1.
Composer
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A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
2.
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Charles Rodgers was an American composer of music for more than 900 songs and for 43 Broadway musicals. He also composed music for films and television and he is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. His compositions have had a significant impact on popular music up to the present day and he has also won a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of two people to receive each award. Richard began playing the piano at age six,10, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. Rodgers spent his teenage summers in Camp Wigwam where he composed some of his first songs. Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University, at Columbia, Rodgers joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, Rodgers shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art, Rodgers was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. In 1919, Richard met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Leavitt, Rodgers and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their debut with the song Any Old Place With You. Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl and their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college Rodgers worked as director for Lew Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen, Rodgers was considering quitting show business altogether to sell childrens underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success, the shows biggest hit — the song that Rodgers believed made Rodgers and Hart — was Manhattan. The two were now a Broadway songwriting force, throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy, The Girl Friend, Peggy-Ann, A Connecticut Yankee, and Present Arms. Their 1920s shows produced standards such as Here in My Arms, Mountain Greenery, Blue Room, My Heart Stood Still, with the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. Rodgers also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit, the fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, Blue Moon. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that only with Harts death in 1943
3.
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was an American librettist, theatrical producer, and theatre director of musicals for almost forty years. Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Original Song, many of his songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz musicians. Hammerstein was the lyricist and playwright in his partnerships, his collaborators wrote the music, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was born in New York City and his grandfather was the German theatre impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. His father was from a Jewish family, and his mother was the daughter of Scottish and English parents, although Hammersteins father managed the Victoria Theatre for his father and was a producer of vaudeville shows, he was opposed to his sons desire to participate in the arts. Hammerstein attended Columbia University and studied at Columbia Law School until 1917, as a student, he maintained high grades and engaged in numerous extracurricular activities. These included playing first base on the team, performing in the Varsity Show and becoming an active member of Pi Lambda Phi. When he was 19, and still a student at Columbia, his father died of Brights disease, June 10,1914, symptoms of which doctors originally attributed to scarlet fever. On the train trip to the funeral with his brother, he read the headlines in the New York Herald, the New York Times wrote, Hammerstein, the Barnum of Vaudeville, Dead at Forty. Two hours later, taps was sounded over Broadway, writes biographer Hugh Fordin, after his fathers death, he participated in his first play with the Varsity Show, entitled On Your Way. Throughout the rest of his career, Hammerstein wrote and performed in several Varsity Shows. After quitting law school to pursue theatre, Hammerstein began his first professional collaboration, with Herbert Stothart, Otto Harbach and he began as an apprentice and went on to form a 20-year collaboration with Harbach. Out of this came his first musical, Always You, for which he wrote the book. It opened on Broadway in 1920, in 1927, Kern and Hammerstein had their biggest hit, Show Boat, which is often revived and is still considered one of the masterpieces of the American musical theatre. Here we come to a new genre — the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. The play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play, came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity. Many years later, Hammersteins wife Dorothy bristled when she heard a remark that Jerome Kern had written Ol Man River, Jerome Kern wrote dum, dum, dum-dum. My husband wrote Ol Man River, other Kern-Hammerstein musicals include Sweet Adeline, Music in the Air, Three Sisters, and Very Warm for May
4.
Rodgers and Hammerstein
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Rodgers and Hammerstein refers to an influential, innovative and successful American musical theatre writing team consisting of composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist-dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II. They created a string of popular Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950s, five of their Broadway shows, Oklahoma. Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I and The Sound of Music, were outstanding successes, of the other four that the team produced on Broadway during their lifetimes, Flower Drum Song was well-received, and none was an outright flop. Most of their shows have received frequent revivals around the world, among the many accolades their shows garnered were thirty-four Tony Awards, fifteen Academy Awards, the Pulitzer Prize, and two Grammy Awards. Their musical theatre writing partnership has been called the greatest of the 20th century, prior to their partnership, both Rodgers and Hammerstein achieved success independently. Rodgers had collaborated for more than two decades with Lorenz Hart, among their many Broadway hits were the shows A Connecticut Yankee, Babes in Arms, The Boys from Syracuse, Pal Joey, and By Jupiter, as well as many successful film projects. Their 1927 musical Show Boat is considered to be one of the masterpieces of the American musical theatre, other Hammerstein/Kern collaborations include Sweet Adeline and Very Warm for May. Although the last of these was panned by critics, it one of Kern and Hammersteins best-loved songs. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk deeper into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, independently of each other, Rodgers and Hammerstein had been attracted to making a musical based on Lynn Riggs stage play Green Grow the Lilacs. When Jerome Kern declined Hammersteins offer to work on such a project and Hart refused Rodgers offer to do the same, Rodgers, marked a revolution in musical drama. Although not the first musical to tell a story of emotional depth and psychological complexity, introduced a number of new storytelling elements and techniques. These included its use of song and dance to convey plot and character rather than act as a diversion from the story, was originally called Away We Go. and opened at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven in March 1943. Only a few changes were made before it opened on Broadway, the original Broadway production opened on March 31,1943, at the St. James Theatre. Although the typical musical of the time was written around the talents of a specific performer, such as Ethel Merman or Fred Astaire. Ultimately the original cast included Alfred Drake, Joan Roberts, Celeste Holm, Howard Da Silva, Betty Garde, Lee Dixon, marc Platt danced the role of Dream Curly, and Katharine Sergava danced the part of Dream Laurey. The story and the songs were considered more important than sheer star power, nevertheless, the production ran for a then-unprecedented 2,212 performances, finally closing on May 29,1948. In 1955 it was made into an Academy Award-winning musical film, the film starred Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, and its soundtrack was #1 on the 1956 album charts. After their initial success with Oklahoma, the musical was adapted to the screen in 1954, and scored a Best Actress Oscar nomination for leading lady Dorothy Dandridge
5.
Carousel (musical)
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Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnárs 1909 play Liliom, the story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He attempts a robbery to provide for Julie and their child, after it goes wrong. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow, the show includes the well-known songs If I Loved You, June Is Bustin Out All Over and Youll Never Walk Alone. Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals, following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma. The pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma, after acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful. The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19,1945, Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950. Though it has never achieved as much success as Oklahoma. The piece has been revived, and has been recorded several times. A production by Nicholas Hytner enjoyed success in 1992 in London, in 1994 in New York, in 1999, Time magazine named Carousel the best musical of the 20th century. Ferenc Molnárs Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909, the audience was puzzled by the work, and it lasted only thirty-odd performances before being withdrawn, the first shadow on Molnárs successful career as a playwright. Liliom was not presented again until after World War I, when it reappeared on the Budapest stage, it was a tremendous hit. Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar, andreas Zavocky, a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together. With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant. A subplot involves Julies friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld and he dies, and his spirit is taken to heavens police court. As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself. Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, on his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker. Saying that he knew her father, he tries to give her a star he stole from the heavens, when Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her
6.
Liverpool F.C.
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Liverpool Football Club is a professional association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. They compete in the Premier League, the top tier of English football, the club has won 5 European Cups,3 UEFA Cups,3 UEFA Super Cups,18 League titles,7 FA Cups, a record 8 League Cups, and 15 FA Community Shields. The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year, the club has played at Anfield since its formation. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United, the clubs supporters have been involved in two major tragedies. The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing, the team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since. The clubs anthem is Youll Never Walk Alone, Liverpool F. C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding, club president and owner of the land at Anfield. After eight years at the stadium, Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892, the team won the Lancashire League in its début season, and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893–94 season. After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division, Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914, losing 1–0 to Burnley. Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950, playing against Arsenal, the club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953–54 season. Soon after Liverpool lost 2–1 to non-league Worcester City in the 1958–59 FA Cup, the club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964, for the first time in 17 years. In 1965, the club won its first FA Cup, in 1966, the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners Cup final. Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972–73 season, and the FA Cup again a year later, Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant, Bob Paisley. In 1976, Paisleys second season as manager, the club won another League, the following season, the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time, but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final. Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979, Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan. Liverpool won the League, League Cup and European Cup in Fagans first season, Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985, against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium. Before kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separated the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a wall to collapse, killing 39 fans. The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster, the match was played in spite of protests by both managers, and Liverpool lost 1–0 to Juventus
7.
Jan Clayton
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Jan Clayton born Jane Clayton was a film, musical theater, and television actress. She starred in the popular 1950s TV series Lassie, born in Alamogordo, New Mexico, the only child of two schoolteachers, Clayton started singing at four. Educated at Tularosa High School, New Mexico, Clayton graduated in 1935, then studied music and drama at Gulf Park College for Women in Gulfport, Mississippi. She went out to Hollywood in 1937 after winning a talent contest, appeared in a few operas and met her first husband. Their daughter Sandra died in a car accident in 1956, Clayton made several films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer but none were notable, except for an unbilled role as a singing inmate in The Snake Pit. In 1945, however, she was selected to play the role of Julie Jordan in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammersteins classic, Clayton can be heard on the Original Cast Recordings of both Carousel and the 1946 film version of Kerns 1927 musical play Show Boat. The Show Boat album was the first American production of the show to be recorded with its original cast, on May 20,1954, Clayton guest starred in ABCs sitcom Wheres Raymond. Starring Ray Bolger as a man, Raymond Wallace. She played Francine Tremont, an actress and wife of a banker, in the story line, Francine is in town to make a special appearance with Bolger. Clayton and John Raitt, in makeup and costume, performed If I Loved You from Carousel. It was the first opportunity for millions of viewers to see a scene from the musical, since none of the versions of the Rodgers. While starring in Show Boat, Clayton met Robert Lerner, an heir to the womens clothing shops bearing his name and they were married and moved to California, where Lerner attended Loyola Law School and Clayton concentrated on mothering. We had three children in three years and she said in a 1976 interview with People Magazine. I took it because I was dying to work, Clayton was to become best known to TV audiences as Jeff Millers mother on the television series Lassie. Clayton played the first four seasons of Lassie as Ellen Miller, a war widow living on her father-in-laws farm with her preteen son, Jeff, and her late husbands cantankerous old father, Gramps. There were only a few times in Lassie where Clayton exhibited her singing talents. Despite the series doing well with the TV audiences, Tommy Rettig sought release from his Lassie contract in Season 4 and my home life was being absolutely wrecked, she says. I had four children and a husband, and I was always working, Clayton appeared in only one more Lassie episode after that, Timmys Family, as a guest star in a supporting role to Lassies new family
8.
Shirley Jones
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Shirley Mae Jones is an American singer and actress of stage, film and television. In her six decades of business, she has starred as wholesome characters in a number of well-known musical films. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing a prostitute in Elmer Gantry. Jones was born on March 31,1934, in Charleroi, Pennsylvania, to Methodist parents Marjorie, a homemaker, Jones paternal grandfather came from Wales. She was named for child star Shirley Temple, the family later moved to the small nearby town of Smithton, Pennsylvania. Jones began singing at the age of six in the Methodist Church choir, upon attending South Huntingdon High School in Ruffs Dale, Pennsylvania, she participated in school plays. Afterwards, she joined her father for a show at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. Jones won the Miss Pittsburgh contest in 1952 and she had only $100 in her pocket. Her first audition was for an open casting call held by John Fearnley, casting director for Rodgers and Hammerstein. At the time, Jones had never heard of Rodgers and Hammerstein, Fearnley was so impressed, he ran across the street to fetch Richard Rodgers, who was rehearsing with an orchestra for an upcoming musical. Rodgers then called Oscar Hammerstein at home, the two saw great potential in Jones. She became the first and only singer to be put under contract with the songwriters. They first cast her in a role in South Pacific. For her second Broadway show, Me and Juliet, she started as a chorus girl, Jones impressed Rodgers and Hammerstein with her musically trained voice, and she was cast as the female lead in the film adaptation of their hit musical Oklahoma. Other film musicals quickly followed, including Carousel, April Love, however, she won a 1960 Academy Award for her performance in Elmer Gantry portraying a woman corrupted by the title character played by Burt Lancaster. Her character becomes a prostitute who encounters her seducer years later, the director, Richard Brooks, had originally fought against her being in the movie, but after seeing her first scene, told her she would win an Oscar for her performance. She was reunited with Ron Howard in The Courtship of Eddies Father, Jones landed the role of a lady who fell in love with the professor in Fluffy. She also has an impressive stage résumé, including playing the character in the Broadway musical Maggie Flynn in 1968
9.
Roy Hamilton
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Roy Hamilton was an American singer. By combining semi-classical technique with traditional black gospel feeling, he brought soul to Great American Songbook singing, Hamiltons greatest commercial and artistic success occurred in the 1950s. He is best known for his recordings of Youll Never Walk Alone, Unchained Melody, Hamiltons style and sound directly influenced later artists such as Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson and The Righteous Brothers, all of whom covered his music. Roy Hamilton was born in Leesburg, Georgia where he began singing in choirs at the age of six. In the summer of 1943, when Hamilton was fourteen, the family migrated north to Jersey City, there, he sang with the Central Baptist Church Choir, New Jerseys most famous African American church choir. At Lincoln High School, he studied art and was gifted enough to place his paintings with a number of New York City galleries. In February 1947, seventeen-year-old Hamilton took his first big step into secular music, “I couldn’t get a break, Hamilton recalled. I really had nothing different to offer and they were seeking blues singers at the time, and I didn’t know any blues at all. In 1948, Hamilton joined the Searchlight Gospel Singers and also studied light opera, Hamilton continued to perform gospel with the Searchlight Singers, in churches and at gospel concerts, until 1953 when the group broke up and each member went off in his own direction. Hamilton headed back into pop music, but this time, he felt he finally had something different to offer. In late 1953, Hamilton was discovered singing in a Newark, New Jersey night club, The Caravan, by Bill Cook, Cook held the distinction of being the first African American radio disc jockey and television personality on the East Coast. His first single, Rodgers and Hammersteins Youll Never Walk Alone from the musical Carousel, became an R&B number-one for eight weeks, and a national US Top-30 hit in 1954, and shot Hamilton to fame. His follow-up single was another Rodgers and Hammerstein tune from Carousel, If I Loved You, Hamiltons third release, Ebb Tide, a song previously recorded by Vic Damone and later by Frank Sinatra, was still another hit. On Saturday night, September 11,1954, Hamilton made his television debut on CBSs Stage Show. In the words of a Variety magazine TV reviewer, Hamilton made good with his single. which he endowed with the values of a spiritual. Two months later, Hamiltons gospel-tinged version of the song became his second number-one R&B hit as well as his first, in mid-1956, Hamilton announced his retirement due to his illness with tuberculosis and exhaustion, but returned the following year. When he came back, he adopted the harder sound of his youth, to compete with rock and roll. Hamilton appeared in the film Lets Rock, in 1958 and had the second US top-twenty pop hit of his career with Don’t Let Go
10.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
11.
Gerry and the Pacemakers
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Gerry and the Pacemakers were an English beat group prominent in the 1960s Merseybeat scene. In common with the Beatles, they came from Liverpool, were managed by Brian Epstein and they are most remembered for being the first act to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart with their first three single releases, How Do You Do It. I Like It and Youll Never Walk Alone and this record was not equalled for 20 years, until the mid-1980s success of fellow Liverpool band Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Consequently, they stand as the second most successful pop group originating in Liverpool, another of their most famous songs, Ferry Cross the Mersey, refers to the River Mersey that flows into Liverpool. Gerry Marsden formed the group in 1959 with his brother Fred, Les Chadwick and they rivalled the Beatles early in their career, playing in the same areas of Hamburg, Germany and Liverpool. McMahon was replaced on piano by Les Maguire around 1961 and they are known to have rehearsed at Cammell Laird shipping yard at Birkenhead. The groups original name was Gerry Marsden and the Mars Bars, the band was the second to sign with Brian Epstein, who later signed them with Columbia Records. They began recording in early 1963 with How Do You Do It, a song written by Mitch Murray, that Adam Faith had turned down and one that the Beatles chose not to release. Youll Never Walk Alone had been a favourite of Gerry Marsdens since seeing Carousel growing up and it quickly became the signature tune of Liverpool Football Club and, later, other sports teams around the world. The song remains an anthem, there and elsewhere, inspired by Gerry Marsdens rendition rather than the Broadway original. The group narrowly missed a fourth number one when Im the One was kept off the top spot for two weeks in February 1964 by fellow Liverpudlians The Searchers Needles and Pins. Despite this early success, Gerry and the Pacemakers never had another number one single in the UK.4, and she recorded the song, but without commercial success. The song, written by all bandmembers, has also covered by Les Carle. They also starred in an early 1965 film called Ferry Cross the Mersey, in the US, their recordings were released by the small New York City record label Laurie in 1963, with whom they issued four singles during 1963 without success. By late 1965, their popularity was declining on both sides of the Atlantic. They disbanded in October 1966, with much of their recorded material never released in the UK. Drummer Freddie Marsden, born Fredrick John Marsden,23 November 1940, at 8 Menzies Street, Toxteth, Liverpool, died on 9 December 2006 in Southport, Gerry did not return, and a spokesperson said only that he was ill. This was a practice at the time, it also happened with the Beatles
12.
Judy Garland
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Judy Garland was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two films with MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis, The Harvey Girls and Easter Parade. After 15 years, she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, a recording career. Film appearances became fewer in her years, but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born and Judgment at Nuremberg. Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry. She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema, from an early age Garland struggled in her personal life. The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age eighteen and her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce and she also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47. Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10,1922, in Grand Rapids and she was the youngest child of Ethel Marion and Francis Avent Frank Gumm. Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, baby shared her familys flair for song and dance. The Gumm Sisters performed there for the few years, accompanied by their mother on piano. The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926, Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures
13.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
14.
Johnny Cash
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Johnny Cash was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and author. He is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century and one of the music artists of all time. Although primarily remembered as an music icon, his genre-spanning songs and sound embraced rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of multiple inductions in the Country Music, Rock and Roll and he traditionally began his concerts with the simple Hello, Im Johnny Cash, followed by his signature Folsom Prison Blues. Much of Cashs music contained themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and redemption and his signature songs include I Walk the Line, Folsom Prison Blues, Ring of Fire, Get Rhythm, and Man in Black. During the last stage of his career, Cash covered songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably Hurt by Nine Inch Nails, Cash was born on February 26,1932, in Kingsland, Arkansas, one of seven children born to Ray Cash and Carrie Cloveree. He was mostly of Scottish and English ancestry, and as an adult traced his surname to 11th-century Fife, Scotland, after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Fife, Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family. At birth, Cash was named J. R. Cash, when Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed his name to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he took Johnny Cash as his stage name, the Cash children were, Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, J. R. Reba, Joanne, and Tommy. Tommy Cash also became a country artist. In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas and he started working in cotton fields at age five, singing along with his family while working. The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions, which inspired him to write the song Five Feet High and Rising. His familys economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, Cash was very close to his older brother, Jack. In May 1944, Jack was pulled into a head saw in the mill where he worked and was almost cut in two. He suffered for over a week before he died on May 20,1944, Cash often spoke of the horrible guilt he felt over this incident. Jack insisted on working, as the family needed the money, on his deathbed, Jack said he had visions of Heaven and angels. Decades later, Cash spoke of looking forward to meeting his brother in Heaven, Cashs early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of twelve
15.
Andy Williams
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Howard Andrew Andy Williams was an American popular music singer. He recorded 44 albums in his career,15 of which have been gold-certified and he was also nominated for six Grammy Awards. He hosted The Andy Williams Show, a variety show, from 1962 to 1971. The Andy Williams Show garnered three Emmy awards, the Moon River Theatre in Branson, Missouri, is named after the song he is most known for singing—Johnny Mercer and Henry Mancinis Moon River. He sold more than 100 million records worldwide, including 10.5 million certified units in the United States, Williams was born in Wall Lake, Iowa, the son of Jay Emerson and Florence Williams. While living in Cheviot, Ohio, Williams attended Western Hills High School in Cincinnati and he finished high school at University High School, in West Los Angeles, because of his familys move to California. Williams had three older brothers—Bob, Don, and Dick Williams and his first performance was in a childrens choir at the local Presbyterian church. Moving to Los Angeles in 1943, the Williams Brothers sang with Bing Crosby on the hit record Swinging on a Star and they appeared in four musical films, Janie, Kansas City Kitty, Something in the Wind and Ladies Man. A persistent myth is that as a teenager the future singing star dubbed the singing for Lauren Bacall in the 1944 feature film To Have and Have Not, according to authoritative sources, including Howard Hawks and Bacall herself, this was not true. Williams and some female singers were tested to dub for Bacall, but those fears were overshadowed by the desire to have Bacall do her own singing despite her less-than-perfect vocal talent. This myth is refuted in Leonard Maltins Movie Guide in the entry for this film, when Bob completed his military service, Kay hired all four brothers to sing on the soundtrack to Good News. They made their debut in Las Vegas in 1947 and became an overnight sensation, within a year, they were the highest paid nightclub act in the world, breaking records wherever they appeared. Williams revealed in his memoir Moon River and Me that he and Thompson became romantically involved while on tour, the act broke up in 1949 but reunited for another hugely successful tour from the fall of 1951 through the summer of 1953. After that, the four went their separate ways. A complete itinerary of both tours is listed on the Kay Thompson biography website, Williams and Thompson, however, remained very close, both personally and professionally. She mentored his emergence as a singing star. She coached him, wrote his arrangements, and composed songs that he recorded. Using her contacts in the business, Thompson helped Williams land his breakthrough television gig as a singer for two-and-a-half years on The Tonight Show starring Steve Allen
16.
Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge
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Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge is an American musical group, best known for their million-selling rendition of Jimmy Webbs The Worst That Could Happen. New York City-born Johnny Maestro began his career in 1957 as the lead singer of The Crests. Patricia Van Dross, older sister to famed R&B singer Luther Vandross, before The Crests signed with Coed Records, Patricia left the group because her mother didnt want her 15-year-old daughter touring with the older guys. Between Step by Step and Trouble in Paradise, Coed released a single The Great Physician/Say It Isnt So under the name Johnny Masters, late in 1960, Maestro would leave The Crests for a solo career. For his next three singles with the label, he was known as Johnny Maestro, the spelling change for the label. Other members were brothers Fred and Tom Ferrara, Les Cauchi, according to Cauchi, members of the group ran into Maestro at a local gym, playing his guitar, and approached him with the offer to join the group. After initially turning them down, Maestros manager, Betty Sperber, called Cauchi, action Talents Vice President and General Manager Alan White suggested that Maestro be backed up that night by a seven-piece brass-filled group of youngsters called The Rhythm Method. That nights performance was such a success that the next day Sperber decided to combine the talents of Maestro, the four Del-Satins, and The Rhythm Method. The new groups came about after White made the off-handed comment that it would be easier to sell the Brooklyn Bridge than book the proposed 11-piece act. Johnny and the Bridge rehearsed their unusual combination of vocal harmonies and full horns. Their first release, a version of the Jimmy Webb song Worst That Could Happen and it sold over one and a quarter million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R. I. A. A. The follow-up, Welcome Me Love, and its flip side, a dramatic version of Youll Never Walk Alone and the controversial Your Husband, My Wife also reached the middle ranges of the charts. The group sold over 10 million records by 1972, including LP sales, appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Della Reese Show, and other programs helped to bring the group to the national stage. After its heyday, the Brooklyn Bridge downsized to a five-man group, for example, Maestro could be seen on stage playing rhythm guitar, while former Rhythm Method bassist Jim Rosica picked up a vocal part. Later in the 1970s, as the Rock and Roll Revival evolved from a nostalgic fad to a respected genre, the group began to add members, retaining its core vocalists. By 1985, the group had solidified into an eight piece group, including original Del Satins, Cauchi, Fred Ferrara, the drummer for the current line up, Lou Agiesta, was the drummer for the Original American Touring Company of Jesus Christ Superstar. Today he is drummer and sub drummer for Little Anthony and The Imperials, the later version of the Brooklyn Bridge released a Christmas EP in 1989 and a greatest hits compilation in 1993, re-recording Maestros hits with The Crests. In the early 1990s, Maestro moonlighted as the tenor on Joel Katzs studio project CD Joel & the Dymensions
17.
Olivia Newton-John
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Olivia Newton-John, AO, OBE is a British-Australian singer, songwriter and actress. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles, eleven of her singles and fourteen of her albums have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the worlds best-selling artists of all time and she starred in Grease, which featured one of the most successful soundtracks in Hollywood history. Newton-John has been a long-time activist for environmental and animal rights issues, since surviving breast cancer in 1992, she has been an advocate for health awareness becoming involved with various charities, health products and fundraising efforts. Her business interests have included launching several product lines for Koala Blue and she is the mother of one daughter, Chloe Rose Lattanzi, with her first husband, actor Matt Lattanzi. Her second husband is John Easterling, Newton-John was born in Cambridge, England, to Irene Helene, the eldest child of the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Max Born and Welsh father, Brinley Bryn Newton-John. Her mothers family had left Germany before World War II to avoid the Nazi regime and she is a third cousin of comedian Ben Elton. Her maternal great-grandfather was jurist Victor Ehrenberg and her matrilineal great-grandmothers father was jurist Rudolf von Jhering. Newton-John is the youngest of three children, following brother Hugh, a doctor, and sister Rona, an actress who was married to Grease co-star Jeff Conaway from 1980 until their divorce in 1985. Newton-Johns father was an MI5 officer on the Enigma project at Bletchley Park who took Rudolf Hess into custody during the Second World War. In 1954, when she was six, Newton-Johns family emigrated to Melbourne, Australia and she attended Christ Church Grammar School, and then University High School, adjacent to Ormond College. At fourteen, Newton-John formed a short-lived all-girl group, Sol Four and she became a regular on local Australian radio and television shows including HSV-7s The Happy Show where she performed as Lovely Livvy. She also appeared on the Go Show where she met future partner, Pat Carroll. Newton-John was initially reluctant to use the prize she had won, a trip to Britain, Newton-John recorded her first single, Till You Say Youll Be Mine Forever, in Britain for Decca Records in 1966. While in Britain, Newton-John missed her then-boyfriend, Ian Turpie, with whom she had co-starred in the Australian telefilm, Newton-John repeatedly booked trips back to Australia that her mother subsequently cancelled. Newton-Johns outlook changed when Pat Carroll also moved to the UK, the two formed a duo called Pat and Olivia and toured nightclubs in Europe. After Carrolls visa expired forcing her to return to Australia, Newton-John remained in Britain to pursue solo work until 1975 and she became engaged to The Shadows guitarist Bruce Welch, but they never married. Newton-John was recruited for the group Toomorrow formed by American producer Don Kirshner, in 1970, the group starred in a science fiction musical film and recorded an accompanying soundtrack album both named after the group
18.
Doris Day
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Doris Day is a retired American actress and singer, and continuing animal welfare activist. After she began her career as a big band singer in 1939, her popularity increased with her first hit recording Sentimental Journey, in 1948, Day was given a key part in the film Romance on the High Seas, despite not having any acting experience. Its director, Michael Curtiz, gave her the part since she looked like the All-American Girl and it led to a 20-year career in film, including a string of musicals and romantic comedies beginning in the 1950s. She starred with leading men such as Clark Gable in Teachers Pet, Rock Hudson in Pillow Talk and Send Me No Flowers, Cary Grant in That Touch of Mink and she was usually one of the top 10 singers between 1951 and 1966. As an actress, she became the biggest female star in the early 1960s. In 2011 – well into her late 80s – she released her 29th studio album, My Heart, among her awards, Day has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a Legend Award from the Society of Singers. She has been Oscar nominated six times, and in 1989 was given the Cecil B, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures. In 2004, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom followed in 2011 by the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award. Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff was born on April 3,1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Alma Sophia, a housewife, and William Joseph Kappelhoff, All of her grandparents were German immigrants. The youngest of three siblings, she had two brothers, Richard and Paul, several years older. Due to her fathers alleged infidelity, her parents separated and she developed an early interest in dance, and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati. A car accident on October 13,1937, injured her legs, while recovering, Day started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had. But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, observing her daughter rekindled Almas interest in show business, and she decided to give Doris singing lessons. She engaged a teacher, Grace Raine, after three lessons, Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential, which led Alma to give her daughter three lessons a week for the price of one. Years later, Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style, during her radio performances, Day first caught the attention of Barney Rapp, who was looking for a girl vocalist and asked if Day would like to audition for the job. According to Rapp, he had auditioned about 200 singers when Day got the job, while working for Rapp in 1939, she adopted the stage surname Day, at Rapps suggestion. Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees, and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day, after working with Rapp, Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James, Bob Crosby, and Les Brown
19.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
20.
Spion Kop (stadiums)
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Spion Kop is a colloquial name or term for a number of single tier terraces and stands at sports stadiums, particularly in the United Kingdom. Their steep nature resembles a hill near Ladysmith, South Africa, the first recorded reference to a sports terrace as Kop related to Woolwich Arsenals Manor Ground in 1904. A local newsman likened the silhouette of fans standing on a raised bank of earth to soldiers standing atop the hill at the Battle of Spion Kop. The use of the name was given recognition in 1928 upon construction of a roof. It is thought to be the first terrace officially named Spion Kop, many other English football clubs and some rugby league clubs applied the same name to stands in later years. Villa Parks old Holte End was historically the largest of all Kop ends, closely followed by the old South Bank at Molineux, both once regularly holding crowds in excess of 30,000. However, in the work was completed on Hillsboroughs Kop which, with a capacity of around 22,000. Liverpools Spion Kop was closed and demolished in 1994 to comply with a requirements of the Taylor Report, a new Spion Kop was built in its place with 12,390 seats. There is much debate about what type of stand constitutes a Kop, the size and location of the stand in the stadium varies, most are located behind the goal and are occupied by its clubs most vocal supporters. It is usually a single-tiered stand and is traditionally terraced, in England, safety regulations brought into effect after the 1989 Hillsborough disaster required many to be made all-seated. The supporters who sang on Liverpools Kop helped make Anfield famous for its atmosphere, kopites is a collective name given to the supporters of Liverpool Football Club. The Football Grounds of England and Wales Kelly, Stephen F, how Kop tuned in to glory days, Liverpool Echo. Spion Kops mixture of myth and magic Liverpool Daily Post,25 August 2006, the incredible story behind the Kop Guided by local historian Raymond Heron, BBC Sports Mark Lawrenson visits Spion Kop in South Africa
21.
Fearless (Pink Floyd song)
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Fearless is the third track on the 1971 album Meddle by Pink Floyd. This song was one of several to be considered for the bands best of album, Echoes, the songs slow tempo and mellow acoustic sound bear similarities to some of the other tracks on the first side of the album. David Gilmour and Roger Waters composed the song on guitar using a tuning in G major taught to Waters by former member Syd Barrett. Near the beginning and at the end of the song, a recording of fans in Liverpools Kop singing Youll Never Walk Alone is superimposed over the music. This Rodgers and Hammerstein song became the anthem of Liverpool F. C. after Gerry & the Pacemakers had a hit with their recording. Although it was not released as a single in the UK and only played live by the band once, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
22.
Meddle
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Meddle is the sixth studio album by English progressive rock group Pink Floyd, released on 31 October 1971 by Harvest Records. It was produced between the touring commitments, from January to August 1971. The album was recorded at a series of locations around London, including Abbey Road Studios, with no material to work with and no clear idea of the albums direction, the group devised a series of novel experiments which eventually inspired the albums signature track, Echoes. The cover, incorporating a close-up shot of an ear underwater was, as several previous albums, designed by Hipgnosis. The album was received by music critics upon its release. However, despite being successful in the United Kingdom, lackluster publicity on the part of their United States-based label led to poor sales there upon initial release. Returning from a series of tours across America and England in support of Atom Heart Mother, at the time, Abbey Road was equipped only with eight-track multitrack recording facilities, which the band found insufficient for the increasing technical demands of their project. Engineers John Leckie and Peter Bown recorded the main Abbey Road and AIR sessions, while for minor work at Morgan, Rob Black, lacking a central theme for the project, the band used several experimental methods in an attempt to spur the creative process. One exercise involved each member playing on a track, with no reference to what the other members were doing. The tempo was entirely random while the band played around an agreed chord structure, each recorded section was named, but the process was largely unproductive, after several weeks, no complete songs had been created. He has said that Pink Floyds sessions would often begin in the afternoon, there was no record company contact whatsoever, except when their label manager would show up now and again with a couple of bottles of wine and a couple of joints. The band would spend long periods of time working on simple sounds. Following these early experiments – called Nothings – the band developed Son of Nothings, One of these early works involved the use of Richard Wrights piano. Wright had fed a single note through a Leslie speaker, producing a submarine-like ping, the band tried repeatedly to recreate this sound in the studio but were unsuccessful, and so the demo version was used on what would later become Echoes, mixed almost exclusively at AIR Studios. Combined with David Gilmours guitar, the band were able to develop the track further, unlike with Atom Heart Mother, the new multi-track capabilities of the studio enabled them to create the track in stages, rather than performing it in a single take. The final, 23-minute piece would take up the entire second side of the album. One of These Days was developed around an ostinato bassline created by Roger Waters, the bass line was performed by Waters and Gilmour using two bass guitars, one on old strings. Drummer Nick Masons abstruse One of these days Im going to cut you into little pieces line was recorded at double speed using a falsetto voice, Meddle was recorded between the bands various concert commitments, and therefore its production was spread over a considerable period of time
23.
Jerry Lewis
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Jerry Lewis AM is an American actor, comedian, singer, film producer, film director, screenwriter and humanitarian. He is known for his humor in film, television, stage. He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin, following that success, he was a solo star in motion pictures, nightclubs, television shows, concerts, album recordings, and musicals. Lewis served as chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and hosted the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 44 years. Lewis was born on March 16,1926 in Newark, New Jersey to Russian Jewish parents and his father, Daniel Levitch, was a master of ceremonies and vaudeville entertainer who used the professional name Danny Lewis. His mother, Rachel Levitch, was a player for a radio station. Lewis started performing at age five and would perform alongside his parents in the Catskill Mountains in New York State. By 15, he had developed his Record Act in which he exaggeratedly mimed the lyrics to songs on a phonograph and he used the professional name Joey Lewis but soon changed it to Jerry Lewis to avoid confusion with comedian Joe E. Lewis and heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis. Lewis then dropped out of Irvington High School in the tenth grade and he was a character even in his teenage years pulling pranks in his neighborhood including sneaking into kitchens to steal fried chicken and pies. During World War II, he was rejected for service because of a heart murmur. Lewis initially gained attention as part of an act with singer Dean Martin. The performers were different from most other acts of the time because they relied on their interaction instead of planned skits. They quickly rose to prominence, first with their popular nightclub act. The two men made many appearances on live television, their first on the June 20,1948. This was followed on October 3,1948, by an appearance on the NBC series Welcome Aboard, the duo began their Paramount film careers as ensemble players in My Friend Irma, based on the popular radio series of the same name. This was followed by a sequel My Friend Irma Goes West, All sixteen movies were produced by Hal B. Attesting the comedy teams popularity, DC Comics published the best-selling The Adventures of Dean Martin, in 1954, the boys appeared on episode 191 of Whats My Line. as mystery guests. As Martins roles in their films became less important over time the partnership came under strain, Martins participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine used a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out of the photo
24.
The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon
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The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon was an annual telethon held each and Labor Day in the United States to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association. The show was founded and hosted by actor and comedian Jerry Lewis, the history of MDAs telethon dated back to the 1950s, when the Jerry Lewis Thanksgiving Party for MDA raised funds for the organizations New York City area operations. The telethon was held annually on Labor Day weekend beginning in 1966, a telethon would broadcast for up to 21½ hours, starting on the Sunday evening preceding Labor Day and continuing until late Monday afternoon on the holiday itself. MDA called its network of participating stations the Love Network, the show originated from Las Vegas for 28 of the years it was broadcast. The 2011 edition was seen on the Sunday evening before Labor Day for six hours and this edition was syndicated to approximately 160 television stations throughout the United States on September 4,2011. Nigel Lythgoe, Jann Carl, Alison Sweeney and Nancy ODell were brought on as co-hosts, shared hosting duties for the 2011 edition. Successive telethons from 2012 to 2014 ran under the new title MDA Show of Strength, the 2012 edition aired on Sunday, September 2,2012, the job of renaming the new show was given to MDAs advertising agency E. B. Lane. Executive creative director Mark Itkowitz came up with the name MDA Show of Strength, the 2012 edition was reduced to three hours as a primetime-only broadcast. The telethon aired at 8 p. m. Eastern and Pacific Time, the 2012 edition did not refer to itself as a telethon. The final edition aired on ABC on August 31,2014, again as a two-hour special and it was announced on May 1,2015 that the MDA would be discontinuing the annual event. Lewis would host several shows in the New York area and elsewhere to benefit MDAA and promote the battle against muscular dystrophy during the later 1950s. By the mid-1960s, the success of those shows convinced MDAA to stage a telethon to support MDAs New York efforts, with Lewis agreeing to host the big event when approached by the organization. According to the MDAs website, on December 28,1951, Dean Martin, however, according to NewspaperARCHIVE. com, it was a radio show, rather than a television program, in various cities across the United States. MDAs website additionally states that the national appeal was during its January 4,1952 network radio program. These telethons did not star or feature Jerry Lewis, but were hosted by stars such as Dick Van Dyke, Robert Alda, Virginia Graham. On June 29 and 30,1956, Martin and Lewis hosted an MDAA telethon called The Martin and Lewis Roundup, the pair ended their comedy partnership a month later, and Lewis was named national chairman of MDAA later that year. Lewis went on to host Thanksgiving Day telethons in 1957 and 1959, by the mid-1960s, organizers of the telethon chose Labor Day weekend to stage their event, as it was the only time frame made available to hold it. The first Jerry Lewis MDAA Labor Day Telethon was held the weekend of September 4 and 5,1966
25.
Queen (band)
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Queen are a British rock band that formed in London in 1970. Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury, Brian May, Roger Taylor, before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with elaborate stage. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested Queen as a new band name, John Deacon was recruited before the band recorded their eponymous debut album in 1973. The latter featured Bohemian Rhapsody, which stayed at one in the UK for nine weeks. The bands 1977 album News of the World contained We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions, by the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert has been ranked among the greatest in history by various music publications. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, since then, May and Taylor have performed under the name of Queen with Paul Rodgers and Adam Lambert as vocalists on several tours. The band have released a total of 18 number-one albums,18 number-one singles, estimates of their record sales generally range from 150 million to 300 million records, making them one of the worlds best-selling music artists. Queen received the Outstanding Contribution to British Music Award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1990 and they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. In 1968, guitarist Brian May, a student at Londons Imperial College, may placed an advertisement on a college notice board for a Mitch Mitchell/Ginger Baker type drummer, Roger Taylor, a young dental student, auditioned and got the job. While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the bands chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and they recorded four of their own songs, Liar, Keep Yourself Alive, The Night Comes Down and Jesus, for a demo tape, no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to Mercury, inspired by the line Mother Mercury, on 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London. Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queens logo, called the Queen crest, the logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members, two lions for Leo, a crab for Cancer, and two fairies for Virgo. The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The whole symbol bears a resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
26.
Brian May
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Brian Harold May, CBE is an English musician, singer, songwriter and astrophysicist, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses an electric guitar, called the Red Special. His compositions for the band include We Will Rock You, Tie Your Mother Down, I Want It All, Fat Bottomed Girls, Flash, Hammer to Fall, Save Me, Who Wants to Live Forever and The Show Must Go On. May was a co-founder of Queen with lead singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor, having performed with Taylor in the band Smile. As a member of Queen, May became regarded as a virtuoso musician, following the death of Mercury in 1991, Queen were put on hiatus for several years but were eventually reconvened by May and Taylor for further performances featuring other vocalists. In 2005, a Planet Rock poll saw May voted the 7th greatest guitarist of all time and he was ranked at No.26 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2012, May was ranked the 2nd greatest guitarist of all time by a Guitar World magazine readers poll and he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2005 for services to the music industry and for charity work. May attained a PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London in 2007 and was Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 2008 to 2013 and he was a science team collaborator with NASAs New Horizons Pluto mission. He is also a co-founder of the campaign, Asteroid Day. Asteroid 52665 Brianmay was named after him, may is also an animal rights activist, campaigning against the hunting of foxes and the culling of badgers in the UK. Brian Harold May, the child of Harold and Ruth May, was born in Hampton, London on 19 July 1947. He is of English and Scottish descent, with his mother being Scots, during this time, he formed his first band, named 1984 after George Orwells novel of the same name, with vocalist and bassist Tim Staffell. At Hampton Grammar School, he attained ten GCE Ordinary Levels and he studied Mathematics and Physics at Imperial College London, graduating with a BSc. in Physics with honours. In 2007, May obtained his PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London, may formed the band Smile in 1968. The group included Tim Staffell as the singer and bassist, and later, drummer Roger Taylor. The band lasted for two years, from 1968 to 1970, as Staffell departed in 1970, leaving the band with a catalogue of nine songs. Smile would reunite for several songs on 22 December 1992, Taylors band The Cross were headliners, and he brought May and Staffell on to play Earth and If I Were a Carpenter. May also performed other songs that night
27.
We Are the Champions
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We Are the Champions is a song by the British rock band Queen, first released on their 1977 album News of the World. Written by lead singer Freddie Mercury, it is one of Queens most popular songs, the song was a worldwide success, reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart, and number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. In 2009, We Are the Champions was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, in 2011, a team of scientific researchers concluded that the song was the catchiest in the history of popular music. We Are the Champions has become an anthem for victories at sporting events, including as official song for 1994 FIFA World Cup. The song has also covered by many artists. Written by Freddie Mercury, We Are the Champions was built on audience response, with Brian May stating, musically, it is based on Mercurys piano part, with Roger Taylor and John Deacon providing a drums and bass guitar backing. May overdubbed some guitar sections, initially subtle, but building to a solo played simultaneously with the last chorus, Mercury employed many jazz chords, and the choruses featured these voiced as 4 and 5-part vocal harmonies. The lead vocal is very demanding and strident, with one of Mercurys most notable taking place at the Live Aid concert, at Wembley Stadium. The single featured We Will Rock You as a B-side, the two songs were often played consecutively at the close of Queen concerts, and are customarily played together on radio broadcasts. Keeping with tradition, it was used to close the 1992 Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with all the shows acts joining in behind the lead vocal of Liza Minnelli. The video for the song was filmed at a video shoot with fan club members at the New London Theatre Centre on 6 October 1977 and was directed by Derek Burbridge. An alternate version which starts in monochrome before blasting into colour as the drums and guitars kick in was broadcast on Top of the Pops 2 and comprises alternate footage shot on the same day. In 2011, a team of researchers concluded that the song was the catchiest song in the history of pop music. In July 2016 the song was used to introduce Donald Trump to the first session of the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Queen immediately issued a statement denouncing Trumps use of the song as not authorized by the band. In 1977–1978, We Are the Champions was released as a single in many countries, number 4 on Billboard in the US. the top 10 in Ireland, Netherlands, and Norway, and top 15 in Germany, Austria and Sweden. In 1992,1993 and 1998, the single was re-released in France, totalling 45 weeks on the chart and peaking respectively at #19, #14 and it was released as a single on 5 June 2006. A cover of the 1977 song from Queen of the same name, vocal arrangements include a sample portion of Queens original rendering. The music video depicts Crazy Frog in bed dreaming that he is competing in a match against Killbots
28.
We Will Rock You
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We Will Rock You is a song written by Brian May and recorded by Queen for their 1977 album News of the World. Rolling Stone ranked it number 330 of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004, in 2009, We Will Rock You was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Other than the last 30 seconds containing a guitar solo by May, in 1977, We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions were issued together as a worldwide top 10 single. Soon after the album was released, many stations began playing the songs consecutively. Since its release, We Will Rock You has been covered, remixed, sampled, parodied, referenced and used by recording artists, TV shows, films. Since its release, the song has become a cliche at sports events around the world as a stadium anthem, both We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions were written in response to an event that occurred during their 1977 British Tour. One version was used as the track on their 1977 album News of the World. This version consists of a beat, and a power chorus. The stamping effects were created by the band overdubbing the sounds of themselves stomping and clapping many times, the durations of the delays were in the ratios of prime numbers, a technique now known as non-harmonic reverberation. A tape loop is used to repeat the last phrase of the guitar solo three times as opposed to Brian May playing it three times on the recording. The stomp, stomp, clap sounds were used in the Queen + Paul Rodgers song Still Burnin. When performed live, the song is followed by We Are the Champions. The songs are paired on the radio and at sporting events. They were the last two songs Queen performed at Live Aid in 1985, Queen also performed an alternate version We Will Rock You known as the fast version, featuring a faster-feeling tempo and a full band arrangement. A studio recording of this version is known to exist. It is part of a cut that starts with the original version. In 2002, the fast version was released on a promo single distributed by the tabloid The Sun. The fast BBC studio version can also be found on The Best of King Biscuit Live Volume 4, between the two versions, there is a brief cut of a woman discussing Brahmanism, used in a BBC Radio documentary
29.
Sergio Franchi
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Sergio Franchi, born Sergio Franci Galli, was an Italian-American tenor and actor who enjoyed success in the United States and internationally after gaining notice in Britain in the early 1960s. In 1962 RCA Victor signed him to a contract and in October of that year Franchi appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show. Sol Hurok managed Franchis initial American concert tour, Franchi became a headliner in Las Vegas, and starred in concerts and cabarets on several continents. His earliest ambitions and studies had been directed toward an operatic career, Franchi performed musical comedies on stage, appeared on numerous television variety shows, and starred in a major motion picture. He became an American citizen in 1972, after gaining success, Franchi was a benefactor and philanthropist, donating his time and talent to many causes. For his longtime support of Boys and Girls Towns of Italy, Sergio was one of three children born to a Neapolitan father and Ligurian mother, Sergio, Mirella, and Fausta were all born in the Lombardy District. This includes Milan, Cremona, and the village of Codogno - where he was born. Some geographical over-simplifications resulted in listing Sergios birthplace as Cremona, because the family also lived in Cremona, Franchi called both Codogno and Cremona his hometown at different periods in his life. As a child, Sergio would sing for the family with his father, at age ten, he sang a comic role as a hunchback in a school play. Young Franchi formed a band at age sixteen to earn pocket money. But, in spite of his talents, he soon followed his fathers wishes that he pursue a career in engineering. Franchi pursued, but did not finish this training, the senior Galli had been a successful businessman who owned several shops, but lost all of his assets during World War II and the German occupation. After the war, he became friendly with a Captain in the South African medical corps who was stationed nearby and he soon followed the officers suggestion that South Africa would be a land of more opportunity, and he immigrated to Johannesburg. The family followed in 1947 when Sergio completed his military service at age twenty-one. When the family arrived in Johannesburg, they found that the senior Galli had established a furniture factory. Young Sergio Franci Galli began using his skills as an architectural draftsman and he also began singing in informal concerts of Italian music. Speaking little English at the time, he learned the role phonetically, Franchis enthusiastically received debut was followed by leading roles in Pink Champagne, The New Moon, and The Vagabond King. Johannesburgs once-thriving local opera season had collapsed after WWII, and it was not possible at this time to earn a wage as a singer
30.
Barbra Streisand
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Barbara Joan Barbra Streisand is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and filmmaker. She is among a group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award. Streisand is one of the music artists of all time, with more than 68.5 million albums in the United States. She starred in the critically acclaimed Funny Girl, for which she won the Academy Award, with the release of Yentl in 1983, Streisand became the first woman to write, produce, direct, and star in a major studio film. The film won an Oscar for Best Score and a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Musical, Streisand received the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the first woman to win that award. The RIAA and Billboard recognize Streisand as holding the record for the most top 10 albums of any recording artist. According to Billboard, Streisand holds the record for the female with the most number one albums, Billboard also recognizes Streisand as the greatest female of all time on its Billboard 200 chart and one of the greatest artists of all time on its Hot 100 chart. Barbara Joan Streisand was born on April 24,1942, in Brooklyn, New York and her mother had been a soprano singer in her youth and considered a career in music, but later became a school secretary. Her father was a school teacher at the same school. Streisands family was Jewish, her grandparents emigrated from Galicia and her maternal grandparents from the Russian Empire. Her father earned a degree from City College of New York in 1928 and was considered athletic. As a student, he spent his summers outdoors, once working as a lifeguard, hed try anything, his sister Molly said. He married Ida in 1930, two years after graduating, and became a respected educator with a focus on helping underprivileged. In August 1943, a few months after Streisands first birthday, her father died suddenly at age 34 from complications from an epileptic seizure, the family fell into near-poverty, with her mother working as a low-paid bookkeeper. As an adult, Streisand remembered those early years as always feeling like an outcast, explaining and her mother tried to pay their bills but could not give her daughter the attention she craved, When I wanted love from my mother, she gave me food, Streisand says. Streisand recalls that her mother had a voice and sang semi-professionally on occasion. During a visit to the Catskills when Streisand was thirteen, she told Rosie ODonnell, she and that session was the first time Streisand ever asserted herself as an artist, which also became her first moment of inspiration as an artist. She has a brother, Sheldon, and a half-sister
31.
53rd Primetime Emmy Awards
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The 53rd Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday, November 4,2001, seven weeks late. The ceremony was re-scheduled twice from its date of September 16 at the Shrine Auditorium because of the September 11,2001 attacks that occurred five days prior to the event. It was also removed from its date of October 7 again at the same venue as a result of the start of the War in Afghanistan. The event was relocated to the Shubert Theater. The Shubert had previously hosted the 1973 and 1976 ceremonies and was slated for demolition in 2002, the ceremony was hosted by Ellen DeGeneres and was broadcast on CBS. Barbra Streisand sang Youll Never Walk Alone in an appearance at the close. Sex and the City became the first premium channel to win Outstanding Comedy Series, the NBC cult hit Freaks and Geeks accomplished a rare feat, though it only ran for one season, it was nominated two different years for writing. The episode Bowling made Malcolm in the Middle just the second show, the Defenders was the first show to do this in 1963 and 1965. Meanwhile, Frasier, now in its season, would earn its final Outstanding Comedy Series nomination after eight consecutive nominations including 5 consecutive wins. In the drama field, The West Wing won Outstanding Drama Series for its second straight year, the Sopranos led all shows with 15 major nominations, and was second to The West Wing with three major wins. Mike Nicholss win made him the person to become an EGOT. com list of 2001 Nominees & Winners 2001 Emmy Awards at the Internet Movie Database
32.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
33.
Adelaide Tambo
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Adelaide Mama Tambo was a prominent anti-apartheid activist, political exile, and regarded as a hero of the liberation struggle against apartheid in South Africa. Born as Adelaide Frances Tshukudu, she was known as Mama Tambo in South Africa. She was involved in South African politics for five decades and was married to the late Oliver Tambo, president of the African National Congress and they had three children, one of whom, their son, Dali, is a television talk-show personality. Following the end of apartheid, she served as a member of parliament from 1994 to 1999, Adelaide Tambo received the Order of the Baobab in Gold, one of the highest honours bestowed by the post-1994 South African government. The South African Anglican Church awarded her the Order of Simon of Cyrene, Tambo died on 31 January 2007, aged 77 at her home in Johannesburg, South Africa from undisclosed causes. She was buried next to her husband in her town of Wattville on 10 February 2007. The service was held in a stadium and led by Anglican Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane, among the thousands of mourners were presidents Thabo Mbeki and Nelson Mandela. Obituary, The Independent,2 February 2007 Obituary, The Times,2 February 2007 Obituary, PBS interview with Adelaide Tambo about Nelson Mandela. Adelaide Tambos political profile on the website of the ANC
34.
First inauguration of Barack Obama
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The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States took place on Tuesday, January 20,2009. The inauguration, which set a record attendance for any event held in Washington, D. C. marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Barack Obama as President and Joe Biden as Vice President. Based on the attendance numbers, television viewership, and Internet traffic. A New Birth of Freedom, a phrase from the Gettysburg Address, in his speeches to the crowds, Obama referred to ideals expressed by Lincoln about renewal, continuity and national unity. Obama mentioned these ideals in his speech to stress the need for shared sacrifice, for the first time, the committee opened the entire length of the National Mall as the public viewing area for the swearing-in ceremony, breaking with the tradition of past inaugurations. Among the celebrations for the inauguration, the committee hosted a first-ever Neighborhood Inaugural Ball with free or affordable tickets for ordinary citizens, in accordance with Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution, Obama resigned from the United States Senate effective November 16,2008. He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15,2008, the results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8,2009. Obama also represented a change as the first man elected President who was born in the 1960s. He inherited what Peter Orszag termed an economic mess that became known as the financial crisis. According to a CNN poll, he embodied youthful energy and transition at a time of economic despair, the inauguration was planned primarily by two committees, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee. Although the election was scheduled for November 4,2008, the committee began construction of the inaugural platform on September 24,2008. The committee is overseen by the U. S. Senate Committee on Rules, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme, A New Birth of Freedom, a phrase from Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address from the Civil War era. In his reliance on the theme, Obama wanted to give Americans reassurance that today, as in Lincolns time. The congressional committee released the schedule of the January 20 inaugural events on December 17,2008. Obama decided to use his full name Barack Hussein Obama to follow the tradition, during the election campaign, Obamas detractors tried to use his middle name to imply falsely that he was a Muslim. The District of Columbia City Council passed legislation to enable bars, the co-chairs of the committee were William Daley, Penny Pritzker, John Rogers, Patrick Ryan and Julianna Smoot. The presidential committee set aside a section of the close to the U. S. Capitol for people holding reserved tickets for the inaugural event. To enable people in attendance to see and hear the swearing-in ceremony, despite criticism that such a large event could not be carbon-friendly, the presidential committee incorporated environment-friendly measures in its planning of the inaugural events
35.
The Proms
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In 2009 the total number of concerts reached 100. The season is a significant event in British culture, in classical music, Jiří Bělohlávek described the Proms as the worlds largest and most democratic musical festival. Prom is short for promenade concert, a term originally referred to outdoor concerts in Londons pleasure gardens. In fact this tradition has been revived in parks and stately homes around the UK at promenade concerts such as the Battle Proms. In the context of the BBC Proms, promming refers to the use of the areas inside the hall for which ticket prices are much lower than for the reserved seating. Single-concert standing tickets for either the arena or gallery can be only on the day of the concert. Proms concert-goers, particularly those who stand, are referred to as prommers or promenaders. Prommers can buy full-season tickets instead for guaranteed entry to every concert in the season, some prommers are particularly keen in their attendance. The annual series of Proms continuing today had their roots in that movement and they were inaugurated on 10 August 1895 in the Queens Hall in Langham Place by the impresario Robert Newman, who was fully experienced in running similar concerts at His Majestys Theatre. Newman wished to generate an audience for concert hall music by offering low ticket prices and an informal atmosphere. He stated his aim to Henry Wood in 1894 as follows, I am going to run nightly concerts, popular at first, gradually raising the standard until I have created a public for classical and modern music. Dr George Cathcart, an otolaryngologist, gave financial backing to Newman for the series on condition that Henry Wood be employed as the sole conductor, Wood, aged 26, seized this opportunity and built the Queens Hall Orchestra as the ensemble specially devoted to performing the promenade concerts. This coincided with the adoption of lower pitch by other leading orchestras. Although the concerts gained a following and reputation, Newman went bankrupt in 1902. Wood received a knighthood in 1911, in 1914 anti-German feeling led Speyer to surrender his role, and music publishers Chappell & Co. took control of the concerts. Although Newman remained involved in planning, it was Woods name which became most closely associated with the Proms. As conductor from the first concert in 1895, Sir Henry was largely responsible for building the repertoire heard as the series continued from year to year. While including many popular and less demanding works, in the first season there were substantial nights devoted to Beethoven or Schubert, distinguished singers including Sims Reeves and Signor Foli appeared
36.
Royal Albert Hall
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The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall on the northern edge of South Kensington, London, which holds the Proms concerts annually each summer since 1941. It has a capacity of up to 5,272 seats, the Hall is a registered charity held in trust for the nation and receives no public or government funding. A further 400 events are each year in the non-auditorium spaces. In 1851, the Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park, the Exhibitions Royal Commission bought Gore House and its grounds on the advice of the Prince. Progress on the scheme was slow and in 1861 Prince Albert died, however, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite. The proposal was approved and the site was purchased with some of the profits from the Exhibition, the Hall was designed by civil engineers Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers. The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the South Kensington Museum. The recently opened Cirque dHiver in Paris was seen in the press as the design to outdo. The Hall was constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick, with terra cotta block decoration made by Gibbs, the dome on top was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was an assembly made of the iron framework of the dome in Manchester, then it was taken apart again and transported to London via horse. When the time came for the structure to be removed from the dome after reassembly in situ. It did drop – but only by five-sixteenths of an inch, the Hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870 and the Queen visited a few weeks beforehand to inspect. The official opening ceremony of the Hall was on 29 March 1871, a welcoming speech was given by Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria was too overcome to speak. At some point, the Queen remarked that the Hall reminded her of the British constitution, a concert followed, when the Halls acoustic problems became immediately apparent. Engineers first attempted to solve the strong echo by suspending a canvas awning below the dome, in July 1871, French organist Camille Saint-Saëns performed Church Scene from the Faust by Charles Gounod, The Orchestra described his performance as an exceptional and distinguished performer. Initially lit by gas, the Hall contained a system where its thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the Hall, full electric lighting was not installed until 1888, during an early trial when a partial installation was made, one disgruntled patron wrote to The Times declaring it to be a very ghastly and unpleasant innovation. In May 1877, Richard Wagner himself conducted the first half of each of the eight concerts which made up the Grand Wagner Festival
37.
American Horror Story
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American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. Some plot elements of season are loosely inspired by true events. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964 and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, the fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952 and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles during the year 2015 and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in Roanoke, North Carolina, during the year 2016, the only actors to appear in all iterations of the show so far are Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson and Lily Rabe. The series is broadcast on the television channel FX in the United States. On November 10,2015, the show was renewed for a sixth season, on October 4,2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season. On January 12,2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season, additionally, Kathy Bates and Lady Gaga won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, respectively, for their performances. The series draws consistently high ratings for the FX network, with its first season being the biggest new cable series of 2011. The Harmons move into a mansion and soon encounter the homes former residents. Ben and Vivien try to rekindle their relationship, as Violet, suffering from depression, the Langdons and Larry frequently influence the Harmons lives, as the family discovers that the home is haunted by the ghosts of anyone who has ever died on the property. The season is set in the modern day, with flashbacks to the 1920s, 1940s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s. The story takes place in 1964 and follows the patients, doctors, the wardens who run the institution include the stern Sister Jude, her protégé Sister Mary Eunice, and the founder of the institution, Monsignor Timothy Howard. The doctors charged with treating the patients at the asylum include psychiatrist Dr. Oliver Thredson, briarcliffs inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences, including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction. The season primarily takes place throughout the 1960s with flashbacks to the 1940s, the story takes place in 2013 and follows the descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials, who are nearly extinct and are in danger once again. Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to strange, a mysterious all-girls boarding school has opened in New Orleans to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline, and keep them from the dangers of the outside world. Fionas daughter, Cordelia, teaches at the school and welcomes its newest student, Zoe Benson, who harbors her own harrowing secret, other themes include witchcraft, voodoo, racism, death, and family, such as the relationships between mothers and daughters
38.
Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps
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The Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps is a World Class competitive junior drum and bugle corps. Based in Madison, Wisconsin, the Madison Scouts was one of the thirteen founding member corps of Drum Corps International and is a two-time DCI World Champion, the Madison Scouts is one of only two remaining all-male corps, with the other being The Cavaliers. In 1938, a group of Madison businessmen saw a performance of the Racine Scouts Drum and they decided that Madison should also have a Boy Scout drum corps, and they formed the Madison Scouts, which they affiliated with the local Scout council. They named Clarence H. Bebee as the corps first director, in its early days, the corps performed concerts and appeared in many local parades. During World War II the corps participated in War Bond rallies, the corps was split in 1951, with the older members becoming the Madison Explorer Scouts and the younger assigned to the Madison Junior Scouts, a cadet feeder corps for the older unit. In 1954, the Explorer Scouts entered field competitions and, in their first national competition and they repeated as runners-up at Boston in 1955. In 1956, they attended the American Legion Nationals in Los Angeles and were second there and they then were finalists at VFW Nationals from 57 through 62 and also made American Legion Finals in 58 and 59. In the early 1960s the corps switched from Explorer Scout uniforms to West Point cadet style uniforms, while attending VFW Nationals from 1964 through 69, they failed to make a finals appearance. In 1969, Bill Howard became corps director, and the returned to wearing Explorer uniforms. The corps made immediate improvements and returned to VFW finals in 1970 and 71. In 1971, at the urging of Cavaliers founder Don Warren and Troopers founder Jim Jones, the Blue Stars, Cavaliers, Madison Scouts, Santa Clara Vanguard, and the Troopers formed the Midwest Combine. This action was taken in reaction to the rigid, inflexible rules of the American Legion and VFW, the corps felt that not only were they having their creative potential as artistic performing groups stifled, but they were being financially starved. The Combine members felt that the corps should be making their own rules, operating their own competitions and championships, for the 1971 season, the corps stuck together, offering show promoters the five corps as a package. In 1973, the Scouts rose all the way up to fourth place, the following year, they were DCI runners-up, and in Philadelphia in 1975, the Madison Scouts became the third corps to win the DCI World Championship. The Scouts would remain a DCI Top Twelve Finalist until 2002, in the Seventies, the Scouts would also become Regulars in CYO Nationals, making Finals in 1973 through 79 and winning in 1974 and 75. In 1980, after sixteen previous appearances and ten prior Finals and that year, they toured Canada, they finished sixth at the DCI Finals in Birmingham, Alabama, where there was only a 3. Through the Eighties, Madison stayed in DCI Finals but mostly never made it to the championship level, in 1988, after winning their first five Drum Corps Midwest shows, as part of their fiftieth anniversary festivities, the Scouts left the country and the North American continent. The Madison Scouts went to Europe that June, where they presented clinics and performed in exhibition at contests that included all of the corps from Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Germany
