1.
Alfred Hitchcock
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Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as The Master of Suspense. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres and he had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as Englands best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955 and he also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style. Hitchcocks stylistic trademarks include the use of movement that mimics a persons gaze. In addition, he framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy and his work often features fugitives on the run alongside icy blonde female characters. Prior to 1980, there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film, Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours. Hitchcock directed more than fifty films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else, Hitchcocks first thriller, The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, helped shape the thriller genre in film. His 1929 film, Blackmail, is cited as the first British sound feature film, while Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone and he was the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock, a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock. He was named after his fathers brother, Hitchcock was raised as a Roman Catholic, and sent to Salesian College, Battersea, and the Jesuit grammar school St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry and he often described a lonely and sheltered childhood that was worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock recalled that to him for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifelong fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment, sources vary on Hitchcocks performance in school. Gene Adair reports that by most accounts, Alfred was only an average, or slightly above-average, however, McGilligan writes that Hitchcock certainly excelled academically. When Hitchcock was 15, his father died, in that same year, he left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London. After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a company called Henleys. Hitchcock joined a regiment of the Royal Engineers in 1917
2.
Alma Reville
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Alma Lucy Reville, Lady Hitchcock, was an English-American screenwriter and editor, best known for her work with Alfred Hitchcock, whom she married in December 1926. She was born in Nottinghamshire, the daughter of Matthew Edward. The family moved to London when Reville was young, as her father got a job at Twickenham Film Studios, Reville often visited her father at work, at 16, she was promoted to the position of cutter, which involved assisting directors in editing the motion pictures. She continued to work there as a writer and a directors assistant. These roles enabled her to contribute and become involved with a part of film-making that very few women had access to at the time. The studio closed in 1919, but Alma Reville was given a job at Paramounts Famous Players-Lasky, an American motion picture company in Islington, the same company gave him a job as a graphic designer before he became an art editor. She worked on British films with directors as Berthold Viertel. The first film Reville worked on with Hitchcock was in 1923 when Hitchcock received the role of assistant director for the film Woman to Woman, Reville had just lost her job from the studios, so Hitchcock hired her as an editor. Reville converted to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism before their marriage, Reville was just one day younger than Hitchcock. The couple married on 2 December 1926 at Brompton Oratory in London and their only child, a daughter, Patricia, was born on 7 July 1928. It was Reville who noticed Janet Leigh inadvertently breathing after her characters fatal encounter in Psycho and she produced many film treatments as well as working on many of Hitchcocks scripts, including Rebecca, Foreign Correspondent, Suspicion and Saboteur. Reville co-wrote The Ring in 1927, that was the first screenwriting credit she shared with Hitchcock. Her ambition made her want to become a director herself but the birth of her daughter, Patricia Alma Hitchcock, on 7 July 1928, Hitchcock hired Joan Harrison in 1935 as his assistant, and she took over many of Revilles jobs within the production. Therefore, Reville focused primarily on preparing and adapting her husbands scripts, there were many scripts on which Reville worked with her husband in Hollywood. She collaborated with Joan Harrison to create the script for Suspicion and they worked on the script in the Hitchcocks home in Bel Air as Hitchcock preferred writing within a comfortable and intimate environment rather than an office. Alma, Lady Hitchcock, a breast cancer survivor, died at the age of 82 and she was cremated, and her ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean. She was portrayed by actresses Imelda Staunton in The Girl, Staunton was nominated for a BAFTA and a Primetime Emmy for her performance, while Mirren was nominated for BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG awards for her performance. Screenwriter The Ring The Constant Nymph The First Born A South Sea Bubble A Romance of Seville After the Verdict Juno, the Passing of the Third Floor Back,1935
3.
Nova Pilbeam
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Nova Margery Pilbeam was a British film and stage actress. She played leading roles in two Alfred Hitchcock movies of the 1930s and she made her last film in 1948. Pilbeam was born in Wimbledon, London and her parents were Arnold Pilbeam, an actor and theatre manager, and Margery Stopher Pilbeam. Pilbeam gained attention as a stage actress. Pilbeam had a role in Hitchcocks Young and Innocent, which she regarded as the sunniest film I was involved with. In 1939 she appeared on an early British television drama and that year, David O. Selznick wanted Pilbeam for the lead in Hitchcocks Rebecca and thought she could be an international film star. Unlike some of her peers, Pilbeam never made a film in Hollywood and she carried on with appearances in at least nine British films along with many stage roles throughout the 1940s. One of Pilbeams last films was The Three Weird Sisters, its post-war Gothic-drama screenplay credited to five writers and she continued working on stage for a short while longer, appearing at the Duchess Theatre in Toni Blocks play Flowers for the Living in February 1950. In 1939 Pilbeam married Pen Tennyson, a great-grandson of the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tennyson became a film director the year they were married but died in a 1941 plane crash while working as part of the Admiraltys instructional films unit. Pilbeam was married to BBC Radio journalist Alexander Whyte from 1950 until his death in 1972 and their child Sarah Jane was born in 1952. In her last years, Pilbeam lived in Dartmouth Park, North London and she died on 17 July 2015 in London, aged 95
4.
Derrick De Marney
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Derrick R E A De Marney was an English stage and film actor and producer, of French and Irish ancestry. The son of Violet Eileen Concanen and Arthur De Marney, and it was his performance in the lead role of the play Young Mr Disraeli at the Kingsway and Piccadilly theatres that brought him the offer of a long term film contract from Alexander Korda. He is perhaps best remembered for his role as Robert Tisdall, falsely accused of murder in Alfred Hitchcocks Young. Other early film roles include Benjamin Disraeli, this time in Victoria the Great and its sequel, after Young and Innocent, he alternated between leading roles and supporting parts in films. He was cast in the role of Uncle Silas, a character part in which he played a man formerly suspected of murder who plots against his young niece. After a couple of more leads in self-produced films, he tended to concentrate on the theatre, only taking small roles in film and his last role was in the horror film The Projected Man. Although he had a home in Kensington in London, De Marney was taken ill while staying with friends at Farnham in Surrey and he died of bronchopneumonia and asthma at the nearby Frimley Park Hospital on 18 February 1978. He was buried in the plot at West Norwood Cemetery in South London. He also produced and starred in the thrillers Latin Quarter, She Shall Have Murder, and Meet Mr. Callaghan and he also produced and wrote No Way Back, which starred his brother Terence. He directed the documentary shorts Malta G. C. and London Scrapbook in 1942, Derrick De Marney at the Internet Movie Database Derrick De Marney at the Internet Broadway Database
5.
Gaumont Film Company
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The Gaumont Film Company is a French mini-major film studio founded by the engineer-turned-inventor Léon Gaumont, in 1895. It is the first and oldest film company in the world, founded before other studios such as Pathé, Titanus, Nordisk Film, Universal, Gaumont predominantly produces, co-produces, and distributes films, and in 2011, 95% of Gaumonts consolidated revenues came from the film division. The company is becoming a TV series producer with its new American subsidiary Gaumont International Television as well as its existing French production features. Originally dealing in photographic apparatus, the company began producing films in 1897 to promote its make of camera-projector. Léon Gaumonts secretary Alice Guy-Blaché became the motion picture industry’s first female director, from 1905 to 1914, its Cité Elgé studios at La Villette, France, were the largest in the world. The company manufactured its own equipment and mass-produced films until 1907, when World War I broke out, he was replaced by Léonce Perret, who continued his career in the United States a few years later. The company headquarters are in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Gaumont opened foreign offices and acquired theatre chains Gaumont British, which later notably produced several films directed by Alfred Hitchcock such as The 39 Steps and The Lady Vanishes. Along with its competitor Pathé Frères, Gaumont dominated the industry in Europe until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Following the World War I, Gaumont suffered economic losses due to increased competition from American Hollywood productions, in 1925, the studios output had decreased to only 3 films. In addition, Gaumont was unable to pace with the cost of technological changes. Struck by mounting debts in the early 1930s and the effects of the Great Depression, in 1937, the studio ceased production and operated only as a theater and distribution company. The company was purchased by the French corporation Havas in 1938, renamed Société Nouvelle des Etablissements Gaumont, during the later years of World War II, Gaumont was effected by the financial ruin of Frances economy as well as the physical destruction of its facilities. The company ceased production until 1947, the period was to see the return to prominence of Gaumont Studios. On February 2,2000, Philippe Binant, technical manager of Digital Cinema Project at Gaumont, from 1993 to early 2004, Gaumount and Disney made a partnership for producing films for theater distribution. In 2001, Gaumont spun off the division into a joint-venture with Pathé since known as Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé. Gaumont owns a 34% stake in the entity, which controls a large network in France, Switzerland. As of 2011, this stake is worth €214 million, in 2004, Gaumont continued its development with Pathé to set up another joint-venture, Gaumont-Pathé Archives. Gaumont owns 57. 5% of this entity, which contains newsreels, documentaries, from early 2004 to 2007, the company had a partnership with Sony for producing films and for theater and DVD distribution worldwide
6.
General Film Distributors
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General Film Distributors, later known as J. Arthur Rank Film Distributors and Rank Film Distributors Ltd. was a British film distribution company based in London. It was active between 1935 and 1996, and from 1937 it was part of the Rank Organisation. General Film Distributors was created in 1935 by the British film distributor C. M. Woolf after he had resigned from Gaumont British, one year later it became the cornerstone in The Rank Organisation. Woolfs secretary who devised the man-with-a-gong trademark which was adopted by the Rank Organisation when it was founded in 1937, during the 20 years General Film Distributors had its original name, the company distributed over 450 mainstream films. A British DVD distributor, active since 2005, uses the name but is unrelated to this company. Francis Donald Klingender, Stuart Legg, Money Behind the Screen, pages 37-41 Retrieved 2012-10-31
7.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
8.
Thriller film
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Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, a strict definition of the thriller film is that the films overarching goal is to build tension in audiences as the film approaches its climax. Tension is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible, Life is typically threatened in thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films characters conflict with other or with an outside force. Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres, there exist adventure thrillers, science fiction thrillers, Western thrillers, Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective, common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Alfred Hitchcocks first thriller was his silent film, The Lodger. His next thriller was Blackmail, his and Britains first sound film and his notable thrillers in the 1930s include The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps. 326 —this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films, the German film M, directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing Foreign Correspondent, the Oscar-winning Rebecca, Suspicion, Saboteur and Shadow of a Doubt, notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase and Sorry, Wrong Number. In the 1950s, Hitchcock added technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales and he reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic films such as, Strangers on a Train, Dial M For Murder with Ray Milland, Rear Window and Vertigo. Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter —Charles Laughtons only film as director—and Orson Welless crime thriller Touch of Evil, director Michael Powells Peeping Tom featured Carl Boehm as a psychopathic cameraman. After Hitchcocks classic films of the 1950s, he produced Psycho about a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner, J. Lee Thompsons Cape Fear, with Robert Mitchum, had a menacing ex-con seeking revenge. A famous thriller at the time of its release was Wait Until Dark by director Terence Young, john Boormans Deliverance followed the perilous fate of four Southern businessmen during a weekends trip. In Francis Ford Coppolas The Conversation, a bugging-device expert systematically uncovered a covert murder while he himself was being spied upon, Peter Hyams science fiction thriller Capricorn One proposed a government conspiracy to fake the first mission to Mars. His notable films include Sisters, Obsession, which was inspired by Vertigo, Dressed to Kill. Other films include Curtis Hansons The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and Unlawful Entry, detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 90s
9.
Crane shot
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In filmmaking and video production, a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a moving crane or jib. Most cranes accommodate both the camera and an operator, but some can be moved by remote control, camera cranes go back to the dawn of movie-making, and were frequently used in silent films to enhance the epic nature of large sets and massive crowds. Another use is to move up and away from the actors, crane shots are often found in what are supposed to be emotional or suspenseful scenes. One example of this technique is the shots taken by remote cranes in the sequence of the 1985 film To Live. Some filmmakers place the camera on a boom arm simply to make it easier to move around between ordinary set-ups. The major supplier of cranes in the cinema of the United States throughout the 1940s, 1950s, the traditional design provided seats for both the director and the camera operator, and sometimes a third seat for the cinematographer as well. Large weights on the back of the crane compensate for the weight of the riding the crane. During the 1960s, the tallest crane was the Chapman Titan crane, the crane operator and camera operator had to precisely coordinate their moves so that focus, pan, and camera position all started and stopped at the same time, requiring great skill and rehearsal. Camera cranes may be small, medium, or large, depending on the load capacity, historically, the first camera crane provided for lifting the chamber together with the operator, and sometimes an assistant. The range of motion of the boom was restricted because of the load capacity. In recent years a camera crane boom tripod with a control has become popular. The operator controls the camera from the ground through a motorized panoramic head, using remote control, a separate category consists of telescopic camera cranes. These devices allow setting an arbitrary trajectory of the camera, eliminating the characteristic jib crane radial displacement that comes with traditional spanning shots, large camera cranes are almost indistinguishable from the usual boom-type cranes, with the exception of special equipment for smoothly moving the boom and controlling noise. Small camera cranes and crane-trucks have a construction, often without a mechanical drive. The valves are controlled manually by balancing the load-specific counterweight, facilitating manipulation, to improve usability and repeatability of movement of the crane in different takes, the axis of rotation arrows are provided with limbs and a pointer. In some cases, the crane is mounted on a dolly for even greater camera mobility. Such devices are called crane trolleys, in modern films robotic cranes allow use of multiple actuators for high-accuracy repeated movement of the camera in trick photography. These devices are called tap-robots, some use the term motion control
10.
George Curzon (actor)
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For the British statesman, see George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston. Commander Chambré George William Penn Curzon, known as George Curzon, was a Royal Navy Commander, actor, Curzon, born in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England, was the only son of diplomat The Hon. Frederick Curzon-Howe and his wife, the actress Ellis Jeffreys. Curzon trained for the Navy at Osborne House in the Isle of Wight and he retired from the Navy as a Lieutenant-Commander then served as a Kings Messenger before turning to the West End stage in 1930. He then went to America and appeared on the New York stage in the play Parnell before entering films and he was given a minor role as a police constable in Basil Deans Escape. His first major role came in 1935 when he appeared as the role in Sexton Blake. He reprised this role in Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle and Sexton Blake, a brief interruption came to Curzons acting career in 1939 when, after playing a minor role in Hitchcocks Jamaica Inn, he again enlisted in the navy during World War II. He later starred in other films from 1947 until 1965. Curzon had two children from his marriage, Frederick Richard Penn and Emma Charlotte. His son succeeded to his kinsmans title of Earl Howe in 1984, burkes Peerage & Gentry, 107th edition George Curzon at the Internet Movie Database
11.
Nevada
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Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges
12.
Barrister
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A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation and their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert legal opinions. Often, barristers are also recognised as legal scholars, Barristers are distinguished from solicitors, who have more direct access to clients, and may do transactional-type legal work. It is mainly barristers who are appointed as judges, and they are hired by clients directly. In England and Wales, barristers may seek authorisation from the Bar Standards Board to conduct litigation and this allows a barrister to practise in a dual capacity, fulfilling the role of both barrister and solicitor. A barrister, who can be considered as a jurist, is a lawyer who represents a litigant as advocate before a court of appropriate jurisdiction, a barrister speaks in court and presents the case before a judge or jury. In some jurisdictions, a barrister receives additional training in law, ethics. In contrast, a solicitor generally meets with clients, does preparatory and administrative work, in this role, he or she may draft and review legal documents, interact with the client as necessary, prepare evidence, and generally manage the day-to-day administration of a lawsuit. Barristers usually have particular knowledge of law, precedent. When a solicitor in general practice is confronted with a point of law. In most countries, barristers operate as sole practitioners, and are prohibited from forming partnerships or from working as a barrister as part of a corporation, however, barristers normally band together into chambers to share clerks and operating expenses. Some chambers grow to be large and sophisticated, and have a corporate feel. In some jurisdictions, they may be employed by firms of solicitors, banks, in contrast, solicitors and attorneys work directly with the clients and are responsible for engaging a barrister with the appropriate expertise for the case. Barristers generally have little or no contact with their lay clients. All correspondence, inquiries, invoices, and so on, will be addressed to the solicitor, in court, barristers are often visibly distinguished from solicitors by their apparel. For example, in Ireland, England, and Wales, a barrister usually wears a wig, stiff collar, bands. Since January 2008, solicitor advocates have also been entitled to wear wigs, in many countries the traditional divisions between barristers and solicitors are breaking down. Barristers once enjoyed a monopoly on appearances before the courts, but in Great Britain this has now been abolished
13.
Running board
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A running board is a narrow step fitted under the side doors of a car or truck. It aids entry, especially into high vehicles, and is typical of vintage cars and it is also used as a fashion statement on vehicles that would not otherwise require it. The origin of the running board is obscure, the first running boards predate automobiles and were installed on carriages as early as the 17th century. Whether the running board was named after the inventor or in reference to function is open to debate, in the early 20th century, all automobiles were equipped with running boards. The necessity of using them was caused by the fact that first cars were designed with a narrow, a running board served as a step to a vehicles cabin and was wide enough to serve as a place to sit or even lie down for an adult. During the 1920s and 1930s, car design was evolving rapidly to more sleek. It eliminated the need for running boards, the first automobile designed without running boards was the 1936 Cord. It changed the attitude towards running boards for many years ahead, running boards may also be used to stand on while the vehicle is moving. The name running board is given to safety appliances for walking on top of rail cars. The term also applied to the walkways on top of railroad boxcars, originally, they were used by brakemen to travel from car to car to apply hand-operated brakes. With the adoption of the air brake this practice was abandoned, however the running board was still used as an observation point to pass hand signals to the train engineer when cars were being switched. The increased use of communication made this unnecessary. Today it is forbidden for anyone to be on top of a car while the train is in motion. The term is used to describe the continuous step below all doors of classic trams on both sides as well as below the doors of old fashioned passenger cars
14.
Morris Motors
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Morris Motors Limited was a British motor vehicle manufacturer formed in 1919 to take over the assets of WRM Motors Ltd. which had been put into voluntary liquidation. Though merged into larger organisations, the Morris name remained in use until 1984 when British Leylands Austin Rover Group decided to concentrate on the more popular Austin brand, the trademark is currently owned by the China-based automotive company SAIC after being transferred from bankrupt subsidiary Nanjing Automotive. The company is notable for Morris Minor, Morris Mini a. k. a. Mini Cooper and Morris Oxford series III, which would later be manufactured by Hindustan Motors as Hindustan Ambassador with periodic enhancements in India till 2014. Today, the former Morris manufacturing complex at Cowley, Oxford survives as Plant Oxford, WRM Motors Ltd began in 1912 when bicycle manufacturer William Morris moved on from the sale, hire, and repair of cars to car manufacturing. He planned a new light car assembled from bought-in components, in this way he was able to retain ownership by keeping within the bounds of his own capital resources. A factory was opened in 1913 at former Oxford Military College at Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom where Morriss first car, nearly all the major components were bought-in. In 1914 a coupé and van were added to the line-up but the Bullnose chassis was too short and the 1018 cc engine too small to make a much-needed 4-seat version of the car. White and Poppe, who made the engine, were unable to supply the volume of units that Morris required, so Morris turned to Continental of Detroit, gearboxes and axles were also sourced in the US. In spite of the outbreak of the First World War the orders were maintained and, from mid-1915 a new larger car, after the war the Continental engine was no longer available so Morris arranged for Hotchkiss of France to make a near-copy in their Coventry factory. This was used to new versions of the basic Cowley. Possessed of a large cash income Morris had a policy of personally buying up suppliers businesses. For example, in 1923 he bought Hotchkisss Coventry business which later became Morris Engines branch, by 1924 the factory was making 2000 units a week with only a small increase in work space and labour force. Cecil Kimber, head of Morriss own original 1909-founded Morris Garage sales hire and repair operation in Oxford and they were so successful a separate MG factory was soon established south of Oxford in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. Pressed Steels factory was located over the road from Morriss factory at Cowley and supplied Morris, Morris withdrew from the venture in mid-1930. Budd sold their share to British interests at the beginning of 1936, the small car market was entered in 1928 with the Leonard Lord-designed Morris Minor using an 847 cc engine from Morriss newly acquired Wolseley Motors. Lord had been sent there to modernise the works and Wolseleys products, the Minor was to provide the base for the MG Midgets. This timely spread into the car market helped Morris through the economic depression of the 1930s
15.
Edward Rigby
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Edward Rigby was a British character actor. Rigby was the son of Jamaican-born Dr. William Harriot Coke and his wife, Liverpool-born Mary Elizabeth of 17 High Street, Ashford. He was educated at Haileybury, and Wye Agricultural College and he showed the greatest gallantry and disregard of danger throughout the operation, and only desisted from his efforts on receiving the direct order from his headquarters to do so. In 1912, he married Phyllis Muriel Austin, a novelist and their son, Cyril Edward Rigby Coke, a television director, married Muriel Young, an ITV announcer and TV presenter. He made his first stage appearance in 1900 at the Grand Theatre in Fulham and later toured Australia, United States and he followed his first film appearance, the 1910 silent The Blue Bird, with roles in more than 150 films from 1933 to 1951. He collapsed in the street at Richmond and when taken to Richmond Hospital was found to be dead and he was cremated at Mortlake Crematorium on 11 April 1951. Edward Rigby at the Internet Movie Database
16.
Ballroom
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A ballroom or ballhall is a large room inside a building, the designated purpose of which is holding large formal parties called balls. Traditionally, most balls were held in private residences, many mansions contain one or more ballrooms, ballrooms are generally quite large, and may have ceilings higher than other rooms in the same building. The large amount of space for dancing, as well as the formal tone of events have given rise to ballroom dancing. The largest balls are now nearly always held in public buildings and they are also designed large to help the sound of orchestras carry well throughout the whole room. A special case is the annual Vienna Opera Ball, where, just for one night, on the eve of the event, the rows of seats are removed from the stalls, and a new floor, level with the stage, is built. Sometimes ballrooms have stages in the front of the room where the host or a special guest can speak and that stage can also be used for instrumentalists and musical performers. These lists should only include ballrooms with permanent wood floors, the size of the floor should only include the largest contiguous area without obstructions. The web sites and materials about some places add up multiple spaces, rooms, and balconies, however, this list ranks ballrooms based on the size of one single open space with a hardwood floor. Aragon Ballroom Ballroom an album of Irish music by De Dannan Robert Meyer, Millennium Maple - Glorious, Historic, Legendary, Treasured Ballroom Dance Floors, Amateur Dancers, Jan/Feb 2000, Dance Halls and Last Calls, A History of Texas Country Music. Lanham, MD, Republic of Texas Press 2002, copyright Texas Dance Hall Preservation Inc. List of ballrooms at the National Ballroom & Entertainment Association
17.
Blackface
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Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-black performers to represent a black person. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of racial stereotypes such as the happy-go-lucky darky on the plantation or the dandified coon. In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were an American national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Early in the 20th century, blackface branched off from the show and became a form in its own right. Blackface was an important performance tradition in the American theater for roughly 100 years beginning around 1830, in both the United States and Britain, blackface was most commonly used in the minstrel performance tradition, which it both predated and outlasted. Later, black artists also performed in blackface, in some quarters, the caricatures that were the legacy of blackface persist to the present day and are a cause of ongoing controversy. Another view is that blackface is a form of cross-dressing in which one puts on the insignias of a sex, class, or race that stands in opposition to ones own. By the mid-20th century, changing attitudes about race and racism effectively ended the prominence of blackface makeup used in performance in the U. S. and it remains in relatively limited use as a theatrical device and is more commonly used today as social commentary or satire. Perhaps the most enduring effect of blackface is the precedent it established in the introduction of African-American culture to an international audience, there is no consensus about a single moment that constitutes the origin of blackface. Whites routinely portrayed the characters in the Elizabethan and Jacobean theater. The play attracted notice, and other performers adopted the style, from at least the 1810s, blackface clowns were popular in the United States. Rice introduced the song Jump Jim Crow accompanied by a dance in his act in 1828. Rice traveled the U. S. performing under the stage name Daddy Jim Crow, the name Jim Crow later became attached to statutes that codified the reinstitution of segregation and discrimination after Reconstruction. In the 1830s and early 1840s, blackface performances mixed skits with comic songs, stereotyped blackface characters developed, buffoonish, lazy, superstitious, cowardly, and lascivious characters, who stole, lied pathologically, and mangled the English language. By 1852, the skits that had part of blackface performance for decades expanded to one-act farces. The songs of northern composer Stephen Foster figured prominently in blackface minstrel shows of the period, though written in dialect and certainly politically incorrect by todays standards, his later songs were free of the ridicule and blatantly racist caricatures that typified other songs of the genre. Fosters works treated slaves and the South in general with a cloying sentimentality that appealed to audiences of the day. White minstrel shows featured white performers pretending to be blacks, playing their versions of black music, Minstrel shows dominated popular show business in the U. S. from that time through into the 1890s, also enjoying massive popularity in the UK and in other parts of Europe
18.
Conducting
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Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. A conductors directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance. The conductor typically stands on a podium with a large music stand for the full score. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras, communication is typically non-verbal during a performance. However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung, Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make adjustments, work out their interpretation. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions and selecting members. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles such as big bands are usually led by conductors. The principal conductor of an orchestra or opera company is referred to as a music director or chief conductor, or by the German words Kapellmeister or Dirigent. Conductors of choirs or choruses are sometimes referred to as director, chorus master, or choirmaster. Conductors of concert bands, military bands, marching bands and other bands may hold the title of director, bandmaster. Respected senior conductors are sometimes referred to by the Italian word, an early form of conducting is cheironomy, the use of hand gestures to indicate melodic shape. This has been practiced at least as far back as the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, other devices to indicate the passing of time came into use. Rolled up sheets of paper, smaller sticks and unadorned hands are all shown in pictures from this period, the large staff was responsible for the death of Jean-Baptiste Lully, who injured his foot with one while conducting a Te Deum for the Kings recovery from illness. The wound became gangrenous and Lully refused amputation, whereupon the gangrene spread to his leg, in instrumental music throughout the 18th century, a member of the ensemble usually acted as the conductor. This was sometimes the concertmaster, who could use his bow as a baton and it was common to conduct from the harpsichord in pieces that had a basso continuo part. In opera performances, there were sometimes two conductors – the keyboard player was in charge of the singers, and the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra. By the early 19th century, it became the norm to have a dedicated conductor, the size of the usual orchestra expanded during this period, and the use of a baton became more common, as it was easier to see than bare hands or rolled-up paper
19.
Percy Marmont
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Percy Marmont was an English film actor. He appeared in more than 80 films between 1916 and 1968, a veteran film actor by 1923, he scored a big hit that year in If Winter Comes, later remade by MGM in 1947 as If Winter Comes. He was born and died in London, England, Marmont had two daughters with his wife Dorothy, Patricia Marmont, born in 1921. Patricia was at one time married to actor Nigel Green and she was an actress before becoming a successful theatrical agent and Pamela Marmont an actress married to actor Moray Watson. Percy Marmont at the Internet Movie Database
20.
Mary Clare
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Mary Clare Absalom was a British actress of stage, film and television. Mary Clare Absalom was born in 1892, the second of five daughters, to George Alfred Absalom and she made her London West End debut in Turandot at the St. James Theatre in 1913, following which she appeared in many West End productions. In the theatre, she one of Noël Cowards leading ladies appearing in several of his plays, in particular. In 1960 she appeared in Noël Cowards 50th play Waiting in the Wings with Sybil Thorndike, in films, she was mainly a character actress, in later life often portraying mature ladies who had strength of character or were autocratic. She appeared in silent films including the film The Black Spider in 1920. In April 1927, she appeared in Packing Up, a film produced in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Her first major movie was in the 1931 Hindle Wakes, as Mrs Jeffcote. In 1938, she was featured opposite Robert Donat and Rosalind Russell in The Citadel and she played the part of Linda Sanger in two different versions of The Constant Nymph and had previously been in the stage version. In 1956, she was in several TV episodes in British television and she married Lionel Percival Mawhood at the District of St Martin, London in September Quarter 1915, they had two children. Following Mawhoods death in 1935, she never remarried,1901 UK Census Record - Source Citation, Class, RG13, Piece,1247, Folio,132, Page,7. A Historical Dictionary of British Women By Cathy Hartley - First published in 1983 as The Europa Biographical Dictionary of British Women ISBN 0-203-40390-8
21.
John Longden
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John Longden was a West Indian-born English film actor. He appeared in 84 films between 1926 and 1964, including five films directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Longden was born in the West Indies, the son of a Methodist missionary, and was educated at Kingswood School, Bath, Somerset. Originally intending to be an engineer, he worked for two years in a coal mine in Yorkshire, where he started acting in amateur theatrical companies. An introduction to Seymour Hicks saw him start acting on the stage, beginning with a walk-on part in Old Bill. He played in My Old Dutch with Albert Chevalier, then spent time with the Liverpool and he also appeared in The Farmers Wife, produced by Barry Jackson at the Court Theatre in London for two years. About this time Longden began to appear in silent films and he signed a contract with Gaumont British Pictures to write and act, earning a notable success with Alfred Hitchcocks Blackmail. Longden went out to Australia in 1933 to perform in several plays, while there he appeared in the film The Silence of Dean Maitland for Cinesound Productions. The performance was so well received Longden made two films for the same company, Thoroughbred and It Isnt Done. In 1934 it was announced that he was going to play the lead in an adaptation of Robbery Under Arms, but this film was never made. The same year Longden also announced he was going to act in and direct an Australian film called Highway Romance, a company called Highway Productions was formed with a capital of £10,000 but no film resulted. Longden returned to Britain where he continued to work steadily in theatre and he appeared on several episodes of season one of The Adventures of Robin Hood playing various characters, and returned for one episode in season three. He died in London,26 May 1971, aged 70, john Longden at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Basil Radford
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Arthur Basil Radford was an English character actor who featured in many British films of the 1930s and 1940s. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and made his first stage appearance in July 1924 and he is probably best-remembered for his appearances alongside Naunton Wayne as two cricket-obsessed Englishmen in several films from 1938 to 1949. Radford was born in the town of Chester in Cheshire, England on 25 June 1897, the two first appeared as their characters Charters and Caldicott in Alfred Hitchcocks 1938 thriller The Lady Vanishes. They were popular enough to reprise their roles in Night Train to Munich and they appeared together in several other 1940s films, including Crooks Tour, Millions Like Us, Dead of Night, Quartet, Its Not Cricket, Stop Press Girl and Passport to Pimlico. Apart from his partnership with Naunton Wayne, Radford made many other memorable film appearances in character roles. His other films included Young and Innocent, The Way to the Stars, The Captive Heart, The Winslow Boy, radfords health began seriously to fail in the summer of 1951, forcing him to take a long break from acting. He died of an attack on 20 October 1952, while rehearsing for a radio show with Naunton Wayne in London. In 1926 he married Shirley Deuchars, * Charters and Caldicott films Basil Radford at the Internet Movie Database
23.
Jerry Verno
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Jerry Verno was a British film actor. He appeared in 39 films between 1931 and 1966, including five films directed by Michael Powell, and two with Alfred Hitchcock. As well as appearing in films, he took the role of Mr. McGregor in a dramatised series of Beatrix Potter tales produced by Fiona Bentley. Two Crowded Hours The Beggar Student There Goes the Bride My Friend the King His Lordship His Wifes Mother Hotel Splendide The Life of the Party Lieutenant Daring R. N, queer Cargo Sidewalks of London The Gables Mystery Mountains OMourne Old Mother Riley in Paris Anything to Declare. The Chinese Bungalow Girl in the News The Common Touch The Red Shoes The Perfect Woman Dear Mr. Prohack The Belles of St Trinians After the Ball Watch it, a Place to Go The Plague of the Zombies Jerry Verno at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Bill Shine
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Bill Shine, born Wilfred William Dennis Shine, was a British theatre, film and television actor. Shine was born into a family of actors, among others, Shines father, mother, grandmother. His father Wilfred Shine was an actor who also appeared in films during the 1920s. Bill Shine made his debut in 1929s The Flying Scotsman since which he had appeared in over 120 films. Towards the end of his career, he was best known for playing Inventor Black, Bill Shine at the Internet Movie Database Bill Shine Obituary in The Independent
25.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
26.
Mike Oldfield
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Michael Gordon Mike Oldfield is an English musician and composer. His work blends progressive rock with world, folk, classical, electronic, ambient and his biggest commercial success is the 1973 album Tubular Bells – which launched Virgin Records and became a hit in America after its opening was used as the theme for the film The Exorcist. He also recorded the 1983 hit single Moonlight Shadow and a rendition of the Christmas piece In Dulci Jubilo, Oldfield has released more than 20 albums with the most recent being a sequel to his 1975 album Ommadawn titled Return to Ommadawn. It was released on 20 January 2017, Mike Oldfields parents were Raymond Oldfield, a general practitioner, and Maureen Liston, an Irish nurse. His older sister Sally and older brother Terry are also musicians and have appeared on several of Mikes albums. He also had a brother, David, who had Down syndrome. Oldfield was born in the Battle Hospital in Reading, Berkshire, and attended St. Josephs Convent School, Highlands Junior School, St. Edwards preparatory school, the family lived in Western Elms Avenue, Reading. When he was 13, he moved with his parents to Harold Wood in Essex and attended Hornchurch Grammar School, having taught himself to play the guitar, Oldfields career began in his early teenage years, playing acoustic guitar in local folk clubs. At this time, he had written two 15-minute instrumental pieces in which he would go through all sorts of moods, precursors to his landmark 1970s compositions. In his early teens, Oldfield was involved in a group playing The Shadows-style music. In 1967, Oldfield and his sister Sally formed the folk duo The Sallyangie and, an album, Children of the Sun, was issued in 1968. After The Sallyangie disbanded, Mike formed another duo called Barefoot with his brother, in 1970, Oldfield joined The Whole World – former Soft Machine vocalist Kevin Ayerss backing group – playing bass and occasionally lead guitar. He and Ayers shared a flat for a time at the end of the Seven Sisters Road in London. Oldfield is featured on two Ayers albums, Whatevershebringswesing and Shooting at the Moon, Oldfield was also the reserve guitarist for the musical Hair and played with Alex Harvey. Having recorded sections of this version of Tubular Bells as demo pieces. Branson already had business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfields demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, during this week, he completed Part One of Tubular Bells, Part Two was compiled over a number of months. Tubular Bells is Oldfields most famous work, the instrumental composition was recorded in 1972 and released on 25 May 1973 as the inaugural album of Richard Branson and Simon Drapers label Virgin Records
27.
Five Miles Out
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Five Miles Out is the seventh record album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1982, at a time when his music was moving away from large-scale symphonic pieces towards a more accessible pop style. It is one of the few albums on which Oldfield sings lead vocals. The first track, Taurus II, is a piece with changing melodies. It features many familiar sounds from his albums, such as uilleann pipes. During the vocal section the music quotes a theme from Taurus I, immediately after the vocal section the main theme from Taurus I is also quoted. Family Man - with Maggie Reilly on vocals - was Oldfields first real rock song and it was released as a single. Hall & Oates covered the song in 1982 for their album H2O, with their version reaching No.6 on the US pop charts and it thus became one of the very few songs penned by Oldfield to chart in the United States. Orabidoo is another long and changing tune and it features vocals sung by Oldfield and Reilly, both through a vocoder. At the end of the track, there is a song, Irelands Eye, sung by Reilly, the beginning of the tune quotes Conflict from Oldfields previous album, QE2. The song also features segments from Taurus II played in counterpoint, Mount Teidi is a shorter instrumental piece, named after Mount Teide, a mountain on the Spanish island of Tenerife which Oldfield has climbed. According to Oldfield some of the music for Mount Teidi was originally scribed on a sheet of rolling paper so that he would not forget the idea. Five Miles Out was also released as a single, despite being less than five minutes long, it has an unusually complex structure, with multiple vocal parts. The lyrics concern Oldfields experience of an aeroplane flight. Reilly sings with a voice while Oldfield uses vocoder most of time himself. The song features the guitar riff that appears in the beginning of Taurus II. Five Miles Out, the album, was more popular than Oldfields previous few releases and it charted at No.7 in the UK, whereas both QE2 and Platinum had failed to reach the top twenty. Oldfields commercial revival would continue with subsequent albums Crises and Discovery, the album was recorded in Buckinghamshire in 1981 and 1982, and the Five Miles Out World Tour 1982 was in promotion of the album. It isnt funny and I pay someone else to make the orchestrations, the cover of the album features a vintage Lockheed Model 10 Electra aircraft, with similar markings to the one flown by Amelia Earhart in 1937
28.
Film preservation
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In the widest sense, preservation nowadays assures that a movie will continue to exist in as close to its original form as possible. For many years the term preservation was synonymous with duplication of film, the goal of a preservationist was to create a durable copy without any significant loss of quality. In more modern terms, film preservation now includes the concepts of handling, duplication, storage, the archivist seeks to protect the film and share the content with the public. By the 1980s, it was becoming apparent that the collections of motion picture heritage were at risk of becoming lost, at that time, the best known solution was to duplicate the original film onto a more secure medium. 90 percent of all American silent films made before 1929 and 50 percent of American sound films made before 1950 are lost films, the great majority of films made in the silent era are now considered lost forever. Most films made on nitrate stock were not preserved, over the years, their negatives, many of them were recycled for their silver content, or destroyed in studio or vault fires. The largest cause, however, was intentional destruction, as film preservationist Robert A. Harris explains, Most of the early films did not survive because of wholesale junking by the studios. There was no thought of saving these films. They simply needed vault space and the materials were expensive to house, silent films had little or no commercial value after the advent of sound films in the 1930s, and as such, they were not kept. As a result, preserving the now rare silent films has been a priority amongst film historians. Because of the fragility of film stock, proper preservation of film usually involves storing the original negatives, the vast majority of films were not stored in this manner, which resulted in the widespread decay of film stocks. The problem of film decay is not limited to films made on cellulose nitrate, Film industry researchers and specialists have found that color films are also decaying at an increasingly rapid rate. A number of well-known films only exist as copies of original productions or exhibition elements because the originals have decomposed beyond use. Cellulose acetate film, which was the replacement for nitrate, has been found to suffer from vinegar syndrome. The film was paired together with a composed by Michael Gordon. The preservation of film usually refers to storage of the film in a climate-controlled vault. Film is best preserved by proper protection from external forces while in storage along with being under controlled temperatures, for most film materials, the Image Permanence Institute finds that storing film media in frozen temperatures, with RH between 30% and 50%, greatly extends its useful life. These measures inhibit deterioration better than any other methods and is a solution than replicating deteriorating films
29.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
30.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
31.
Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
32.
AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
33.
Alfred Hitchcock filmography
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Alfred Hitchcock was an English director and filmmaker. His directorial debut was the 1925 release The Pleasure Garden, Hitchcock followed this with The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, his first commercial and critical success. It featured many of the thematic elements his films would be known for such as an innocent man on the run and it also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances. Two years later he directed Blackmail which was his first sound film, in 1935 Hitchcock directed The 39 Steps. Three years later he directed The Lady Vanishes starring Margaret Lockwood, in 1940 Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions, the first of which was the psychological thriller Rebecca starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. He received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director, Hitchcock worked with Fontaine again the following year on the film Suspicion which also starred Cary Grant. In 1943 Hitchcock directed another psychological thriller Shadow of a Doubt which starred Teresa Wright, three years later he reunited with Grant on Notorious which also starred Ingrid Bergman. The film included a three minute intermittent kissing scene between the leads shot specifically to skirt the Motion Picture Production Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds, in 1948 Hitchcock directed Rope which starred James Stewart. The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a continuous shot. Three years later he directed Strangers on a Train, Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films, Dial M for Murder, Rear Window and To Catch a Thief. For Rear Window, Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards,1955 marked his debut on television as the host of the anthology television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents which he also produced. In 1958 Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller Vertigo starring Stewart and Kim Novak, the film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine Sight & Sound of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institutes Top Ten in the mystery genre. He followed this with the spy thriller North by Northwest which starred Grant, in 1960 he directed Psycho, the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards. Three years later he directed horror film The Birds starring Tippi Hedren, the following year he reunited with Hedren on the film Marnie which also starred Sean Connery. He received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame to acknowledge his film and television achievements, in 1980 Hitchcock received a knighthood. List of unproduced Hitchcock projects List of awards and nominations received by Alfred Hitchcock Alfred Hitchcock at the Internet Movie Database
34.
The Pleasure Garden (film)
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The Pleasure Garden is a 1925 British silent film directed by Alfred Hitchcock in his directorial debut. Based on a novel by Oliver Sandys, the film is about two girls at the Pleasure Garden Theatre in London and their troubled relationships. Jill, a dancer, arrives in London with a letter of introduction to Mr. Hamilton. The letter and all her money are stolen from her handbag as she waits to see him, Patsy, a chorus girl at the Pleasure Garden, sees her difficulty and offers to take her to her own lodgings and to try to get her a job. Next morning Jill is successful in getting a part in the show and her fiance, Hugh, arrives with a colleague called Levet. Hugh and Patsy become very close while Jill is being pursued by a number of rich men, not long after this, Hugh is sent to Africa by his company. Jill moves out of the lodgings she shares with Patsy and becomes involved with the Prince. As she becomes more successful and used to the rich and famous lifestyle she also becomes more dismissive of Patsy, shunning her, as Patsy laments the loss of her friend, she is comforted by Levet who convinces her to enter into marriage with him. The couple honeymoon in Italy before he leaves to join Hugh in Africa, after some time Patsy finally receives a letter from her husband in which he says he has been sick for weeks. Patsy is determined to go to care of him and asks Jill to lend her the fare. Jill refuses as she is preparing for her marriage to the Prince and has no money to spare, Patsy is able to borrow the fare from her landlords Mr and Mrs Sidey. When she arrives at her husbands bungalow, she finds that he is having an affair with a local woman, Levet tries to drive the woman away but when she refuses to leave him, follows her into the sea and drowns her. Meanwhile, Patsy has found that Hugh really is very ill with a fever, Hugh has since discovered from a newspaper that Jill is to marry the Prince and he and Patsy soon realize that they love each other. Levet finds them together and accuses Hugh of making advances to his wife, Patsy agrees to follow Levet back to his bungalow in order to save Hugh. During the night, Levet is stricken with guilt and paranoia over the murder of his mistress, Hugh becomes convinced that the ghost of his mistress will not stop haunting him until he murders Patsy too. Levet corners Patsy with a sword but he is dead before he can kill her. He and Patsy find consolation with each other and return to London, parts of the movie scenes were filmed in Lierna, Lake Como. Virginia Valli as Patsy Brand Carmelita Geraghty as Jill Cheyne Miles Mander as Levet John Stuart as Hugh Fielding Ferdinand Martini as Mr. Sidey Florence Helminger as Mrs. Sidey Georg H and she was at the height of her career then – glamorous, famous, and very popular
