1.
County-level city
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A county-level municipality, county-level city, or county city is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. County-level cities are governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions. Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing counties, a county-level city is a city and county that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. As such it is simultaneously a city, which is an entity. County-level cities are not cities in the strictest sense of the word, since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban and this is because the counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns, villages, and farmland. To distinguish a city from its actual urban area, the term 市区 shìqū. In France, an equivalent of a city is an agglomeration community. For example, in New South Wales such a unit may often be called a city, city of Blue Mountains is made of a number of towns. Another example would be municipal government in the Canadian province of Ontario and this agglomeration includes all of the townships in the county of Kent, with cities and towns like Wallaceberg, Thamesville, Dresden, Wheatley. This amalgamation as it is referred to, was controversial when it was forced upon the constituents through provincial legislation. Today, instead of each city having its own mayor and city councillors, as of January 2017, there are 360 County-level city in total, A sub-prefecture-level city is a county-level city with powers approaching those of prefecture-level cities. Examples include, Xiantao, Qianjiang, Tianmen and Jiyuan, administrative divisions of China Counties of the Peoples Republic of China Prefecture-level city List of cities in China
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
4.
Provinces of China
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Provinces, formally provincial-level administrative divisions or first-level administrative divisions, are the highest-level Chinese administrative divisions. There are 34 such divisions, classified as 23 provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions, the Peoples Republic of China claims sovereignty over the territory administered by the Republic of China, claiming most of it as its Taiwan Province. The ROC also administers some offshore islands which form Fujian Province and these were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since the stalemate of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC. Note that every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, the committee secretary is in effective charge of the province, rather than the nominal governor of the provincial government. The government of each province is nominally led by a provincial committee. The committee secretary is first-in-charge of the province, second-in-command is the governor of the provincial government, the Peoples Republic of China claims the island of Taiwan and its surrounding islets, including Penghu, as Taiwan Province. The territory is controlled by the Republic of China, a municipality or direct-controlled municipality is a higher level of city which is directly under the Chinese government, with status equal to that of the provinces. In practice, their status is higher than that of common provinces. The governor of each region is usually appointed from the respective minority ethnic group. A special administrative region is an autonomous and self-governing subnational subject of the Peoples Republic of China that is directly under the Central Peoples Government. Each SAR has an executive as head of the region. The regions government is not fully independent, as policy and military defence are the responsibility of the central government. Notes,1, as of 20102, per km23, km24, Abbreviation in the parentheses is informal 5, Since founding in 1949, however, the PRC has never controlled Taiwan. Taiwan currently administers Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, the subject of whether or not Taiwan is part of China is often debated, with no clear conclusion. The Ming Dynasty kept the system set up by the Yuan Dynasty, however. By the time of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in 1644 there were 18 provinces, in addition, there was a zongdu, a general military inspector or governor general, for every two to three provinces. Outer regions of China were not divided into provinces, military leaders or generals oversaw Manchuria, Xinjiang, and Mongolia, while vice-dutong and civilian leaders headed the leagues, a subdivision of Mongolia. The ambans supervised the administration of Tibet, in 1884 Xinjiang became a province, in 1907 Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang were made provinces as well
5.
Zhejiang
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Zhejiang, formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. The provinces name derives from the Zhe River, the name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou. Kuahuqiao culture was a neolithic culture that flourished in Hangzhou area in 6. Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu, the area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples known as Dongyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring, according to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great, the Song of the Yue Boatman was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north, the Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü was a swordswoman from the state of Yue, to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC, the Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, yues former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu. Kuaiji Commandery was the power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yus rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu. At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era, Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye, they continued development of the region, industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan. Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms, Wu, commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms. The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, the story depicts how the states of Wei and Shu, lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wus military resources including arrows and bows, the other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou, some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River
6.
Prefecture-level city
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Prefectural level cities form the second level of the administrative structure. Administrative chiefs of prefectural level cities generally have the rank as a division chief of a national ministry. Since the 1980s, most former prefectures have been renamed into prefectural level cities, a prefectural level city is a city and prefecture that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. The larger prefectural level cities span over 100 kilometres, prefectural level cities nearly always contain multiple counties, county level cities, and other such sub-divisions. To distinguish a prefectural level city from its urban area. The first prefectural level cities were created on 5 November 1983, over the following two decades, prefectural level cities have come to replace the vast majority of Chinese prefectures, the process is still ongoing. Most provinces are composed entirely or nearly entirely of prefectural level cities, shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou are the largest prefectural level cities with populations approaching or exceeding some sub-provincial cities. A sub-prefecture-level city is a city with powers approaching those of prefectural level cities. There are total of three classification of prefecture-level city, Regular prefectural level city which consist of counties, county level cities, consolidated district-governed prefectural level city which only consist of districts as it subdivisions. Thus, Bloomington, Indiana is indicated on the map by a point, which is distinct from, and enclosed by, in China, however, large cities such as City of Xianning may, in reality, contain both urban and rural elements. Moreover, they may enclose counties or other cities, on a less detailed map, City of Xianning would be indicated by a point, more or less corresponding to the coordinates of its city government. Other populous areas may also be exhibited as points, such as County of Tongshan, with no indication that County of Tongshan is, in fact, enclosed by City of Xianning. On a more detailed map, City of Xianning would be drawn as an area, similar to a county of the United States and this convention may lead to difficulty in the identification of places mentioned in older sources. For example, Guo Moruo writes that he was born in Town of Shawan, within Prefecture of Leshan, and attended primary school in Town of Jiading. A modern map is unlikely to show either town, Shawan, because it is too small, and Jiading, because it is the seat of City of Leshan, and is therefore indicated on the map by a point labelled Leshan. A more detailed map would show Shawan as a district within City of Leshan, statistics of China such as population and industrial activity are generally reported along prefectural city lines. Thus, the relatively unknown City of Huangshi has 2.5 million residents, more than most European capitals, but upon closer inspection, furthermore, Huangshi contains several other cities, such as City of Daye. If a person wished to calculate the population of the area of Huangshi, and had a map of Huangshi, and a table of its population by district
7.
Wenzhou
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Wenzhou is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Zhejiang province in the Peoples Republic of China. Wenzhou is located at the south east of Zhejiang Province with its borders connecting to Lishui on the west, Taizhou on the north. It is surrounded by mountains, the East China Sea, and 436 islands, while its lowlands are almost entirely along its East China Sea coast, most of Wenzhous area is mountainous as almost 76 percent of its 11, 784-square-kilometre surface area is classified as mountains and hills. It is said that Wenzhou has 7/10 mountains, 1/10 water, Wenzhou, which translates to a mild and pleasant land, derives its name from its climate, as it is neither extremely hot in summer nor extremely cold in the winter. Originally known as Yongjia, Yung-chia or Yungkia, Wenzhou was a prosperous treaty port. Wenzhou people make up a number of ethnic Chinese residents of Italy, France. Wenzhou has a history which goes back to about 2500 BC, when it became known for its production as one of the cities of origin of celadon in ancient China. Around 760AD in Tang Dynasty, the founding emperor Emperor Gaozu of Tang named Yongkia by its current name Wenzhou because of its mild weather, throughout its history, Wenzhous traditional economic role has been as a port giving access to the mountainous interior of southern Zhejiang Province. In early European sources, the name Wenzhou-Fu or -Foo was often transcribed Ouen-tcheou-fou after the accounts of French-speaking missionaries, in 1876, Wenzhou was opened for tea exports, but no foreign settlement was ever established there. Between 1937 and 1942, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Wenzhou achieved importance as one of the few ports still under Chinese control and it declined in the later years of the war, but began to recover after coastal trade along the Zhejiang coast was re-established in 1955. When Guo Pu climbed to the top of West Guo Mountain in Wenzhou, he saw the range of mountains of Wenzhou together shaped as dipper and the city itself aside from mountains shaped as key. Therefore, Wenzhou is now nicknamed as the dipper city based on the popular geographical saying of the city mountains as dipper. Legends have it that during the time when Wenzhou was being established and developed, today, the Deer City District is the name of downtown Wenzhou and White Deer theater located at downtown is the most popular theater among the locals. Wenzhou is the city in China designed by the founder of Fengshui philosophical system Guo Pu. Nowadays, the local Wenzhounese people usually see Guo Pu as the architect, in 2003, the local Wenzhou government built and put up a statue of Guo Pu in downtown Wenzhou. Being the only city in China and the world designed by the pioneer of Fengshui, Wenzhou is usually considered as the city in China with the best Feng Shui condition. Other cities in China that are considered to possess excellent Fengshui nature are Beijing, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Kunming, Hengyang. However, none of these cities is designed entirely on the basis of philosophy of Fengshui or designed by the father of Fengshui Guo Pu, moreover, Wenzhou has an enormous cultural impact and influence on the history of China
8.
Time in China
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The time in China follows a single standard time offset of UTC+08,00, despite China spanning five geographical time zones. The official national standard time is called Beijing Time domestically and China Standard Time internationally, daylight saving time has not been observed since 1991. The special administrative regions maintain their own authorities, with standards called Hong Kong Time. These have been equivalent to Beijing time since 1992, in addition, a second time standard is used in Xinjiang, two hours less than the Beijing Time, which is called Ürümqi Time or Xinjiang Time. In 1912, the Republic of China established five standard time zones, namely Kunlun, Sinkiang-Tibet, Kansu-Szechwan, Chungyuan, and Changpai. The unified time zone policy was adopted by the Communist Party of China or the Central People’s Government some time between 27 September 1949 and 6 October 1949, the date is unknown. However, recent research suggests that the policy was most likely adopted on 27 September 1949, daylight saving time was observed from 1986 to 1991. In 1997 and 1999, Hong Kong and Macau were transferred to China from the United Kingdom and Portugal, although the sovereignty of the SARs belongs to China, they retain their own policies regarding time zones for historical reasons. Due to their locations, both are within the UTC+08,00 time zone, which is the same as the national standard — Beijing time. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time, is set due to its location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is UTC+06,00, which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time. Some local authorities are now using both time standard side by side, the coexistence of two timezones within the same region causes some confusion among the local population, especially when inter-racial communication occur. Some ethnic Han in Xinjiang might not be aware of the existence of the UTC+6 Xinjiang Time because of language barrier, regardless, Beijing Time users in Xinjiang usually schedule their daily activities two hours later than those who live in eastern China. As such, stores and offices in Xinjiang are commonly opening from 10am to 7pm Beijing Time and this is known as the work/rest time in Xinjiang. Hong Kong maintains its own time authority after transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the Hong Kong Time is UTC+08,00 all year round, and daylight saving time has not been used since 1979. Greenwich Mean Time was adopted as the basis in 1904, before that, local time was determined by astronomical observations at Hong Kong Observatory using a 6-inch Lee Equatorial and a 3-inch Transit Circle. Macau maintains its own time authority after transfer of sovereignty in 1999, the Macau Standard Time is the time in Macau
9.
Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
10.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
11.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
12.
Yandang Mountains
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The mountain range is divided in two by the Oujiang River, the two parts being the North Yandang and South Yandang. More narrowly, Yandangshan is also used more narrowly to refer to Mount Yandang, the highest peaks of North Yandang are located here, and this is also the main tourist spot. In this article, name Yandang Mountains is used to refer the mountain range, the main peak of North Yandang, Baigangjian, rises 1,150 m above sea level There is a radar station on the peak, which is closed to the public. In 2004, Yandangshan became National Geological Park and in the beginning of 2005, the Yandangshan National Forest Park has an area of 841 hectares, covering Mt. Yandang. The area also hosts numerous temples and shrines, many of them with a long history, characteristic for the temples is that many of them are built inside caves or in mouths of caves. Yandang Mountains were formed through volcanic activity during the Cretaceous period c. Similar igneous rocks are widespread in SE China, forming a ~400 km wide and ~2,000 km long belt of volcanic-intrusive complexes. Yandangshan caldera is a round volcanic‐intrusive complex with a diameter of 13 square kilometers, Yandangshan volcano erupted in four episodes. The mountain consists of igneous rocks, ignimbrite, rhyolite, syenite. Mt. Yandang is mostly covered by deciduous and evergreen forests, drier ridges can be dominated by small pine trees. There are also some bamboo grooves, lower slopes and valleys are used for agricultural purposes, for example for growing tea, or as fruit gardens. Herbs and mushrooms collected from the mountain are sold locally, a number of plant and animal species have been named after Mt. Yandang. A species of sedge, Carex yandangshanica, has been described from Mt. Yandang, Mt. Yandang has also given its name to Cyclosorus yandangensis, a marsh fern, and Arachniodes yandangshanensis, a holly fern. Among animal species, a mite Eustigmaeus yandangensis has been named after Mt. Yandang, whatever wildlife survives tends to be very elusive. Notable inhabitants of Yandang Mountains include Cabots tragopan, a species in China. Chinese pangolin is also reported to live in Yandang Mountains, Yandang Mountains are dotted with temples and shrines, many of them with long history. Most of them were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, but many have been rebuilt, Guanyin Temple is a Buddhist temple located on Mt. Yandang, in the Lingfeng Peaks scenic area. The temple lies between two rock peaks leaning against each other such that a big crack-like cave is formed, the peaks are known as the Holding Palms Peak. The cave is 100 metres high, with the cave bottom sloping steeply up, the temple follows this natural structure and has nine levels, with the Guanyin shrine occupying the highest, most hidden section of the cave
13.
Hangzhou
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Hangzhou, formerly romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang Province in east China. It sits at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai, the citys West Lake is its best-known attraction. Hangzhou is classified as a city and forms the core of the Hangzhou metropolitan area. During the 2010 Chinese census, the area held 21.102 million people over an area of 34,585 km2. Hangzhou prefecture had a population of 9,018,000 in 2015. In September 2015, Hangzhou was awarded the 2022 Asian Games and it will be the third Chinese city to play host to the Asian Games after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010. Hangzhou, a technology hub and home to the e-commerce giant Alibaba. The celebrated neolithic culture of Hemudu is known to have inhabited Yuyao,100 km south-east of Hangzhou and it was during this time that rice was first cultivated in southeast China. Excavations have established that the jade-carving Liangzhu culture inhabited the area immediately around the present city around five years ago. The first of Hangzhous present neighborhoods to appear in records was Yuhang. Hangzhou was made the seat of the zhou of Hang in AD589, by a longstanding convention also seen in other cities like Guangzhou and Fuzhou, the city took on the name of the area it administered and became known as Hangzhou. Hangzhou was at the end of Chinas Grand Canal which extends to Beijing. The canal evolved over centuries but reached its full length by 609, in the Tang dynasty, Bai Juyi was appointed governor of Hangzhou. Already an accomplished and famous poet, his deeds at Hangzhou have led to his being praised as a great governor. He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dyke, with a dam to control the flow of water, thus providing water for irrigation, the livelihood of local people of Hangzhou improved over the following years. Bai Juyi used his time to enjoy the beauty of West Lake. He also ordered the construction of a causeway connecting Broken Bridge with Solitary Hill to allow walking and he then had willows and other trees planted along the dyke, making it a beautiful landmark. This causeway was later named Bai Causeway, in his honor and it is listed as one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China
14.
Fuyang District
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Fuyang is a district under the jurisdiction of Hangzhou, the provincial capital of Zhejiang. Fuyang is located in the northwest of Zhejiang on the Fuchun River, the city is the birthplace of numerous notable individuals, including modern Chinese short story writer and poet Yu Dafu. As of 2002, it has a population of approximately 680,000 of whom some 135,000 come from other cities, the total area of Fuyang is 1,808 square kilometres. Fuyang was founded during the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the settlements first name was Fuchun with the name of Fuyang used from 394 AD onwards. Recent research has shown that the Ming dynasty Hongwu Emperor fled through Fuyang from Yuan dynasty forces during the years of that dynasty. Evidence of the pursuit has been found on the Tianzhong and Anding Mountains as well as in Yushan Village, in the final assault, General Jiang Yili and French commander Paul dAiguebelle destroyed part of the walls and took the city by storm, before sacking it. In the early 20th century Fuyang was a hub for paper, Chinese Guomindang forces fought numerous battles against the Imperial Japanese Army in Fuyang and Xindeng, then a separate administrative area, during the World War II Japanese occupation of China. In December 1937 neighboring Hangzhou fell to the Japanese army and in January 1939 Japanese and Chinese forces fought for control of Fuyang, in 1942 Japanese forces clashed with Chinese Guomindang troops for control of Xindeng during a Japanese offensive against Jinhua, the then capital of Zhejiang province. The United States Army Air Forces bombed Japanese positions in Fuyang in August 1943, in early August 1945, Japanese troops launched an offensive from Fuyang and captured the neighboring centers of Tonglu, Xindeng, and Linan City. Chairman Mao visited Fuyang in 1954 followed by Zhou Enlai in 1989, in 2011, a serious storm caused damage to many buildings in Fuyang. On the 23 June,457 farmhouses collapsed through storm damage, the seriousness of the catastrophe surpassed that of a 2009 typhoon in which 380 farmhouses suffered damage. The reconstruction cost the government a significant amount, Fuyang has a total area of 1,831.22 km2 and is located at 30°3′N 119°57′E. The city extends 68.67 kilometres E‑W and 50.37 kilometres N‑S, the area has many low mountains, hills, valleys, hills, basins, plains and other types of landscape. The low hilly area covers 1,385 square kilometres of the area, while the plains account for 18. 7%. Located in northwestern Zhejiang province, in 1994 Fuyang was administratively merged into Hangzhou, the city has several highways including the G320 national road, Hangxijing, as well as highways 05,23,19 and 14. Fuyang is 51 kilometres from Hangzhou and convenient transport makes it possible to reach Hangzhou Train Station, in 2012,45 natural disasters occurred in Fuyang, the majority not serious, although eight people died in October. To the southeast of the city, mountains cover an area of 309.1 square kilometres. The elevation in this area exceeds 500 metres while the height is more than 400 metres
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Ningbo
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Ningbo, formerly written Ningpo, is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province in China. It comprises the districts of Ningbo proper, three satellite cities, and a number of rural counties including islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Its port, spread across locations, is among the busiest in the world. As of the 2010 census, the entire administrated area had a population of 7.6 million, with 3.5 million in the six urban districts of Ningbo proper. To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai, to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea, on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing, the first character in the citys name ning means serene, while its second character bo translates to waves. The city is abbreviated Yǒng, after the Yong Hill, a prominent coastal hill near the city, the character ming was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall, Sun Lake and Moon Lake. As a city with giant port, culture of Ningbo influences many countries near it, Ningbo is one of Chinas oldest cities, with a history dating to the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC. Since the Tang dynasty Ningbo was an important commercial port, arab traders lived in Ningbo during the Song dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou, as the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time. Another name for Mingzhou/Ningbo was Siming and it was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world. These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, practicing their own customs and religion and they did not try to proselytize Islam to Chinese. Jews also lived in Ningbo, as evidenced by the fact that, after a flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng. The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a time under the name of Liampó. This is the spelling used e. g. in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barross Décadas da Ásia. The spelling Liampó is also attested in the Peregrination by Fernão Mendes Pinto, for the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó, after the nearby illustrious city was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia. The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522, by 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo. Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo for plunder and they also enslaved people during their raids. The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548, Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing at the end of the First Opium War between Britain and China. During the war, British forces took possession of the city of Ningbo briefly after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10,1841
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Haishu District
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Haishu is a county-level district under the jurisdiction of Ningbo city in Zhejiang Province of the Peoples Republic of China. Since the district has a tower that was constructed during the Tang Dynasty. The districts total area is 29 square kilometers, and its population is 280,000 people, the districts postal code is 315000. The district peoples government is located at 229 Lingqiao Road, the district administers eight streets,66 communities, and 16 administrative villages. Street offices, Lingta Street, Yuehu Street, Gulou Street, Nanmen Street, Ximen Street, Baiyun Street, Duantang Street, and Wangchun Street
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Jiangbei District, Ningbo
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Jiangbei District is a county-level district under the jurisdiction of Ningbo city in Zhejiang Province of the Peoples Republic of China. The districts total area is 209 square kilometers, which is the largest subdivision in traditional urban area of Ningbo city, Jiangbei District lie in the middle of Ningbo Municipality, in south of Cixi city, east of Yuyao city and west of Zhenhai District. Yong River separates Jiangbei from Haishu District and Jiangdong District, the district have 27 kilometers from its west to east, and 20 kilometers from north to south. Planes make up most of the lands in Jiangbei District, while in the north of the district there are hills, many rivers ran in Jiangbei and empties into Yong River. The district is rich in water resources, Jiangbei District was founded in May 1951 after the foundation of Peoples Republic of China. However, the history of Jiangbei can be tracked back to Gouzhang City, which was built by Goujian, in the year 621, Gouzhang was separated into Yaozhou and Yinzhou. In the year 738, the land that now belongs to Jiangbei was in the area of Mao County, in the year 738, Mingzhou was established and Mao County was separated into Cixi, Fenghua, Mao and Wengshan. The western part of what was Jiangbei now belongs to Cixi County, in 809, Yin County was also separated into Wanghai County. From then on till 1951 the land that now belongs to Jiangbei was in the area of three different counties, Cixi, Yin and Zhenhai, after the foundation of PRC, Jiangbei District was founded as well as another new district called Jiao District. In 1984 these two merged into Jiangbei District. The district administers seven street offices and one town, Street offices, Zhongma Street, Baisha Street, Kongpu Street, Wenjiao Street, Yongjiang Street, Zhuangqiao Street, and Hongtang Street. Jiangbei Industrial Zone is an important area of manufacture in Ningbo, plastic mechanics, dies, automobile parts are products in massive manufacture in Jiangbei. The district is featured by its non-ferrous metal industry and shipping. Jiangbei District is rich in history and culture, cicheng Town was famous for its long history. It was the center of Cixi County from Tang Dynasty till the foundation of PRC. The Old Bund besides Yong River was constructed in 1844, earlier than the famous Shanghai Bund and it oversaw the history when Ningbo opened to foreign trade in 1844 and was characterized by European styled offices, cathedrals and streets. Built in Northern Song Dynasty, Baoguo Temple is the second oldest Buddhist temple in south China, Ningbo University Tan Jiazhen Feng Jicai Ing Chang-ki Zhou Xinfang Geography of Jiangbei History of Jiangbei Ningbo Old Bund Industry advantages of Jiangbei
18.
Zhenhai District
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Zhenhai District is an urban district of the prefecture-level city of Ningbo in Zhejiang Province in eastern China. It has a population of 200,000, the town of Zhenhai grew up at the foot of Zhaobao Hill on a tongue of land at the mouth of the Yong River about 12 miles north-east of central Ningbo. Under the Qing, the city covered a circuit of 3 miles. The British captured Zhenhai on 10 October 1841 during the First Opium War, the Zhenhai Coastal Battery was the site of the 1885 Battle of Zhenhai during the Sino-French War. In the later 19th century, Zhenhai was protected from the sea by a dike about 3 miles long, Zhenhai has suffered severe long-term air pollution mainly emanating from the Ningbo Petro-Chemical Economic and Technical Development Zone built on its eastern coast. In September,2007,400 tones of acrylonitrile leaked from the LG-Yongxing plant and polluted air, in late April,2012, three million bees died in an orchard in Xiepu Town next to the Petro-Chemical Zone because of pollutants discharged by a chemical plant. Research has shown that the ratio of deaths from cancer in Zhenhai rose significantly between 2007 and 2009, from May 16 to 17,2002, residents in Zhenhai launched protests against environmental degradation caused by the chemical industry, blocking the districts traffic on its main streets. In October,2012, angry people staged demonstrations against a giant petro-chemical project scheduled by ZRCC, the 50 billion yuan integrated investment project, according to some reports, will affect more than 9800 households. Many argue that the environment in Zhenhai has been tremendously overloaded, hu Zongnan Run Run Shaw Yang Fujia Ye Chengzhong Baynes, T. S. ed. Chin-hae, Encyclopædia Britannica,5, New York, Charles Scribners Sons, p.674. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Chên-hai, Encyclopædia Britannica,6, Cambridge University Press, p.78
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Yinzhou District, Ningbo
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Yinzhou is a district of Ningbo in Zhejiang province, China. In 220 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, later they were merged into Gouzhang county during the Sui Dynasty. It was renamed Mao county during the Tang Dynasty and it had assumed its current name of Yin in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The city of Ningbo was administrated by Yin county until after the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China, at the same time, Yin county became a county of Ningbo city. 19,2002, it was renamed Yinzhou District and it is one of the few counties that has kept the same name since its establishment more than 2000 years ago. Liangzhu Cultural Park was built to commemorate the beautiful story of Liang Shanbo. The story is based on the Chinese legend of the Butterfly Lovers, Tiantong Scenic Spot mainly consists of Tiantong Temple and Tiantong National Forest Park. Tiantong Temple is one of the most important Zen Buddhist temples and it was originally built during the Western Jin Dynasty around 300 AD. It ranks second among the five sacred Chinese Zen Buddhist mountains, a very large complex of buildings, its former total of 999 rooms has now shrunk to 730 today, arranged in twenty groups of buildings rising up the mountain slope. Eyuwang Temple was built in A. D.232 and it is the only existing temple named after Ashoka in China. Dongqian Lake lies in the southeast of Yinzhou District and it is the largest natural freshwater lake in Zhejiang province, with a water surface area of 20 square kilometers. Since ancient times, the Lake has been a famous spot in Eastern Zhejiang. Yinzhou District is home to more than 15,000 industrial organizations, the economy mainly consists of six sectors, light textiles, garments, machinery, electronics, automobile parts and food. In 2008, its GDP reached RMB65.08 billion yuan and its imports and exports totaled US$1.44 billion and US$6.6 billion, respectively. 鄞州区人民政府网站 Government of Yinzhou District Website
20.
Fenghua District
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Fenghua is a district in the north of Zhejiang Province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of Ningbo prefecture-level city, the district and its administrative hinterlands has a population of over 480,000. Fenghua is most famous for being the hometown of Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek, geographically, it is dominated by the Tiantai and Siming mountain ranges. Fenghua was established as a county in the Tang dynasty, in the territory of Mingzhou and its name means Accepting Reform and adopted during imperial times. During the Song dynasty, immigration from the north increased exponentially, in 1129, Fenghua was raided by Jurchen cavalry in pursuit of Emperor Gaozong. Local militia at Xiaowangmiao fought off the invaders, in late imperial times, Fenghua established itself as a meeting point for trade between the agrarian communities to the north, in Yinxian, and the mountain-based communities in the south. In exchange for grain and cereals, the hill peoples would trade bamboo, timber and other crops such as tea. In the east of Fenghua, around Xiangshan, there existed also a number of fishing communities, as with the rest of China, the 19th century brought about tumultuous changes. The Opium Wars with Britain devastated the economies of the coast, around this time, many Fenghua men sought opportunity in the rising cities of Harbin, Weihaiwei and Shanghai. They later became famous in the 1920s for their dominance of the profession in downtown Shanghai. But by far Fenghuas most famous export was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang, Chiangs family were originally salt merchants in the township of Xikou, a town in the west of Fenghua district. Fenghua has 5 subdistricts and 6 towns, subdistricts, Jinping Yuelin Jiangkou Xiwu Xiaowangmiao Towns, Xikou Chunhu Shangtian Dayan Qiucun Songao Today, Fenghua is a centre for light manufacturing and small scale farming. It boasts a number of garment and textiles factories, including the Romon brand widely recognised in China. It is also home to the vast industrial facilities of Ningbo Bird, as the port city of Ningbo is further integrated into the burgeoning economic region of Shanghai, Fenghua will attract increased foreign investment and continue to grow. In 2008, the gross domestic product was RMB18.8 billion. Largely as a result of Chiangs fame, Fenghua attracts a number of tourists. Aside from Chiangs former residence and related nostalgia, Fenghua has relatively few relics from the past, the great Xuedou Temple, once one of the ten great monasteries of Chan Buddhism, was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Other sites, along with numerous shrines, clan halls and genealogies
21.
Cixi, Zhejiang
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Cixi is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of the sub-provincial city of Ningbo, Zhejiang. At the 2010 census, its population was 1,462,383 and its urban agglomeration built-up area, essentially contiguous with Yuyao, had 2,473,042 inhabitants. Cixi is a city with a culture and a long history. It was part of the state of Yue in the Spring, the county was set up in the Qin Dynasty. At first it was called “Juzhang” and has been using the name of “Cixi” since the Kaiyuan reign of the Tang Dynasty. Cixi City is located on the south of the circle of Yangtze River Delta. Cixi has a monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 16℃. Cixi has a public transportation system that provides convenience. Highway connections are provided to all cities, typical travel times are 1. Shanghai and Ningbo are also the closest sea ports, Cixi is an important manufacturing city in northern Zhejiang province. The Hangzhou Bay New District is located in the city. Fifteen towns and five subdistricts are under the jurisdiction of Cixi City, the city houses many Yue Kiln Sites, which are widely regarded as one of the origin of Chinese porcelain. Cixi was listed as the base for community digital learning in the national city. List of twin towns and sister cities in China Cixi City travel guide from Wikivoyage The Peoples Government Cixi City official website
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Yuyao
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Yuyao is a county-level city in Zhejiang province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of the city of Ningbo. It is located 40 km west of central Ningbo,120 km east of Hangzhou, Yuyao covers an area of 1,527 km². Yuyao has a population of 400,000 in downtown. Yuyao lies in a subtropical zone, rich in sunshine and rain fall, warm and humid. The mean annual sunshine is 2,061 hours and the rate of sunshine is 47%. The mean annual temperature is 16 degree Celsius and the coldest months perennial are January and February, the mean annual precipitation is around 1,300 millimeters and changes greatly from year to year. The hyetal distribution is uneven during a year, and the rainfall centers on East Asian rainy season from April to June. Yuyao offers a variety of landscape from wide open ocean in Hangzhou Bay. Yaojiang River originates in Siming Mountains in the south where the Ninth Fantasy world of Taoism is located, yaojiang River goes through the county and extends eastward into East China Sea as well as Pacific Ocean. Yuyao is well known for its heritage of civilization. The Neolithic Hemudu culture formed in Yuyao about 5,000 B. C. is one of the earliest sites of human civilization on earth. The material and ethical relics revealed large-scale rice plantation and other activities, hurdle style architecture, paddling and boating and respecting birds. Wang Yangming and Huang Zongxi were ranked among China’s top 10 ideologists, Yuyao was then named as “the Most Famous County”and “the Famous State on Literature”. During the Anti-Japanese War, Yuyao was one of China’s 19 bases against Japanese invaders, Yuyao is known as a place for rice and fish. Its economy has been booming as private enterprises dominate after the reform began in late 1970s. In 2007, GDP will reach RMB34 billions, with double digit growth rates over the past 20 years. It ranked as one of the counties in terms of comprehensive economic strength out of all the 2100 counties in China
23.
Ninghai County
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Ninghai County is a county under the administration of Ningbo, Zhejiang province, Peoples Republic of China. It is located midway up the East Zhejiangs coastal line, adjoining Hangzhou and it was one of the first regions in China that opened itself to the outside world. It covers an area of 1,931 km2 and has a 176 km coastline and it has 17 towns and a population of 580,000. Ninghai is located in the part of Zhejiang and on the southern flank of the Yangtze Delta. It is part of the Shanghai Economic Development Region and it is 70 km away from the Ningbo urban area,66 km away from Ningbo International Airport,90 km away from Beilun port. 210 km and 380 km separate Ninghai from respectively Hangzhou and Shanghai, from a meteorological standpoint, it belongs to the subtropical monsoon zone, and is under the influence of perennial southeast winds. Ninghai enjoys a warm and humid climate, rainfall and sunshine. As a result, its air quality is comparatively fresh and clean, in the late Stone Age, Ninghai was already home to primitive settlements. In 280 AD it was recognized as a county, whose seat was at Baijiao, later, during the Sui Dynasty, it ceased to be an independent county and instead became part of the Linhai County. The year 621 AD saw it restored as a county, with its seat at Haiyou, in 689 AD, as Empress Wu Tse-Tien rose to power, Ninghais administrative status was once more restored o county level, with its seat placed at Guangduli. During the year 706 AD, the eastern expanse of the county was put under the jurisdiction of the Xiangshan county. In 1940, i. e. the 29th year of the Minguo period and it comprised 17 towns, including the town of Haiyou. After its establishment as a county, Ninghai had successively been part of Linhai Prefecture, of the Taizhoulu Prefecture, and of the Taizhou Prefecture. When the PRC was founded in 1949, the county land was first part of the Taizhou Prefecture, but in October 1958, it was abolished as an independent county and was incorporated into the Xiangshan county, whose seat was successively the towns of Liyang and Chengguan. In Oct 1961, Ninghai county was reestablished as part of the Ningbo Prefecture, a number of famous people originated from Ninghai. The three were reluctant to submit to Jia’s influence, after Zheng Lin was killed by Jia Sidao, Ye Mengding, Hu Sansheng and another official named Shu Yuexiang renounced their governmental posts and devoted themselves to academic studies. Fang Xiaoru was a Ming official and scholar who wrote several works, the emperor to whom Fang Xiaoru had pledged his allegiance fell from power, after a civil war in 1399. Zhu Di, the new emperor, asked Fang to draft new law legitimizing his succession, Fang Xiaoru refused, was tortured and killed
