1.
Royal Dublin Society
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The Royal Dublin Society is the name given in 1820 to a philanthropic organisation which was founded as the Dublin Society on 25 June 1731 to see Ireland thrive culturally and economically. The RDS is synonymous with its campus in Ballsbridge in Dublin, the society was founded by members of the Dublin Philosophical Society, chiefly Thomas Prior and Samuel Madden, as the Dublin Society for improving Husbandry, Manufactures and other Useful Arts. On 8 July 1731 – a couple of weeks after initial foundation – the designation, the Royal prefix was adopted in 1820 when George IV became Society patron. The society purchased Leinster House, home of the Duke of Leinster, in 1815, the society acquired its current premises at Ballsbridge in 1879, and has since increased from the original fifteen to forty acres. The premises consist of a number of halls, a stadium, meeting rooms, bars, restaurants. The RDS Main Hall is a centre for exhibitions, concerts. It hosts, for example, the Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition each January, Simmonscourt is where the show jumping horses are stabled during Dublin Horse Show week. The RDS Arena was developed to host equestrian events, including the annual Dublin Horse Show and it is often used for other sporting events however – primarily football and rugby. In 2007 and 2008 the arenas capacity was expanded to 18,250, the club also moved their Leinster Rugby Store to the RDS, and it is open on match days. The covered Anglesea Stand is the oldest stand in the ground below which there is an amount of terracing. Opposite the Anglesea Stand is the Grandstand which contains the TV gantry and was covered with a roof in 2008, behind the goals are the uncovered North and South stands which are removed for showjumping events to allow for extra space. The DART runs close to the RDS premises with Lansdowne and Sandymount being the closest stops, the RDS is served by bus route numbers 4,7,18 and 27x, which stop outside the Main Hall Entrance to the RDS on Merrion Road. The first solely Society-run Horse Show was held in 1868 and was one of the earliest leaping competitions ever held, over time it has become a high profile International show jumping competition, national showing competition and major entertainment event in Ireland. As an exhibitor, walking through those gates in Dublin 4, is the highlight of the year, to be able to compete in one of the four Royal Dublin Society arenas, in which you will showcase your hard work and partnership you have with your horse. If you are enough to come and watch the action at the Dublin horse show. Form equestrian stores to antiques, there is something for everybody at the Dublin Horse Show, a Great, fun-filled family day out. In recent years, the venue has used as a music venue, for many rock, heavy metal. He played for 40,000 people during The Rising Tour in May 2003,115,500 people at the arena during his Magic Tour in May 2008, in June 2008, American band Paramore played their debut Irish concert in the RDS Arena
2.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
3.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
4.
Newbridge College
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The Dominican Friars founded Newbridge College in 1852 as a boarding school for boys. Today, still run by the Dominican Fathers, Newbridge College is a day school with a student population of more than 800 pupils. In its first year of establishment, Newbridge College had an enrolment of 50 students, a cap was placed on the number of pupils enrolled. In 1870 the second church on the grounds was built, the restriction was lifted in 1894 and the roll grew to 100 students. In 1924, Junior House and the Clock Tower were constructed,1941 saw the Senior Cup Team win the Colleges first Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, trained by Fr Leahy, OP. In 1950, the Junior Cup Team won the schools first Leinster Schools Junior Cup Final, building began for Senior House in 1951. The Newbridge College Past Pupils Union, which exists today, was established by Dr JJ Cosgrove in 1937. In 1956, with completion of Senior House and the refectory, in 1980 the bridge over the River Liffey was constructed, and the sports fields were moved from the quadrangle to the land across the Liffey. In 1984, one of the most significant changes in the history took place – the admission of girls to the school for the first time. Today, approximately 50% of the Colleges pupils are female and his appointment came after responsibility for the management of the College had been transferred to the Board of Governors, composed of the Dominican Fathers, teachers, parents and past pupils. In 1992 formal classes on a Saturday also ceased, replaced with an extracurricular, April 1994 saw the opening of the new gym block, science, art and technology suites behind Junior House by the Minister for Education. An all-weather pitch used for hockey was also built. The practice of boarding came to an end in 1998, the option for day students to get evening tea and take part in supervised study until 9. 30pm started, a practice which still takes places today. 1998 was also the year in which the first female School Captain, Tara Flanagan, was elected, Newbridge College celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2002. In April 2008, a new €6 million euro extension to Junior House was completed, with new laboratories, technical and computer rooms, a new staff room. In 2013, an all-weather floodlit AstroTurf sports facility was commissioned at the cost of €1 million and it is used for rugby, hockey, running and other sports, and allows for training and matches to go ahead during difficult weather conditions and dark evenings in winter. The College coat of arms bears two mottos, veritas is the motto of the Dominican Order. Cur me persequeris is the motto of the Eustace family, who donated the land upon which the school is built
5.
NASDAQ
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The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, the exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic and Nasdaq Baltic stock market network and several other US stock and options exchanges. When it was founded, NASDAQ stood for the acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers, which divested itself of NASDAQ in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc. the stocks of which were listed on its own stock exchange marketing July 2,2002, when the Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8,1971, it was the worlds first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a system and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades. The Nasdaq Stock Market helped lower the spread but was unpopular among brokerages which made much of their money on the spread. As late as 1987, the NASDAQ exchange was still referred to as OTC in media. Over the years, the Nasdaq Stock Market became more of a market by adding trade and volume reporting. The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted new companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, Oracle and Dell. Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has published since its inception. In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of securities markets, the National Association of Securities Dealers spun off the Nasdaq Stock Market in 2000 to form a publicly traded company. In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a market to a licensed national securities exchange. In 2007, Nasdaq merged with OMX, an exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint. NASDAQ OMX could be looking to acquire the American exchanges cash equities business, at the time, NYSE Euronext’s market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion. Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid. The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market and it was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. Operations were shut down, however, as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble, in 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived as Equiduct, and is currently operating under Börse Berlin
6.
Biotechnology
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Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, the term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies, as per European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology also writes on the biological sciences. By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches for interfacing with. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and this can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived agriculture clearly fit the definition of utilizing a biotechnological system to make products. Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise, Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best suited crops, having the highest yields and these processes also were included in early fermentation of beer. These processes were introduced in early Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, in brewing, malted grains convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process, carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol, later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food, such as soy sauce. Fermentation was also used in time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteurs work in 1857, before the time of Charles Darwins work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwins theory of natural selection, for thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics, for example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained an understanding of microbiology. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics, in 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
8.
University College Dublin
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University College Dublin is a research university in Dublin, Ireland. It has over 1,482 faculty and 32,000 students, the university originates in a body founded in 1854 with John Henry Newman as the first rector known as the Catholic University of Ireland, re-formed in 1880 and chartered in its own right in 1908. Originally located in locations across Dublin city, all of the faculties have since been relocated to a 133-hectare campus at Belfield. University College Dublin is frequently ranked among the top universities in Europe, there are five Nobel Laureates amongst University College Dublins alumni and current and former staff. The 2016 QS World University Rankings ranks UCD #176 worldwide, and puts it in the 151-200 bracket, a report published in May 2015 showed that the total economic output generated by UCD and its students in Ireland amounted to €1.3 billion annually. In the 19th century, the question of education in Ireland was a contentious one. It had divided Daniel OConnell and the Young Ireland Movement for many years, the Catholic Hierarchy wanted to counteract the Godless Colleges established in Galway, Belfast and Cork and to provide a Catholic alternative to Trinity College, Dublin. In 1850 at the Synod of Thurles it was decided to open a Catholic University, as a result of these efforts a new Catholic University of Ireland was opened in 1854 and John Henry Newman was appointed as its first rector. Newman had been a figure in the Oxford Movement in the 19th Century. The Catholic University opened its doors on the feast of St Malachy,3 November 1854, to prepare students for entry to the new University, the Catholic University School was established as a feeder school under the guidance of Bartholomew Woodlock and Cardinal Newman. Among the first students enrolled were the grandson of Daniel O’Connell, OShea clashed with Newman and left to go to Trinity, however, after one year. Of the eight students in Newmans own home, two were Irish, two English, two Scottish and two French. Among them were a French viscount, and Irish baronet Sir Reginald Barnewall, the son of a French countess, the grandson of a Scottish marquis, later were added to his care two Belgian princes and a Polish count. Many were attracted to the University on the basis of the reputation of Newman, as a private university, the Catholic University was never given a royal charter, and so was unable to award recognized degrees and suffered from chronic financial difficulties. Newman left the university in 1857, after which the school went into a serious decline, Bartholomew Woodlock was appointed Rector and served until he became Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise in 1879. In this period he attempted to secure a site of 34 acres at Clonliffe West and he then turned his attention to expanding along St Stephens Green and over these years bought from No.82 to 87. The decline was halted in 1880 with the establishment of the Royal University of Ireland, the Royal Universities charter entitled all Irish students to sit the Universities examinations and receive its degrees. In order to avail of the benefits of the Royal University of Ireland arrangement, the college rapidly attracted many of the best students and academics in Ireland including Fr
9.
Aer Lingus
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Aer Lingus, is the flag carrier airline of Ireland and the second-largest airline in Ireland. Founded by the Irish government, it was privatised between 2006 and 2015 and it is now a subsidiary of International Airlines Group, the parent company of British Airways, Iberia, the airlines head office is on the grounds of Dublin Airport in Cloghran, County Dublin, Ireland. The airline has codeshares with Oneworld, Star Alliance and SkyTeam members, as well as interline agreements with Etihad Airways, JetBlue Airways and United Airlines. Aer Lingus has a business model, operating a mixed fare service on its European and North African routes and full service. Ryanair used to own over 29% of Aer Lingus stock and the Irish state owned over 25% and these shareholders were lost after IAG bought the airline. The state had previously held an 85% shareholding until the Governments decision to float the company on the Dublin, the principal group companies include Aer Lingus Limited, Aer Lingus Beachey Limited, Aer Lingus Limited and Dirnan Insurance Company Limited, all of which are wholly owned. On 26 May 2015, after months of negotiations on a possible IAG takeover, Ryanair retained a 30% stake in Aer Lingus which it agreed to sell to IAG on 10 July 2015 for €2.55 per share. In August 2015, Aer Lingus shareholders officially accepted IAGs takeover offer, IAG subsequently assumed control of Aer Lingus on 2 September 2015. Aer Lingus was founded on 15 April 1936, with a capital of £100,000 and its first chairman was Seán Ó hUadhaigh. Aer Lingus Teoranta was registered as an airline on 22 May 1936, the name Aer Lingus was proposed by Richard F OConnor, who was County Cork Surveyor, as well as an aviation enthusiast. Aer Lingus was originally pronounced air ling-us and only later did the change to the air ling-gus used now. Later that year, the airline acquired its second aircraft, a four-engined biplane de Havilland DH.86 Express named Éire and this aircraft provided the first air link between Dublin and London by extending the Bristol service to Croydon. At the same time, the DH.84 Dragon was used to inaugurate an Aer Lingus service on the Dublin-Liverpool route, the airline was established as the national carrier under the Air Navigation and Transport Act. In 1937, the Irish government created Aer Rianta, a company to financial responsibility for the new airline. In April 1937, Aer Lingus became wholly owned by the Irish government via Aer Rianta and he retired 30 years later in 1967 at the age of 60. In 1938, a de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide replaced Iolar, two Lockheed 14s arrived in 1939, Aer Lingus first all-metal aircraft. In January 1940, a new airport opened in the Dublin suburb of Collinstown and it purchased a new DC-3 and inaugurated new services to Liverpool and an internal service to Shannon. The airlines services were curtailed during World War II with the route being to Liverpool or Barton Aerodrome Manchester depending on the fluctuating security situation
10.
BT Ireland
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BT Communications Limited is a telecommunications and internet company in Ireland. It is a subsidiary of BT Group plc, the company was founded in 1990 by a constortium headed by business magnate Denis OBrien and was originally known as Esat Telecom. Esat Telecom applied a number of times for a licence to the Department of Communications and was finally granted a limited one in March 1993. The company officially launched its services on 20 April 1994 and it was the first domestic competitor to Bord Telecom Éireann and, after initially reselling leased lines from that company, used autodiallers to route calls onto its network. These devices proved controversial, with Telecom threatening legal action and the Department contending that these were a breach of Esats limited licence, in 1996, Esat Telecom, in conjunction with Telenor AB, bid successfully for the second GSM mobile telecommunications licence, against five other consortia. This became known as Esat Digifone, the Moriarty Tribunal found in 2008 that the awarding of the licence was influenced by payments made by OBrien to Michael Lowry, the Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications. On 7 November 1997, Esat Telecom Group plc held a public offering and was listed on the Irish Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange. 1,300 customers signed up before it had even launched, in 1999, Esat entered the Internet Service Provider market, initially through the purchase of EUnet Ireland, which became Esat Net. However, it was the acquisition of Ireland On-Line from An Post that year which made Esat the biggest ISP in the country for a time, also in 1999, Esat bid for Cablelink Limited, the cable and television company owned jointly by Telecom Éireann and RTÉ. In 1999, Esat Telecom was the first wholly owned Irish company to lay two optical submarine cables between Ireland and the UK, no other company had achieved such a milestone and since then, only operators from outside the state have managed to install their own optical submarine cables. In 1999, relations became tense between Esat and Telenor over how Esat Digifone, their joint venture, should be operated. Telenor tried to remove Denis OBrien as chairman of Esat Digifone, Esat for its part retaliated by threatening to sue Telenor, and making repeated offers to buy the Norwegian company out. Eventually, in November 1999, Telenor bid for the share capital of Esat Telecom Group plc as a way of solving the situation. The bid was rejected by the Esat board and so became a takeover attempt. In order to defend this, in January 2000, British Telecommunications plc made a takeover offer for the company which was backed by the Esat board. Esat became a wholly owned subsidiary of BT and was delisted from the stock market, when BT acquired Esat, they began integrating the business along with its Northern Ireland subsidiary, BT. The combined unit was registered as BT Communications Limited. The network build phase started in August 1997 and it also leases capacity from its fixed line incumbent, following the companys acquisition by BT, Esat Telecom was rebranded as Esat BT in 2002, and replaced its own logo with the BT piper
11.
Patrick Collison
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Patrick Collison, is an Irish entrepreneur from County Limerick. He is the co-founder and CEO of Stripe, which he started with his brother, John. He won the 41st Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition in 2005 at the age of sixteen and he lives in San Francisco, California. Patrick Collison was born to Lily and Denis Collison in 1988, the eldest of three children, he took his first computer course when he was eight years old at the University of Limerick and began learning computer programming at the age of ten. Collison was educated in Gaelscoil Aonach Urmhumhan, Nenagh, before attending Castletroy College in Castletroy and he entered the 40th Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition with his project on artificial intelligence, finishing as individual runner-up. He re-entered the following year, and won first place at the age of sixteen on 14 January 2005 and his project involved the creation of Croma, a LISP-type programming language. His prize of a €3,000 cheque and a trophy of Waterford Crystal was presented to him by President Mary McAleese and his younger brother Tommy participated with his project on blogging in the Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition in 2010. After attending Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for a time Collison dropped out, in 2007 he set up software company Shuppa in Limerick with his brother John Collison. On Good Friday of March 2008 Collison, aged nineteen, and his brother, aged seventeen, sold Auctomatic to Canadian company Live Current Media, in May 2008 he became director of engineering in the companys new Vancouver base. Collison attributes the success of his company to his win in the Young Scientist, both Collison and his younger brother John were featured on a young Irish persons rich list aired on an RTÉ television show during the 2008 Christmas period. On 18 July 2009, at the age of 20 and following the publication of McCarthy Report, in 2010, Patrick cofounded Stripe, which received backing from Peter Thiel, Elon Musk and Sequoia Capital
12.
Baltimore Technologies
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Baltimore Technologies was a leading Irish internet security firm, with its headquarters in Dublin Ireland. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was part of the FTSE100 Index during 2000. The Company was founded in 1976 by Michael Purser and it was acquired in 1996 by a team financed by Dermot Desmond and led by Fran Rooney. In December 1998 the Company was acquired by Zergo Limited, a UK company listed on the London Stock Exchange, post-acquisition, Zergo changed its name to Baltimore Technologies and Rooney was appointed CEO of the merged company. Under Rooneys leadership Baltimore expanded rapidly, both organic growth and by a series of high-profile acquisitions. In 1999 the company was listed on NASDAQ and the price soared in value during the internet boom as its digital certificate business was seen as a vital tool to enable e-Commerce. The Company showed considerable growth in sales and market capitalization, becoming a FTSE100 firm with a market capitalization of over US$13 billion. However, following the Stockmarket Crash of March 2000, its price fell. Rooney resigned as CEO in July 2001 and a war for the Company ensued. Bijan Khezri, a former Director of Baltimore Technologies in charge of capital markest finance, in March 2004 the board announced its intention to move into the clean energy business with a high-profile team of leading of Directors. The plan was abandoned in June 2004 when vulture fund Acquisitor Holdings of Bermuda acquired sufficient shares to control of the cash. In February 2005 Acquisitor delisted Baltimore from the London Stock Exchange, the company listed on the Alternative Investment Market at the end of February 2006 under the symbol BLM. The Company was acquired by Oryx International Growth Fund in July 2006, the algorithm is named after Michael Purser. Fran Rooney was the subject of an RTÉ documentary in the Raging Bulls series, first broadcast on October 17,2009
13.
River Shannon
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The River Shannon is the longest river in Ireland at 360.5 km. It drains the Shannon River Basin which has an area of 16,865 km2, the Shannon divides the west of Ireland from the east and south. County Clare, being west of the Shannon but part of the province of Munster, is the major exception. The river represents a physical barrier between east and west, with fewer than thirty crossing-points between Limerick city in the south and the village of Dowra in the north. The river is named after Sionna, a Celtic goddess, the Shannon has been an important waterway since antiquity, having first been mapped by the Graeco-Egyptian geographer Ptolemy. The river flows southwards from the Shannon Pot in County Cavan before turning west. Limerick city stands at the point where the water meets the sea water of the estuary. The Shannon is tidal east of Limerick as far as the base of the Ardnacrusha dam. By tradition the Shannon is said to rise in the Shannon Pot, surveys have defined a 12.8 km2 immediate pot catchment area covering the slopes of Cuilcagh. This area includes Garvah Lough, Cavan,2.2 km to the northeast, further sinks that source the pot include Pollboy and, through Shannon Cave, Pollahune in Cavan and Polltullyard and Tullynakeeragh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The highest point in the catchment is a spring at Tiltinbane on the end of the Cuilcagh mountain ridge. From the Shannon Pot, the river subsumes a number of tributaries before replenishing Lough Allen at its head. The river runs through or between 11 of Irelands counties, subsuming the tributary rivers Boyle, Inny, Suck, Mulkear and Brosna, among others, many different values have been given for the length of the Shannon. A traditional value is 390 km, an official Irish source gives a total length of 360.5 km. Most Irish guides now give 344 km, some academic sources give 280 km, although most will refuse to give a number. The reason is there is no particular end to a river that empties into an estuary. The 344 km length relates to the distance between Shannon Pot and a line between Kerry Head and Loop Head, the furthest reaches of the land, the 280 km distance finishes where the Shannon estuary joins the estuary of the River Fergus, close to Shannon Airport. Longer distances emerged before the use of surveying instruments
14.
Limerick
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Limerick is a city in county Limerick, Ireland. It is located in the Mid-West Region and is part of the province of Munster. Limerick City and County Council is the authority for the city. The city lies on the River Shannon, with the core of the city located on Kings Island, which is bounded by the Shannon. Limerick is also located at the head of the Shannon Estuary where the river widens before it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 95,854, Limerick is the third most populous area in the state. There are 102,161 people living in the Limerick City Metropolitan District, on 1 June 2014 following the merger of Limerick City and County Council a new Metropolitan District of Limerick was formed within the united council which extended the city area. The Metropolitan District includes the city area and extends outwards towards Patrickswell in the west. The City Metropolitan Area however excludes city suburbs located within County Clare, when included this increases the overall city and metropolitan area by a further 5,000 with a combined total population of 107,161. Limerick is one of the constituent cities of the Cork–Limerick–Galway corridor which has a population of 1 million people and it is located at a strategic position on the River Shannon with four main crossing points near the city centre. To the south of the city is the Golden Vale, an area of rich pastureland, historically, much of the citys industry was based on this rich agricultural hinterland and it is particularly noted for Limerick Ham. Luimneach originally referred to the area along the banks of the Shannon Estuary known as Loch Luimnigh. The earliest settlement in the city, Inis Sibhtonn, was the name for Kings Island during the pre-Viking and Viking eras. This island was also called Inis an Ghaill Duibh, The Dark- Foreigners Island, the name is recorded in Viking sources as Hlymrekr. Antiquitys map-maker, Ptolemy, produced in 150 the earliest map of Ireland, history also records an important battle involving Cormac mac Airt in 221 and a visit by St. Patrick in 434 to baptise an Eóganachta king, Carthann the Fair. Saint Munchin, the first bishop of Limerick died in 652, in 812 the Vikings sailed up the Shannon and pillaged the city, burned the monastery of Mungret but were forced to flee when the Irish attacked and killed many of their number. The Normans redesigned the city in the 12th century and added much of the most notable architecture, such as King Johns Castle, one of the kingdoms most notable kings was Brian Boru, ancestor of the OBrien Clan of Dalcassians. The word Thomond is synonymous with the region and is retained in place such as Thomondgate
15.
Viola tricolor
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It has been introduced into North America, where it has spread. It is the progenitor of the pansy, and is therefore sometimes called wild pansy, before the cultivated pansies were developed. V. tricolor is a plant of creeping and ramping habit, reaching at most 15 cm in height. It grows in grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade and it flowers from April to September. The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white and they are hermaphrodite and self-fertile, pollinated by bees. As its name implies, heartsease has a history of use in herbalism. It has been recommended, among other uses, for epilepsy, asthma, skin diseases, V. tricolor has a history in folk medicine of helping respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms. It has expectorant properties, and so has been used in the treatment of chest complaints such as bronchitis and it is also a diuretic, leading to its use in treating rheumatism and cystitis. The flowers have also used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes. What Shakespeare had in mind was V. tricolor, not a modern garden pansy, Shakespeare makes a more direct reference, probably to V. tricolor in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Oberon sends Puck to gather a little western flower that maidens call love-in-idleness, oberons account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupids bow aimed at a fair vestal, throned by the west to fall upon the plant before milk-white, now purple with loves wound. The imperial votress passes on fancy-free, destined never to fall in love, the juice of the heartsease now, claims Oberon, on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees. Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of characters in the play to provide Shakespeares essential dramatic and comic structure for the play. V. tricolor is one of many plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in development due to their size. Many cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic and this feature means that it could be used to treat cancers. Extracts from the plant are anti-microbial, V. tricolor extract had anti-inflammatory effect in acute inflammation induced in male Wistar rats
16.
Bull Island
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The island, with a sandy beach known as Dollymount Strand running its entire length, is a relatively recent, and inadvertent, result of human intervention in the bay. In times past, Dublin Bay had a problem with silting. Captain William Bligh, of Bounty fame, surveyed Dublin Bay for the Ballast Board in 1801 and its purpose was to clear a sandbar by Venturi action. A wooden bridge, the first Bull Bridge, was erected in 1819 to facilitate the construction of a wall, based on a design by Ballast Board engineer. Started in 1820, the Bull Wall was completed in 1825, over the succeeding 48 years, the natural tidal effects created by the walls deepened the entry to the Liffey from 1.8 m to 4.8 m. Much of the silt now scoured from the course was deposited on the North Bull. A lighthouse sits on the North Bull Wall, the island continued to grow in extent, from the Bull Wall towards Howth Head. Usable at low tide, this 150m track allowed access to the island for leisure, between 1906 and 1907, a new Bull Bridge was constructed – it is still standing. Then, in 1912, the Dollymount Sea Scouts were formed, taking part of the disused Coast Guard station as their den – the troop continues to operate from there, now called 5th Port Dollymount. The British Army commandeered the island on 5 September 1914, for military training – primarily as a firing range. The first drive-in at what was a course until 1989. In 1931, a plan was proposed to develop the island, further plans were advanced by Bord Failte, including conversion of much of the island as a theme park. Annes Golf Club rent from the Council, the bulk of the island comprises the largest park owned by the city. There are just a few residents on the island, in houses beside the bridge built by the Dublin Port Company for its employees. In addition to the clubhouses of the two clubs, there is the newly re-built Sea Scout den at the Clontarf end. At the end of the North Bull Wall is the famous Star of the Sea statue, funded by Dublin Port workers and sailors, however, the risk of this is considered small due to the strength of currents and depth of water in Sutton Channel. The island is primarily a sand structure approximately 5 km long and 1 km wide, the southeast facing side is a flat beach, backed by marram-grass-anchored dunes, scrub and marsh. On the northern side of the Bull, between the island and the mainland, is a large linear saltmarsh complex backed by all of which are covered at high tide
17.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
18.
Trinity College, Dublin
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Trinity College is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Ireland. It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, originally it was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the dissolved Augustinian Priory of All Hallows. Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland, although Catholics and Dissenters had been permitted to enter as early as 1793, certain restrictions on their membership of the college remained until 1873. From 1871 to 1970, the Catholic Church in Ireland forbade its adherents from attending Trinity College without permission, women were first admitted to the college as full members in January 1904. Trinity College is now surrounded by Dublin and is located on College Green, the college proper occupies 190,000 m2, with many of its buildings ranged around large quadrangles and two playing fields. Academically, it is divided into three faculties comprising 25 schools, offering degree and diploma courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Library of Trinity College is a deposit library for Ireland. The first University of Dublin was created by the Pope in 1311, following this, and some debate about a new university at St. The first Provost of the College was the Archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, two years after foundation, a few Fellows and students began to work in the new College, which then lay around one small square. During the eighteenth century Trinity College was seen as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy, Parliament, meeting on the other side of College Green, made generous grants for building. The first building of this period was the Old Library building, begun in 1712, followed by the Printing House, during the second half of the century Parliament Square slowly emerged. The great building drive was completed in the nineteenth century by Botany Bay. In December 1845 Denis Caulfield Heron was the subject of a hearing at Trinity College, Heron had previously been examined and, on merit, declared a scholar of the college but had not been allowed to take up his place due to his Catholic religion. Heron appealed to the Courts which issued a writ of mandamus requiring the case to be adjudicated by the Archbishop of Dublin, the decision of Richard Whately and John George de la Poer Beresford was that Heron would remain excluded from Scholarship. This decision confirmed that the position remained that persons who were not Anglicans could not be elected to Scholarship, Fellowship or be made a Professor. However within less than three decades of this all disabilities imposed on Catholics were repealed as in 1873, all tests were abolished. Prior to 1956 it was the responsibility of the local Bishop, the nineteenth century was also marked by important developments in the professional schools. The Law School was reorganised after the middle of the century, the Engineering School was established in 1842 and was one of the first of its kind in Ireland and Britain
19.
Bunclody
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Bunclody, formerly Newtownbarry, is a small town on the River Slaney in Wexford, Ireland. It is located near the foot of Mount Leinster, most of the town is in County Wexford, a small area at the north end of town is in County Carlow. Bunclody has received a number of scores in the Tidy Towns competition. The town is known for the Eileen Aroon Festival held during the months of July, the R746 regional road intersects the N80 in the middle of the Bunclody. During the 17th century, the name of the town was changed from Bunclody to Newtownbarry, the change was made official by a local government order in 1950. Although a hamlet already existed here, Bunclody was raised to the status of a post town in 1577 by alderman James Barry, the town was the scene of the Battle of Bunclody during the 1798 rebellion. In the 19th century, a canal was made, drawing water from the Clody river. The canal still flows along the middle of the main street. During the Tithe War, 1830–1836, Newtownbarry was the scene of a clash between locals and the officials of the Crown, locals had become enraged by the seizure of property by the police and army to pay for the Protestant Episcopal polity. According to James Connolly, twelve peasants were shot and twenty fatally wounded, in 1884, a metal bridge was built across the River Slaney upstream from todays bridge. It was built of iron from New Ross, and assembled in the bridge meadow beside where the bridge stood and this bridge was washed away in 1965 by a flood. The remains of the bridge were visible from the bank of the river for years, until it was removed in 2007. Redmonds bar on the street is a public house in the town. Among the amenities of the town there are number of GAA and soccer pitches, an swimming pool, a hotel. Bunclody is among the countrys most ethnically-mixed towns, with 10% of its population being Polish, bunclody-Carrickduff is a census town split between County Carlow and County Wexford. It comprises the town of Bunclody and the village of Carrigduff. The town has two schools, Bunclody National School and Carrigduff National School. The FCJ Secondary School, and Bunclody Vocational College, the FCJ was founded by a French order of nuns in 1861
20.
Ursuline College
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For the English Catholic Sports College, based in Westgate, see Ursuline College, Westgate-on-Sea. Ursuline College is a small, Roman Catholic liberal arts womens-focused college in Pepper Pike, Ohio and it was founded in 1871 by the Ursuline Sisters of Cleveland and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States. Ursuline College offers a spectrum of undergraduate and graduate studies within the Catholic tradition of education. The college offers 30 undergraduate,11 graduate programs, and a Doctorate of Nursing Practice, in 2015, Ursuline College had 706 undergraduate and 530 graduate students. Although Ursuline College focuses primarily on the arts, it also offers courses such as nursing. The campus is situated approximately 10 miles outside of Cleveland and 30 miles outside of Akron, in July 2013, the OBrien Athletic Center was destroyed by a tornado that ripped through the campus. With generous donations from the community and insurance payments, a new center was completed for Fall 2015. The Sister Diana Stano Athletic Center offers a fitness space overlooking the campus, a gymnasium, shower and locker rooms for visiting and home teams, offices. The Parker Hannifin Center for the Healing Arts and Sciences, also completed for Fall 2015 semester, provides equipment and classrooms for Nursing. The Pilla Center, the gathering space has a view of the lake. It has a new dining hall, staffed by Metz Culinary Management, Ursuline College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division II. Womens sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, Ursuline College Ralph M. Besse Library Ursuline Arrows Athletics U. S. News & World Report profile
21.
Alexandra College
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Alexandra College is a private, single-sex girls school located in Milltown, Dublin, Ireland, operating under a Church of Ireland ethos. It serves girls from ages 4 to 18 as boarding or day pupils, the school is one of the most prestigious in Ireland and ran highly in Leaving Certificate results tables. It is also one of the most exclusive fee-paying schools in Ireland, the school was founded in 1866 and takes its name from Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the schools patron. The school colours, red and white, were adopted from the Danish flag in her honour, Alexandra College was founded by Anne Jellicoe, a Quaker educationist, in the name of furthering womens education. As Alexandra settled into its role, Anne Jellicoe was convinced that a major obstacle to the education of women was their exclusion from the university campus. She passionately believed that women were admitted to Trinity College Dublin. The Royal University of Ireland Act 1879 allowed females to take university degrees on the basis as males. Students were prepared for the examinations of the Royal University, the school was originally situated in the historic Earlsfort Terrace, across from what is now the National Concert Hall. By 1879, a new hall and theatre were constructed alongside, over time, the school acquired several more houses and by 1889 a new building by William Kaye-Parry was constructed next door to the college as Alexandra School. The school moved out to its sports grounds in the 1960s in order to more students. The original buildings were demolished and the site remained vacant for over two decades. The Conrad Hotel and office buildings were erected on the site. The patriot and leading figure in the Easter 1916 uprising Padraig Pearse was once employed as an Irish language teacher, the first ever international hockey match was held on the Alexandra College hockey pitch. It was England vs Ireland, and Ireland won 1-0, Alexandra College is under Church of Ireland management, and the Archbishop of Dublin currently acts as chairman of the school council. The students are addressed weekly by a minister, and a school assembly is held daily at which Church of Ireland hymns are sung. The preparatory department classes wear a red tracksuit, which the older classes wear only for sports, the majority of Junior School pupils go on to study at the Senior School. A wide range of subjects is available to study, the school crest reflects this, featuring a cross with a book, a ball, a lyre and a palette in its corners. The school was greatly benefited in 2004 with the opening of the Milltown Luas stop at the gate of the college
22.
Milltown, Dublin
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Milltown is a suburb on the southside of Dublin, Ireland. The townland got its name well before the 18th or 19th century, both Milltown and Clonskeagh were Liberties of Dublin, following the English invasion and colonisation in 1290. Milltown was the site of working mills on the River Dodder and is also the location of the meeting of the River Slang with the Dodder. A mill race was taken from just above the weir located 100m downstream from the Nine Arches viaduct and it ran beside what is now the Islamic Centre towards the mill which was located in what is now Dodder Park. The remnants of this mill can still be seen, Milltown is marked by a spectacular 19th century railway bridge across the river, which was part of the Harcourt Street railway line which ran from Harcourt Street to Bray. On 30 June 2004, the bridge was re-opened for the Luas light rail system runs from St. Stephens Green to Brides Glen. This bridge, and sometimes the area surrounding it, became known informally as the Nine Arches. Milltown railway station opened on 1 May 1860 and finally closed on 31 December 1958, Milltown Golf Club celebrated its centenary in 2007. Alexandra College, a Church of Ireland girls school, is located in Milltown, as well as the Ahlul Bayt Islamic Centre, the only Shia mosque in Ireland. The National College of Industrial Relations was also founded by Jesuits on the its lands in Milltown, in 1818 they transferred their monastery to Mountbellew in County Galway. Mount St. Marys was formerly the seminary of the Marist Fathers, list of towns and villages in Ireland
23.
Terellia serratulae
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Terellia serratulae is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae. Terellia serratulae can reach a length of about 4–6 millimetres and this bluish clear-winged fruit fly has an hairy abdomen with a chequered black pattern. The apex of the antennae is reddish or yellow-orange, in the females the length of the ovopositor corresponds approximately to the length of the last three abdominal segments. The females deposit eggs into the opened thistle flowerheads, the young larvae start feeding on the achenes of thistles, but they do not induce gall-forming. They develop in the flower-heads of thistles in a cocoon of silk and this univoltine species overwinters in the larval stage. Adults are on the wing from July to September and this species can be found around thistles in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic ecozone, in the Near East and in North Africa
24.
Abbey Christian Brothers' Grammar School
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The Abbey Christian Brothers Grammar School is a voluntary day school for boys aged 11 –18 years in Newry, County Down, Northern Ireland. A new £18 million site opened on the outskirts of Newry in 2010, the school gives its name to many streets surrounding the former site such as Abbey Yard and Abbey Heights. The school year commences with individual year admissions and registrations during the last week in August, details of first term, second term, mid-term, Christmas and Easter holidays are forwarded to all parents in an Annual Parents Booklet. The school uniform consists of a blazer, black trousers. White shirts are worn by all students, a grey v-necked jumper is optional, students above Year 12 wear a black sweatshirt in place of the blazer and jumper. The curriculum in the Abbey is based on the UK National Curriculum, pupils are expected to take a variety of these subjects. During Key Stage 3, pupils follow the prescribed Northern Ireland Common Curriculum, all Year 12 pupils sit GCSE examinations while some Year 11 pupils complete GCSE courses in a single year. The range of subjects on offer at this level enables all students to keep their options open until they embark upon advanced level courses. Students sit Oxford and Cambridge entrance examinations annually, the examination boards used by the school at the moment include A. Q. A. Students also participate in lower 6th in a programme of courses with Newry Institute. The schools team has produced many outstanding Gaelic footballers over the years, many players on the Down and Armagh panels that won All-Ireland Senior Football Championships in 1960,1961,1968,1991 and 1994 and 2002 respectively came from the school
25.
Gammarus
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Gammarus is an amphipod crustacean genus in the family Gammaridae. It contains more than 200 described species, making it one of the most speciose genera of crustaceans, species of Gammarus are the typical scuds of North America and range widely throughout the Holarctic. A considerable number are found southwards into the Northern Hemisphere tropics
26.
Calluna
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Calluna vulgaris is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is the dominant plant in most heathland and moorland in Europe and it is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning. The specific epithet vulgaris is Latin for common, Calluna is differentiated from Erica by its corolla and calyx each being in four parts instead of five. Calluna has small scale-leaves borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of Erica are generally larger and in whorls of 3-4, the flowers emerge in late summer, in wild plants these are normally mauve, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. They are terminal in racemes with sepal-like bracts at the base with a superior ovary, unlike Erica, Calluna sometimes sports double flowers. Calluna is sometimes referred to as Summer heather to distinguish it from winter or spring flowering species of Erica, Calluna is native to Europe, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the Azores. It has been introduced many other places worldwide with suitable climates, including North America, Australia, New Zealand. Despised until the 19th century for its associations with the most rugged rural poverty and it is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and for landscaping, in lime-free areas where it will thrive, but has defeated many a gardener on less acid soil. There are many named cultivars, selected for variation in colour and for different foliage colour. Different cultivars have flower colours ranging from white, through pink and a range of purples. The flowering season with different cultivars extends from late July to November in the northern hemisphere, the flowers may turn brown but still remain on the plants over winter, and this can lead to interesting decorative effects. Cultivars with ornamental foliage are usually selected for reddish and golden leaf colour, a few forms can be silvery grey. Many of the ornamental foliage forms change colour with the onset of winter weather, some forms are grown for distinctive young spring foliage. Cultivars include ‘Beoley Crimson’, ‘Boskoop’, ‘Cuprea’, Firefly, ‘Long White’, willow Grouse and Red Grouse feed on the young shoots and seeds of this plant. Both adult and larva of the Heather Beetle Lochmaea suturalis feed on it, the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species also feed on the plant, notably the small emperor moth Saturnia pavonia. Formerly heather was used to dye wool yellow and to tan leather, with malt, heather is an ingredient in gruit, a mixture of flavourings used in the brewing of heather-beer during the Middle Ages before the use of hops. The use of heather in the brewing of modern heather beer is carefully regulated, by law, the heather must be cleaned carefully before brewing, as the undersides of the leaves may contain a dusting of an ergot-like fungus, which is a hallucinogenic intoxicant. From time immemorial heather has been used for making besoms, a practice recorded in Buy Broom Buzzems a song written by William Purvis from Newcastle-upon-Tyne
27.
Cavitation
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Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid – i. e. small liquid-free zones – that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid. It usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to changes of pressure that cause the formation of cavities where the pressure is relatively low. When subjected to pressure, the voids implode and can generate an intense shock wave. Cavitation is a significant cause of wear in some engineering contexts, collapsing voids that implode near to a metal surface cause cyclic stress through repeated implosion. This results in surface fatigue of the metal causing a type of wear also called cavitation, the most common examples of this kind of wear are to pump impellers, and bends where a sudden change in the direction of liquid occurs. Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of behavior, inertial cavitation and non-inertial cavitation, inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly collapses, producing a shock wave. Inertial cavitation occurs in nature in the strikes of mantis shrimps and pistol shrimps, in man-made objects, it can occur in control valves, pumps, propellers and impellers. Non-inertial cavitation is the process in which a bubble in a fluid is forced to oscillate in size or shape due to form of energy input. Such cavitation is often employed in ultrasonic cleaning baths and can also be observed in pumps, propellers, since the shock waves formed by collapse of the voids are strong enough to cause significant damage to moving parts, cavitation is usually an undesirable phenomenon. It is very often specifically avoided in the design of such as turbines or propellers. However, it is useful and does not cause damage when the bubbles collapse away from machinery. Inertial cavitation was first studied by Lord Rayleigh in the late 19th century, when a volume of liquid is subjected to a sufficiently low pressure, it may rupture and form a cavity. This phenomenon is coined cavitation inception and may occur behind the blade of a rotating propeller or on any surface vibrating in the liquid with sufficient amplitude. A fast-flowing river can cause cavitation on rock surfaces, particularly there is a drop-off. Other ways of generating cavitation voids involve the local deposition of energy, vapor gases evaporate into the cavity from the surrounding medium, thus, the cavity is not a perfect vacuum, but has a relatively low gas pressure. Such a low-pressure bubble in a liquid begins to collapse due to the pressure of the surrounding medium. As the bubble collapses, the pressure and temperature of the vapor within increases, at the point of total collapse, the temperature of the vapor within the bubble may be several thousand kelvin, and the pressure several hundred atmospheres. Inertial cavitation can occur in the presence of an acoustic field
28.
Monopoly (game)
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The current version was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935. Subtitled The Fast-Dealing Property Trading Game, the game is named after the concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity. It is now owned and produced by the American game and toy company Hasbro and it was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Magie took out a patent in 1904 and her game, The Landlords Game, was self-published, beginning in 1906. A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land, cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added. Magie again patented the game in 1923, after the meal, the Darrows played The Landlords Game several times with them, a game that was entirely new to the Darrows, and before he left, Darrow asked for a written set of the rules. After Darrow brought his own Monopoly game out, the Todds never spoke to the Darrows again, but see below for a version in which the Todds shared their own Monopoly-like game with the Darrows. By 1933, a variation on The Landlords Game called Monopoly was the basis of the game sold by Parker Brothers. The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City, by the 1970s, the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore, it was printed in the games instructions. In 1936, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States, hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service-created fake charity groups, economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti-Monopoly in 1973, and was sued for trademark infringement by Parker Brothers in 1974. The case went to trial in 1976, Anspach won on appeals in 1979, as the 9th Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic, and therefore unenforceable. The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, allowing the court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984, with that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent company, Hasbro, continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly. However, Anti-Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro, the research that Dr. Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the games history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight. In 1991, Hasbro acquired Parker Bros. and thus Monopoly, prior to the Hasbro acquisition, Parker Bros. only acted as a publisher only issuing two versions at a time, a regular and deluxe. Thus Hasbro move to create and license other versions and involve the public in varying the game, in 2003, the company held a national tournament on a chartered train going from Chicago to Atlantic City. Also in 2003, Hasbro sued the maker of Ghetto-opoly and won, while in February, the company sued RAD Games over Super Add On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board
29.
University College Cork
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University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland. The university is located in Cork, the university was founded in 1845 as one of three Queen’s Colleges located in Belfast, Cork, and Galway. It became University College, Cork, under the Irish Universities Act of 1908, amongst other rankings and awards, the university was named Irish University of the Year by the Sunday Times on five occasions, most recently in 2017. UCC also became the first university to achieve the ISO50001 standard in management in 2011. Queens College, Cork, was founded by the provisions of an act which enabled Queen Victoria to endow new colleges for the Advancement of Learning in Ireland, under the powers of this act, the three colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway were incorporated on 30 December 1845. The college opened in 1849 with 23 professors and 181 students, the original site chosen for the college was appropriate in that it is believed to have had a connection with the patron saint of Cork, Saint Finbarr. This association is reflected in the College motto Where Finbarr Taught. Adjacent to Gillabbey and overlooking the valley of the river Lee, the Tudor Gothic quadrangle and early campus buildings were designed and built by Sir Thomas Deane and Benjamin Woodward. Queens College Cork officially opened its doors in 1849, with further buildings added later, as of 2013, the university had over 20,000 full-time students, of which approximately 14,000 were undergraduate degree candidates. This student base is supported by approximately 2,800 staff, there are approximately 1153 non-academic staff and 832 research staff. The university is one of Irelands leading research institutes, with the highest research income in the state, the universitys internal research reputation spans all of its faculties where it offers over 120 degree and professional programmes through seven schools and 27 departments. The university had seven faculties in Arts and Celtic Studies, Commerce, Engineering, Food Science and Technology, Law, Medicine, UCC is home to the Irish Institute of Chinese Studies, which allows students to study Chinese culture as well as the language through Arts and Commerce. The department won the European Award for Languages 2008, Student numbers, at over 20,000 in 2013, increased from the late 1980s, precipitating the expansion of the campus by the acquisition of adjacent buildings and lands. The subsequent inquiry found there was no evidence of financial mismanagement. Also in 2006, the University re-opened the Crawford Observatory, a built in 1880 on the grounds of the university by Sir Howard Grubb. Grubb, son of the Grubb telescope building family in Dublin, designed the observatory, the University paid for an extensive restoration and conservation program of the building and the three main telescopes, the Equatorial, the Transit Circle and the Sidereostatic telescope. In October 2008, the body of the university announced that UCC would be the first institution in Ireland to use embryonic stem cells in research. In November 2009, many UCC buildings were damaged by flooding, the floods also affected other parts of Cork City, with many students being evacuated from accommodation
30.
Blarney
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Blarney is a town and townland in County Cork, Ireland. It lies 8 km north-west of Cork and is famed as the site of Blarney Castle, Blarney town is a major tourist attraction in County Cork. Mostly people come to see the castle, kiss the stone, by kissing the Blarney Stone at Blarney Castle, it is claimed that one can receive the Gift of the Gab. The legend has several suggested roots, involving members of the MacCarthy dynasty – builders, built in 1823, Blarney Woollen Mills was originally known as Mahonys Mills. It was a powered mill, producing mainly tweeds and woollens. After closing in the early 1970s, the mills was re-invented by local entrepreneur Christy Kelleher as a gift store servicing tourists visiting the village, the centre of the village is dominated by The Square, a grass field where Blarney locals and townspeople sometimes congregate during the summer. Several attempts to develop the square, over the years, have always met with stiff objection from the locals. Previously, the square was used for markets, Blarney formerly had its own narrow gauge railway station. The Cork and Muskerry Light Railway linked Blarney railway station with Cork, it opened in 1887, as of 2016, the Blarney railway station remains in the planning and development stage. The nearest airport is Cork Airport, the Blarney economy is dependent on the largely US tourism trade, with numerous hotels and guest houses in the area to serve demand. The Muskerry News is the paper for Blarney and surrounding areas and is printed monthly. Local radio stations that can be picked up in the Blarney area are RedFM, C103, there is a Roman Catholic boys primary school Scoil an Chroí Ró Naofa which caters for approximately 200 pupils and is situated in the centre of the village. A girls school, Scoil Íosagáin na gCailíní was built nearby in 1974 to accommodate the girls of the parish, gaelscoil Mhuscrai, is the Irish language primary school in the village. It caters for approximately 120 pupils and was established in 2002, Blarney is also the home of a secondary school called Scoil Mhuire Gan Smál which was established in the 1950s and has about 500 students. In sport, the soccer club, Blarney United FC, has playing facilities close to the village. The pitches are supported by changing facilities, a meeting room, the senior team competes in the Premier Division of the Munster Senior League. The towns GAA club, Blarney GAA, were All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Champions in 2009, Blarney also fields a Camogie team, which was established again in 1999. The local cycling club was re-formed in 2010, in music, the Blarney Brass and Reed Band was formed in 1981 by a group of locals who wished to form a community musical group spanning multiple age groups
31.
Cryptography
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Cryptography or cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Cryptography prior to the age was effectively synonymous with encryption. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the information only with intended recipients. The cryptography literature often uses Alice for the sender, Bob for the intended recipient and it is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. The growth of technology has raised a number of legal issues in the information age. Cryptographys potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition has led governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use. In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documents relevant to an investigation, Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management and copyright infringement of digital media. Until modern times, cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption, which is the process of converting ordinary information into unintelligible text, decryption is the reverse, in other words, moving from the unintelligible ciphertext back to plaintext. A cipher is a pair of algorithms that create the encryption, the detailed operation of a cipher is controlled both by the algorithm and in each instance by a key. The key is a secret, usually a short string of characters, historically, ciphers were often used directly for encryption or decryption without additional procedures such as authentication or integrity checks. There are two kinds of cryptosystems, symmetric and asymmetric, in symmetric systems the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Data manipulation in symmetric systems is faster than asymmetric systems as they generally use shorter key lengths, asymmetric systems use a public key to encrypt a message and a private key to decrypt it. Use of asymmetric systems enhances the security of communication, examples of asymmetric systems include RSA, and ECC. Symmetric models include the commonly used AES which replaced the older DES, in colloquial use, the term code is often used to mean any method of encryption or concealment of meaning. However, in cryptography, code has a specific meaning. It means the replacement of a unit of plaintext with a code word, English is more flexible than several other languages in which cryptology is always used in the second sense above. RFC2828 advises that steganography is sometimes included in cryptology, the study of characteristics of languages that have some application in cryptography or cryptology is called cryptolinguistics
32.
Algorithm
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In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing and automated reasoning tasks, an algorithm is an effective method that can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time and in a well-defined formal language for calculating a function. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic, some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, giving a formal definition of algorithms, corresponding to the intuitive notion, remains a challenging problem. In English, it was first used in about 1230 and then by Chaucer in 1391, English adopted the French term, but it wasnt until the late 19th century that algorithm took on the meaning that it has in modern English. Another early use of the word is from 1240, in a manual titled Carmen de Algorismo composed by Alexandre de Villedieu and it begins thus, Haec algorismus ars praesens dicitur, in qua / Talibus Indorum fruimur bis quinque figuris. Which translates as, Algorism is the art by which at present we use those Indian figures, the poem is a few hundred lines long and summarizes the art of calculating with the new style of Indian dice, or Talibus Indorum, or Hindu numerals. An informal definition could be a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations, which would include all computer programs, including programs that do not perform numeric calculations. Generally, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually, but humans can do something equally useful, in the case of certain enumerably infinite sets, They can give explicit instructions for determining the nth member of the set, for arbitrary finite n. An enumerably infinite set is one whose elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence with the integers, the concept of algorithm is also used to define the notion of decidability. That notion is central for explaining how formal systems come into being starting from a set of axioms. In logic, the time that an algorithm requires to complete cannot be measured, from such uncertainties, that characterize ongoing work, stems the unavailability of a definition of algorithm that suits both concrete and abstract usage of the term. Algorithms are essential to the way computers process data, thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations that can be simulated by a Turing-complete system. Although this may seem extreme, the arguments, in its favor are hard to refute. Gurevich. Turings informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis, according to Savage, an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data can be read from a source, written to an output device. Stored data are regarded as part of the state of the entity performing the algorithm. In practice, the state is stored in one or more data structures, for some such computational process, the algorithm must be rigorously defined, specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. That is, any conditional steps must be dealt with, case-by-case
33.
RSA (cryptosystem)
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RSA is one of the first practical public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In such a cryptosystem, the key is public and differs from the decryption key which is kept secret. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the factoring problem. RSA is made of the letters of the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician working for the UK intelligence agency GCHQ, had developed an equivalent system in 1973, a user of RSA creates and then publishes a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value. The prime numbers must be kept secret, breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem, whether it is as hard as the factoring problem remains an open question. RSA is a relatively slow algorithm, and because of this it is commonly used to directly encrypt user data. More often, RSA passes encrypted shared keys for symmetric key cryptography which in turn can perform bulk encryption-decryption operations at higher speed. The idea of an asymmetric public-private key cryptosystem is attributed to Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman and they also introduced digital signatures and attempted to apply number theory, their formulation used a shared secret key created from exponentiation of some number, modulo a prime numbers. However, they open the problem of realizing a one-way function. Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman at MIT made several attempts over the course of a year to create a function that is hard to invert. Rivest and Shamir, as scientists, proposed many potential functions while Adleman. They tried many approaches including knapsack-based and permutation polynomials, for a time they thought it was impossible for what they wanted to achieve due to contradictory requirements. In April 1977, they spent Passover at the house of a student, Rivest, unable to sleep, lay on the couch with a math textbook and started thinking about their one-way function. He spent the rest of the night formalizing his idea and had much of the paper ready by daybreak, the algorithm is now known as RSA – the initials of their surnames in same order as their paper. Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician working for the UK intelligence agency GCHQ, however, given the relatively expensive computers needed to implement it at the time, it was mostly considered a curiosity and, as far as is publicly known, was never deployed. His discovery, however, was not revealed until 1997 due to its secret classification, Kid-RSA is a simplified public-key cipher published in 1997, designed for educational purposes. Some people feel that learning Kid-RSA gives insight into RSA and other public-key ciphers, Patent 4,405,829 for a Cryptographic communications system and method that used the algorithm, on September 20,1983
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
36.
Wolfram Research
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Wolfram Research is a private company that creates computational technology. Wolframs flagship product is the technical computing program Mathematica, first released on June 23,1988, Wolfram Research founder Stephen Wolfram is the CEO. The company launched Wolfram Alpha, an engine on 16 May 2009. It brings a new approach to knowledge generation and acquisition that involves large amounts of curated computable data in addition to semantic indexing of text, Wolfram Research acquired MathCore Engineering AB on March 30,2011. On July 21,2011 Wolfram Research launched the Computable Document Format, CDF is an electronic document format designed to allow easy authoring of dynamically generated interactive content. In June 2014, Wolfram Research officially introduced the Wolfram Language as a new general multi-paradigm programming language and it is the primary programming language used in Mathematica. Other products include Wolfram SystemModeler, Wolfram Workbench, gridMathematica, Wolfram Finance Platform, webMathematica, the Wolfram Development Platform, Wolfram Research served as the mathematical consultant for the CBS television series Numb3rs, a show about the mathematical aspects of crime-solving. Wolfram Research publishes several websites including the MathWorld and ScienceWorld encyclopedias. The Wolfram Demonstrations Project is a site hosting interactive technical demonstrations powered by a free Mathematica Player runtime. Wolfram Research publishes The Mathematica Journal, Wolfram has also published several books via Wolfram Media, Wolframs publishing arm. Wolfram Research has organized three Wolfram Science conferences in Boston, MA, Washington, D. C. and Burlington, two other independent NKS Midwest conferences have taken place at the Indiana University, Bloomington in 2005 and 2008. Other independent workshops related to NKS research have also been organized overseas, such as JOUAL at the CNR in Pisa, Wolfram Research hosts the yearly Wolfram Technology Conference in Champaign, IL. During this three-day conference, developers discuss the latest Wolfram technologies for mobile devices, cloud computing, interactive deployment, Wolfram Research also hosts the annual Wolfram Data Summit, a high-level gathering of innovators in data science. They are experimenting with electronic textbook creation, a New Kind of Science Ed Pegg, Jr. Eric W. Weisstein Official website Official Wolfram Research Twitter Account Hoovers Fact Sheet on Wolfram Research, Inc. Michael Trott, The Science and Art of Mathematica by Tim McIntyre, Science, the Mathematics Behind NUMB3RS, Wolframs site on NUMB3RS mathematics. Wolfram releases revolutionary Mathematica 6, Mathematica 6 developer promises a revolution in computing by Jonny Evans, MacWorld, May 2,2007
37.
Electronic Arts
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Electronic Arts Inc. is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Currently, EA develops and publishes games under several labels including EA Sports titles FIFA, Madden NFL, NHL, NCAA Football, NBA Live, and SSX. EA also owns and operates major gaming studios, EA Tiburon in Orlando, EA Canada in Burnaby, BioWare in Edmonton as well as Montreal, the company began developing games in-house and supported consoles by the early 1990s. EA later grew via acquisition of several successful developers, by the early 2000s, EA had become one of the worlds largest third-party publishers. In a note to employees, EA CEO John Riccitiello called this an important milestone for the company. EA began to move toward direct distribution of games and services with the acquisition of the popular online gaming site Pogo. com in 2001. In 2009, EA acquired the London-based social gaming startup Playfish, and in June 2011, EA launched Origin, there is also a On The House feature in Origin that lets you download full versions of EA games for free, it is updated regularly. In July 2011, EA announced that it had acquired PopCap Games, in February 1982, Trip Hawkins arranged a meeting with Don Valentine of Sequoia Capital to discuss financing his new venture, Amazin Software. Valentine encouraged Hawkins to leave Apple Inc. in which Hawkins served as Director of Product Marketing, on May 28,1982, Trip Hawkins incorporated and established the company with a personal investment of an estimated US$200,000. The company was not named Amazin Software, but instead Electronic Arts, seven months later in December 1982, Hawkins secured US$2 million of venture capital from Sequoia Capital, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Sevin Rosen Funds. For more than seven months, Hawkins refined his Electronic Arts business plan, with aid from his first employee, Rich Melmon, the original plan was written, mostly by Hawkins, on an Apple II in Sequoia Capitals office in August 1982. The business plan was refined in September and reissued on October 8,1982. By November, employee headcount rose to 11, including Tim Mott, Bing Gordon, David Maynard, having outgrown the office space provided by Sequoia Capital, the company relocated to a San Mateo office that overlooked the San Francisco Airport landing path. Headcount rose rapidly in 1983, including Don Daglow, Richard Hilleman, Stewart Bonn, David Gardner and he recruited his original employees from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and VisiCorp, and got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors. Hawkins was determined to sell directly to buyers, combined with the fact that Hawkins was pioneering new game brands, this made sales growth more challenging. Retailers wanted to buy known brands from existing distribution partners, after more flyers were handed out, former CEO Larry Probst arrived as VP of Sales in late 1984 and helped the company sustain growth into US$18 million in its third full year. This policy of dealing directly with retailers gave EA higher margins and better market awareness, in December 1986, David Gardner and Mark Lewkaspais moved to the UK to open a European headquarters. Up until that point publishing of Electronic Arts Games, and the conversion of many of their games to compact cassette versions in Europe was handled by Ariolasoft
38.
Dundalk
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Dundalk is the county town of County Louth, Ireland. It is on the Castletown River, which flows into Dundalk Bay and it has associations with the mythical warrior hero Cú Chulainn. The Dundalk area has been inhabited since at least 3500 BC, a tangible reminder of their presence can still be seen in the form of the Proleek Dolmen, the eroded remains of a megalithic tomb located in the Ballymascanlon area to the north of Dundalk. Celtic culture arrived in Ireland around 500 BC and their land now forms upper and lower Dundalk. Dundalk had been developed as an unwalled Sráid Bhaile. The streets passed along a ridge which runs from the present day Bridge Street in the North, through Church Street to Clanbrassil Street to Earl Street. In 1169 the Normans arrived in Ireland and set about conquering large areas, by 1185 a Norman nobleman named Bertram de Verdun erected a manor house at Castletown Mount and subsequently obtained the towns charter in 1189. Another Norman family, the De Courcys, led by John de Courcy, settled in the Seatown area of Dundalk, both families assisted in the fortification of the town, building walls and other fortification in the style of a Norman fortress. The town of Dundalk was developed as it lay close to a bridging point over the Castletown River and as a frontier town. In 1236 Bertrams granddaughter, Rohesia commissioned Castle Roche to fortify the region, the town was sacked in 1315, during the Bruce campaign. Dundalk had been under Royalist control for centuries, until 1647 when it occupied by The Northern Parliamentary Army of Colonel George Monck. The modern town of Dundalk largely owes its form to Lord Limerick in the 17th century and he commissioned the construction of streets leading to the town centre, his ideas came from many visits to Europe. In addition to the demolition of the old walls and castles, in the 19th century the town grew in importance and many industries were set up in the local area, including a large distillery. This development was helped considerably by the opening of railways, the expansion of the area or Quay. The partition of Ireland in May 1921 turned Dundalk into a border town, the Irish Free State opened customs and immigration facilities at Dundalk to check goods and passengers crossing the border by train. The Irish Civil War of 1922–23 saw a number of confrontations in Dundalk, Aiken did not try to hold the town, however, and before withdrawing he called for a truce in a meeting in the centre of Dundalk. The 49 Infantry Battalion and 58 Infantry Battalion of the National Army were based in Dundalk along with No.8 armoured locomotive and two fully armoured cars of their Railway Protection Corps. For several decades after the end of the Civil War, Dundalk continued to function as a town, a regional centre
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County Louth
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County Louth is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Border Region and it is named after the village of Louth. Louth County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 122,897 according to the 2016 census, County Louth is colloquially known as the Wee County as it is Irelands smallest county by area (826 km2. It is the 18th-largest in terms of population and it is the smallest of Leinster’s 12 counties by size and the sixth-largest by population. Despite its fairly average total population, Louth is the second most densely populated county in Ireland behind Dublin, County Louth is named after the village of Louth, which in turn is named after Lugh, a god of the ancient Irish. Historically, the placename has had various spellings, Lugmad, Lughmhaigh, lú is the modern simplified spelling. The county is steeped in myth, legend and history, and is a setting in the Táin Bó Cúailnge, later it saw the influence of the Vikings as seen in the name of Carlingford Lough. They also established a longphort at Annagassan in the ninth century, at this time Louth consisted of three sub-kingdoms each subject to separate over-kingdoms, Conaille, Fir Rois, and, the Fir Arda Ciannachta. The whole area became part of the OCarroll Kingdom of Airgialla early in the 12th century, a number of historic sites are in the county, including religious sites at Monasterboice, Mellifont Abbey and the St Mary Magdalene Dominican Friary. The Normans occupied the Louth area in the 1180s, and it known as English Oriel. The latter became the McMahon lordship of Oriel of Monaghan, in the early 14th century, the Scottish army of Edward Bruce was repulsed from Drogheda. Edward was finally defeated, losing his claim to the High Kingship of Ireland along with his life, in the Battle of Faughart near Dundalk, by a chiefly local force led by John de Bermingham. In 1189 AD, a charter was granted to Dundalk after a Norman nobleman named Bertram de Verdun erected a manor house at Castletown Mount. Later in 1412, a charter was granted to Drogheda. This charter unified the towns of Drogheda-in-Meath and Drogheda-in-Uriel as a County in its own right, oliver Cromwell attacked Drogheda in 1649 slaughtering the Royalist garrison and hundreds of the towns citizens. Drogheda held for James II under Lord Iveagh, but surrendered to King William of Orange the day after the battle of the Boyne. They were betrayed by informers, notably a Dr. Conlan, who came from Dundalk, the priest and scientist Nicholas Callan was from Darver
40.
Botswana
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Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as Batswana, formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a tradition of stable representative democracy. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert and it is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined, a mid-sized country of just over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated nations in the world. Around 10 percent of the lives in the capital and largest city. The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and tourism, Botswana boasts a GDP per capita of about $18,825 per year as of 2015, which is one of the highest in Africa. Its high gross national income gives the country a modest standard of living, Botswana is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. The country has been among the hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the death rate due to AIDS or AIDS-related causes has fallen sharply from 2005 to 2013, and the number of new infections in children has also fallen. As of 2014, Botswana has the third-highest prevalence rate for HIV/AIDS, the history of Botswana starts more than 100,000 years ago, when the first humans inhabited the region. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushmen and Khoi peoples, both speak Khoisan languages and lived as hunter-gatherers. About a thousand years ago, large chiefdoms emerged that were later eclipsed by the Great Zimbabwe empire, around 1300 CE, peoples in present-day Transvaal began to coalesce into three main linguistic and political groups, including the Batswana. The Batswana, a term used also to all citizens of Botswana. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule, as groups broke off and moved to new land, new tribes were created. Some human development occurred before the colonial period, during the 1700s, the slave and ivory trades were expanding. To resist these pressures, Shaka, the king of the Zulu Empire, conquered tribes began to move northwest into Botswana, destroying everything in their path. In their efforts to re-establish themselves at the end of period, tribes began to exchange ivory and skins for guns with European traders. Christian missionaries sent from Europe also spread to the interior, often at the invitation of tribal chiefs who wanted guns, by 1880 every major village had a resident missionary, and their influence became permanent
