Willow Creek, connecting Lake Simcoe to the Nottawasaga River which flows into Georgian Bay off Lake Huron. Barrie played a role in the War of 1812. Today, the Nine Mile Portage is marked by signs along roads in Barrie and you can follow the scenic path from Memorial Square all the way to Fort Willow. The city was named in 1833 after Sir Robert Barrie, who was in charge of the forces in Canada and frequently commanded forces through the city. Barrie was also the destination for one branch of the Underground Railroad. In the mid-19th century, this network of secret routes allowed many American slaves to enter Barrie and this contributed to the development of nearby Shanty Bay. By 1869, Barrie was the county seat of Simcoe in the Township of Vespra with a population 3,000 and it was a station of the Northern Railway. It was pleasantly situated on Kempenfelt Bay, Lake Simcoe, there were steamers to the Muskoka Territory Orillia & Stages to Penetanguishene. During World War II, the Royal Canadian Navy named a Flower class corvette HMCS Barrie. On 7 September 1977, an aircraft dropped altitude to 500 feet in dense fog, struck the 1, 000-foot CKVR-TV tower, killing all five on the plane and destroying the tower. The stations 225-foot auxiliary tower was destroyed and there was some damage to the main studio. CKVR were back on the air using a temporary 400-foot tower and reduced power of 40,000 watts at 8, the new 1, 000-foot tower was rebuilt in 1978. On 31 May 1985, an F4 tornado struck Barrie and it was one of the most violent and deadliest tornadoes in Canadian history
34.
Bradford, Ontario
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Bradford is the primary country urban area of the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury, Ontario, in Canada. It overlooks a farming community, known as The Holland Marsh, within the municipal boundaries are a number of smaller communities, including, Bond Head, Dunkerron, Green Valley, Pinkerton, Fishers Corners, Newton Robinson, Coulson and Deerhurst. For several years the Holland River and Lake Simcoe provided the means of transportation. Holland Landing was the terminus of Yonge Street. The military route to Georgian Bay during the War of 1812 crossed Lake Simcoe to Kempenfelt Bay, then by the Nine Mile Portage to Willow Creek, the Penetanguishene Road, built between 1814 and 1815 from Kempenfelt Bay, provided an alternate route to Georgian Bay. However, early settlers used this route to get to the frontier of Simcoe County, bypassing the areas of West Gwillimbury. The first settlers to cross the Holland River, arriving in the fall of 1819, were three Irishmen, James Wallace, Lewis Algeo and Robert Armstrong and this was about the same time as the Auld Kirk Scotch Settlement was established. However, the pioneers of West Gwillimbury were mostly Protestants from Northern Ireland, the new settlers sent a petition to the province of Upper Canada early in 1824, stating they were separated from the settlements of Yonge Street, by an impassable swamp. On January 24 the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada made a grant for the first main road in West Gwillimbury, the contract for the first corduroy road across the Holland Marsh was completed by Robert Armstrong and his sons in the fall of 1825. Connecting with other sections and the previously constructed road from Kempenfelt Bay. It later became part of Yonge Street, and is now Simcoe County Road 4 and it was at this junction that the settlement was first established. William Milloy, formerly of Coulson’s Corners, built a log tavern there in the fall of 1829. Other businessmen included James Drury, merchant, James Campbell, shoemaker and Thomas Driffel, john Peacock, an old soldier from London, England, had settled as a merchant and became the first postmaster in 1835. Bradford was incorporated as a village in 1857, with a population of about 1,000 people, only a few years prior to this, the Northern Railway of Canada was built through the town. The train station was constructed by the Grand Trunk Railway and later used by the CNR, Bradford was incorporated as a town in 1960. The Downtown Core has survived two fires, the first, on May 23,1871, destroyed upwards of one hundred homes including all of the business part of the village except two hotels being consumed. However, a new downtown area arose where most buildings were made of brick, today many of the buildings still exist and make up the downtown core. The second fire was in the 1960s with damage only to the northwest corner of the intersection at Highway 11, one of its famous historical landmarks that still operates to this day is the Village Inn Hotel
35.
Canadian National Railway
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The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
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Bradford West Gwillimbury
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Bradford West Gwillimbury is a town in south-central Ontario, in the County of Simcoe in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area on the Holland River. West Gwillimbury takes its name from the family of Elizabeth Simcoe, the former Town of Bradford was amalgamated with portions of the former Townships of West Gwillimbury and Tecumseth to become the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury on January 1,1991. The town lies within three telephone area codes,905,705 and 289, telephone numbers begin with numerous prefixes, including,456,458,551,775,778,724,729, and 939. Holland Marsh, a region of #9 humus soil, is located partly in Bradford West Gwillimbury, the town, along with the Township of King is the governing body responsible for the maintenance of the drainage system of this source of Canadas produce supply. In 2007 a Holland Marsh Drainage System Joint Municipal Board was created in response to a crisis of maintenance of the Holland Marsh Drainage System, the Holland River flows through the middle of the southernmost Holland Marsh polder and eventually flows out to Lake Simcoe. Geographically, the area is north of the Oak Ridges Moraine, the current mayor of Bradford West Gwillimbury is Rob Keffer, who defeated the previous and two term mayor, Doug White, in the election of October 2014. The first mayor was Bill de Peuter, who was mayor of Bradford from 1986 to 1990, the municipality has a mayor, a deputy mayor, and seven councillors. The administration is led by a manager and has the following departments, clerks, building, planning, human resources, recreation, finance, engineering, facilities and parks, fire. Council shared space with a courthouse at 57 Holland Street East, Bradford West Gwillimbury and the neighbouring town of Innisfil share the South Simcoe Police Service. The town also incorporates the YNOT Bradford West Gwillimbury Youth Council, the non-governmental group works to create social opportunities, including recreation facilities, enhance environmentalism, and create a political voice for the towns youth. Federally, the town is part of the riding of York—Simcoe, represented by Peter Van Loan of the Conservative Party, provincially, it is part of the riding of York Simcoe, represented by Tory MPP Julia Munro. Fire & Emergency Services has vastly evolved from the functions of fire suppression. The town is served by Highway 400 and Highway 9 at the southern border and it is also served by a number of Simcoe county roads, including 88,4,27,41, and 8. The town is located on a bus and commuter train route. Bradford GO Station is located in the community of Bradford and is on the Barrie line, the station had been the northern terminus of the line until its extension opened in December 2007. William Osler, called the most influential physician in history, was born on July 12,1849 at Bond Head, Canada West. Newton Robinson was the birthplace of NHL Hall of Famer, Bob Pulford.8 Dwellings,9,979 Area,201.03 Density,139.7 Latitude,44.1149 Longitude, Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury Bradford West Gwillimbury Economic Development
37.
Innisfil
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Not to be confused with Innisfail Innisfil is a town in Ontario, Canada, located on the western shore of Lake Simcoe in Simcoe County, immediately south of Barrie and 80 kilometres north of Toronto. It has historically been an area, but growth in the Barrie area. The name Innisfil comes from the Irish Inis Fáil, an ancient mythological name for Ireland, the history of Innisfil spans a period in excess of 170 years. The Town was hewn from almost unbroken virgin forests which had been home to the Huron Indians, the area encompassed 68,653 acres, including the villages of Allandale, Tollendal, Painswick, Minets Point, and Holly at the time. The first settlers were the Hewson and Soules families who came by way of the East Holland River, the Hewsons settled on March 30,1820, and the Soules in 1822. The Warnica family settled the following year, in 1823, in the now known as Painswick. The first sawmill in the Township was built at Tollendal by George McMullen in 1829, john and George Warnica completed the clearing of the bush between Barrie and Churchill. John Cayton had won the contract to open the road between Churchill and the 11th line of West Gwillimbury but only made it one mile north to the 12th and this opened the land route, known as Penetanguishene Road, which later became Highway 11 and is now Yonge Street. This route between York and Barrie was completed in the fall of 1825, along this road the settlers came, and spread out along the concession lines to clear the lands and develop their farms. There had been those who came ahead by way of the river, the only channels of communication were the public roads, and these were scant and poor. The pioneer farms cut from the forest were mostly self-sustaining, what few products there were for sale found a market in nearby Barrie, which was then little more than a village. Distant York was reached in the winter when the ice and snow made for better roads, during this period, post offices, churches, and stores were established, also a form of local government performed by commissioners was appointed under a provincial act. The first post office, then called Innisfil, was located at what is now called Barclays Corners, the first school was built in 1838 and located at Myers Corners, later called Victoria. The first church was also at Victoria, and was of Methodist denomination, milling in Innisfil was first done at Tollendal in 1835. The need for a grist mill to grind wheat is an indication of the progress toward an agricultural community, the earliest official record of a census shows that by 1842 the population of Innisfil was 762. The year 1850 marked the end of the old commissioners rule, the population had increased to 1,807 nearly tripling in under a decade. The first municipal council was established, replacing the government of appointed commissioners, the Corporation of the Township of Innisfil was born. The settlement of Allandale became more prominent with the construction of the Ontario, Simcoe, the first train from Toronto arrived in Allandale on October 11,1853
38.
Ontario Highway 400
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The portion of the highway between Toronto and Lake Simcoe roughly traces the route of a historic trail between the Lower and Upper Great Lakes. Highway 400 is part of the highest-capacity route from southern Ontario to the Canadian West, the highway also serves as the primary route from Toronto to southern Georgian Bay and Muskoka, areas collectively known as cottage country. The highway is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police and has a limit of 100 km/h, except for the section south of the 401. Highway 400 is the second longest freeway in the province, the trans-provincial Highway 401 being the longest and it was the first fully controlled-access highway in Ontario when it was opened between North York and Barrie on July 1,1952. On that date, it was also the first highway to be designated as a 400-series, the freeway was extended in both directions, north of Barrie to Coldwater in 1958, and south of Highway 401 to Jane Street in 1966. It was widened between North York and Barrie in the 1970s, since 1977, construction on the freeway has been snaking north along Highway 69 towards Parry Sound and now Sudbury. As of 2011, a four lane freeway is opened as far north as Carling, the remaining gap between Carling and north of the French River will be opened in stages and is expected to be completed by 2021. As of 2009, the length of the highway is 209.0 km with an additional 152 km planned, Highway 400 begins at the Maple Leaf Drive overpass in Toronto, south of Highway 401. South of that, it is known as Black Creek Drive, Black Creek Drive was built along the empty right-of-way and transferred to Metro Toronto in 1982. North of Maple Leaf Drive, the highway shifts northwestward, at the interchange with the 401, Highway 400 widens to twelve lanes. It continues north through Toronto, shedding two lanes at Finch Avenue, the section between Highway 407 and Langstaff Road in suburban Vaughan features a short collector-express system. The 400/407 junction is the only four-level stack interchange in Canada, from Highway 401 to the Holland Marsh the freeway largely parallels the arterial / concession roads Weston Road and Jane Street, passing over the height of land at the Oak Ridges Moraine. The highway passes through protected areas in northern York Region. The section near Barrie is subject to snowsqualls as it lies near the edge of Georgian Bays snowbelt, within Barrie, Highway 400 passes through a trench which places it below grade for most of its length, the route curving around downtown Barrie towards the north-east. At Craighurst the highway again turns north-east, skirting the Copeland Forest, from here, the highway takes on the Trans-Canada Highway designation, and follows a predominantly north-western heading along what was the route of Highway 69, toward the planned terminus of Sudbury. In Muskoka and Parry Sound Districts, Highway 400 is in most sections a twinned four-lane highway, at Port Severn, the highway meets the rugged Canadian Shield, and winds its way north through the granite, often flanked by towering slabs of rock. Highway 400, along with Highway 401 and Highway 402, was one of the first modern freeways in Ontario, Planning for the Toronto–Barrie Highway, which would become Highway 400, began in 1944. The two routes connecting Barrie with Toronto at the time, Highway 11 and Highway 27, were becoming congested, grading on a new alignment between Weston Road and Jane Street was completed from Wilson Avenue to Highway 27 by 1947
39.
North York City Centre
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North York City Centre, sometimes known as Downtown North York, is a central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the district of North York. The area along Yonge Street, between Sheppard and Finch Avenues, was chosen by Mel Lastman, former mayor of North York, an official plan by the former Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto encouraged high-density commercial and residential developments in the area. The city centre is served by North York Centre station, while Sheppard-Yonge and Finch stations are located south and north of the area. The North York Civic Centre and Mel Lastman Square, on the west side of Yonge Street, are central to the area, empress Walk is a shopping mall. The station serves Earl Haig Secondary School, North York Central Library, and the Toronto Centre for the Arts are all located in the area
40.
Lake Ontario
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Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Ontario, Canadas most populous province, was named for the lake, in the Wyandot language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie, the last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area and it is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean elevation of the lakes at 243 feet above sea level,326 feet lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles and its width is 53 statute miles. The lakes average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot, with a depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet. The lakes primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, the drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles. As with all the Great Lakes, water levels both within the year and among years. These water level fluctuations are a part of lake ecology. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution. Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near Prince Edward County, Ontario, perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay, chosen as the site of the Upper Canada capital for its strategic harbour. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour, Irondequoit Bay, Presquile Bay, the bars themselves are the sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park. These sand bars are associated with large wetlands, which support large numbers of plant and animal species. Presquile, on the shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age, the action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as todays basin. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet and this stage is known as Lake Iroquois
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Lake Simcoe
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Lake Simcoe is a lake in Southern Ontario, Canada, the fourth-largest lake wholly in the province, after Lake Nipigon, Lac Seul, and Lake Nipissing. At the time of the first European contact in the 17th century the lake was called Ouentironk by the Wyandot people. It was also known as Lake Toronto until it was renamed by John Graves Simcoe, the lake is bordered by Simcoe County, Durham Region, and York Region. The city of Barrie is located on Kempenfelt Bay, and Orillia is located at the entrance to Lake Couchiching, the watershed draining into the lake contains a population of roughly half a million people, including the northern portion of the Greater Toronto Area. The town of Innisfil occupies the western south of Barrie. Lake Simcoe is a remnant of a bigger, prehistoric lake known as Lake Algonquin. This lakes basin also included Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Nipigon, the melting of an ice dam at the close of the last ice age greatly reduced water levels in the region, leaving the lakes of today. At the time of the first European contact in the 17th century, the Severn River, its outlet stream, was once called Rivière de Toronto which flows into Georgian Bays Severn Sound, then called the Baie de Toronto. The later French traders referred to it as Lac aux Claies and it was renamed by John Graves Simcoe in 1793, not in honour of himself, but in memory of his father, Captain John Simcoe. The lake is about 30 kilometres long,25 kilometres wide and 722 square kilometres in area and it is shaped somewhat like a fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The thumb forms Kempenfelt Bay on the west, the wrist Lake Couchiching to the north, fresh-cut saplings placed in the water and sediments would have sprouted branches and leaves, persisting for some time, leading to a place where trees stand in the water. A number of southern Ontario rivers flow, generally north, into the lake, from the east, the Talbot River, part of the Trent-Severn Waterway is the most important river draining into Lake Simcoe, connecting the lake with the Kawartha lakes system and Lake Ontario. From its connection to Lake Couchiching, the Severn River is the drainage from the lake to Georgian Bay. The canal locks of the Trent-Severn Waterway make this connection navigable, the lake is dotted with several smaller islands, including Thorah Island, Strawberry Island, Snake Island, and Fox Island. Pope John Paul II stayed on Strawberry Island for four days just before World Youth Day 2002 in Toronto. Before the completion of the Trent Severn Waterway, the level on Lake Simcoe was quite low enabling residents to cross in wagons or walk in ankle deep water to the mainland. However, when it was completed, the water increased by several feet. The lake has little activity, but sees many recreational uses
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Great Lakes
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Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the worlds surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is 94,250 square miles, and the volume is 5,439 cubic miles. Due to their sea-like characteristics the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas, Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis, the lakes have been a major highway for transportation, migration and trade, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade, and some threaten the regions biodiversity, though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, the lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the area of the entire basin is about the size of the UK. Lake Michigan is the one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U. S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes, Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, New York and Wisconsins jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes. This designation, however, is not universal and those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as the lower lakes, because they are farther south. This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as down south, vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered upbound even though they are sailing toward its effluent current. The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man-made alterations, the St. Marys River, including the Soo Locks, connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron. The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron, the St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the Niagara River, including Niagara Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Welland Canal, bypassing the Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, the Saint Lawrence River connects Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which connects to the Atlantic Ocean
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Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
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Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
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To be designated, an event must have occurred at least 40 years previous, events that continue into the more recent past are evaluated on the basis of what occurred at least 40 years ago. As of March 2017, there were 473 designated Events of National Historic Significance, there are related federal designations for National Historic Sites and National Historic Persons. Events, Sites, and Persons are each marked by a federal plaque. The Welland Canal is an Event, while the Rideau Canal is a Site, the cairn and plaque to John Macdonell does not refer to a National Historic Person, but is erected because his home, Glengarry House, is a National Historic Site. Similarly, the plaque to John Guy officially marks not a Person, Events have been designated in all 10 provinces and three territories, as well as foreign countries, Belgium, China, France, Italy, Netherlands, South Korea, United Kingdom, United States. As of March 2017 there were 473 National Historic Events, heritage Minutes List of years in Canada List of Events of National Historic Significance
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Upper Canada
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The new province remained, for the next fifty years of growth and settlement, the colonial government of the territory. Upper Canada existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, the upper prefix in the name reflects its geographic position being closer to the headwaters of the Saint Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada to the northeast. The control the French had over Canada was handed over to Great Britain in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in America. The territories of modern southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single Province of Quebec, from 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. This region quickly became culturally distinct, while the act addressed some religious issues, it did not appease those used to English law. Upper Canada became an entity on December 26,1791 with the Parliament of Great Britains passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, the first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1,1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark to York, which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Upper Canadas constitution was said to be the image and transcript of the British constitution. The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. They held a position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council, forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident. The site was abandoned for another, to the west. The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada, although modelled after the British House of Lords, Upper Canada had no aristocracy. Members of the Legislative council, appointed for life, formed the core of the group, the Family Compact. The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada functioned as the house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts
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Concession road
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The land that comprised a row of lots that spanned the entire length of a new township was conceded by the Crown for this purpose. Title to a lot was awarded to an applicant in exchange for raising a house, performing roadwork and land clearance. Other plans used during colonial surveying used different layouts and lot sizes of 100,150,160,200 or 320 acres, Concession roads were typically numbered consecutively. In some areas its referred to as a townline, particularly if it is a line between two townships, e. g. Adjala-Tecumseth Townline. In some townships, such as those in Bruce County, each side of each successive concession road comprised a separate numbered concession, thus, the south side of a road might be Concession 2 and the north side Concession 3. In this system, for the purposes of signing only even numbers were used, so that concession roads were successively numbered, e. g.2,4,6. This simplified the address numbering of farm lots, especially along township boundary roads where opposite sides of the road were in different townships. Where even numbers were used, the numbers of odd-numbered concessions would only in property records. In some townships, the baseline passed through the middle, with concessions numbered on each side, for example, in Warwick Township in Lambton County, the Egremont Road was the baseline, with successive concessions numbered either North of the Egremont Road or South of the Egremont Road. Many of the roads still preserve Line in their names. Guelph Line, 12th Line, and Browns Line are important thoroughfares in, the side road name survives on several roads in Ontario as well. Side road or sideline numbering varies depending on the township, in some townships, the line road name was applied to the roads that elsewhere were called concession roads, i. e. roads that ran between two adjacent concessions. Many concession roads retain their original names, less developed areas are often referred to as back concessions. In most of Upper Canada this layout of roads preceded urban development, in cities, many concession roads have become major streets. Range road Dominion Land Survey County road Township road Mile Road System
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Northern Ontario
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Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario, the other primary region being Southern Ontario. Most of Northern Ontario is situated on the Canadian Shield, a vast rocky plateau, the climate is characterized by extremes of temperature, extremely cold in winter and hot in summer. The principal industries are mining, forestry, and hydroelectricity, for some purposes, Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario. When the region is divided in this way, the three westernmost districts constitute Northwestern Ontario and the other districts constitute Northeastern Ontario, Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontarios population. In the early 20th century, Northern Ontario was often called New Ontario, the provinces boundaries were provisionally expanded northward and westward in 1874, while the Lake of the Woods region remained subject to a boundary dispute between Ontario and Manitoba. This region was established as the District of Patricia, but was merged into the Kenora District in 1927. The Province of Canada began creating districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District. These districts had no function, they were created for the provision of judicial. Nipissing had no seat until 1895. Up until that date, registry office and higher court services were available at Pembroke in Renfrew County, Nipissing Stipendiary Magistrate and land registrar William Doran established his residence at North Bay in 1885. Following the hotly contested district town election in 1895, North Bay earned the right to become the seat in the new Provisional District of Nipissing. After the creation of the province of Ontario in 1867, the first district to be established was Thunder Bay in 1871 which until then had formed part of Algoma District. The Ontario government was reluctant to establish new districts in the north, Ontarios right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada Act,1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. By 1899 there were seven districts, Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River. Five more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1922, Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury, Temiskaming and Patricia, the Patricia District was then merged into the Kenora District in 1927. Districts are too sparsely populated to maintain a county government system, for example, districts have provincially maintained secondary highways instead of county roads. Geographically, the districts in Northern Ontario are Rainy River, Kenora, Thunder Bay, Cochrane, Timiskaming, Algoma, Sudbury, Nipissing andManitoulin. As well, for administrative purposes, the districts of Muskoka, the federal government continues to retain both more southerly districts in the service area of FedNor
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John Graves Simcoe
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He founded York and was instrumental in introducing institutions such as courts of law, trial by jury, English common law, freehold land tenure, and the abolition of slavery. His energetic efforts were partially successful in establishing a local gentry, a thriving Church of England. That being said, he is seen by many Canadians—especially those in Southern Ontario—as a founding figure in Canadian history and he is commemorated in Toronto with Simcoe Day. John Graves Simcoe was the surviving son of John and Katherine Simcoe. His parents had four children, but he was the one to live past childhood. His father was a captain in the Royal Navy who commanded the 60-gun HMS Pembroke, with James Cook as his sailing master, during the 1758 siege of Louisbourg. His father died of pneumonia on 15 May 1759 on board his ship in the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, the family then moved to his mothers parental home in Exeter. His paternal grandparents were William and Mary Simcoe and he was educated at Exeter Grammar School and Eton College. He spent a year at Merton College, Oxford, he was admitted to Lincolns Inn. He was initiated into Freemasonry in Union Lodge, Exeter on November 2,1773, in 1770, Simcoe entered the British Army as an ensign in the 35th Regiment of Foot, and his unit was dispatched to the Thirteen Colonies. Later, he saw action in the American Revolutionary War during the Siege of Boston, during the siege in July 1776, he was promoted captain in the 40th Regiment of Foot. He saw action with the company of the 40th Foot in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Simcoe commanded the 40th at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11,1777, legend has it that Simcoe ordered his men at Brandywine not to fire upon three fleeing rebels, among whom was George Washington. In 1777, Simcoe sought to form a Loyalist regiment of free blacks from Boston and it was a well-trained light infantry unit comprising 11 companies of 30 men,1 grenadier, and 1 hussar, and the rest light infantry. The Queens Rangers saw extensive action during the Philadelphia campaign, including a surprise attack at the Battle of Crooked Billet. In 1778, Simcoe commanded the attack on Judge William Hancocks house during a foraging expedition opposed by Patriot militia, killing ten Americans in their sleep, William Hancock was also killed, although he was not with the Americans. The massacre took place at night and with bayonets, on June 28 of that year, Simcoe and his Queens Rangers took part in the Battle of Monmouth, in and near Freehold, New Jersey. Simcoe was released in 1781 and rejoined his unit in Virginia and he was involved in a skirmish near Williamsburg and was at the Siege of Yorktown
Highway 401
Highway 407
Highway 7
Major Mackenzie Drive
King Road
Davis Drive
Former Highway 11 (bypass)
Holland Landing Road
Simcoe County Road 89 / Shore Acres Drive
Innisfil Beach Road
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