1.
Athens
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Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. In modern times, Athens is a cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime. In 2015, Athens was ranked the worlds 29th richest city by purchasing power, Athens is recognised as a global city because of its location and its importance in shipping, finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, culture, education and tourism. It is one of the biggest economic centres in southeastern Europe, with a financial sector. The municipality of Athens had a population of 664,046 within its limits. The urban area of Athens extends beyond its administrative city limits. According to Eurostat in 2011, the Functional urban areas of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union, Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland. The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments, as well as a number of Ottoman monuments. Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery, Athens was the host city of the first modern-day Olympic Games in 1896, and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics. In Ancient Greek, the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι a plural, in earlier Greek, such as Homeric Greek, the name had been current in the singular form though, as Ἀθήνη. It was possibly rendered in the later on, like those of Θῆβαι and Μυκῆναι. During the medieval period the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα, an etiological myth explaining how Athens has acquired its name was well known among ancient Athenians and even became the theme of the sculpture on the West pediment of the Parthenon. The goddess of wisdom, Athena, and the god of the seas, Poseidon had many disagreements, in an attempt to compel the people, Poseidon created a salt water spring by striking the ground with his trident, symbolizing naval power. However, when Athena created the tree, symbolizing peace and prosperity. Different etymologies, now rejected, were proposed during the 19th century. Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος or ἄνθος meaning flower, ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω, stem θη- to denote Athens as having fertile soil. In classical literature, the city was referred to as the City of the Violet Crown, first documented in Pindars ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι. In medieval texts, variant names include Setines, Satine, and Astines, today the caption η πρωτεύουσα, the capital, has become somewhat common
2.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
3.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
4.
Theatre director
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The directors function is to ensure the quality and completeness of theatre production and to lead the members of the creative team into realizing their artistic vision for it. If the production he or she is mounting is a new piece of writing or a translation of a play, in contemporary theatre, after the playwright, the director is generally the primary visionary, making decisions on the artistic concept and interpretation of the play and its staging. Different directors occupy different places of authority and responsibility, depending on the structure, Directors use a wide variety of techniques, philosophies, and levels of collaboration. In ancient Greece, the birthplace of European drama, the writer bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays, the author-director would also train the chorus, sometimes compose the music, and supervise every aspect of production. The fact that the director was called didaskalos, the Greek word for teacher, a miniature by Jean Fouquet from 1460 bears one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, from Renaissance times up until the 19th century, the role of director was often carried by the actor-manager. This would usually be an actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work, staging it. This was the case for instance with Commedia dellArte companies and English actor-managers like Colley Cibber, the modern theatre director can be said to have originated in the staging of elaborate spectacles of the Meininger Company under George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The management of large numbers of extras and complex stagecraft matters necessitated an individual to take on the role of overall coordinator. This gave rise to the role of the director in modern theatre, simultaneously, Constantin Stanislavski, principally an actor-manager, would set up the Moscow Art Theatre in Russia and similarly emancipate the role of the director as artistic visionary. The French regisseur is also used to mean a stage director. A more common term for theatre director in French is metteur en scène, post World War II, the actor-manager slowly started to disappear, and directing become a fully fledged artistic activity within the theatre profession. The director originating artistic vision and concept, and realizing the staging of a production, a cautionary note was introduced by the famed director Sir Tyrone Guthrie who said the only way to learn how to direct a play, is. To get a group of actors simple enough to allow you to let you direct them, most European countries nowadays know some form of professional directing training, usually at drama schools or conservatoires, or at universities. In the early days such programmes typically led to the staging of one major production in the third year. At the University of California, Irvine, Keith Fowler led for many years a programme based on the premise that directors are autodidacts who need as many opportunities to direct as possible. Under Fowler, graduate student directors would stage between five and ten productions during their residencies, with each production receiving detailed critiques. Directing is an artform that has grown with the development of theatre theory, with the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices
5.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
6.
Ariane Labed
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Ariane Labed is a Greek-born French actress. She made her film debut in Attenberg, for which she won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress. Later, she appeared in Alps and Before Midnight, in 2015, she appeared in The Forbidden Room and in The Lobster. Labed was born in 1984 in Athens, Greece, to French parents and she grew up between Greece, Germany and France. After studying dance for 10 years, she studied theatre at the Université de Provence, a founding member of Vasistas Theatre Company, she has acted in most of their performances. Labed was awarded the Volpi Cup for the Best Actress at the 67th Venice International Film Festival for her performance in Attenberg, directed by Athina Rachel Tsangari and she starred in the film Alps, directed by Yorgos Lanthimos. In 2014, she appeared in the film Fidelio, l’odyssée d’Alice, for which she was nominated for the César Award, in 2016, she appeared in Men Against Fire, an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror. She also appeared in the 2016 film Assassins Creed, ariane Labed at the Internet Movie Database Vasistas Theatre Company Official Site
7.
Greek language
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Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
8.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
9.
Video
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Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video systems vary greatly in the resolution of the display and refresh rate, video can be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcast, tapes, DVDs, computer files etc. Video was originally exclusively a live technology, charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder. In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the electrical impulses. Video recorders were sold for $50,000 in 1956, however, prices gradually dropped over the years, in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder decks and tapes into the consumer market. The use of techniques in video created digital video, which allowed higher quality and, eventually. After the invention of the DVD in 1997 and Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape, the advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. PAL standards and SECAM specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC standards specify 29.97 frames, film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of an image is about sixteen frames per second. Video can be interlaced or progressive, analog display devices reproduce each frame in the same way, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats, abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is specified as 576i50, where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence, when displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material, aspect ratio describes the dimensions of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectilinear, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height, the screen aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4,3, or about 1.33,1. High definition televisions use a ratio of 16,9. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack is 1.375,1. Therefore, a 720 by 480 pixel NTSC DV image displayes with the 4,3 aspect ratio if the pixels are thin, the popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video
10.
2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
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The opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games was held on August 13,2004 at the Olympic Stadium in Maroussi, Greece, a suburb of Athens. 72,000 spectators attended the event, with approximately 15,000 athletes from 202 countries participating in the ceremony as well and it marked the first-ever international broadcast of high definition television, undertaken by the U. S. broadcaster NBC and the Japanese broadcaster NHK. A blazing projectile, seemingly coming from the ancient stadium of Olympia on the screen, according to Dimitris Papaioannou, the event was a pageant of traditional Greek culture and history harkening back to its mythological beginnings, and viewed through the progression of Greek art. The dramatic music that accompanied the performances often combined drumming with the traditionally Greek sound of bouzouki. From the screen where from the images of the Olympia drummer are being shown, next, a young Greek boy sailed into the stadium on a giant paper boat waving the host nations flag, symbolizing Greeces maritime tradition and its close connection to the sea. The segments that followed were divided in two main parts, the first part of the main artistic segment of the opening ceremony was called Allegory. The second part, called the Clepsydra, or Hourglass, celebrates the themes introduced in the Allegory section through a portrayal of Greek history from the ancient to the modern times. The Allegory segment began with a recitation of a verse from Nobel Prize-winning Greek poet George Seferis poem Mythistorema 3, as the verse is being recited on the speakers, the spotlights are focused upon a woman clad in a black gown looking out to the water. Holding a marble head, the woman seems to be entering into a dream. As she looks into the water, a centaur appears whose human and animal parts supposedly symbolize the duality of spirit. The centaur then walks about and then throws a spear of light into the center of the stadium and this Cycladic head also represents one of the very first attempts of humanity to understand itself. With the use of lasers, geometrical shapes and other scientific images were displayed on the figures face and this last sequence is meant to symbolize the birth of logical thought, higher learning, and humanity finally making sense of the world in which it lives. After this sequence, the pieces of sculpture descend to the water, in the next sequence, Eros, the Greek god of love, was introduced flying over a pair of lovers frolicking in the pool of water located in the center of the stadium. The young couple along with Eros symbolize the fact that the humanity which create and shape history is born out of love and this segment introduces the next part of the ceremony, the Clepsydra, which highlights the themes of the opening ceremony through a celebration of Greek history. The lovers then lie down in the water, and both fall into a dream state, the pageantry following the statues and the introduction of Eros continued to portray scenes that showed the sequence of Greek civilisation through its art. The scenes started with the Minoan civilisation, the first float featured the iconic image of Minoan civilization, that of the fertility goddess clad in a bodice exposing her breasts and clutching serpents in both hands. The subsequent floats then featured scenes of bull-jumping, dolphins, the scenes then proceeded to the more stark art of the Mycenean civilisation, followed by representations of the Classical period. At the end of the parade, Eros lowered enough to help a pregnant woman remove her outer garment
11.
2004 Summer Olympics
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10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries. There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports, Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. 2004 marked the return of the games to the city where they began, a new medal obverse was introduced at these Games, replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games. This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue, the new design features the Panathenaic Stadium. The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government-debt crisis, some of the venues lie vacant and rotting, while others are in use, the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several World and Olympics records were broken during the games. Several concerns were raised over the preparations of the Games and these included excessive budget overruns, infrastructural compromise, the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. Athens was chosen as the host city during the 106th IOC Session held in Lausanne on 5 September 1997, Athens had lost its bid to organize the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta nearly seven years before on 18 September 1990, during the 96th IOC Session in Tokyo. 1996 coincided with the 100th Anniversary of the first modern Olympics, under the direction of Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, Athens pursued another bid, this time for the right to host the Summer Olympics in 2004. After leading all voting rounds, Athens easily defeated Rome in the 5th, cape Town, Stockholm, and Buenos Aires, the three other cities that made the IOC shortlist, were eliminated in prior rounds of voting. Six other cities submitted applications, but their bids were dropped by the IOC in 1996 and these cities were Istanbul, Lille, Rio de Janeiro, San Juan, Seville, Saint Petersburg and Cali. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games cost the Government of Greece €8.954 billion to stage, the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee, responsible for the preparation and organisation of the games, concluded its operations as a company in 2005 with a surplus of €130.6 million. ATHOC contributed €123.6 million of the surplus to the Greek State to cover other related expenditures of the Greek State in organizing of the games, as a result, ATHOC reported in its official published accounts a net profit of €7 million. The State’s contribution to the total ATHOC budget was 8% of its expenditure against an originally anticipated 14%, the overall revenue of ATHOC, including income from tickets, sponsors, broadcasting rights, merchandise sales etc. totalled €2,098.4 million. The largest percentage of income came from broadcasting rights. The overall expenditure of ATHOC was €1,967.8 million. e, the large projects required for the upgrade of the country’s infrastructure, including sports infrastructure, roads, airports, hospitals, power grid etc. This cost, however, is not directly attributable to the organisation of the Games. Such infrastructure projects are considered by all standards as fixed asset investments that stay with the hosting country for decades after the Games
12.
Experimental film
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Many experimental films, particularly early ones, relate to arts in other disciplines, painting, dance, literature and poetry, or arise from research and development of new technical resources. Experimental filmmakers generally begin as amateurs, and some used experimental films as a springboard into commercial film making or transitioned into academic positions. The term describes a range of filmmaking styles that are quite different from, and often opposed to. Today the term experimental cinema prevails, because it’s possible to make films without the presence of any avant-garde movement in the cultural field. The goal is often to place the viewer in a more active, at least through the 1960s, and to some extent after, many experimental films took an oppositional stance toward mainstream culture. Most such films are made on low budgets, self-financed or financed through small grants, with a minimal crew or, often a crew of only one person. Some critics have argued that much experimental film is no longer in fact experimental but has in fact become a film genre. Many of its more typical features—such as a non-narrative, impressionistic, two conditions made Europe in the 1920s ready for the emergence of experimental film. First, the cinema matured as a medium, and highbrow resistance to the mass entertainment began to wane, second, avant-garde movements in the visual arts flourished. The Dadaists and Surrealists in particular took to cinema, rené Clairs Entracte featuring Francis Picabia, Marcel Duchamp, and Man Ray, and with music by Erik Satie, took madcap comedy into nonsequitur. Artists Hans Richter, Jean Cocteau, Marcel Duchamp, Germaine Dulac, fernand Léger, Dudley Murphy, and Man Ray created the film Ballet Mécanique, sometimes described as Dadaist, Cubist, or Futurist. Duchamp created the abstract film Anémic Cinéma, the most famous experimental film is generally considered to be Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalís Un chien andalou. Hans Richters animated shorts, Oskar Fischingers abstract films, and Len Lyes GPO films would be excellent examples of more abstract European avant-garde films. Working in France, another group of filmmakers also financed films through patronage and distributed them through cine-clubs, Film scholar David Bordwell has dubbed these French Impressionists, and included Abel Gance, Jean Epstein, Marcel LHerbier, and Dimitri Kirsanoff. These films combine narrative experimentation, rhythmic editing and camerawork, in 1952, the Lettrists avant-garde movement in France, caused riots at the Cannes Film Festival, when Isidore Isous Traité de bave et déternité was screened. After their criticism of Charlie Chaplin at the 1952 press conference in Paris for Chaplins Limelight, the Ultra-Lettrists continued to cause disruptions when they announced the death of cinema and showed their new hypergraphical techniques. The most notorious film of which is Guy Debords Howlings in favor of de Sade from 1952, the Soviet filmmakers, too, found a counterpart to modernist painting and photography in their theories of montage. The films of Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Lev Kuleshov, Alexander Dovzhenko, while not experimental films per se, they contributed to the film language of the avant-garde
13.
2005 Toronto International Film Festival
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The 30th Toronto International Film Festival ran from September 8–17 and screened 335 films from 52 countries -109 of these films were world premieres, and 78 were North American premieres. At the Festivals closing event, the prizes were awarded, The Peoples Choice Award. The Discovery Award, presented to Sarah Watts Look Both Ways, the Fipresci Prize, presented to South Korean director Kang Yi-kwan for Sa-kwa. A tie for the Citytv Award for Best Canadian First Feature, presented to Louise Archambaults Familia and Michael Mabbotts The Life, the Toronto – City Award for Best Canadian Feature Film, presented to C. R. A. Z. Y. The Bravo. FACT Short Cuts Canada Award, presented to Renuka Jeyapalans Big Girl, because the vote for the Peoples Choice Award was so close, at the awards ceremony Piers Handling announced four runners-up. However, in the subsequent reporting there was confusion about the order of the runners-up
14.
Dogtooth (film)
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Dogtooth is a 2009 Greek film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos about a husband and wife who keep their children ignorant of the world outside their property well into adulthood. The film stars Christos Stergioglou, Michelle Valley, Angeliki Papoulia, Mary Tsoni, Lanthimos second feature film won the Prix Un Certain Regard at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards. A couple and their son and two adult daughters live in a fenced compound. The children have no knowledge of the world, their parents say they will be ready to leave once they lose a dogtooth. The children entertain themselves with games, such as holding their hands under hot water. They believe they have a brother on the side of the fence to whom they throw supplies. The parents reward good behaviour with stickers and bad with violence, the father pays an employee of his factory, Christina, to come to the house and have sex with the son. Frustrated by the refusal to give her cunnilingus, Christina trades her headband with the elder daughter in exchange for cunnilingus from her. The elder daughter later convinces the younger daughter to lick her shoulder by bartering the headband, later, the younger daughter volunteers to lick the elder again. The elder has nothing to offer in exchange, but the younger does not mind, the father visits a dog training facility and demands to have his dog returned. The trainer refuses because the dog has not finished its training, when the children are terrified by a stray cat in the garden, the son kills it with a pair of pruning shears. After he teaches them to bark on all fours to fend off cats, Christina again barters for oral sex from the elder daughter. The daughter rejects her offer of hair gel and demands the Hollywood film tapes in her bag and she watches the films in secret and afterwards recreates scenes and quotes their dialogue. When the father discovers the tapes, he beats her with one of them, then goes to Christinas flat and hits her with her VCR, cursing her future children to be corrupted by bad influences. The parents decide that, with Christina no longer available, they will have the son choose one of his sisters as a new sexual partner, after fondling both sisters with his eyes closed, he chooses the elder. She is uncomfortable during their sex and afterwards recites threatening dialogue from the film Rocky IV to her brother. During a performance for the wedding anniversary, the younger daughter stops to rest. Later, she knocks out one of her dogteeth with a dumbbell, the father discovers her tooth fragments and searches for her outside fruitlessly
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Un Certain Regard
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Un Certain Regard (French pronunciation, is a section of the Cannes Film Festivals official selection. It is run at the salle Debussy, parallel to the competition for the Palme dOr and this section was introduced in 1978 by Gilles Jacob. The name literally means a certain glance, but is understood by French speakers to mean from another point of view, here it means films with various types of visions and styles, which tell their stories in nontraditional ways. This section presents 20 original and different works which seek international recognition, since 2005, the prize consists of €30,000 financed by the Groupama GAN Foundation. * Denotes first win for a country
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2009 Cannes Film Festival
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The 62nd annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 13 May –24 May 2009. French actress Isabelle Huppert was the President of the Jury and it was announced on 19 March 2009, that Pixars film Up would open the festival. This marked the first time that a film or a film in 3-D opened the festival. * First animated film ever to open the festival, the following films competed for the Palme dOr
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83rd Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, Academy Awards were presented in 24 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer, actors James Franco and Anne Hathaway co-hosted the ceremony, marking the first time for each. In related events, the Academy held its second annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 13,2010. On February 12,2011, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, Inception and The Kings Speech won four awards each, with the latter film winning Best Picture. The telecast garnered almost 38 million viewers in the United States, the nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards were announced on January 25,2011, at 5,38 a. m. PST at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Tom Sherak, president of the Academy, the Kings Speech led the nominations with twelve, followed by True Grit with ten. The winners were announced during the ceremony on February 27,2011. Toy Story 3 became the animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. True Grit was the film after 2002s Gangs of New York to lose all ten of its nominations. He was also the first acting nominee since Michael Caine at the 45th ceremony in 1973 to achieve this distinction, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double-dagger. The Academy held its Second Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 13,2010, kevin Brownlow — For the wise and devoted chronicling of the cinematic parade. For a new kind of cinema, eli Wallach — For a lifetimes worth of indelible screen characters. Francis Ford Coppola The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers, in June 2010, the AMPAS hired Oscar-winning producer Bruce Cohen and veteran television producer Don Mischer to oversee production of the telecast. Im absolutely ecstatic that Bruce and Don have accepted my invitation to produce and direct the 83rd Academy Awards telecast, opting for younger faces for the ceremony, Cohen and Mischer hired actor James Franco, and actress Anne Hathaway as co-hosts of the 2011 ceremony. James Franco and Anne Hathaway personify the next generation of Hollywood icons — fresh, exciting and we hope to create an Oscar broadcast that will both showcase their incredible talents and entertain the world on February 27, said Cohen and Mischer regarding their selections to host the gala. We are completely thrilled that James and Anne will be joining forces with our brilliant creative team to do just that, Franco and Hathaway became the first male-female duo to co-host the awards show since comedian Jerry Lewis and actress Celeste Holm presided over the 29th ceremony in 1957. At age 28, Hathaway was also the youngest person to host an Oscar ceremony, furthermore, AMPAS announced that this years ceremony was the most interactive awards show in history. Also, via the Academys Twitter and Facebook pages, people could post questions for any actor or celebrity attending the festivities to answer, one of the four Oscar pre-show co-hosts would then pose selected questions to both nominees and attendees alike
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Alps (film)
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Alps is a 2011 Greek drama film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos. It stars Aggeliki Papoulia and Ariane Labed, and was co-written by Lanthimos and it premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival where it won Osella for Best Screenplay. It also won the Official Competition Prize for New Directions in Cinema at the Sydney Film Festival in 2012, the story took form as they needed a setting which could work well cinematically. Lanthimos considers it the complete opposite of his previous film, Dogtooth, Alps is about a person who tries to enter a fabricated world. The film was produced by the Greek company Chaos Film, which previously had produced Lanthimos 2005 film Kinetta, the budget included funding from the Greek Film Center. Some scenes were added on the set and parts of the dialogue were improvised by the actors, the film premiered on 3 September 2011 in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival. Lee Marshall of Screen Daily started by comparing Alps to the directors last film and he called it a sort of Dogtooth 2, and wrote that the cultured urban audiences turned on by the sheer kookiness of that film may feel a slight sense of déjà vu here. But Alps is so intriguing because of what it refuses to explain, Alps at the Internet Movie Database Alps at AllMovie myFILM. gr Alps at Rotten Tomatoes Alps at Metacritic
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68th Venice International Film Festival
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The 68th annual Venice Film Festival was held in Venice, Italy between 31 August and 10 September 2011. American film director Darren Aronofsky was announced as the Head of the Jury, American actor and film director Al Pacino was presented with the Glory to the Film-maker award on 4 September, prior to the premiere of his upcoming film Wilde Salomé. Marco Bellocchio was awarded with the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement in September, the festival opened with the American film The Ides of March, directed by George Clooney. The films are Attenberg by Athina Rachel Tsangari, The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Robert Guédiguian, official website 68th Venice Film Festival 2011
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The Lobster
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In the films setting, single people are given 45 days to find a romantic partner or otherwise be turned into animals. It stars Colin Farrell as a man trying to find someone so he can remain human. The film is co-produced by Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, France and it was selected to compete for the Palme dOr at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival and won the Jury Prize. It was shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 89th Academy Awards. David discovers that his wife has left him for another man, the hotel manager reveals that single people have 45 days to find a partner, or they will be transformed into an animal, the dog accompanying him is his brother. David chooses to become a lobster, due to their life cycle, David makes acquaintances with Robert, a man with a lisp, and John, a man with a limp, who become his quasi-friends. John explains that he was injured in an attempt to reconnect with his mother, the hotel has many rules and rituals, masturbation is banned, but sexual stimulation by the hotel maid is mandatory, and guests attend dances and watch propaganda extolling advantages of partnership. Robert is caught masturbating, and the hotel manager burns his fingers in a toaster, relationships require partners to have a distinguishing trait in common. John is told a woman has arrived with a limp, residents can extend their deadline by hunting and tranquilizing single people in the forest, each captured loner earns them a day. On one such hunt, a woman with a fondness for biscuits offers David sexual favors and she tells him that if she fails to find a mate, she will kill herself by jumping from a hotel window. John then wins the affections of a woman with constant nosebleeds by purposely smashing his nose in secret and they move to the couples section to begin a month-long trial partnership. David later decides to court a notoriously cruel woman who has tranquilized more loners than anyone else and their initial conversation is interrupted by the screams of the biscuit-loving woman, who has severely injured herself jumping from a window. Although troubled by the incident, David pretends to enjoy the suffering to gain the heartless womans interest. He later joins her in a jacuzzi, and she feigns choking, the two are shifted to the couples suite. When David wakes up one morning, he finds she has kicked Davids brother to death, when David cries in response, she concludes their relationship is a lie and drags him to the hotel manager to have him punished by turning him into an animal that no one likes. However, he escapes and, with the help of a maid, tranquilizes. Escaping the hotel, David joins the loners in the woods, in contrast to the hotels rules, they forbid any romance, with mouth mutilation as punishment. The hotel maid is found to be a mole for the loners, soon after her encounter with the leader of the loners, the loners visit the city to get some supplies, where David has a close encounter with a police officer
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International Film Festival Rotterdam
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The International Film Festival Rotterdam is an annual film festival held in various cinemas in Rotterdam, Netherlands at the end of January. The festival also has a focus on presenting cutting edge media art and artists film. IFFR also hosts CineMart, for producers to seek funding. The International Film Festival Rotterdam management emphasizes diversity in its programming and on building relationships with. Rather than red-carpet events, the design is to encourage film makers to mingle with attendees. As a result, the festival claims having a unique atmosphere, the festival is described as having a serious commitment to film lovers and film making - screenings are shown without popcorn breaks, trailers or other commercials. This sense of purpose plays a role in attracting the best directors to the event, allowing it to forge a reputation for diversity, discovery. The first festival — then called Film International — was organized in June 1972 under the leadership of Huub Bals, iFFRs logo is a tiger, loosely based on the M. G. M. From the beginning, the festival has profiled itself as a promoter of alternative, innovative and non-commercial films, with an emphasis on the Far East and developing countries. After the festival founders sudden death in 1988, a fund was initiated and named after him, the non-competitive character of the festival changed in 1995, when the VPRO Tiger Awards were introduced—three yearly prizes for young filmmakers making their first or second film. The next year, Simon Field, formerly Cinema Director at the London Institute of Contemporary Arts, in 2004 Sandra den Hamer took over as director of the festival, and from 2007 to 2015 the director was Ruger Wolfson. Since August 2015 the leadership is in the hands of film producer Bero Beyer, despite financial difficulties in the mid-1980s, the festival has grown steadily, reaching more than 300,000 visitors in 2015. The Pathé cinema at Schouwburgplein is one of the biggest cinemas in the country, the modern edifice – located between the Schouwburg and De Doelen – is dramatically lit by night, dominating the square. De Doelen is the Central Box office during the festival Cinerama is a magnificent old cinema with 7 theaters and it has been thoroughly renovated multiple times, but retains an atmosphere that lends a special touch to the cinematic experience. The Rotterdamse Schouwburg is located in the heart of Rotterdam, on the famous Schouwburgplein and it is one of the main performing arts centers of the city, offering a wide range of critically acclaimed dance, opera and theatrical performances. Lantaren Venster is the only screening location at the side of the Maas river. Like Pathé and Cinerama, it has 7 theaters, lantaren Venster is used as a performance arts location and well known for their non-mainstream and art house programming of movies. The Tiger Award has had various sponsors over the years, in the years leading up to and including 2010 it was sponsored by the VPRO
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Palme d'Or
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The Palme dOr is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the organising committee, from 1939 to 1954, the highest prize was the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film. In 1964, it was replaced again by the Grand Prix du Festival before being reintroduced in 1974 as the Palme dOr again. In 1954, the Jury of the Festival de Cannes suggested giving an award titled the Grand Prix of the International Film Festival with a new design each year from a contemporary artist. At the end of 1954, the Festivals Board of Directors invited several jewellers to submit designs for a palm, in tribute to the coat of arms of the City of Cannes. The original design by the jeweller Lucienne Lazon had the lower extremity of the stalk forming a heart. In 1955, the first Palme dOr was awarded to Delbert Mann for Marty, and it remained the highest award until 1964, as of 2015, Jane Campion is the only female director to have won the Palme dOr, for The Piano. These choices were due to a Cannes policy that forbids the Palme dOr-winning film from receiving any additional awards, according to Spielberg, Had the casting been 3% wrong, it wouldnt have worked like it did for us. Since its reintroduction, the prize has been redesigned several times, at the beginning of the 1980s, the rounded shape of the pedestal, bearing the palm, gradually transformed to become pyramidal in 1984. In 1992 Thierry de Bourqueney redesigned the Palme and its pedestal in hand-cut crystal, the current design, first presented in 1997, is by Caroline Scheufele from Chopard. A single piece of cut crystal forms a cushion for the 24-carat gold palm, the winner of the 2014 Palme dOr, Winter Sleep—a Turkish film by Nuri Bilge Ceylan—occurred during the same year as the 100th anniversary of Turkish cinema. Note, The Palme dOr for Union Pacific was awarded in retrospect at the 2002 festival, the festivals debut was to take place in 1939, but it was cancelled due to World War II. The organisers of the 2002 festival presented part of the original 1939 selection to a jury of six members. The films were, Goodbye Mr. Chips, La Piste du Nord, Lenin in 1918, The Four Feathers, The Wizard of Oz, Union Pacific, and Boefje. In 2011 the festival announced that the award would be given out annually, however plans for this fell through, american director Woody Allen was the inaugural recipient while pioneering French filmmaker Agnès Varda was the first woman to receive the award in 2015. In 2016 Jean-Pierre Léaud became the first person to be awarded solely for acting. com Cannes Film Festival IMDB
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2015 Cannes Film Festival
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The 68th annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 13 to 24 May 2015. Joel and Ethan Coen were the Presidents of the Jury for the main competition and it was the first time that two people chaired the jury. Since the Coen brothers each received a vote, they were joined by seven other jurors to form the customary nine-juror panel. French actor Lambert Wilson was the host for the opening and closing ceremonies, the Palme dOr was awarded to the French film Dheepan directed by Jacques Audiard. On winning the award Audiard said To receive a prize from the Coen brothers is something pretty exceptional, the festival poster featured Hollywood star and Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, photographed by David Seymour. The poster was chosen to pay tribute to Bergman for her contributions to films, as part of the tribute to Bergman, the Swedish documentary Ingrid Bergman, In Her Own Words was screened in the Cannes Classics section. Standing Tall, directed by Emmanuelle Bercot, was the opening film. This was the opening film in the festivals history to have been directed by a woman. Ice and the Sky, directed by Luc Jacquet, was the closing film. French film director Agnès Varda was presented with the honorary Palme dOr at the closing ceremony. She is also the first female filmmaker to receive the award. The Official Selection of films for the 2015 festival, including the line-up for the Main Competition, was announced on 16 April 2015, the films competing for the Palme dOr were announced at a press conference on 16 April 2015. Two films were added to the main competition line-up on 23 April 2015, Valley of Love, directed by Guillaume Nicloux, the following films competed in the Un Certain Regard section. Lamb, the first feature directed by Yared Zeleke, is also the first Ethiopian film to be included in the Official Selection. Sweet Red Bean Paste, directed by Naomi Kawase, was announced as the film for the Un Certain Regard section. The following films were selected to screen out of competition, Midnight screenings Special screenings Out of 4,550 entries, the Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools. The following 18 entries were selected out of 1,600 submissions, more than one-third of the films selected represent schools participating in Cinéfondation for the first time. It is also the first time that a film representing a Spanish film school had been selected, the full selection for the International Critics Week section was announced on 20 April 2015, at the sections website
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Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)
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The Jury Prize is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival, chosen by the Jury from the official section of movies at the festival. Initially the award signified the second best film in competition, though now it is now considered the third-most prestigious prize at the festival, after the Palme dOr. From 1951 until 1966 the name Special Jury Prize was used for the second-most important award of the festival, in 1967 the second place was renamed Grand Prize of the Jury, and the Special Jury Prize title was withdrawn. Then, in 1969, the Jury Prize was created separately from the Grand Prize, the Special Jury Prize reappeared twice in the 1990s, and one International Jury Prize was awarded in 1946. UK director Andrea Arnold and UK director Ken Loach are tied for the record for most Jury Prizes. As of 2016 Arnold was awarded the prize for her films Red Road, Fish Tank, and American Honey, while Loach was awarded the prize for his films Hidden Agenda, Raining Stones, and The Angels Share. Michelangelo Antonioni, René Clément, Masaki Kobayashi, and Samira Makhmalbaf have each won the award twice, Palme dOr Grand Prix Cannes Film Festival official website Cannes Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database
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Thessaloniki International Film Festival
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The Thessaloniki International Film Festival has become one of the Southeast Europes primary showcases for the work of new and emerging filmmakers. The event features the International Section, a panorama of Greek films, the New Horizons program, the Balkan Survey, the Festival is competitive with the International Section jury awarding several prizes each year, most notably the Golden Alexander for Best Feature-Length Film. Since 1992, the International Thessaloniki Film Festival has striven to present the most innovative independent films from around the world, components of the Festival include, The International Competition section consists of new directors first or second films. The non-competitive panorama of Greek films, an overview of the recent local production is followed by the presentation of the State Film Awards by the Greek Ministry of Culture, the Independence Days non-competitive section is the cutting-edge showcase for the latest trends in independent film production. The Balkan Survey, created in 1994, stands as a program which offers audiences a window on the cinema of this region of the world. In March 2016, French film producer Élise Jalladeau was appointed as director of the Thessaloniki International Film Festival, in May 2016, film critic Orestis Andreadakis was named artistic director. Cinematographer Giorgos Arvanitis serves as president of the TIFF Board, retrospectives and tributes look at both historic masters, and emerging artists. The first period of Thessaloniki Film Festival starts in 1960 and finished in 1991, during this period the festival showed exclusively Greek films. The festival was first held in 1960 as a modest Week of Greek Cinema, from 1965 to 1991 the festival was named Festival of Greek Cinema. During these years the festival passed through various phases, the first years the festival was an important social event with flashy appearances of local showbiz stars. During the ], censorship made its appearance, during the Metapolitefsi the new generation of Greek directors dominated the awards, but at the same time the festival became increasingly politicized and two opposing groups of spectators appeared. The tension between two groups reached a peak in 1977, when the festival split in two different festivals. The split lasted only one year, during the 80s the importance of the festival declined until in 1992, when it was decided to upgrade the event to an international film festival. In 1992 the festival became a film festival, acknowledged by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations. The Greek movies competed in a different section of the festival with the name Greek State Film Awards, nowadays Thessaloniki International Film Festival is an annual event focused on the discovery and promotion of new directors from all over the world. For ten days in mid-November, audiences numbering approximately 70,000, as well as hundreds of Greek and foreign Festival guests, attend screenings of more than 150 films in the citys cinemas
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Sarajevo Film Festival
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The Sarajevo Film Festival is the premier and largest film festival in Southeast Europe, and is one of the largest film festivals in Europe. It was found in Sarajevo in 1995 during the siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian Independence War and it is held in August and showcases an extensive variety of feature and short films from around the world. The current director of the festival is Mirsad Purivatra, former CEO of the Bosnian branch of McCann Erickson, the first Sarajevo Film Festival was held from October 25th to November 5th 1995. At that time, the siege of Sarajevo was still going on, however, a surprising 15,000 people came to see the films, of which there were 37 from 15 different countries. By 2001, the European Film Association made the Sarajevo Film Festival one of the festivals that could nominate a film for the award of Europes Best Short Film. The 2001 winner of the Sarajevo Film Festival, Danis Tanovićs No Mans Land, in 2004, the Best Movie Award was named The Heart of Sarajevo. The festival also features CineLink, a project development program resulting in an annual co-production market during the festival dates. The first edition of CineLink, which was part of the 9th Sarajevo Film Festival was held in 2003. Each year, more than two hundred applications are received, and only eighty are carefully chosen to attend a six-day training led by some of the most prominent film professionals in the world
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Sitges Film Festival
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The Sitges Film Festival is a Spanish film festival and one of the worlds foremost international festivals specializing in fantasy and horror films. Established in 1968, the festival takes place every year in early October in the coastal resort of Sitges,34 kilometers West-South-West of the city of Barcelona, Catalonia. The main venue of the Sitges Film Festival is the Auditori or Auditorium, also the festival takes place in El Prado, El Retiro and Sala Tramuntana. The Auditori is located inside the Melia Hotel in the Port dAiguadolç area, the director of the festival is Àngel Sala. Since 1971 the festival has given awards to the best films, actors, the Maria Award winners are the main awards of the festival, and are chosen by an international jury
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Stockholm International Film Festival
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The Stockholm International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Stockholm, Sweden. It was launched in 1990 and has held every year in the second half of November. The film voted by a jury as the best in the competition receives the Bronze Horse. Since its start the festival has focused on bringing forth and supporting new talents through competitions, a third of the films selected for the festival are made by a debuting director and only directors who have made less than 3 films are selected for the competition. In 2011 The Stockholm Film Festival Feature Film Award was inaugurated which funds a feature film for a female director. The aim for Stockholm International Film Festival is to broaden the selection of films in Sweden with creative new films of high quality, with seminars, opportunities to meet actors and filmmakers during the festival, all means are given to make the film experience come full circle. Stockholm International Film Festival also arrange Stockholm Film Festival Junior, a festival for children. The main goal of the festival is to show quality film from every corner of the world. All screenings are free of charge for everyone between 6 and 19 years old, in August every year the Stockholms International Film Festival arrange a Summer Cinema in Rålambshovsparken in Stockholm. Five nights the festival film in an outdoor cinema. The following films have received the top honour at the festival, Stockholm Lifetime Achievement Award is given as an honour for a lifework within cinema. Prize is awarded to an actor who has made achievements in film and has the ability to become tomorrows star. The purpose of the award is to highlight an actor early in their career
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British Independent Film Awards
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The British Independent Film Awards is an organisation that celebrates, supports and promotes British independent cinema and filmmaking talent. Nominations for the awards ceremony are announced in early November. Since 2015, BIFA has also hosted UK–wide talent development and film screening programmes with the support of Creative Skillset and the BFI. BIFA founding members include Phillip Alberstat, Chris Auty, André Burgess, Sally Caplan, Pippa Cross, Christopher Fowler, Lora Fox Gamble, Steven Gaydos, Norma Heyman, the first BIFA ceremony took place on the 29th October 1998. Winners included Ken Loach, Shane Meadows and Ray Winstone, the Special Jury Prize was awarded to Nik Powell, and the Best British Independent Film award went to My Name is Joe. The BIFA ceremony takes place in early December every year and is one of the first dates in the awards season. Most of the categories are for British independent feature films only, though there are awards for Best International Independent Film. There are also several awards, such as the Special Jury Prize, the Richard Harris Award. Main categories, Films must be over 70 minutes in length, Films must have had a public screening to a paying audience, either on general release in the UK or at a British film festival or at one of BIFAs recognised international festivals. Must be produced or majority co-produced by a British production company, where there is a major studio substantially funding a film, the total budget must not exceed $20 million. BIFA has a pool of voters that consists of past BIFA winners and nominees, top British film industry professionals. Although the pool is continually growing, fewer than 200 voters vote for the nominations in any one year, all entered films must be seen by a minimum number of voters and discussed at a voter meeting before being marked as having been given fair consideration. In calculating the results, BIFA takes into account the number of voters who have seen each film as well as how many voted for it, the winners in most categories are decided by independent juries, newly–appointed each year. Juries meet to discuss all nominations before voting confidentially for the winner, exceptions include the honorary awards and the award for Best British Independent Film, the winner of which is decided by a confidential vote amongst all BIFA voters. Sessions included The Lobster with production designer Jaqueline Abrahams, The Selfish Giant with casting director Amy Hubbard, BIFA Presents is an ongoing project wherein BIFA supports the theatrical distribution of award-nominated and -winning films with special preview and event screenings. In February 2017, BIFA Presents hosted exclusive previews of the Oscar-winning Moonlight in conjunction with Everyman Cinemas, BIFA Independents is a series of regular screenings of films featuring BIFA-winning and nominated talent. The first BIFA Independents screening was in December 2016, featuring Andrea Arnolds Best British Independent Film-winning American Honey
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Sydney Film Festival
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The Sydney Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Sydney, Australia, usually over 12 days in June. The festivals director is Nashen Moodley, who commenced in early 2012, the committee included Alan Stout, Professor of Philosophy at The University of Sydney, filmmakers John Heyer and John Kingsford Smith, and Federation of Film Societies secretary David Donaldson. Under the direction of Donaldson, the festival opened on 11 June 1954 and was held over four days. Attendance was at capacity with 1,200 tickets sold at one guinea each. By 1958, the festival attracted its first international sponsored guest, Paul Rotha, the following year, the program expanded to seventeen days and by 1960 exceeded 2,000 subscribers with the introduction of the Opening Night feature film and party. Censorship difficulties arose in the mid-1960a and continued until such time as the festival was granted exemption from censorship in 1971, from inception until 1967, the University remained the annual home of the festival. The following year, the moved to the Wintergarden in Rose Bay where it remained for the ensuing five years. The historic State Theatre became the home of the festival in 1974, in 2007 a new FlexiPass, the FlexiDiscovery, was introduced for people aged 18–24, to encourage young people to discover the film festival. Strict guidelines in relation to previous screenings of films means that audiences see films that havent had general release, on 10 September 2007, the Festival announced it had received funding from the New South Wales government to host an official international competition, which rewarded new directions in film. The FIAFP has since classified the Sydney Film Festival as a Competitive Specialised Feature Film Festival, an Oral history of the Sydney Film Festival,40 years of film. A History of the Sydney Film Festival
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Golden Lion
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The Golden Lion is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the committee and is now regarded as one of the film industrys most distinguished prizes. In 1970, a second Golden Lion was introduced, this is an award for people who have made an important contribution to cinema. The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, previously, the equivalent prize was the Gran Premio Internazionale di Venezia, awarded in 1947 and 1948. Before that, from 1934 until 1942, the highest awards were the Coppa Mussolini for Best Italian Film, no Golden Lions were awarded between 1969 and 1979. Sixty-eight produced a dramatic fracture with the past,14 French films have been awarded the Golden Lion, more than that of any other nation. However, there is considerable diversity in the winners. Five American filmmakers have won the Golden Lion, with awards for John Cassavetes and Robert Altman, as well as Ang Lee, Darren Aronofsky and Sofia Coppola. The Golden Lion, by contrast, has awarded to ten Asians during the same time period. Ang Lee won the Golden Lion twice within three years during the 2000s, once for an American film and once for a Chinese-language film, zhang Yimou has also won twice. Other Asians to win the Golden Lion since 1980 include Jia Zhangke, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Trần Anh Hùng, Takeshi Kitano, Kim Ki-duk, Jafar Panahi, Mira Nair, and Lav Diaz. Russian filmmakers have won the Golden Lion several times, including since the end of the USSR. Still, to date 33 of the 54 winners were European men, since 1949 only four women have ever won the Golden Lion for directing, Mira Nair, Sofia Coppola, German Margarethe von Trotta and Belgiums Agnès Varda. In comparison to the other major Western European festivals, the Berlinales Golden Bear has also awarded to four women. In the history of Cannes, only one woman filmmaker has been awarded the Palme dOr
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