Youth detention center

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Harris County Juvenile Detention Center, Houston, Texas.

In criminal justice systems a youth detention center, also known as a juvenile detention center (JDC),[1] juvenile detention, juvenile hall or more colloquially as juvie, is a prison for people under the age of majority, often termed juvenile delinquents, to which they have been sentenced and committed for a period of time, or detained on a short-term basis while awaiting trial or placement in a long-term care program. Juveniles go through a separate court system, the juvenile court, which sentences or commits juveniles to a certain program or facility.[2]

Overview[edit]

Once processed in the juvenile court system there are many different pathways for juveniles; some juveniles are released directly back into the community to undergo community-based rehabilitative programs, while others juveniles may pose a greater threat to society and to themselves and therefore are in need of a stay in a supervised juvenile detention center.[3] If a juvenile is sent by the courts to a juvenile detention center, there are two types of facilities: secure detention and secure confinement.[3]

Secure detention means that juveniles are held for usually short periods of time in facilities in order to await current trial hearings and further placement decisions.[3] By holding juveniles in secure detention, it ensures appearance in court while also keeping the community safe and risk-free of the juvenile;[3] this type of facility is usually called a "juvenile hall," which is a holding center for juvenile delinquents.[1] On the other hand, secure confinement implies that the juvenile has been committed by the court into the custody of a secure juvenile correctional facility for the duration of a specific program, which can span from a few months to many years.[3]

Juvenile detention is not intended to be punitive. Rather, juveniles held in secure custody usually receive care consistent with the doctrine of parens patriae, i.e., the state as parent. The state or local jurisdiction is usually responsible for providing education, recreation, health, assessment, counseling and other intervention services with the intent of maintaining a youth's well-being during his or her stay in custody.[4]

Generally speaking, secure detention is reserved for juveniles considered to be a threat to public safety or the court process, though in many cases, youths are held for violating a court order. Status offenders, i.e., juveniles charged with running away from home, alcohol possession, and other offenses that are not crimes if committed by adults, may only be held for 24 hours or less,[5] while initial case investigation is completed, and other alternatives are arranged.[citation needed]

Within the categories of secure detention and secure confinement for juveniles, the overarching name of these facilities is residential programs. Five overarching types of residential programs where a juvenile may be placed while in court custody:[6] The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention found the five types of residential programs for juveniles to be a broad range, which included detention, corrections, camp, community based, and residential treatment;[6] the reason for the wide variety in placement options of juveniles is that there does not currently exist a uniform definition of residential treatment programs.[6] As a result, this creates a lack of uniformity across states and a large variety of names for secure detention and secure confinement centers for juveniles.[6]

Services provided to the youth[edit]

Many services are supposed to be provided to the youth at both detention centers and confinement facilities. Services vary from facility to facility, but in general the programs and services provided to the youth are geared toward the juvenile's needs.[4] At the core, juvenile facilities function as rehabilitative institutions for youth. Education is seen by many as the primary rehabilitative service that must be provided to detained youth.[7] Highly effective schools within juvenile facilities provide high school curriculum, opportunities for General Equivalency Diploma (GED) preparation, special education services, certified teachers, small student to teacher ratio, connection with families, and vocational training opportunities.[7] Despite state and federal requirements, there are many problems with the educational systems in juvenile detention centers. Many institutions do not provide basic education services, and in others, children only receive a fraction of the state-mandated instructional time, and classes are not based on a coherent curriculum.(Katherine Twomey, The right to Education in Juvenile Detention Under State Constitutions, p. 766). Some facilities do not have designated classrooms, libraries, or even books, and the teachers are often poorly trained, and are not trained in how to deal with special needs of children in detention. (Id. at 767.) Despite these shortcomings, there have been very few consequences to states for violating the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act, (Id. at 779.); therefore, states do not have much incentive to improve standards to achieve compliance.

Mental health[edit]

There is a long-standing connection found in research between youth who commit crimes and mental health concerns.[8] A remarkably high population of juveniles present serious mental health illness within juvenile facilities.[9] Since juvenile detention facilities operate on the foundation of rehabilitating the youth, different mental health programs are provided by facilities to help the youth rehabilitate, it is the expectation that juvenile detention centers and juvenile institutions provide mental health services to their residents.[10] The incarcerated youth population requires careful and structured intervention, which must be provided by the facilities.[10]

Many different mental health treatment strategies exist for juveniles,[11] it is the responsibility of case management to decide what type of intervention strategy works best for each youth in his or her mental health treatment plan.[11] Mental health services that can be provided to the youth include, individual counseling, group counseling, crisis counseling, family intervention, medication management, and transition planning.[12]

Education[edit]

Education is seen by many as the cornerstone of youth rehabilitation. Many landmark court cases, such as the 1981 case of Green v. Johnson, have given way to juveniles receiving their educational rights while incarcerated.[13] Green v. Johnson (1981) ruled that incarcerated students do not have to give up their rights to an education while incarcerated.[14]

Despite research stating the need for strong educational programs in juvenile detention facilities, there does not exist a uniform standard for education in juvenile facilities as education settings in juvenile facilities greatly vary across the country;[15] the overseer of the school within the juvenile facility differs from state to state.[15] Some schools within juvenile detention facilities are decentralized, some are centralized and run by school districts, and others are overseen by a State education agency.[15]

Special education[edit]

There is a large percentage of incarcerated juveniles who are diagnosed as students with special needs.[15] Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), youths with disabilities in correctional facilities are entitled to special education and related services regardless of incarceration status.[15] The Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) requires State Education Agencies to ensure that special education services are being provided at juvenile facilities.[15][16]

Being that there is a wide variety of juvenile detention and confinement facilities across the nation, the type and quality of special education services provided to the youth greatly varies.[15] There has been a history of juveniles with disabilities not receiving their mandated accommodations and modifications.[17] With the passing of IDEA in addition to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act, juvenile correctional facilities have become seen as federally funded institutions and thus there prevails the mandated right to serve all students with disabilities as such institutions regardless if it is a short term or long term stay.[13]

There is a grave presence of juveniles who are classified as youth with disabilities;[16] the disabilities most prevalent in incarcerated juveniles include, mental retardation, learning disabilities, and emotional disturbances.[17] Surveys and studies have found that a high number of incarcerated youth suffer from emotional disturbance disabilities as opposed to youth in general public schools.[18] Even with key court decisions and acts, it has been found that a large number of juveniles held at both detention centers and confinement facilities are not being served the special education services they should be provided by law,[19] it has been found that many juvenile detention institutions have struggling special education programs, especially for those centers that detain youth for short periods of time.[20]

Zero Tolerance Policies in Juvenile Court Schools[edit]

Juvenile Court Schools provide public education for juveniles who are incarcerated in facilities run by county probation departments; these schools are located in juvenile halls, juvenile homes, day centers, ranches, camps, and regional youth education facilities and are operated by the county board of education. Even though court schools have the same school curriculum, they are often more strict in discipline that is more punitive than holistic; the most disadvantaged and “troubled” students are filling up schools in the juvenile justice system. These students are often further behind in credits and with more personal and structural problems than their counterparts at traditional schools; the majority of these teenagers struggle with learning disabilities, which ties with noticeable behavioral problems, and are experiencing emotional and psychological problems at home. Zero tolerance policies seem to be more strict in the juvenile justice system than in other traditional schools. In a juvenile court school, when a student violates a zero tolerance rule they automatically are prone to suspension and eventually going back to a detention center for its violation. In contrast, a student from a traditional school is more likely to get a second chance for its violation. Zero Tolerance policies are enforced in a greatly manner in juvenile court schools than in other traditional schools.

The rules at Juvenile Court Schools are strict and are based on zero tolerance policies. Zero Tolerance Policies may serve more to “push students further out of school and into the school-to-prison pipeline than to re engage them” [21]. Students are being harshly punished for minor incidents that should be fixed without having to involve severe consequences. Zero tolerance policies have taken over the role of education; the definition of Zero Tolerance Policies is described in the article, A Study of Zero Tolerance Policies in Schools: A Multi-Integrated Systems Approach to Improve Outcomes for Adolescents, as “…a widespread application to minor offenses can be attributed to the “Broken Windows” theory of crime. This theory analogizes the spread of crime to a few broken windows in a building that go un-repaired and consequently attract vagrants who break more windows and soon become squatters” [22].

Stephen Hoffman in his article, “Zero Benefit: Estimating the Effect of Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies on Racial Disparities in School Discipline” states that, “...zero tolerance discipline policies are associated with poorer school climate, lower student achievement, higher dropout rates…” [23] At Juvenile Court Schools, students are expected to follow a set of rules; the rules at the Court Schools differ from those at traditional schools; they are more punitive.

Concerns and criticism[edit]

Juvenile detention centers and long-term confinement facilities have constantly been discussed and debated around two major concerns: overcrowding and ineffectiveness; as the number of juvenile cases has increased in the past 15 years, so has the number of juveniles spending time in secure and confined facilities.[24] As a result, the systems have become overpopulated and overcrowded and many times this leads to the issue of too many residents and not enough empty beds.[24]

Overcrowding has been found to exist in many facilities for juveniles.[25] In cases where the administration is not prepared to handle the large number of residents, overpopulation in juvenile detention centers and juvenile correctional facilities can occur to create instability and increased violence.[24] Furthermore, overcrowding may also lead to the decrease in availability to provide the youth with much needed and promised programs and services while they are in the facility.[24] If funding is an issue with a specific facility, overcrowding can reduce the availability of services such as education and mental health to all of the youth.[4]

In addition to overcrowding, juvenile secure facilities are questioned for their overall effectiveness in the bigger-picture life of the youth.[24] What causes many critics to question the overall effectiveness of secure detention centers and confinement facilities is the high juvenile recidivism rate.[24]

If juvenile centers are to provide the basic needs of the youth it serves, another large criticism by many is that the centers fail to meet the basic educational, mental health, and necessary rehabilitative needs of the youth. Part of the reason why overall effectiveness is a concern for juvenile secure settings is also due to the belief that all special education services may not be upheld to all youth in need while staying in the facility.[17] Additionally, many juvenile centers have been found to lack basic educational programs for the youth.[25]

Education is seen by many as a direct link to recidivism as is mental health needs of juveniles. Another area of concern in the bigger picture of juvenile facilities is the adequacy of mental health programs, it has been found that many juvenile facilities have well executed mental health programs for the youth.[26]

Systems[edit]

United States[edit]

There were 45,567 total juveniles in detention facilities in 2016. 32,301 juveniles were in a public facility. 13,266 were in a private facility.[27]

Connecticut[edit]

In 1870, Long Lane School was built on donated land in Middletown.[28] However, it became the Connecticut Juvenile Training School (CJTS) in 2003.[29] CJTS is a treatment facility dedicated to delinquent boys from age 12-17.[30] There have been numerous controversies and scandals associated with CJTS between 1998-2005.[31] In 2005, Governor Jodi Rell attempted to close the facility, but it was instead reformed in 2008 by The Department of Children & Families;[32] the new CJTS features a therapeutic model which was developed with assistance from The Boys & Girls Clubs of America.[30] The school was shut down without replacement in 2018.[33]

District of Columbia[edit]

The Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services (DYRS) is the District of Columbia's head juvenile justice agency and is responsible for placing DC community youth who are in its oversight in detention, commitment, and aftercare programs.[34] DYRS's mission involves advancing the public safety and providing court-involved juveniles experiences and opportunities to better their lives and a become a better citizen and community member.[34] Part of DYRS's vision is to place the youths in the least-restrictive environment possible for each case.[34] At the foundation of the DYRS mission is its vision to provide court-involved youths and their families supportive programming to increase the lives of all involved.[34]

DYRS offers and operates a range of services and placements for their committed youth; the secure centers that DYRS operates are Youth Services Center (YSC) and New Beginnings Youth Development Center.[35] YSC is the District's secure detention center.[35] New Beginnings Youth Development Center is a secure confinement facility for the District's committed youth.[35]

YSC is operated by DYRS as the District of Columbia's secure juvenile detention center, which was opened in 2004,[36] it is an 88-bed facility for male and female detained (not committed) youth who have been accused of delinquent acts and are awaiting their court hearings.[36] YSC's meets the required needs of the youth it serves. Education services in YSC are provided by the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS), which delivers a range of services to the residents;[36] the facility also provides programs and services to meet the essential mental health, emotional, physical, and social needs of the youth.[36] YSC provides a secure and humane environment and coordinates all court meetings and team meetings for its youth.[36] Above all else, YSC makes certain that the protection of the legal rights of the juveniles are being upheld.[36]

New Beginnings Youth Development Center is another secure DYRS operation;[37] the Center is a 60-bed, all-male secure center for DC's most serious youth delinquents.[38] The $46 million facility[39] opened in 2009[40] in unincorporated Anne Arundel County, Maryland,[41] near Laurel. New Beginnings replaced the Oak Hill Youth Center,[39] which was located .5 miles (0.80 km) away[40] in unincorporated Anne Arundel County.[41]

The main goal of New Beginnings is to provide residents with 24-hour supervision as well as programs and services that allow for successful transitions back into the DC community;[38] the services provided include educational, recreation, medical, dental, and mental health programs.[38] DYRS created a partnership with the See Forever Foundation to provide the educational services of Maya Angelou Academy for the residents.[38] Behavioral health staff oversee the mental health programs;[38] the facility is a 9–12 month program, which is modeled after the very successful Missouri Model.[38]

Maya Angelou Academy was founded in 2007, first at Oak Hill Youth Center, and now is the education program serving DYRS committed youth at New Beginnings Youth Development Center.[42] Maya Angelou Academy is part of the Maya Angelou Charter School Network in the DC area;[42] the academy provides a safe, structured, and intensive learning environment to the youth it serves at New Beginnings Youth Development Center.[42]

Pennsylvania[edit]

PA Child Care is a detention center in Pennsylvania, USA, it was part of the Kids for cash scandal in which judges were given kickbacks in exchange for imposing harsh sentences on youth offenders so that the detention centers would get business.[43]

See also[edit]

Nation specific:

References[edit]

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  3. ^ a b c d e Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (September 2005). "Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders". OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin (5): 1. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
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  5. ^ NCC.state.ne.us Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  7. ^ a b Gemignani, Robert J. (October 1994). "OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin": 2. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Underwood, Lee A.; Annie Phillips; Kara von Dresner; Pamela D.Knight (2006). "Critical Factors in Mental Health Programming For Juveniles in Corrections Facilities". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (1): 108–109.
  9. ^ Underwood, Lee A.; Annie Phillips; Kara von Dresner; Pamela D.Knight (2006). "Critical Factors in Mental Health Programming For Juveniles in Corrections Facilities". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (1): 107.
  10. ^ a b Underwood, Lee A.; Annie Phillips; Kara von Dresner; Pamela D.Knight (2006). "Critical Factors in Mental Health Programming For Juveniles in Corrections Facilities". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (1): 108.
  11. ^ a b Underwood, Lee A.; Annie Phillips; Kara von Dresner; Pamela D.Knight (2006). "Critical Factors in Mental Health Programming For Juveniles in Corrections Facilities". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (1): 123.
  12. ^ Underwood, Lee A.; Annie Phillips; Kara von Dresner; Pamela D.Knight (2006). "Critical Factors in Mental Health Programming For Juveniles in Corrections Facilities". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (1): 123–125.
  13. ^ a b Morris, Richard J.; Kristin C. Thompson (June 2008). "Juvenile Delinquency and Special Education Laws: Policy Implementation Issues and Directions for Future Research". The Journal of Correctional Education. 59 (2): 177.
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  17. ^ a b c Leone, Peter E. (1994). "Education Services For Youth With Disabilities In a State-Operated Juvenile Correctional System: Case Study and Analysis". The Journal of Special Education. 28 (1): 44. doi:10.1177/002246699402800104. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013.
  18. ^ Morris, Richard J.; Kristin C. Thompson (June 2008). "Juvenile Delinquency and Special Education Laws: Policy Implementation Issues and Directions for Future Research". The Journal of Correctional Education. 59 (2): 175.
  19. ^ Morris, Richard J.; Kristin C. Thompson (June 2008). "Juvenile Delinquency and Special Education Laws: Policy Implementation Issues and Directions for Future Research". The Journal of Correctional Education. 59 (2): 185.
  20. ^ Leone, Peter E. (1994). "Education Services For Youth With Disabilities In a State-Operated Juvenile Correctional System: Case Study and Analysis". The Journal of Special Education. 28 (1): 43. doi:10.1177/002246699402800104. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013.
  21. ^ journal Kennedy-Lewis, B. (2015). Second Chance or No Chance? A Case Study of One Urban Alternative Middle School. Journal of Educational Change, 16(2), 145.
  22. ^ journal Teske, S. C. (2011). A study of zero tolerance policies in schools: A multi‐integrated systems approach to improve outcomes for adolescents. Journal Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24(2), 88-97
  23. ^ Hoffman, S. (2014). Zero Benefit: Estimating the Effect of Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies on Racial Disparities in School Discipline. Educational Policy, 28(1), 69.
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  27. ^ , JRFC Databook, accessed 22August2018.
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  32. ^ "The Day - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
  33. ^ Press Staff, Middletown. "State closes Connecticut Juvenile Training School in Middletown". connecticutmag.com. Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
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  36. ^ a b c d e f "Youth Services Center". DYRS Facilities. Department of Youth Rehabilitative Services. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  37. ^ "New Beginnings Youth Development Center". Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services. DC.Gov: District of Columbia Government. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  38. ^ a b c d e f "New Beginnings Youth Development Center". DYRS Facilities. Department of Youth Rehabilitative. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  39. ^ a b Pierre, Robert E. "Oak Hill Center Emptied And Its Baggage Left Behind Archived 2 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine." The Washington Post. Friday May 29, 2009. Retrieved on October 7, 2010.
  40. ^ a b " Coffey, Claudia (29 May 2009). "New Start for Oak Hill Youth Center". My Fox DC. Laurel, Maryland. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
  41. ^ a b "GR2009052900126.gif." The Washington Post. Retrieved on October 7, 2010.
  42. ^ a b c "Maya Angelou Academy". Maya Angelou Schools. See Forever Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  43. ^ Frank, Thomas (1 April 2009). "Thomas Frank Says 'Kids for Cash' Incentivizes the Prison Industry". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2009.

External links[edit]

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