1.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Street
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A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact. A street can be as simple as a patch of dirt. Portions may also be smoothed with asphalt, embedded with rails, originally the word street simply meant a paved road. Examples of streets include pedestrian streets, alleys, and city-centre streets too crowded for road vehicles to pass, conversely, highways and motorways are types of roads, but few would refer to them as streets. The word street has its origins in the Latin strata, it is related to stratum. Ancient Greek stratos means army, Greeks originally built roads to move their armies, old English applied the word to Roman roads in Britain such as Ermine Street, Watling Street, etc. Later it acquired a meaning of straggling village, which were often laid out on the verges of Roman roads. In the Middle Ages, a road was a way people travelled, the street is a public easement, one of the few shared between all sorts of people. As a component of the environment as ancient as human habitation. Its roles are as numerous and diverse as its ever-changing cast of characters, streets can be loosely categorized as main streets and side streets. Main streets are usually broad with a high level of activity. Commerce and public interaction are more visible on main streets, side streets are quieter, often residential in use and character, and may be used for vehicular parking. Circulation, or less broadly, transportation, is perhaps a streets most visible use, the unrestricted movement of people and goods within a city is essential to its commerce and vitality, and streets provide the physical space for this activity. In the interest of order and efficiency, an effort may be made to different types of traffic. Le Corbusier, for one, perceived an ever-stricter segregation of traffic as an affirmation of social order—a desirable. To this end, proposals were advanced to build vertical streets where vehicles, pedestrians. Such an arrangement, it was said, would allow for denser development in the future
4.
Grosvenor Street, Sydney
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Grosvenor Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Grosvenor Street runs 350 metres in an east to west direction, the eastern terminus is at George Street and the western terminus is at the junction of York Street with the Bradfield Highway. There are no major cross streets, Grosvenor Place – This is a high-rise development designed by architect Harry Seidler and built in 1982-87. It occupies the block bounded by Grosvenor, George, Harrington, the front foyer houses a number of paintings by the American artist Frank Stella. The building was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon, a former NSW Government architect and it is part of a group which has been listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. It was restored as part of the Grosvenor Place development and was adapted for use as a hotel, Royal Naval House – Also of the Federation Free Classical style, this building was designed by Varney Parkes and built between 1890 and 1907. Initially used by the Royal Australian Navy as accommodation and amenities for naval personnel and it is located next door to Federation Hall and courtyard and was restored along with that building. It is also listed on the NSW State Heritage Register, the building was extended substantially from 1923-24 and was at one stage known as the Meat Board Building. It is located next door to Royal Naval House and was restored along with that building and it is also listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. St Patricks Catholic Church – This church was designed by J. F. Hilly, founded by Father Therry, it was the first Catholic church in Sydney and became the central church for the Irish community. Church Hall – Situated next to St Patricks, the hall was designed by Hennessy and Hennessy. It features the blood and bandages style composed of red bricks with contrasting white areas, lang Park – This park is a roughly triangular site situated on the corner of Grosvenor and York Streets. Media related to Grosvenor Street, Sydney at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Bradfield Highway (Sydney)
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The Bradfield Highway is a highway in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. At 2.5 kilometres long it is one of the shortest highways in Australia, the highway was opened on 19 March 1932 and was named in honour of Dr John Bradfield. Amid some controversy, Bradfield was also considered to be the co-designer of the arch design, along with Dorman Long. Prior to the construction of the Warringah Freeway in 1968, all traffic at the terminus of the Bradfield Highway was directed to or from the Pacific Highway. The Bradfield Highway currently carries six lanes of traffic across the eight lane Sydney Harbour Bridge, the other two traffic lanes on the Sydney Harbour Bridge are used for the Cahill Expressway, which run only southbound on the bridge. During peak periods three out of the six lanes are reversed, giving a 2 ×4,3 ×3 or 5 ×1 flow, the default is 4 ×2, being four north lanes and two south lanes. The direction of the lanes is indicated by electronic signage above each lane, the lanes are numbered one to six from west to east. In 2001,159,587 vehicles a day used the highway, in August 1992 the Sydney Harbour Tunnel opened which helped to relieve congestion on the Bradfield Highway. The Bradfield Highway is a stock route. A road toll is levied on all vehicles travelling across the Sydney Harbour Bridge, a toll also applies for vehicles travelling in the same direction using the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. Australian Roads portal De Berquelle, Raymond, the recently completed Bradfield Highway, North Sydney, New South Wales
6.
King Street, Sydney
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This article is for the city street in Sydney central business district. For the street in the suburb of Newtown, see King Street, King Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It stretches from King Street Wharf and Lime Street near Darling Harbour in the west, King Street was named after Governor King, the third Governor of NSW. The Watsons Bay tramway ran down King Street until its closure, King Street provides the northern border of Pitt Street Mall. The MLC Centre is a skyscraper that sits on the corner of Castlereagh Street, other prominent buildings along King Street include the Supreme Court of New South Wales, St. James Church, Sydney and St. James campus of the Sydney Law School
7.
Market Street, Sydney
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Market Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sussex Street near Darling Harbour in the west, Market Street is located in the heart of the Sydney central business district shopping precinct. The two flagship David Jones department stores in Sydney are located in Market Street, diagonally across the Castlereagh Street intersection, Market Street provides the southern border of Pitt Street Mall and features such shopping centres as Centrepoint, the Queen Victoria Building and Sydney Central Plaza. The State Theatre is located between Pitt and George Street intersections, a footbridge at the end of Market street provides a direct link to Pyrmont Bridge and Darling Harbour. All traffic travels one way along Market Street, from east to west, a flyover is located at the end Market Street which links traffic to the Western Distributor and then Ultimo, Pyrmont, the Anzac Bridge and beyond. Market Street is where prominent cricketer Victor Trumper owned a sporting goods store and it was at this store in a series of meetings between Trumper, J J Giltinan and others, that the creation of the New South Wales Rugby Football League was conceived
8.
Sydney central business district
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The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
9.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
10.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
11.
Wynyard railway station, Sydney
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Wynyard railway station serves the Sydney central business district. It opened on 28 February 1932, the station opened on 28 February 1932. Wynyard was originally constructed with six platforms, with platforms 1-4 located on the upper level, the original intention was that Platforms 1 and 2, located adjacent to platforms 3 and 4, would eventually serve the eastern pair of railway tracks across the Harbour Bridge. In the interim, they were used as a terminus for North Shore tram services on Sydneys tram network, a feature of these lines was Australias only underground tram terminus. After tram services were withdrawn, platforms 1 and 2 were walled off from 3 and 4, and the converted into an underground car park. The eastern tram tracks on the bridge were replaced by two road lanes as part of the Cahill Expressway. The disused tunnel and ramp that connected the station to the eastern tram tracks can still be seen. On 22 January 1956, the lines from platforms 5 and 6 were extended to Circular Quay as part of the City Circle, Wynyard station currently has two levels, each with two platforms. The upper level serves the North Shore line, whilst the lower level serves lines traversing the City Circle, both lines run south under York Street from Wynyard to Town Hall. There is no connection between the rails of these two lines at Wynyard, the passenger concourse is on an intermediate level between the upper and lower platforms. Wynyard is connected via underground passageways to several surrounding buildings and shopping arcades and is located immediately below Wynyard Park, direct access via tunnels is possible to George, Hunter and Pitt Streets. Wooden escalators dating from the stations opening connect the concourse with York Street. Commencing in 2015 the platforms and concourse were thoroughly refurbished with new flooring and ceilings as well as a stairway to platforms 3 &4. The refurbishment is due to be complete in 2017, the Wynyard Walk is a 180-metre-long pedestrian link and tunnel between Wynyard station and Barangaroo that opened in September 2016, with a Clarence Street entrance that opened in December 2016. Based on a design by architecture firm Woods Bagot, the project combined a new entrance, a tunnel, a pedestrian bridge. Wynyard Walk provides direct access via tunnels to Clarence, Kent, Wynyard Walk features a huge video screen showcasing digital art. Wynyard station is served by bus routes operated by Forest Coach Lines, Hillsbus, Sydney Buses and Transdev NSW
12.
Sydney Town Hall
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It is located on George Street, in the Sydney central business district opposite the Queen Victoria Building and alongside St Andrews Cathedral. Sited above the Town Hall station and between the city shopping and entertainment precincts, the steps of the Town Hall are a meeting place. The Town Hall was built in the 1880s – on the site of the former Old Sydney Burial Ground, the cemetery was Sydneys first permanent cemetery and it is estimated that at least 2000 burials were made in the Old Sydney Burial Ground between 1782 and 1820. The Town Hall was built from local Sydney sandstone in the grand Victorian Second Empire style, the Town Hall has been described as having lavishly ornamented composition with focal tower and fanciful roofs. The building consists of the original Town Hall, mayoral suites and these were designed by J. H. Wilson in 1866, having won a civic competition to design a town hall for the rapidly-growing city. Construction of his designs were completed under the architectural direction of Albert Bond in 1869. Wilson also designed the interior of the original Town Hall meeting room, the clock tower was completed in 1873 to the design of E. and T. Bradbridge and whose clock was installed in 1884. The building houses the Sydney City Council Chamber, reception rooms, the Centennial Hall contains the Grand Organ, the worlds largest pipe organ with tubular pneumatic action, built from 1886 to 1889 and installed in 1890 by the English firm of William Hill & Son. The organ possesses one of only two full-length 64′ organ stops in the world, before the opening of the Sydney Opera House and its Concert Hall, the Town Hall was Sydneys premier concert hall, and many notable performances took place there. In the later years, it has discovered that Town Hall lies on top of part of a cemetery complex. Renovations were undertaken in 2008-9 primarily to upgrade the mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, the renovations, completed by Sydney builder Kell & Rigby, included removing 6,000 cubic metres of sandstone from underneath the building. The Sydney Town Hall still serves as an important presence and meeting place for the city of Sydney to this very day, the building itself regularly undergoes cleaning and restoration to preserve it for future generations. List of town halls in Sydney Architecture of Sydney A short documentary on the history of Sydney Town Hall A history of Sydney Town Hall Official website Building history. Office of Environment & Heritage, Government of New South Wales
13.
Queen Victoria Building
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The Queen Victoria Building, is a late nineteenth-century building designed by the architect George McRae in the central business district of Sydney, Australia. The Romanesque Revival building was constructed between 1893 and 1898 and is 30 metres wide by 190 metres long, the building fills a city block bounded by George, Market, York and Druitt Streets. Designed as a marketplace, it was used for a variety of purposes, underwent remodelling and suffered decay until its restoration. The site has been under the control of the Council of the City of Sydney since 1842 and it was previously the location for municipal markets, the first of which, a simple storehouse, was put up by Gregory Blaxland. Under Governor Macquaries leadership, it was envisaged as a grand civic square by architect Francis Greenway. In the 1830s, four substantial stone halls were built to the design of Ambrose Hallenand later the site was selected for the construction of a centre of trade. The building, on the scale of a cathedral was designed by George McRae, the Councils choice of Victorian Romanesque style conveys the influences of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. The dominant feature of the building is the dome which consists of an interior glass dome. Smaller domes of various sizes are on the rooftop, including ones on each corner of the rectangular building. The colonnades, arches, balustrades and cupolas are of typically intricate Victorian style and she is crowned with the civic crown and waratah wreath. At her feet is a shield bearing the city crest, on her right is seated a semi-nude, muscular, male figure, representing Labor and Industry, with the appropriate symbols, viz. wheat, a ram, fruit, and a beehive, grouped round him. On her left is a male figure representing Commerce and Exchange. A ship in full sail is shown on his left, a bag of money its in one of his hands, and the ledger book in the other. Both figures are wreathed with olive, the symbol of Peace, York Street group The central figure, a vigorous youth representing civilisation holds aloft the torch to better guide science and the arts and crafts represented by two beautiful semi-nude girls. Science has a compass and is checking some facts stated on a scroll she holds in her left hand and she is in deep thought in fine contrast to her sister representing Arts And Crafts who is looking with a welcoming and pleading look. The approval of the statuary for the group was approved in February 1898. The Councillors decided not to ask for the Queens assent, in part because it would have made it necessary to have the Royal Coat of Arms on the building. After the markets originally held in the building were relocated in 1910, finally, in 1987, the Council rescinded the 1918 resolution and named it the Queen Victoria Building
14.
North Shore, Northern & Western Line
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The North Shore, Northern & Western Line is a commuter rail line operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It serves the North Shore, Northern Suburbs and parts of the Inner West, following victory in the 2011 New South Wales election, the OFarrell Government embarked on reform of transport in New South Wales. In November 2011, a new organisation, Transport for NSW, was created to improve planning and coordination of transport projects, the organisation developed a new rail timetable and branding, which was put into effect on 20 October 2013. This saw the merger of the North Shore Line and Western Line with the Northern Line, a new numbering system was also introduced and the line was given the number T1. The North Shore, Northern & Western Line utilises a number of different railway lines and is the result of various schemes to link the lines together, the line is centred around the Main Suburban railway line which runs from Central to Granville. The Main Northern and Main Western lines branch from the Main Suburban Line, the North Shore Line branches from the Main Northern Line and was later extended through the city and connected to the Main Suburban Line as well. The Epping to Chatswood line provides a connection between the Main Northern and North Shore lines, enabling the creation of the North Shore. The Main Western line opened to Penrith in 1863 as a branch from the junction with the Main South line at Granville, electrification reached Parramatta in 1928 and Penrith in 1955. A branch line was opened to Richmond in 1864 under the stewardship of engineer James Moore, electrification from Riverstone to Richmond opened in August 1991. Through running to and from Sydney commenced in 1992, Trains from the Main Western and Richmond lines run as the Western Line. The North Shore line was opened on 1 January 1890 between Hornsby and St Leonards, the line was extended to the Sydney Harbour foreshore at Milsons Point in 1893. Transport between this original Milsons Point station and central Sydney was by ferry boat, the line was electrified in 1927. The result is that the two ends of the North Shore Line link to the Sydney railway system at Central and Hornsby, the traditional Northern Line was the suburban portion of the Main Northern line which opened in 1886 and was electrified in 1926. When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened, the Northern Line was connected to the City underground, in 2009 the Epping to Chatswood line was opened. The traditional Northern line route ran from Hornsby to North Sydney via Strathfield, the Northern Line was colour coded red prior to being merged with the North Shore and Western lines. After merging, the Northern Line loop was split on weekdays, in 2018 the Epping to Chatwood line will be closed and be converted to a metro. As a result, the traditional Northern line route from Hornsby to Central via Strathfield will be reinstated with expanded train services on the North Shore line and this will coincide the proposed new timetable that year. The route is complex and features many branches and it passes through a number of business districts and major centres, namely Hornsby, Macquarie Park, Chatswood, North Sydney, the Central Business District, Parramatta, Blacktown and Penrith
15.
Lachlan Macquarie
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Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Scotland. Macquarie served as the fifth and last autocratic Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821, an inscription on his tomb in Scotland describes him as The Father of Australia. Lachlan Macquarie was born on the island of Ulva off the coast of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides, a chain of islands off the West Coast of Scotland. He was a gentleman of the Scottish Highland family clan MacQuarrie which possessed Ulva, Staffa, and a region of the Isle of Mull for over one thousand years, and his forebears were buried on Iona. Governor Macquaries father, a man of Intelligence, polite, and much of the world, supposedly attained the age of 103 years and his mother was the daughter of a Maclaine chieftain who owned a castle on the Isle of Mull. Macquarie left the island at the age of 14, if he did attend the Royal High School of Edinburgh, as tradition has it, it was only for a very brief period because, at the same age, he volunteered for the army. Macquarie joined the 84th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1777, as a new recruit on the way to America he participated in the Battle of the Newcastle Jane. This battle was the first naval victory for a British merchant ship over an American privateer and he was initially stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was commissioned as an ensign five months after his arrival. On 18 January 1781, he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the 71st Regiment of Foot, and served them in New York City, Charleston. In June 1784 he returned to Scotland as a half-pay lieutenant, three years later, on Christmas Day 1787 he received his commission as lieutenant in the 77th Regiment, where he saw service with the army in India and Egypt. Macquarie became a Freemason in January 1793 at Bombay, in Lodge No.1 and he was promoted Captain on 9 November 1789, Major on 12 March 1801. Two years later,1803, he was in London, as Assistant Adjutant General to Lord Harrington, in 1803 and 1804 saw him on active service in India. In 1793 he married Jane Jarvis, daughter of the Chief Justice of Antigua, three years later she died of tuberculosis. In November 1807, Macquaries cousin Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell became his second wife, in April 1809 Macquarie was appointed Governor of New South Wales. At the head of troops he was unchallenged by the New South Wales Corps whose members had become settled in farming, commerce. Macquarie was promoted to Colonel in 1810, Brigadier in 1811 and Major-General in 1813, the Macquaries departed from England in May 1809 aboard HMS Dromedary, accompanied by HMS Hindostan. They reached Sydney on 28 December 1809 and he started as a governor on 1 January 1810 and he appointed John Campbell as his secretary. The first task Macquarie had to tackle was to restore orderly, lawful government, Macquarie was ordered by the British government to arrest both John Macarthur and Major George Johnston, two of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion
16.
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
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The Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany KG GMB GCH, a member of the House of Hanover, was the second son and child of King George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover. However, he died before his brother, Prince Frederick Augustus, or the Duke of York as he became in later life, belonged to the House of Hanover. He was born on 16 August 1763, at St. Jamess Palace and his father was the reigning British monarch, King George III. On 27 February 1764, when Prince Frederick was six months old and he received this title because his father, as Elector of Hanover, was entitled to select every other holder of this. He was invested as Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath on 30 December 1767, George III decided that his second son would pursue an army career and had him gazetted colonel on 4 November 1780. From 1781 to 1787, Prince Frederick lived in Hanover, where he studied at the University of Göttingen and he was appointed colonel of the 2nd Horse Grenadier Guards on 26 March 1782 before being promoted to major-general on 20 November 1782. Promoted to lieutenant general on 27 October 1784, he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream Guards on 28 October 1784 and he was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster on 27 November 1784 and became a member of the Privy Council. He retained the bishopric of Osnabrück until 1803, when, in the course of the preceding the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. On 26 May 1789 he took part in a duel with Colonel Charles Lennox, who had insulted him, Lennox missed, on 12 April 1793 Frederick was promoted to full general. That year, he was sent to Flanders in command of the British contingent of Coburgs army destined for the invasion of France, Frederick and his command fought in the Flanders Campaign under extremely trying conditions. He won several engagements, such as the Siege of Valenciennes in July 1793. In the 1794 campaign he was successful at the Battle of Willems in May but was defeated at the Battle of Tourcoing later that month, the British army was evacuated through Bremen in April 1795. After his return to Britain, his father George III promoted him to the rank of field marshal on 18 February 1795, on 3 April 1795, George appointed him effective Commander-in-Chief in succession to Lord Amherst although the title was not confirmed until three years later. He was also colonel of the 60th Regiment of Foot from 19 August 1797 and his second field command was with the army sent for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799. On 7 September 1799, he was given the title of Captain-General. Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, in charge of the vanguard, had succeeded in capturing some Dutch warships in Den Helder. However, following the Dukes arrival with the body of the army. On 17 October 1799, the Duke signed the Convention of Alkmaar,1799 also saw Fort Frederick in South Africa named after him
17.
George III of the United Kingdom
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He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britains American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence, further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the later part of his life, George III had recurrent, although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, on George IIIs death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV. Historical analysis of George IIIs life has gone through a kaleidoscope of changing views that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. Until it was reassessed in the half of the 20th century, his reputation in the United States was one of a tyrant. George was born in London at Norfolk House and he was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As Prince George was born two months prematurely and he was unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker. One month later, he was baptised at Norfolk House. His godparents were the King of Sweden, his uncle the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, George grew into a healthy but reserved and shy child. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York, Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. He was the first British monarch to study science systematically and his religious education was wholly Anglican. At age 10 George took part in a production of Joseph Addisons play Cato and said in the new prologue, What. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated. Georges grandfather, King George II, disliked the Prince of Wales, however, in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury, and George became heir apparent to the throne. He inherited one of his fathers titles and became the Duke of Edinburgh, now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. Georges mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her moral values
18.
William IV of the United Kingdom
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William IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. The third son of George III and younger brother and successor to George IV, he was the last king, William served in the Royal Navy in his youth and was, both during his reign and afterwards, nicknamed the Sailor King. He served in North America and the Caribbean, in 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. Since his two brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, through his brother, the Viceroy of Hanover, he granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. William was succeeded in the United Kingdom by his niece, Victoria, William was born in the early hours of the morning on 21 August 1765 at Buckingham House, the third child and son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He had two brothers, George and Frederick, and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of St Jamess Palace on 20 September 1765 and his godparents were his paternal uncles, the Duke of Gloucester and Prince Henry, and his paternal aunt, Princess Augusta, then hereditary duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He spent most of his life in Richmond and at Kew Palace. At the age of thirteen, he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman and his experiences in the navy seem to have been little different from those of other midshipmen, though in contrast to other sailors he was accompanied on board ships by a tutor. He did his share of the cooking and got arrested with his shipmates after a brawl in Gibraltar. He served in New York during the American War of Independence, I am fully persuaded, that it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince or Admiral. The plot did not come to fruition, the British heard of it and assigned guards to William and he became a lieutenant in 1785 and captain of HMS Pegasus the following year. The two were friends, and dined together almost nightly. At Nelsons wedding, William insisted on giving the bride away and he was given command of the frigate HMS Andromeda in 1788, and was promoted to rear-admiral in command of HMS Valiant the following year. William sought to be made a duke like his brothers, and to receive a similar parliamentary grant. To put pressure on him, William threatened to stand for the House of Commons for the constituency of Totnes in Devon, Williams political record was inconsistent and, like many politicians of the time, cannot be certainly ascribed to a single party. William ceased his active service in the Royal Navy in 1790, the following year he spoke in favour of the war, expecting a command after his change of heart, none came
19.
Sydney Harbour Bridge
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The dramatic view of the bridge, the harbour, and the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of Sydney, and Australia. The bridge is nicknamed The Coathanger because of its arch-based design, under the direction of Dr John Bradfield of the NSW Department of Public Works, the bridge was designed and built by British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd of Middlesbrough and opened in 1932. The bridges design was influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City and it is the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge, measuring 134 m from top to water level. It was also the worlds widest long-span bridge, at 48.8 m wide, the southern end of the bridge is located at Dawes Point in The Rocks area, and the northern end at Milsons Point in the lower North Shore area. There are six lanes of road traffic through the main roadway. The main roadway across the bridge is known as the Bradfield Highway and is about 2.4 km long, making it one of the shortest highways in Australia. The arch is composed of two 28-panel arch trusses, their heights vary from 18 m at the centre of the arch to 57 m at the next to the pylons. The arch has a span of 504 m and its summit is 134 m above sea level. The total weight of the steelwork of the bridge, including the arch and approach spans, is 52,800 tonnes, about 79% of the steel was imported from England, with the rest being sourced from Newcastle. On site, the set up two workshops at Milsons Point, at the site of the present day Luna Park, and fabricated the steel into the girders. The bridge is held together by six million Australian-made hand-driven rivets supplied by the McPherson company of Melbourne, the rivets were heated red-hot and inserted into the plates, the headless end was immediately rounded over with a large pneumatic rivet gun. The largest of the rivets used weighed 3.5 kg and was 39.5 cm long, at each end of the arch stands a pair of 89 m high concrete pylons, faced with granite. The pylons were designed by the Scottish architect Thomas S. Tait, the stonemasons cut, dressed, and numbered the blocks, which were then transported to Sydney on three ships built specifically for this purpose. The Moruya quarry was managed by John Gilmore, a Scottish stonemason who emigrated, with his family to Australia in 1924. The concrete used was also Australian-made, abutments at the base of the pylons are essential to support the loads from the arch and hold its span firmly in place, but the pylons themselves have no structural purpose. They were included to provide a frame for the arch panels, the pylons were not part of the original design, and were only added to allay public concern about the structural integrity of the bridge. Although originally added to the bridge solely for their aesthetic value, the south-eastern pylon contains a museum and tourist centre, with a 360° lookout at the top providing views across the harbour and city. The south-western pylon is used by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority to support its CCTV cameras overlooking the bridge and the roads around that area
20.
The Rocks, Sydney
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The Rocks is an urban locality, tourist precinct and historic area of Sydneys city centre, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the shore of Sydney Harbour, immediately north-west of the Sydney central business district. The precinct and its surroundings are administered independently of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The Rocks area borders on the Bradfield Highway, leading to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, with the localities of Dawes Point and Millers Point and it is immediately adjacent to Circular Quay on Sydney Cove, the site of Australias first European settlement in 1788. The Rocks became established shortly after the formation in 1788. It was known as Tallawoladah by the Cadigal people, the original buildings were first traditional vernacular houses, of wattle and daub, with thatched roofs, and later of local sandstone, from which the area derives its name. From the earliest history of the settlement, the area had a reputation as a slum, after November 1790, many of the inhabitants were also aboriginals. In 1823, the district had a population of about 1,200, during the late nineteenth century, the area was dominated by a gang known as the Rocks Push. It maintained this reputation until approximately the 1870s. By the early 20th century, many of the historic buildings were in serious decay. In 1900, bubonic plague broke out, and the government resumed areas around The Rocks and Darling Harbour, with the intention of demolishing them. More than 3,800 houses, buildings and wharves were inspected and hundreds demolished, during the 1920s, several hundred buildings were demolished during the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. In February 1971, a group of residents formed the Rocks Residents Group to oppose the plans. They felt that the new dwellings would result in increased rents, the residents group requested a green ban from the Builders Labourers Federation, who had become increasingly active in preventing controversial developments over the previous four years. By 1973, the union had imposed the ban, and after discussions with the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority, by October 1973, it appeared that the redevelopment would proceed as originally planned, using non-union labour. For two weeks, demonstrations by local residents and unionists followed, with numerous arrests being made, liberal Premier Robert Askin was in the midst of an election campaign, and used the protests as a means of conveying his law and order message to voters. However, the ban stayed in place until 1975, when the state union leadership was overthrown. Instead of demolishing The Rocks, renovations transformed the area into a commercial, as housing stock becomes dilapidated, government policy is to sell the now extremely valuable public housing units to private owners, in the expectation that they will restore the properties
21.
Grace Building, Sydney
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The Grace Building is a historic building located in Sydney, New South Wales Australia on York Street. Designed by Morrow & Gordon and built by Kell & Rigby during the late 1920s, it was opened in 1930 by Grace Brothers, the building was designed to use the first two storeys in the manner of a department store. The remaining storeys were intended to provide office accommodation for importers. After World War II, it continued to be used for government administration purposes and was acquired by the Commonwealth in November 1945. Since June 1997, it has operated as a hotel known as the Grace Sydney. The First World War had since ended and Australias immigration was high–with many of its settlers choosing Sydney as their home. It was constructed as a headquarters and department store for the Grace Bros. chain, founded by English immigrants Albert Edward and Joseph Neal Grace, in 1885, the first Grace Bros. store was a modest building located on George Street. After their accenting to power, a store was opened on Broadway. In 1926, the Grace brothers purchased a block of land on the corner of York, Clarence and King Street, company letterhead billed the building as being. on the Harbour Bridge Highway. Broadway, location of the other Grace Bros, the Grace Building was officially opened by Sydney Lord Mayor Ernest Marks on 3 July 1930. Its designed was heavily influenced by the Chicagos Tribune Tower, another remnant of 1930s art deco architecture in the United States, by the onset of the Second World War Grace Bros. was experiencing difficulty in leasing office suites and much of the space was allocated to government departments. In 1945, the Grace Building was compulsorily acquired by the Commonwealth, in 1995, it was purchased by the Low Yat Group of Kuala Lumpur for adaptive reuse as a 382-room hotel, opening in 1997. It remains a hotel to this day, architecture of Sydney List of tallest buildings in Sydney Reading the Past in the Grace Building at NSW Teaching Heritage Official website of the Grace Hotel
22.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
23.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
24.
Tribune Tower
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The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic structure located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the home of the Chicago Tribune, Tribune Media, WGN Radio broadcasts from the building, while the ground level houses the large restaurant Howells & Hood, whose patio overlooks nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue. CNNs Chicago bureau is located in the building and it is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. The original Tribune Tower was built in 1868, but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, the competition worked brilliantly for months as a publicity stunt, and the resulting entries still reveal a unique turning point in American architectural history. More than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, with buttresses near the top. The entry that many perceived as the best, by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen, took second place, the 1929 Gulf Building in Houston, Texas, designed by architects Alfred C. Finn, Kenneth Franzheim, and J. E. R. Carpenter, is a realization of that Saarinen design. César Pellis 181 West Madison Street Building in Chicago is also thought to be inspired by Saarinens design, archival materials regarding the competition and the building are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. By 1922 the neo-Gothic skyscraper had become an established design tactic and this was a late example, perhaps the last important example, and criticized for its perceived historicism. Construction on the Tribune Tower was completed in 1925 and reached a height of 462 feet above ground, the ornate buttresses surrounding the peak of the tower are especially visible when the tower is lit at night. As was the case with most of Hoods projects, the sculptures, the tower features carved images of Robin Hood and a howling dog near the main entrance to commemorate the architects. Rene Paul Chambellan contributed his talents to the buildings ornamentation, gargoyles. Rene Chambellan worked on projects with Raymond Hood including the American Radiator Building. Also, among the gargoyles on the Tribune Tower is one of a frog and that piece was created by Rene Chambellan to represent himself jokingly as he is of French ancestry. Many of these reliefs have been incorporated into the lowest levels of the building and are labeled with their location of origin, there are 149 fragments in the building. More recently a rock brought from the moon was displayed in a window in the Tribune giftstore, a piece of steel recovered from the World Trade Center has been added to the wall. Several buildings around the world reference to the design of the Tribune tower. Most notably in Australia, the spires of the Grace Building in Sydney, on April 11,2006 the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum opened, occupying two stories of the building, including the previous location of high-end gift store Hammacher-Schlemmer
25.
Google Maps
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Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, Google maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application, after additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. The services front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax, Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allows users to expand and update the services mapping worldwide. Much of the satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis. Google Maps uses a variant of the Mercator projection. The current redesigned version of the application was made available in 2013. Google Maps for mobile was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation, in August 2013, it was determined to be the worlds most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once. In 2012, Google reported having over 7,100 employees, Google Maps provides a route planner under Get Directions. Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area, driving, public transit, walking, in combination with Google Street View, issues such as parking, turning lanes, and one-way streets can be viewed before traveling. China mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Jordan, Lebanon, only public transit directions are provided for South Korea. All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously, all countries of mainland South America are covered. All countries including Trinidad and Tobago* are treated contiguously, all inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, though in general there are no connections between islands. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively, as the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the panel and map. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin on top of the map images, a hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data rather than XML
26.
Creative Commons license
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A Creative Commons license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, there are several types of CC licenses. The licenses differ by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution and they were initially released on December 16,2002 by Creative Commons, a U. S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, as of 2016, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA, work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law. This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including, books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, Creative Commons does not recommend the use of Creative Commons licenses for software. There are over 35,000 works that are available in hardcopy and have a registered ISBN number, Creative Commons splits these works into two categories, one of which encompasses self-published books. However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions, furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable. Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license, in the case of works protected by multiple Creative Common licenses, the user may choose either. The CC licenses all grant the rights, such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes. For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions, the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the nd and sa clauses, which are exclusive, and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the by clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, to address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called porting. As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide, the latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25,2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports. No new ports have implemented in version 4.0 of the license. Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license, since 2004, all current licenses require attribution of the original author, the BY component. The attribution must be given to the best of ability using the information available, generally this implies the following, Include any copyright notices. Cite the authors name, screen name, or user ID, if the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the persons profile page, if such a page exists
27.
City of Sydney
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The City of Sydney is the local government area covering the Sydney central business district and surrounding inner city suburbs of the greater metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. On 6 February 2004, the local government area of the City of South Sydney was formally merged into the City of Sydney. The leader of the City of Sydney holds the title of the Lord Mayor of Sydney, the current Lord Mayor is Councillor Clover Moore who has been in office since 27 March 2004. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1. 3% of the population, the median age of people in the City of Sydney was 32 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 7. 1% of the population and people aged 65 years, of people in the area aged 15 years and over,25. 5% were married and 10. 1% were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the City of Sydney between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 3. 31%, and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, population growth was 4. 57%. The median weekly income for residents within the City of Sydney was more than 1.5 times the national average. The proportion of dwellings in the City of Sydney that are apartments or units is 73. 6%, the proportion of residents in the Sydney local government area that claimed Australian ancestry was approximately half the national average. ^a 1996 Census figures refer to the City of Sydney prior to its merger with the City of South Sydney, in 1972 the Council had prepared the City of Sydney Strategic Plan, only the second city to prepare a comprehensive assessment and plan of major issues for the future. With triennial reviews, this development of the City for twenty years. A1987 Liberal re-organisation saw Sydney Council split, with southern suburbs forming a new South Sydney Council and this was thought to advantage the Liberal government of the day, as the southern suburbs had traditionally voted Labor. In 2004, the Labor State Government undid this change, again merging the councils of the City of Sydney, critics claimed that this was performed with the intention of creating a super-council which would be under the control of Labor, which also controlled the State Government. Critics of the claimed that this was a result of a voter backlash against the party for attempting to create the super-council. The daily administration of the City of Sydney is performed by its General Manager, currently Monica Barone, Sydney City Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Lord Mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The Lord Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally. On 26 January 1788, he named it after Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, who was the secretary at the time. The City of Sydney was established on 20 July 1842 by the Corporation Act which encompasses present-day Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills, Chippendale and Pyrmont, there were six wards established by boundary posts. A boundary post still exists in front of Sydney Square, the boundaries of the City of Sydney have changed fairly regularly since 1900
28.
Bathurst Street, Sydney
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Bathurst Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Bathurst Street runs for 650 metres in an west-east direction with traffic flowing in this direction only and it is situated in the southern portion of the central business district. The western terminus of Bathurst Street is at Harbour Street, Darling Harbour, with the terminus at Elizabeth Street. From west to east, Bathurst Street crosses Sussex, George, Pitt, Bathurst Street was named by Governor Macquarie in honour of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst, the UK Secretary of State for War and the Colonies between 1812 and 1827. The Hyde Park Obelisk, at the end of Bathurst Street, was erected in 1857 and unveiled by the Mayor. The monument is actually a vent, and soon the joke around town was to call it Thornton’s Scent Bottle. The obelisk is an example of the Victorian Egyptian style and was based on Cleopatras Needle in London and it is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. The Church of England St Andrews Cathedral sits on the north-west corner of Bathurst Street and it was designed by Edmund Blacket and was listed on the Register of the National Estate. The former Bank of New South Wales building sits on the south-west corner of Bathurst Street and it was designed by Varney Parkes and built in 1894 in the American Romanesque style. It is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register, the Vintage building is situated on the corner of Bathurst and Sussex Streets. It was built in the 1890s and was just one of many warehouses that sprang up in the area because of its proximity to Darling Harbour and it was used as a flour mill while owned by Aitken and Son, later owners included Mungo Scott Ltd. In 1979 it was converted to apartments, media related to Bathurst Street, Sydney at Wikimedia Commons
29.
Bridge Street, Sydney
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Bridge Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Bridge Street runs for 500 metres in an west-east direction with traffic flowing in both directions and it is situated in the northern portion of the central business district. The western terminus of Bridge Street is at George Street, with the terminus at Macquarie Street. From west to east, Bridge Street crosses Pitt and Phillip streets, Bridge Street was named by Governor Macquarie in 1810, derived from a small bridge located near the intersection with Pitt Street. The bridge used to cross the Tank Stream in the days of the colony. Many years before Bridge Street was named, it was the site of Sydneys first Government House and was the abode of first Governor of New South Wales, Captain Arthur Phillip. After establishing the site of the settlement, a temporary government house was located on the corner of what is now Bridge Street. It was built under the direction of James Bloodsworth, a builder responsible for the construction of most of the colonys buildings between 1788 and 1800. This building, the first permanent building in Sydney, was completed by 1789 using English bricks, native stone, after the initial completion the house was of two stories in height, contained six rooms and was the hub of the colony for 56 years. Eight successive governors complained of the conditions within, each making improvements by adding their own extension. It was here on 4 June 1789, that Governor Phillip, in 1845 the entire complex was demolished to allow access and extend the street to Macquarie Street. The foundations of the house were exposed by archaeologists in 1983, the site, on the corner with Phillip Street, is now occupied by the Museum of Sydney. In March 1899, workmen installing a telegraph tunnel discovered a copper plate wedged between two stones and it was later found that it was the foundation stone of the first Government House that was laid 15 May 1788. The plate is now displayed at the Museum of Sydney, Bridge Street has a number of significant buildings and sites. The following were listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate, the Department of Lands building is a sandstone building designed by the Colonial Architect, James Barnet, and built 1877-90. It is three storeys high and features a dome and a clock tower that is a distinctive feature in the area. The building is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register, the Department of Education building is a six-storey, sandstone building designed by the government architect, George McRae. It was built ca.1912 and features a structure of steel
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Bayswater Road, Sydney
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The Bayswater Road is a 600-metre-long minor street in the Kings Cross district of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The streets western terminus is located in Potts Point at the junction with Darlinghurst Road, at Roslyn Street, through traffic is not permitted, with all traffic directed north on Roslyn Street. East of the junction of Roslyn Street and Bayswater Road, southbound traffic on Roslyn Street is also directed one way, east, from this point Bayswater Road merges with William Street and, adjacent to Rushcutters Bay Park, the street continues as New South Head Road. The western end of the street is lined with nightspots, eateries, adult venues, dance clubs hotels and it is considered to be a more upmarket precinct of Kings Cross, when compared with Darlingurst Road. A busy electric tramway to Watsons Bay once ran down the thoroughfare, this was closed in 1960, replaced by buses
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Broadway, Sydney
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Broadway is a 700-metre road in inner city Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The road constitutes the border between the suburbs of Ultimo and Chippendale, Broadway is also an urban locality. Broadway connects the end of George Street where it terminates at the junction with Harris and Regent streets. Broadway and Parramatta Road are part of the Great Western Highway, Broadway is historically important because it is one of the first roads built in the colony of New South Wales, in 1794. It had been called George Street South and then George Street West, after being widened in 1906 when the Central Railway Station was built, George Street west of Railway Square, it became known as The Broadway. This name was shortened to just Broadway. In the early century, travel to Parramatta on Parramatta Rd attracted a toll. It was the church of Norman Gilroy, the first Australian to become a cardinal. Broadway was once a major retailing centre, and for 90 years was home to the complex of department store chain Grace Brothers. The complex consisted of two stores on either side of Bay Street and it was visited by Queen Elizabeth II during her 1954 visit to Australia. Retailing on Broadway declined and the store was closed in 1995. Today this site contains the Broadway Shopping Centre on the western side, the southern side of the road was dominated by the Carlton & United brewery. The facility closed in December 2006 and the site was acquired on 29 June 2007, located opposite the University of Technology Sydney, One Central Park is an apartment complex with a shopping centre called Central located on the lower levels. Broadway was a busy thoroughfare in the first half of the 20th century. Since then it has been the entry point into the Central Business District for bus services from the Inner Western suburbs. A number of institutions are located on or around Broadway. These include the University of Technology, Sydney, University of Notre Dame, University of Sydney, UTS has a particularly strong presence. The UTS Tower is the tallest structure on Broadway and is a Sydney landmark, designed in the brutalist style, it has been described as one of Sydneys ugliest buildings
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Castlereagh Street
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Castlereagh Street is a 1. 6-kilometre-long major street located in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The street runs in a north-to-south, in a one way direction only, Castlereagh Streets northern terminus is at the junction of Hunter Street, with its southern terminus at the junction with Hay Street, near Belmore Park. The street is one-way southbound to motorised traffic, with a path running in both directions from Hay Street to Liverpool Street. Previously Chapel Row and Camden Street, Castlereagh Street was named by Governor Macquarie in 1810 in honour of Viscount Castlereagh, a single-line electric tramway formerly ran northbound up Castlereagh Street, between Central station and Circular Quay. It was closed in the late 1950s when trams were eliminated as a form of transport in Sydney, the street is now used by buses as well as general traffic. The building is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register, metrolpolitan Fire Station – 211-217 Castlereagh Street, located south of the junction with Bathurst Street, and constructed from 1887. The building is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register, Sydney Downing Centre –302 Castlereagh Street, located with an entire city block bounded by Castlereagh, Liverpool, Elizabeth and Goulburn Streets, and constructed from 1908. Designed by Arthur Anderson, the building is an example of the Interwar Stripped Classical architectural style and was the site of the former Mark Foys emporium, the building is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register
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Cleveland Street, Sydney
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Cleveland Street is a busy thoroughfare near the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Traffic volumes vary, depending on the segment of Cleveland Street, near Prince Alfred Park the average traffic movements in 2016 for both east and west-bound vehicles was 17,500. Further east, between South Dowling Street and Anzac Parade,2016 average traffic volumes peaked at 20,000 vehicles west-bound, until 1958, electric trams ran down the length of Cleveland Street, when they were replaced by motor buses. The area between Crown and Bourke Streets is home to pubs and an increasing number of restaurants. Cleveland Street Intensive English High School was located on the corner of Cleveland and Chalmers Streets
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City Road, Sydney
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The City Road is a busy 1-kilometre thoroughfare located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. City Road runs south from a junction with Broadway and Parramatta Road, through the University of Sydney and becomes King Street as it enters the suburb of Newtown. The City Road carries the A36 shield, and is crossed by a 34-metre pedestrian footbridge that was opened in 2008, the road was originally the beginning of the main route leading from Sydney to Wollongong and points south, known as the Princes Highway. Although short, it functions today as the main connection between the city centre and inner-western suburbs such as Newtown, Marrickville and Canterbury. Passing by Victoria Park and the leafy University of Sydney campus, City Road was formerly served by a busy electric tram service until the late 1950s when it was replaced by motor bus services. Sydney Buses routes 352,370,422,423,426 and 428 now run along City Road
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Crown Street, Sydney
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Crown Street is a 2. 3-kilometre street in the inner Sydney suburbs of Woolloomooloo, East Sydney, Darlinghurst and Surry Hills, in New South Wales, Australia. The Surry Hills section is lined with restaurants and shops and includes the Crown Street Public School, the Surry Hills Library and Community Centre, traffic volumes vary, depending on the segment of Crown Street. South of William Street in East Sydney, the traffic movements in 2016 for north-bound vehicles was 5,690. An electric tram service ran down Crown Street from Oxford Street to Cleveland Street until its closure in the late 1950s. The now-closed Crown Street Womens Hospital was once the largest maternity hospital in Sydney and it opened in 1893, and was closed in 1983. The site has now been redeveloped as housing and mixed commercial use, australian Roads portal State records, NSW University of Sydney History
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Elizabeth Street, Sydney
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Elizabeth Street is a major street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The street continues south of the business district, through the inner city suburbs of Surry Hills, Redfern and Waterloo. Elizabeth Street lies within the City of Sydney local government area, Elizabeth Street runs south from Hunter Street, past Hyde Park and David Jones, and reaches the CBD boundary at Central station. The street continues south and is approximately 8.6 kilometres long. Between Eddy Avenue and Redfern Street, the street carries southbound traffic only, the speed limit on Elizabeth Street varies between 40 kilometres per hour to 50 kilometres per hour. Elizabeth Street was originally known as Mulgrave Street, but was renamed by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810 for his second wife, Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell. In 2016, it became the route for Sydneys Anzac Day parade with the route via George Street unavailable due to CBD. Martin Place Special Area, this street is historically significant as a site of various monuments and it was established as a meeting place in front of the GPO in 1863. Further development and evolution took place through the 1880s and 1930s, St James station, started by the Chief Engineer of Metropolitan Railway Construction, St James was a vital link in the City Circle. It was built on two levels, work commenced in 1916 but was held up by lack of funds. The station has a heritage listing. Hyde Park, this is the oldest park in Australia, having been named by Governor Macquarie in 1810, the designer, Norman Weekes, won a 1926 design competition. The park includes the Oddfellows War Memorial, the Archibald Fountain and Sandringham Gardens, museum station, this station was designed by John Bradfield as part of the City Circle rail system. It was built between 1922 and 1926 and has a heritage listing. David Jones Market Street Store, designed by Mackellar and Partridge in 1938, plus Crawford H. Mackellar 1941, the lower six floors were built between the wars, the upper floors were built after World War II. It represents one of the first examples of aluminium-framed windows in Sydney, the building has a state heritage listing. Former Registrars Office, built late 1850, designed by Alexander Dawson, Colonial Architect, with a Tudor Gothic stone exterior, additions were by James Barnet in 1877 and 1886. Obelisk, this obelisk was based on Cleopatras Needle in London and it is actually a sewerage vent in the Victorian Egyptian style
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George Street, Sydney
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George Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It was Sydneys original high street, and remains one of the busiest streets in the city centre and it is about 3 km long, and connects a number of the citys most important buildings and precincts. There are more high rise buildings here than on any street in Australia. Amongst Australias 100 largest listed companies, more are located here than on any other street, from here Broadway is the continuation of George Street turning westwards, leading to the western suburbs as Parramatta Road. The origins of George Street lie in the layout of the Sydney Cove colony, captain Arthur Phillip placed the convicts and marines on the rocky western slopes of the bay. This track that eventually became George Street is one of the two thoroughfares, along with the track that became Bridge Street. It is possible that George Street was the first street in Australia, the Street was formally named for King George III of the United Kingdom by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810. In 1937, Frank Jenner committed to telling ten different people on George Street about Christianity every day thenceforward, until 2016, George Street was the route for Sydneys Anzac Day parade until made unavailable by to CBD and South East Light Rail construction work. It now proceeds via Elizabeth Street, being a major street through central Sydney, George Street is often seen in terms of a number of distinct sections or precincts. From south to north, they include, Railway Square, the end of George Street is a confluence of several busy streets. It is so-named because it is adjacent to the Sydney Central station, Railway Square is today ringed by hotels and small-scale retail, and is also the site of a campus of the Sydney Institute of TAFE. Chinatown, Sydneys traditional, main Chinatown is located in Haymarket, the Chinatown precinct is situated mostly to the west of the street but also extends to the east of the street. Close by is the Capitol Theatre, which hosts the Sydney runs of international musicals. The Haymarket Library of the City of Sydney, which is the branch of the City library service for Chinese language materials, is located on George Street. The Cinema District also houses many video arcades, Internet cafes, fast food restaurants and these are well served by Town Hall railway station. The surrounding area features large scale operations, such as the main Sydney store of the department store Myer. Pitt Street Mall, a retail precinct, is located close by. An important cross street in this precinct is Martin Place, the location of the Cenotaph, Wynyard railway Station is located in the northern part of this precinct
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Glebe Point Road
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Glebe Point Road is the main road of the inner city suburb of Glebe in Sydney, Australia. It is a shopping strip with numerous restaurants and cafés. Glebe Point Roads southern end begins at the tip of Victoria Park. This area is frequented by a mix of students from the University of Sydney and University of Technology as well as residents of suburbs, Darlington, Ultimo, Chippendale. Glebe Point Road extends north through Glebe, terminating at Bicentennial Park located on Rozelle Bay. The street is lined with houses and is one of the most historic streets in Sydney, dating from the early days of settlement. St Johns Church was built on the corner of Glebe Point Road and St Johns Road, built from 1868–1870, the church is listed on the Register of the National Estate. Blacket also built his own home, Bidura, on Glebe Point Road in 1858. This street is the entry point to the Glebe Estate which was originally owned by the Anglican Church. The start of Glebe Point Road has trendy cafés and restaurants, further down the road are very fashionable and expensive terrace houses with city and harbour views that go for over a kilometre to the waters edge. In the past thirty years the area has gentrified, resulting in rising property. This has led to an increase in workers and a decrease in students, artists, writers. Professionals, administrative and sales staff make up 44 per cent of all residents, there was an active tramway on Glebe Point Road between 1892 and 1958 until the trams were replaced by buses. Roadworks near the Bridge Road cross in late 2009 uncovered a section of the tram tracks. The City of Sydney have left these exposed to serve as a historical reminder, today State Transit routes 370,431 and 433 traverse Glebe Point Road. Australian Roads portal Media related to Glebe at Wikimedia Commons GlebeNet, Information for Residents and Tourists Naomi Parry
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Goulburn Street
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Goulburn Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The Lionel Bowen Building of the Family Court of Australia, is a development in Goulburn Street. The Sydney Masonic Centre is a concrete building on the corner of Goulburn Street. The Sydney Police Centre is located on the Surry Hills end of Goulburn Street, at the corner of Goulburn and Elizabeth Streets is only the car park operated by Sydney City Council within the CBD
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Hunter Street, Sydney
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Hunter Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It stretches from George Street in the west to Macquarie Street in the east, the street was originally named Bell Street. It is named after Governor Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales
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Liverpool Street, Sydney
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Liverpool Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Liverpool Street runs east-west in the portion of the central business district. At Elizabeth Street traffic flows in a direction only towards its western terminus at Darling Harbour. The Downing Centre is a court house complex on Liverpool Street. World Square is a commercial and residential development which takes up a whole block, bounded by Liverpool Street, George Street, Goulburn Street. It features a centre, hotel, office buildings and apartment towers. Liverpool Lane, off Liverpool Street, is part of World Square and features restaurants, cafés, amongst the dining options available along Liverpool Street, there is an abundance of Spanish restaurants. The area has gained recognition as Sydneys Spanish Quarter. The main entrance to Museum railway station is located on the corner of Liverpool street, other entrances and subways in Liverpool Street near the Downing Centre, provide links to the station. Media related to Liverpool Street, Sydney at Wikimedia Commons
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Macquarie Street, Sydney
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Macquarie Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Macquarie Street extends from Hyde Park at its end to the Sydney Opera House at its north. Apart from connecting these two landmarks, the key government institutions of the state of New South Wales are all located on this street. Macquarie Street is named after Lachlan Macquarie, an early Governor of New South Wales, in the years since its founding in 1788, Sydney had developed organically, and by the early 1800s was lacking in major public buildings, and had a complex network of narrow streets. The supply of drinking water and waste management was becoming an issue. Governor Macquarie initiated the construction of Sydneys first public buildings of any real permanence, with Circular Quay as the focus of this new civic scheme, Macquarie Street marked its eastern boundary and was designed as a ceremonial thoroughfare. The public buildings distributed either side of the street would both delineate and connect the civil and commercial centre to its west with the green spaces to the east. Among the public buildings commissioned by Macquarie, Hyde Park Barracks, the two buildings face each other across Queens Square, at the southern end of Macquarie Street. Upon laying out the street in 1810, Governor Macquarie also carved out land from the Domain for the building of Sydney Hospital, the hospital buildings were completed in 1816. Although called elegant and commodious by some commentators, architect Francis Greenway criticised both the design and construction, as the only major hospital in the colony at the time, the hospital took up almost the entire eastern frontage of the southern half of Macquarie Street. However, the hospitals capacity exceeded the needs of Sydney at the time, the northern wing building was occupied by the Legislative Council and Executive Council, and was eventually expanded to become the Parliament House for New South Wales. The southern wing building became the Sydney Mint, among other functions, after Macquarie, subsequent governors and governments continued to regard Macquarie Street as the axis of an informal governmental and public precinct. The State Library of New South Wales, the Colonial Secretarys Building, in particular, the close proximity to Sydney Hospital and court buildings attracted leading barristers and doctors to set up chambers and surgeries along the street. Burdekin House, built in 1842 and described as the finest private residence in Sydney, was located on Macquarie Street and its demolition became an early rallying point for the conservation movement in Sydney. St Stephens Presbyterian Church was built in 1934 on the site of Burdekin House, the Garden Palace, a grand building constructed for the 1879 International Exhibition of Sydney, was located on Macquarie Street, but was destroyed by fire only a few years later. The northern section of Macquarie Street was initially a path through the Governors Domain leading to Bennelong Point, today, this northern section of Macquarie Street runs along the eastern side of Circular Quay. To the east of northern section is the Royal Botanic Gardens, while to the west of the street. In the past, this area was lined by warehouses and other shipping-related facilities focusing on the wool trade, at the end of the street was Bennelong Point
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Martin Place
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Martin Place is a pedestrian mall in the central business district of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Martin Place has been described as the heart of Sydney. As home to the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Macquarie Bank, Westpac and other corporations, it is also a centre of business, the Sydney GPO and the Seven Networks Sydney news centre are also located on Martin Place. Martin Place has become a national Australian icon in popular culture for attracting high-end film and television productions, Martin Place runs between George Street and Macquarie Street, and provides entrances to the Martin Place railway station below street level. Other cross streets include Pitt Street, Castlereagh Street, Elizabeth Street, todays Martin Place was built in several phases. Until the late 19th century, only the section between Pitt Street and Castlereagh Street existed in anything resembling the present form, as a street named Moore Street. Between Pitt Street and George Street there was only a small laneway, in 1863, construction began on the present General Post Office Building on the south side of the laneway. The General Post Office occupied the southern frontage of the street. Both Moore Street and Martin Place became prominent centres of business, in 1913, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia was constructed on the corner of Moore Street and Pitt Street. In later years, other banks followed with a range of impressive buildings, in 1921, Moore Street was renamed as part of Martin Place. Conscription rallies for World War I took place here, in 1927, a Cenotaph commemorating the WWI dead was erected. Soon after, the Sydney Municipal Council proposed to extend the further east towards Macquarie Street. However, the plan was delayed by concerted opposition from landowners of the buildings that would have to be demolished to make way for the extension, the extension was finally completed in 1935, resulting in the Martin Place stretching from George Street to Macquarie Street seen today. The increasingly important role of Martin Place as the heart or town square of Sydney led to calls for the street to be pedestrianised and this was done progressively from 1971 until 1979, when the whole street became a pedestrian mall. The closure of the street to traffic was partly timed to coincide with the construction of Martin Place railway station under the section of the street. The station also opened in 1979, leo Port, the Lord Mayor of Sydney was an advocate of civic design, and was partly responsible for the pedestrianisation of Martin Place and Sydney Square. A number of the older buildings were demolished in this period to make way for modernist buildings. The most prominent of these is the MLC Centre, designed by Harry Seidler, Martin Place has a large collection of buildings of various styles, from neo-classical to contemporary
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Oxford Street, Sydney
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Close to the CBD in particular, the street is lined with numerous shops, bars and nightclubs. In recent years, Oxford Street has garnered a reputation as Sydneys primary nightclub strip, in May 1909 the Sydney Council resolved to widen Oxford Street from 66 feet to 100 feet by resuming the entire north side of the street between Liverpool and Bourke Streets. The project was carried out in five stages between 1910 and 1914, the result was a new boulevard and the creation of a Federation streetscape which remains today largely intact. Trams to Bondi and Bronte beaches travelled down Oxford Street until the line was closed in 1960, in 2006 work began to restore and reuse the space of the then derelict Paddington Reservoir. The facility reopened in 2008 as a sunken garden known as the Paddington Reservoir Gardens or Walter Read Reserve, with a rooftop reserve located above the preserved eastern chamber. Victoria Barracks, located in Oxford Street, houses the Headquarters Forces Command, as well as the Army Museum of NSW which is housed in the original District Military Prison, the barracks was constructed of Hawkesbury sandstone by way of convict labour between 1841 and 1846. The Barracks were originally occupied by regiments of the British Army who vacated the site in 1870, the Barracks was the premier military training site in Australia until 1901. The 16 organisations that were part of this programme were, DIY rainbow crossing Media related to Oxford Street, Sydney at Wikimedia Commons
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