1.
Youth International Party
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It was founded on December 31,1967. They employed theatrical gestures, such as advancing a pig as a candidate for President in 1968 and they have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian and anarchist youth movement of symbolic politics. Since they were known for street theater and politically themed pranks. According to ABC News, The group was known for street theater pranks and was referred to as the Groucho Marxists. The Yippies had no membership or hierarchy. Abbie and Anita Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Nancy Kurshan, If the press had created hippie, could not we five hatch the yippie. Other activists associated with the Yippies include Stew Albert, Ed Rosenthal, Allen Ginsberg, Ed Sanders, Robin Morgan, Phil Ochs, a Yippie flag was frequently seen at anti-war demonstrations. The flag had a background with a five-pointed red star in the center. When asked about the Yippie flag, an anonymous Yippie identified only as Jung told the New York Times that The black is for anarchy, the red star is for our five point program. And the leaf is for marijuana, which is for getting ecologically stoned without polluting the environment and this flag is also mentioned in Hoffmans Steal This Book. Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin became the most famous Yippies—and bestselling authors—in part due to publicity surrounding the five-month Chicago Seven Conspiracy trial of 1969 and they both used the phrase ideology is a brain disease to separate the Yippies from mainstream political parties that played the game by the rules. Hoffman and Rubin were arguably the most colorful of the seven defendants accused of criminal conspiracy, Hoffman and Rubin used the trial as a platform for Yippie antics—at one point, they showed up in court attired in judicial robes. The term Yippie was invented by Krassner and Hoffman on New Years Eve 1967, Anita Hoffman liked the word, but felt that the New York Times and other strait-laced types needed a more formal name to take the movement seriously. That same night she came up with Youth International Party, because it symbolized the movement, along with the name Youth International Party, the organization was also simply called Yippie. as in a shout for joy. Energy – fun – fierceness – exclamation point, the Yippies held their first press conference in New York at the Americana Hotel March 17,1968, five months before the August 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Judy Collins sang at the press conference, the Chicago Sun-Times reported it with an article titled, Yipes. The Yippie New Nation concept called for the creation of alternative, Yippies believed these cooperative institutions and a radicalized hippie culture would spread until they supplanted the existing system. We are a new nation, YIPs New Nation Statement said of the hippie movement
2.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
3.
Dan Rottenberg
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Dan Rottenberg is an author, editor and journalist. He has been the editor of seven publications, most recently Broad Street Review. He is also the author of 11 books, most recently The Outsider, Albert M. Greenfield, coal industry as seen through the eyes of two families. From 2000 to 2004 he was editor of Family Business, a quarterly magazine dealing with family-owned companies. From 1996 to 1998 he was editor of the Philadelphia Forum, in 1993 he created Seven Arts, a monthly magazine based in Philadelphia. From 1981 to 1993 he edited the Welcomat, a unique Philadelphia-based weekly opinion forum and he wrote an editorial-page column for the Philadelphia Inquirer from 1978 to 1997. He served as a consultant in 1981 when Forbes magazine launched its annual “Forbes 400″ list of wealthiest Americans and his syndicated film commentaries appeared in monthly city magazines around the U. S. from 1971 to 1983. Rottenberg is credited with having been the first to use the word yuppie in print. Dan Rottenberg is a native of New York City and he graduated from the Fieldston School in 1960 and the University of Pennsylvania in 1964. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife, a piano teacher and their two grown daughters live and work in New York City
4.
Jerry Rubin
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Jerry Clyde Rubin was a Jewish American social activist, anti-war leader, and counterculture icon during the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, he became a successful businessman, Rubin was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of a truck driver who later became a Teamsters union official. Rubin attended Cincinnatis Walnut Hills High School, co-editing the school newspaper, The Chatterbox, while in high school Rubin began to write for The Cincinnati Post, compiling sports scores from high school games. He attended Oberlin College, and Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and later went on to graduate from the University of Cincinnati, Rubin attended the University of California, Berkeley in 1964 but dropped out to focus on social activism. Rubins parents died within 10 months of each other, leaving Rubin the only person to care of his younger brother, Gil. Jerry wanted to teach Gil about the world and planned to take him to India, when relatives threatened to sue to obtain custody of Gil, Jerry decided to take his brother to Israel instead, settling in Tel Aviv. There, Rubin worked in a kibbutz, and studied sociology while his brother, before returning to social and political activism, Rubin made a visit to Havana, to learn first-hand about the Cuban revolution. Rubin began to demonstrate on behalf of various left-wing causes after dropping out of Berkeley, Rubin also ran for mayor of Berkeley, on a platform opposing the Vietnam War, and supporting black power and the legalization of marijuana, receiving over twenty per cent of the vote. Having been unsuccessful, Rubin turned all his attentions to political protest and his first protest was in Berkeley, protesting against the refusal of a local grocer to hire African Americans. Soon Rubin was leading protests of his own, Rubin organized the Vietnam Day Committee, that led some of the first large numbered protests against the war in Vietnam. Vietnam Day Committee was a unique early antiwar organization in that it enjoyed large local participation and is believed to be a forerunner to the movement against the war in Vietnam. Rubin was one of the members of the Youth International Party or Yippies, along with social and political activist Abbie Hoffman. The Yippies were not an organization with a membership list or a direct relationship with constituency. He more visual and surreal the stunts we could cook up, the easier it would be to get on the news, and the weird and whimsical and provocative the theater. Nothing is more American than revolution, he told the committee, Rubin showing total lack of concern or worries, lightheartedly blew soap bubbles as members of Congress questioned his Communist affiliations. He subsequently appeared before the HUAC as a guerrilla in Viet Cong pajamas, with war paint and carrying a toy M-16 rifle. Yet another successful act in Yippies guerrilla theater was when during the Presidential elections of 1968 the Youth International Party nominated their own candidate for the U. S. Presidency. The nominee was Pigasus the Immortal, a 145-pound pig that they felt was an alternative to Richard Nixon or his presidential opponent
5.
Studio 54
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Studio 54 is a former nightclub and currently a Broadway theatre, located at 254 West 54th Street, between Eighth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan. The building, originally built as the Gallo Opera House, opened in 1927, after which it changed several times, eventually becoming CBS radio. Later, the building, renamed after its location, housed a world-famous nightclub, in 1984, Fleischman sold the club, which continued to operate until 1991. Since November 1998, it has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company, a separate restaurant and nightclub, Feinsteins/54 Below, operates in the basement of the building. Designed by famed architect Eugene De Rosa, the venue opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House, named for its owner and it later reopened under new ownership as The New Yorker, but continued failing to attract sufficient crowds. The New Yorker Theatre saw its final production, Medicine Show, end in May 1940, in 1943, CBS purchased the theatre, renaming it Studio 52. CBS named its studios in order of purchase, the number 52 was unrelated to the street on which it was located, during these years, CBS used the theater for radio broadcasts. From the 1940s to the mid 1970s, CBS used the location as a radio and TV stage that housed such shows as Whats My Line. The $64,000 Question, Video Village, Password, To Tell the Truth, Beat the Clock, The Jack Benny Show, Ive Got a Secret, Ted Mack and the Original Amateur Hour, the soap opera Love of Life was produced there until 1975. In 1976, CBS moved most of its broadcast operations to the Ed Sullivan Theater and the CBS Broadcast Center, the Ed Sullivan Theater once had access to Studio 52 through an access door, which was concrete-blocked during the theaters 1993 renovation for Late Show with David Letterman. When CBS began marketing the building in 1976, various parties in the art, male model Uva Harden tried to get gallery owner Frank Lloyd to finance the club, until Lloyd lost a $9 million lawsuit to the estate of the artist Mark Rothko, the Rothko Case. In 1977, the theater was transformed into a nightclub called Studio 54 by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager and they operated the company as Broadway Catering Corp. It took only six weeks to transform the theater into a nightclub, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. Within a month of opening, the New York State Liquor Authority raided Studio 54 for selling liquor without a license, the owners of the nightclub said the incident was a misunderstanding. The next night the club reopened, serving fruit juice and soda instead of liquor, prior to the raid, the nightclub had been using daily caterers permits, which enabled the nightclub to serve alcohol but were intended for weddings or political events. The State had denied the permit for the night and raided the nightclub. The nightclub had been using these permits while waiting for its license to be processed
6.
East Bay Express
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The East Bay Express is an Oakland-based weekly newspaper serving the Berkeley, Oakland, and East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. It is distributed throughout Alameda County and parts of Contra Costa County every Wednesday, the Express is known for its investigative and longform news and feature stories, along with its award-winning arts, food, and wine coverage. The paper is also known for its liberal viewpoint and for engaging in advocacy journalism. The first edition of the Express was published in October 1978, in 1989, the Express reported extensively on the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the collapse of the Cypress Structure on I-880. The paper was sold in February,2001 to New Times Media, editor John Raeside was replaced as editor of the Express by longtime journalist, Stephen Buel, and the Express new tabloid layout replaced the original quarter-fold design. In October 2006, New Times merged with the parent company of The Village Voice to form Village Voice Media, during the Aughts, the Express was the first news outlet to report on the bloody legacy of Your Black Muslim Bakery in Oakland. Members of the bakery were later convicted of murdering Oakland journalist Chauncey Bailey, throughout the decade, the Express also closely covered the FBI investigation of then-state Senator Don Perata of Oakland. On 17 May 2007, Village Voice Media announced the Express was being bought by then-editor Stephen Buel, jody Colley became publisher that year, and then Jay Youngdahl acquired majority control of the paper in August 2010. In December 2010, co-editors Robert Gammon and Kathleen Richards took over for Stephen Buel, in 2010, Express reported on the election of Jean Quan as mayor of Oakland, Quan defeated ex-state Senator Don Perata. In 2014, Robert Gammon became editor of the paper,2001 Express writers won four 2001 East Bay Press Club awards, the winners were Kara Platoni, Will Harper, and Lisa Drostova. 2002 The Express won three 2002 awards from the Northern California Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, the winners were Justin Berton, Will Harper, Editorial Fellow Malcolm Gay was honored as Best Emerging Journalist. Staff writer Susan Goldsmith won Best Feature Story for Franks War,2003 Illustrated, won the Graphic Journalism category for its co-coordinators Michael Mechanic and Jesse Reklaw. Staff writer Kara Platoni won the 2004 Evert Clark/Seth Payne Award, the Express won twelve awards in the San Francisco/East Bay Press Clubs 2004 Excellence in Print Journalism Contest. Will Harper won best columnist and first place in the business feature category for Publisher for the People, Kara Platoni won first place for technology coverage for I, Robot. She also won second place in the business news competition for Latinos Warn of False Credit Card, Platoni also won first place in the lifestyle feature category for What a Steal. Lauren Gard won first place in the long feature category for Good Kids, in sports features, Chris Togneri took first place for Eve of Destruction. Susan Goldsmith took third place for Mortal Combat, Justin Berton won first place in the profile category for Lizard Is a Rat. Music editor Rob Harvilla won second place in the criticism or reviewing category, in the in-depth or investigative reporting category, Robert Gammon took second place for Fire and Ice Cream, and Chris Thompson took third place for The AXT Way
7.
The Official Preppy Handbook
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The Official Preppy Handbook is a tongue-in-cheek humor reference guide edited by Lisa Birnbach, written by Jonathan Roberts, Carol McD. It discusses an aspect of North American culture described as prepdom, in addition to insights on prep school and university life at socially acceptable schools, it illuminates many aspects of the conservative upper middle class, old money WASP society. Topics range from appropriate clothing for social events to choosing the correct college, the book addresses preppy life from birth to old age, lending understanding to the cultural aspects of preppy life. In general, elementary and secondary school, college, and the adult years receive the most attention. Coverage lessens during the latter chapters. The book was first published in 1980 by Workman Publishing. The Official Preppy Handbook explains and satirizes what it takes to be a person in the 1980s. Lisa Birnbach reveals through an ironic tone where preps go to school, where they summer, what brands they wear, Birnbach divides The Official Preppy Handbook into 7 sections, each devoted to a different period of the preppy lifestyle. The Handbook begins by caricaturizing the childhood of a person in 1980. Lisa Birnbach satirizes a prep’s ideal family lifestyle, and humorously advises readers how to pick, interview, the book then wittily discusses “the best years of your life”- a prep’s college years. With tongue in cheek, Birnbach elucidates which college courses to take, how to design one’s dorm room, in Chapters 5 and 6, the book ironically explains the prep adult life as first a “young executive”, and later as a retired adult in “the Country Club Years”. Birnbach jokingly educates readers on navigating a cocktail party, networking, the Official Preppy Handbook also teaches readers how to dress preppy. In chapter 4, Birnbach emphasizes the importance of appearing effortless, preppy and casual, writing and this provides a year round beachside look that is so desirable that comfort may be thrown aside”. The books reflections on young urban professional culture inspired Arthur Cinader, Cinader hoped to capitalize on the books success. The book also represented a resurgence of interest in culture that aided the growth of retailer L. L. Bean. The books exposé of university life and the drug and sex culture at various schools had a significant impact on public thought about those schools, the book spawned many other official handbooks for other American subcultures. Prior to the book, primarily only wealthy, WASP elites adopted the preppy subculture, from the 1920s, WASPs dominated American universities, and preppy fashion was traditionally worn on university campuses. However, as universities became less exclusive as a result of economic, Preppy fashion adopted new nuances, and preppy culture has become more inclusive. By writing The Official Preppy Handbook, Lisa Birnbach helps to further democratize preppy fashion, rather, the Handbook was written as a guidepost for the revival of the preppy style
8.
Gary Hart
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Gary Warren Hart is an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He is perhaps best known for being the front-runner for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination until he dropped out over allegations of an affair with Donna Rice. Senator from Colorado from 1975 to 1987 and as Vice Chairman of the Homeland Security Advisory Council from 2008 to 2011, since 2014 he has been the U. S. He is also an author, professor and commentator and he has been married to Lee since 1958 and has two grown children. Hart was born in Ottawa, Kansas, the son of Nina and Carl Riley Hartpence, as a young man, he worked as a laborer on the railroad. He and his father changed their last name to Hart in 1961 because Hart is a lot easier to remember than Hartpence and he won a scholarship to Bethany Nazarene College in Bethany, Oklahoma, in 1954 and graduated in 1958. He met his wife, Oletha Ludwig, there, and they married in 1958 and he also graduated from Yale Divinity School in 1961 and Yale Law School in 1964. Hart became an attorney for the United States Department of Justice from 1964 to 1965 and he was special assistant to the solicitor of the United States Department of the Interior from 1965 to 1967. He then entered law practice in Denver, Colorado, at the firm of Davis Graham & Stubbs. Following the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, U. S, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota co-chaired a commission that revised the Democratic presidential nomination structure. The new rules made caucuses a process in which relative newcomers could participate without paying dues to established party organizations, in the 1972 primary elections, McGovern named Hart his campaign manager. Along with Rick Stearns, an expert on the new system and they felt the nature of the caucuses made them easier to win if they targeted their efforts. While their primary election strategy proved successful in winning the nomination, in 1974, Hart ran for the United States Senate, challenging two-term incumbent Republican Peter Dominick. In the general election, Hart won by a wide margin and was labeled a rising star. He also served on the Environment and Public Work Committee and the Senate Intelligence Committee, from 1975 to 76, Hart was a member of a subcommittee under the Church Committee that looked into to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Hart served as the chairman of Senate Subcommittee on Nuclear Regulation, in 1980, he sought a second term. Fourteen years earlier, Callaway had been the Republican gubernatorial nominee in his native Georgia, Callaway in the early 1970s had bought and run an elegant resort in Crested Butte. Buchanan had hit Hart hard for supporting the Panama Canal Treaties, buchanan charged in a campaign ad about Hart, He votes one way and talks another when he is back here
9.
Social liberalism
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Social liberalism is a political ideology that believes individual liberty requires a level of social justice. Under social liberalism, the good of the community is viewed as harmonious with the freedom of the individual, Social liberal policies have been widely adopted in much of the capitalist world, particularly following World War II. Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered centrist or centre-left, a reaction against social liberalism in the late twentieth century, often called neoliberalism, led to monetarist economic policies and a reduction in government provision of services. However, governments continued to provide services and retained control over economic policy. In American political usage, the social liberalism describes progressive stances on socio-political issues like abortion, same-sex marriage or gun control. A social liberal in this sense may hold either liberal or conservative views on fiscal policy, some Victorian writers—including Charles Dickens, Thomas Carlyle, and Matthew Arnold—became early influential critics of social injustice. John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that individual would have an equal opportunity of success. What they proposed is now called social liberalism, in their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented. What was new in these reforms was the assumption that the state could be a positive force. Was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals, schulze-Delitzsch is also known as the founding father of the German cooperative movement and is credited as the organiser of the worlds first credit unions. But their ideas found relatively few supporters among the liberal politicians, one of the first German authors to propose the term and concept of social liberalism was the historian and economist Ignaz Jastrow. He published the manifesto Social-liberal, Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia in 1893 and this project was however rejected by Social Democrats and failed. Naumann called this a proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism, the new group advocated, among other things, increased social welfare legislation, the right to strike, and profit-sharing in industry. Although the party was unable to win any seats and soon dissolved, the left-liberal German Democratic Party during the Weimar Republic included both classically and economically liberal and social-liberal currents. They explained that a division of labor caused greater opportunity and individualism. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works, however, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than to manage, and they encouraged cooperative insurance schemes among individuals
10.
Newsweek
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Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
11.
The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
12.
SRI International
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SRI International is an American nonprofit research institute headquartered in Menlo Park, California. The trustees of Stanford University established SRI in 1946 as a center of innovation to support development in the region. The organization was founded as the Stanford Research Institute, SRI formally separated from Stanford University in 1970 and became known as SRI International in 1977. SRI describes its mission as creating world-changing solutions to make people safer, healthier and it performs client-sponsored research and development for government agencies, commercial businesses, and private foundations. It also licenses its technologies, forms strategic partnerships, sells products, SRIs annual revenue in 2014 was approximately $540 million. SRIs headquarters are located near the Stanford University campus, jeffrey has served as SRIs president and CEO since September 2014. Sarnoff Corporation, an owned subsidiary of SRI since 1988, was fully integrated into SRI in January 2011. SRI has received more than 4,000 patents and patent applications worldwide, in the 1920s, Stanford University professor Robert E. Swain proposed creating a research institute in the Western United States. Herbert Hoover, then a trustee of Stanford University, was also a proponent of an institute. The development of the institute was delayed by the Great Depression in the 1930s and World War II in the 1940s, with three separate attempts leading to its formation in 1946. In August 1945, Maurice Nelles, Morlan A. Visel, a second attempt was made by Henry T. Heald, then president of the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1945, Heald wrote a report recommending a research institute on the West Coast, a third attempt was made by Fred Terman, Stanford Universitys dean of engineering. Termans proposal followed Healds, but focused on faculty and student research more than contract research, the trustees of Stanford University voted to create the organization in 1946. It was structured so that its goals were aligned with the charter of the university—to advance scientific knowledge and to benefit the public at large, not just the students of Stanford University. The trustees were named as the general members, and elected SRIs directors, if the organization were dissolved. Research chemist William F. Talbot became the first director of the institute and this and other issues, including frustration with Tresidders micromanagement of the new organization, caused Talbot to repeatedly offer his resignation, which Tresidder eventually accepted. Talbot was replaced by Jesse Hobson, who had led the Armour Research Foundation. SRIs first research project investigated whether the plant could be used as a source of natural rubber
13.
Saab Automobile
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Saab Automobile AB /ˈsɑːb/ was a manufacturer of automobiles that was founded in Sweden in 1945 when its parent company, SAAB AB, began a project to design a small automobile. The first production model, the Saab 92, was launched in 1949, in 1968 the parent company merged with Scania-Vabis, and ten years later the Saab 900 was launched, in time becoming Saabs best-selling model. In the mid-1980s the new Saab 9000 model also appeared, in 1989, the automobile division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB. In 2010 GM sold Saab Automobile AB to the Dutch automobile manufacturer Spyker Cars N. V, on 13 June 2012, it was announced that a newly formed company called National Electric Vehicle Sweden had bought Saab Automobiles bankrupt estate. According to Saab United, the first NEVS Saab 9-3 drove off its line on 19 September 2013. NEVS lost its license to manufacture automobiles under the Saab name in the summer of 2014, Saab AB, Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget, a Swedish aerospace and defence company, was created in 1937 in Linköping. The company had established in 1937 for the express purpose of building aircraft for the Swedish Air Force to protect the countrys neutrality as Europe moved closer to World War II. As the war drew towards a close and the market for fighter planes seemed to weaken, an automobile design project was started in 1945 with the internal name X9248. The design project became known as Project 92, the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91. In 1948, a site in Trollhättan was converted to allow automobile assembly and the project moved there, along with the car manufacturing headquarters. The company made four prototypes named Ursaab or original Saab, numbered 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92 went into production in December 1949, selling 20,000 cars through the mid-1950s. The 92 was thoroughly redesigned and re-engineered in 1955, and was renamed the Saab 93, the cars engine gained a cylinder, going from two to three and its front fascia became the first to sport the first incarnation of Saabs trademark trapezoidal radiator grill. A wagon variant, the Saab 95, was added in 1959, the decade also saw Saabs first performance car, the Saab 94, the first of the Saab Sonetts. 1960 saw the major revision to the 92s platform in the Saab 96. The 96 was an important model for Saab, it was the first Saab to be exported out of Sweden. It proved very popular, selling nearly 550,000 examples, even more important to the companys fortunes was 1968s Saab 99. The 99 was the first all-new Saab in 19 years, and unlike its predecessors, the 99 had many innovations and features that would come to define Saabs for decades, wraparound windscreen, self-repairing bumpers, headlamp washers and side-impact door beams. The design by Sixten Sason was no less revolutionary than the underlying technology, in 1969, Saab AB merged with the Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis AB to form Saab-Scania AB, under the Wallenberg family umbrella
14.
Market research
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Market research is any organized effort to gather information about target markets or customers. It is an important component of business strategy. Market research is one of the key used in maintaining competitiveness over competitors. Market research provides important information to identify and analyze the market need, market size, Market research began to be conceptualized and put into formal practice during the 1920s, as an offshoot of the advertising boom of the Golden Age of radio in the United States. Advertisers began to realize the significance of demographics revealed by sponsorship of different radio programs, Market research is a way of getting an overview of consumers wants, needs and beliefs. It can also involve discovering how they act, the research can be used to determine how a product could be marketed. Peter Drucker believed market research to be the quintessence of marketing, there are two major types of market research. Primary Research sub-divided into Quantitative and Qualitative research and Secondary research, Market researchers have a wider role than previously recognized by helping their clients to understand social, technical, and even legal aspects of markets. Market segmentation Market segmentation is the division of the market or population into subgroups with similar motivations, for B2B segmentation firmographics is commonly used. Market trends Market trends are the upward or downward movement of a market, determining the market size may be more difficult if one is starting with a new innovation. In this case, you will have to derive the figures from the number of potential customers, SWOT analysis SWOT is a written analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats to a business entity. Not only should a SWOT be used in the stage of the company. A SWOT may also be written up for the competition to understand how to develop the marketing, another factor that can be measured is marketing effectiveness. It reduces the risks involved in making decisions as well as strategies, some major benefits are - i. Marketing research assists in providing accurate and latest trends related to demand, consumer behavior, sales and it helps in better understanding of the market, thus helps in product design, features and demand forecasts iii. It assists in studying and understanding the competitors, thus identifying unique selling propositions for a business, Market research reaps many such benefits which are Industry and business specific and have high ROIs. It is important to test marketing material for films to see how an audience will receive it and this is stimulated by product-enhancing websites, graphics, and content designed to attract casual surfing shoppers, researching for their particular needs, competitive prices and quality. According to the Small Business Administration, a business is significantly contributed to by gaining knowledge about customers, competitors
15.
Stereotype
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In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality, however, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations, some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others. The term stereotype derives from the Greek words στερεός, firm, solid and τύπος, impression, the term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original, outside of printing, the first reference to stereotype was in 1850, as a noun that meant image perpetuated without change. However, it was not until 1922 that stereotype was first used in the psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work Public Opinion. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are understood as related but different concepts, although related, the three concepts can exist independently of each other. Studies of stereotype content examine what people think of others, rather than the reasons, early theories of stereotype content proposed by social psychologists such as Gordon Allport assumed that stereotypes of outgroups reflected uniform antipathy. For instance, Katz and Braly argued in their classic 1933 study that ethnic stereotypes were uniformly negative, by contrast, a newer model of stereotype content theorizes that stereotypes are frequently ambivalent and vary along two dimensions, warmth and competence. Warmth and competence are respectively predicted by lack of competition and status, groups that do not compete with the in-group for the same resources are perceived as warm, whereas high-status groups are considered competent. The groups within each of the four combinations of high and low levels of warmth, the model explains the phenomenon that some out-groups are admired but disliked, whereas others are liked but disrespected. This model was tested on a variety of national and international samples and was found to reliably predict stereotype content. Early studies suggested that stereotypes were only used by rigid, repressed, stereotyping can serve cognitive functions on an interpersonal level, and social functions on an intergroup level. For stereotyping to function on a level, an individual must see themselves as part of a group. Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y, Yzerbyt argued that the cognitive functions of stereotyping are best understood in relation to its social functions, and vice versa. Stereotypes can help make sense of the world and they are a form of categorization that helps to simplify and systematize information. Thus, information is easily identified, recalled, predicted. Stereotypes are categories of objects or people, between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible
16.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
17.
Black Monday (1987)
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In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19,1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74. In Australia and New Zealand, the 1987 crash is referred to as Black Tuesday because of the time zone difference. The stock market advanced significantly, with the Dow peaking in August 1987 at 2,722 points, further financial uncertainty may have resulted from the collapse of OPEC in early 1986, which led to crude oil price decreasing by more than 50% by mid-1986. On October 14, the DJIA dropped 95.46 points to 2,412.70, on Thursday, October 15,1987, Iran hit the American-owned supertanker, the Sungari, with a Silkworm missile off Kuwaits main Mina Al Ahmadi oil port. The next morning, Iran hit another ship, the U. S. -flagged MV Sea Isle City, with another Silkworm missile. On Friday, October 16, when all the markets in London were unexpectedly closed due to the Great Storm of 1987, then-Treasury Secretary James Baker stated concerns about the falling prices. Later that morning, two U. S. warships shelled an Iranian oil platform in the Persian Gulf in response to Irans Silkworm missile attack on the Sea Isle City. By the end of October, stock markets in Hong Kong, Australia, Spain, the United Kingdom, New Zealands market was hit especially hard, falling about 60% from its 1987 peak, and taking several years to recover. The Black Monday decline was—and currently remains—the largest one-day percentage decline in the DJIA, however, the economy was barely affected and growth actually increased throughout 1987 and 1988, with the DJIA regaining its pre-crash closing high of 2,722 points in early 1989. This, along with the demise of the leveraged buyout craze brought a five-year depression late that year. Possible causes for the decline included program trading, overvaluation, illiquidity, a popular explanation for the 1987 crash was selling by program traders, most notably as a reaction to the computerized selling required by portfolio insurance hedges. However, economist Dean Furbush points out that the biggest price drops occurred when trading volume was light, in program trading, computers perform rapid stock executions based on external inputs, such as the price of related securities. Common strategies implemented by program trading involve an attempt to engage in arbitrage, as computer technology became more available, the use of program trading grew dramatically within Wall Street firms. After the crash, many blamed program trading strategies for blindly selling stocks as markets fell, some economists theorized the speculative boom leading up to October was caused by program trading, and that the crash was merely a return to normalcy. Either way, program trading ended up taking the majority of the blame in the eye for the 1987 stock market crash. Congressman Edward J. Markey, who had been warning about the possibility of a crash, New York Universitys Richard Sylla divides the causes into macroeconomic and internal reasons. Macroeconomic causes included international disputes about foreign exchange and interest rates, the internal reasons included innovations with index futures and portfolio insurance
18.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
19.
Obituary
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An obituary is a news article that reports the recent death of a person, typically along with an account of the persons life and information about the upcoming funeral. In large cities and larger newspapers, obituaries are written only for people considered significant, in local newspapers, an obituary may be published for any local resident upon death. A necrology is a register or list of records of the deaths of people related to an organization, group or field. Historical necrologies can be important sources of information, two types of paid advertisements are related to obituaries. One, known as a notice, omits most biographical details. The other type, a paid advertisement, is usually written by family members or friends. Both types of advertisements are usually run as classified advertisements. A premature obituary is a false reporting of the death of a person who is still alive and it may occur due to unexpected survival of someone who was close to death. Other reasons for such publication might be miscommunication between newspapers, family members, and the home, often resulting in embarrassment for everyone involved. Irish author Brendan Behan said that there is no such thing as bad publicity except dying in a toilet. In this regard, some people will seek to have a newspaper editor publish a premature death notice or obituary as a malicious hoax. To that end, nearly all now have policies requiring that death notices come from a reliable source. The Los Angeles Times obituary of Elizabeth Taylor, for example, was written in 1999 after three months of research, then often updated before the actress 2011 death. Sometimes the prewritten obituarys subject outlives its author, an example is The New York Times obituary of Taylor, written by the theater critic Mel Gussow. Obituaries are a feature of The Economist, which publishes one full-page obituary per week, reflecting on the subjects life. Past subjects have ranged from Ray Charles to Uday Hussein, the British Medical Journal encourages doctors to write their own obituaries for publication after their death. For numerous summer seasons, CBC Radio One has run The Late Show, eulogy Funeral List of premature obituaries Lists of deaths by year Lists of people by cause of death Baranick, Alana, Sheeler, Jim, Miller, Stephen. Life on the Death Beat, A Handbook for Obituary Writers, the Dead Beat, Lost Souls, Lucky Stiffs, And The Perverse Pleasure of Obituaries
20.
David Brooks (cultural commentator)
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David Brooks is an American conservative political and cultural commentator who writes for The New York Times. He is currently a columnist for The New York Times and commentator on PBS NewsHour, Brooks was born in Toronto, Ontario—his father was working on his PhD in Canada at the time—and spent his early years in the middle-income Stuyvesant Town housing development in Lower Manhattan. His father taught English literature at New York University, while his mother studied nineteenth-century British history at Columbia, although his family was Jewish, Brooks himself is not religiously observant. As a young child, Brooks attended the Grace Church School, when he was 12, his family moved to the Philadelphia Main Line, the affluent suburbs of Philadelphia. He graduated from Radnor High School in 1979, in 1983, Brooks graduated from the University of Chicago with a degree in history. His senior thesis was on popular science writer Robert Ardrey, as an undergraduate, Brooks frequently contributed reviews and satirical pieces to campus publications. The evenings are reserved for extended bouts of name-dropping, to his piece, Brooks appended the note, “Some would say I’m envious of Mr. Buckley. But if truth be known, I just want a job and have a way of asking. When Buckley arrived to give his talk, he asked whether Brooks was in the lecture audience, upon graduation, Brooks became a police reporter for the City News Bureau of Chicago, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun Times. Brooks was an outsider in more ways than his relative inexperience, national Review was a Catholic magazine, and Brooks is not Catholic. Sam Tanenhaus later reported in The New Republic that Buckley might have eventually named Brooks his successor if it hadn’t been for his being Jewish, “If true, it would be upsetting, ” Brooks says. After his internship with Buckley ended, Brooks spent some time at the conservative Hoover Institution at Stanford University and he also filled in for five months as a movie critic. From 1990–94, The Wall Street Journal posted Brooks as an op-ed columnist to Brussels, whence he covered Russia, the Middle East, South Africa, on his return, Brooks joined the neo-conservative Weekly Standard when it was launched in 1994–95. In 1996, he edited an anthology, Backward and Upward, in 2000, Brooks published a book of cultural commentary titled Bobos in Paradise, The New Upper Class and How They Got There to considerable acclaim. The book, a paean to consumerism, argued that the new managerial or new upper class represents a marriage between the idealism of the 1960s and the self-interest of the 1980s. According to a 2010 article in New York Magazine written by Christopher Beam, New York Times editorial-page editor Gail Collins called Brooks in 2003, Collins was looking for a conservative to replace outgoing columnist William Safire, but one who understood how liberals think. “I was looking for the kind of conservative writer that wouldn’t make our readers shriek and throw the paper out the window, Brooks started writing in September 2003. “The first six months were miserable, ” Brooks says
21.
The Weekly Standard
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The Weekly Standard is an American conservative opinion magazine published 48 times per year. Its founding publisher, News Corporation, debuted the title on September 18,1995, originally edited by founders William Kristol and Fred Barnes, the Standard has been described as a redoubt of neoconservatism and as the neo-con bible. It is currently owned by MediaDC, a subsidiary of Clarity Media Group, the magazines website also produces regular online-only commentaries and news articles. The Washington Examiner reported that the Examiners parent company, the Anschutz-owned Clarity Media Group, had purchased the Standard, after the sale to the Clarity Media Group, the Standard increased its paid circulation by 39 percent between its June 2009 and June 2010 BPA statements. The editors stated, We apologize to Dr. Chopra and to our readers and we regret any harm that may unjustly have been done to Dr. Chopras reputation. We trust that this correction and apology will help in repairing any such harm, and will set the record straight. They added, “We also would no longer state that his company’s herbal remedies have high levels of bug parts and rodent hairs or levels higher than other such organic products. ”Chopra claimed the magazine settled for $1.6 million
22.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
23.
National Review
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National Review is an American semi-monthly magazine focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs. The magazine was founded by the author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955 and it is currently edited by Rich Lowry. The online version, National Review Online, is edited by Charles C. W. Cooke and includes free content and they also wanted to marginalize what they saw as the antiwar, noninterventionistic views of the Old Right. In 1953 moderate Republican Dwight D. Louis Globe-Democrat, a few small-circulation conservative magazines, such as Human Events and The Freeman, preceded National Review in developing Cold War Conservatism in the 1950s. In 1953, Russell Kirk published The Conservative Mind, which sought to trace an intellectual bloodline from Edmund Burke to the Old Right in the early 1950s and this challenged the popular notion that no coherent conservative tradition existed in the United States. A young William F. Buckley Jr. was greatly influenced by Kirks concepts, Buckley, from a wealthy oil family, first tried to purchase Human Events, but was turned down. The statement of intentions read, Middle-of-the-Road, qua Middle of the Road, is politically, intellectually and we shall recommend policies for the simple reason that we consider them right, and we consider them right because they are based on principles we deem right. On November 19,1955, Buckley’s magazine began to take shape, Buckley assembled an eclectic group of writers, traditionalists, Catholic intellectuals, libertarians and ex-Communists. The group included, Russell Kirk, James Burnham, Frank Meyer, the former Time editor Whittaker Chambers, who had been a Communist spy in the 1930s, eventually became a senior editor. In the magazine’s founding statement Buckley wrote, Let’s Face it, Unlike Vienna, it seems possible that did National Review not exist. When James Burnham became one of the senior editors, he urged the adoption of a more pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center. For it is the fact that nowadays there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation. The conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not, express themselves in ideas but only. In irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas, there never was an age of conformity quite like this one, or a camaraderie quite like the Liberals’. National Review promoted Barry Goldwater heavily during the early 1960s, Buckley and others involved with the magazine took a major role in the Draft Goldwater movement in 1960 and the 1964 presidential campaign. National Review spread his vision of conservatism throughout the country, the early National Review faced occasional defections from both left and right. Garry Wills broke with N. R. and became a liberal commentator, Buckley’s brother-in-law, L. Brent Bozell Jr. who ghostwrote The Conscience of a Conservative for Barry Goldwater, left and started the short-lived traditionalist Catholic magazine, Triumph in 1966. Buckley and his editors used his magazine to define the boundaries of conservatism—and to exclude people or ideas or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title, therefore, they attacked the John Birch Society, George Wallace, and anti-Semites
24.
Premiership of Margaret Thatcher
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The premiership of Margaret Thatcher spanned Britain from May 1979 to November 1990. She became Prime Minister after having served as the Leader of the Conservative Party since 1975, domestically, she is best known for her sweeping policies concerning the affairs of the economy, including the privatisation of most nationalised industries. In foreign policy, she fought a war against Argentina and played a key role with US President Ronald Reagan and she alienated her party leadership in 1990 primarily on the issue of greater economic integration into the European Community. She also alienated many Conservative voters with a demand for a poll tax. As her support fell away, senior Conservatives challenged and defeated her as Party leader, despite the polarised view of Thatcher throughout the country, she continues to rank highly among historians, and generally fares well in popular opinion polls. Under the Thatcher government, the taming of inflation displaced high employment as the policy objective. As a monetarist, Thatcher started out in her policy by increasing interest rates to slow the growth of the money supply. She had a preference for indirect taxation over taxes on income, the fiscal and monetary squeeze, combined with the North Sea oil effect, appreciated the real exchange rate. Thatchers key ally in the party was Home Secretary, and later Deputy Prime Minister and his moral authority and support allowed her to resist the internal threat from the Heathite wets. I grew up in the 1930s with a father, Tebbit said. He got on his bike and looked for work, and he went on looking until he found it, over two million manufacturing jobs were ultimately lost in the recession of 1979–81. This labour-shedding helped firms deal with long-standing X-inefficiency from over-manning, enabling the British economy to catch up to the productivity levels of advanced capitalist countries. The link between the supply and inflation was proven accurate and by January 1982, the inflation rate had dropped back to 8. 6% from earlier highs of 18%. Interest rates were then allowed to fall, unemployment continued to rise, passing 3 million by January 1982 and remaining this high until early 1987. However, Tebbit later suggested that, due to the number of people claiming unemployment benefit while working. By 1983, manufacturing output had dropped by 30% from 1978, the productivity turnaround from labour-shedding proved to be a one-off, and was not matched by growth in output. The industrial base was so reduced that thereafter the balance of payments in manufactured goods was in deficit, in her first six months as Prime Minister, Thatcher repeatedly prioritised defence spending over economic policy and financial control. However in 1980, she reverses this priority and tried to cut the defence budget, the 1981 Defence Review by John Nott, the defence minister, dramatically cut the capabilities of the Royal Navys surface fleet
25.
The Standard (Hong Kong)
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The Standard is an English free newspaper in Hong Kong with a daily circulation of 231,018. It was formerly called the Hong Kong Standard and changed to HKiMail during the Internet boom, the South China Morning Post is its main local competitor. The Standard is printed in tabloid-format rather than in broadsheet and it is published daily from Monday to Friday. The Standard is published by Sing Tao Newspaper Limited, also the publisher of Sing Tao Daily and this enterprise is owned by Sing Tao News Corporation Limited, a firm owning other businesses including media publications, human capital management and Broadband service. The Global China Group Holdings acquired 51% of Sing Tao Holdings Ltd in January 2001, the Chairman of Sing Tao News Corporation Limited is Charles Ho Tsu Kwok. The Standard was originally named the Hong Kong Tiger Standard, the newspaper was founded by Tycoon Aw Boon Haw after the end of the Chinese Civil War. It started life as a broadsheet, largely edited and run by Chinese, politically, it shared the Sing Tao and Aws allegiance to the Kuomintang. These early editors were all thoroughly US educated and trained, the first being L. Z. Yuan, there followed C. S. Kwei, a leading Chinese lawyer and bilingual intellectual-author, and Kyatang Woo, an alumnus of University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. During the 1990s, when Sally Aw chaired Sing Tao News Corporation Limited, in 1994, a third English-language newspaper, the Eastern Express, appeared. The new paper quickly pushed the Standard into third place for full-price sales, the Standard adopted a distinctive orange and black masthead, and an advertising campaign that used a carrot logo and the maxim clearer vision. Meanwhile, a recruitment drive brought in new staff from the UK and Tasmania, mostly from regional newspapers. Its Sunday supplement, Hong Kong Life, began distribution in bars. On 30 May 2002, following the burst of the Internet Bubble, the current Editor-in-Chief is Ivan Tong, who replaced Mark Clifford. From 10 September 2007, The Standard, then sold at HK$6 and it is now Hong Kongs first and only free English newspaper. In August 1996, the Independent Commission Against Corruption in Hong Kong found that 14,000 copies of the paper had been discarded at Wan Chai Pier and therefore started an investigation. Circulation figures had always been obscure, due to the Sing Tao groups longstanding agreements with hotels. As a result, the ICAC arrested three members of the Hong Kong Standard and charged Aw Sian as co-conspirator. This case was examined and deliberated from 23 November 1998 to 20 January 1999, finally, the three staff members were found guilty and sentenced to 4 to 6 months in jail
26.
Yoga
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Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini
27.
Culture of India
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The culture of India refers collectively to the thousands of distinct and unique cultures of all religions and communities present in India. Indias languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, the Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old. Many elements of Indias diverse cultures, such as Indian religions, Indian philosophy, India is one of the worlds oldest civilizations and one of the most populated countries in the world. Throughout the history of India, Indian culture has heavily influenced by Dharmic religions. They have been credited with shaping much of Indian philosophy, literature, architecture, art, Greater India was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the Indian subcontinent. To the west, Greater India overlaps with Greater Persia in the Hindu Kush, over the centuries, there has been significant fusion of cultures between Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, Jains, Sikhs and various tribal populations in India. India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, Indian religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the third and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether. Followers of Indian religions – Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists make up around 80–82% population of India, India is one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion plays a central and definitive role in the life of many of its people, although India is a secular Hindu-majority country, it has a large Muslim population. Except for Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram and Lakshadweep, Sikhs and Christians are other significant minorities of India. According to the 2011 census, 80% of the population of India practice Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions, such as Sarnaism, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Baháí Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have worlds largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19–20% of the population, Atheism and agnosticism have a long history in India and flourished within Śramaṇa movement. The Cārvāka school originated in India around the 6th century BCE and it is one of the earliest form of materialistic and atheistic movement in ancient India. Sramana, Buddhism, Jainism, Ājīvika and some schools of Hinduism consider atheism to be valid and reject the concept of deity, ritualism
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Clothing in India
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Clothing in India varies depending on the different ethnicity, geography, climate and cultural traditions of the people of each region of India. In urban areas, western clothing is common and uniformly worn by people of all social levels, India also has a great diversity in terms of weaves, fibers, colours and material of clothing. Colour codes are followed in clothing based on the religion and ritual concerned, for instance, Hindu ladies wear white clothes to indicate mourning, while Parsis and Christians wear white to weddings. The clothing in India also encompasses the wide variety of Indian embroidery, Indias recorded history of clothing goes back to the 5th millennium BC in the Indus Valley civilization where cotton was spun, woven and dyed. Bone needles and wooden spindles have been unearthed in excavations at the site, the cotton industry in ancient India was well developed, and several of the methods survive until today. Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian described Indian cotton as a wool exceeding in beauty, Indian cotton clothing was well adapted to the dry, hot summers of the subcontinent. The grand epic Mahabharata, composed by about 400 BC, tells of the god Krishna staving off Draupadis disrobing by bestowing an unending saree upon her, most of the present knowledge of ancient Indian clothing comes from rock sculptures and paintings in cave monuments such as Ellora. Recent analysis of Harappan silk fibres in beads have shown that silk was made by the process of reeling, a process known only to China until the early centuries AD. According to the Greek historian Arrian, The Indians use linen clothing, as says Nearchus, made from the flax taken from the trees, and this flax is either whiter in colour than any other flax, or the people being black make the flax appear whiter. They have a linen frock reaching down halfway between the knee and the ankle, and a garment which is partly thrown round the shoulders, the Indians who are very well-off wear earrings of ivory, for they do not all wear them. Nearchus says that the Indians dye their beards various colours, some that they may appear white as the whitest, others dark blue, others have them red, others purple and those who are of any rank have umbrellas held over them in the summer. They wear shoes of white leather, elaborately worked, and the soles of their shoes are many-coloured and raised high, evidence from the 1st century AD shows some cultural exchanges with the Greeks. Indo-Greek influence is seen in the Greco-Buddhist art of the time, the Buddhas were portrayed as wearing the Greek himation, which is the forerunner of the modern saṃghāti that forms a part of the Kasaya of Buddhist monks. During the Maurya and Gupta period, the continued to wear the three piece unstitched clothing as in Vedic times. The main items of clothing were the Antariya made of cotton or muslin, tied to the waist by a sash called Kayabandh. New trade routes, both overland and overseas, created an exchange with Central Asia and Europe. Romans bought indigo for dyeing and cotton cloth as articles of clothing, trade with China via the Silk road introduced silk textiles into India. The Chinese had a monopoly in the trade and kept its production process a trade secret
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Indian cuisine
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Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to India. Indian food is heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices. Also, Middle Eastern and Central Asian influences have occurred on North Indian cuisine from the years of Mughal rule, Indian cuisine is still evolving, as a result of the nations cultural interactions with other societies. Historical incidents such as invasions, trade relations, and colonialism have played a role in introducing certain foods to the country. For instance, the potato, a staple of the diet in some regions of India, was brought to India by the Portuguese, Indian cuisine has shaped the history of international relations, the spice trade between India and Europe was the primary catalyst for Europes Age of Discovery. Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia, Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across the world, especially those from the Middle East, North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, the British Isles, Fiji, and the Caribbean. Indian cuisine reflects an 8, 000-year history of groups and cultures interacting with the subcontinent, leading to diversity of flavours. Later, trade with British and Portuguese influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine, early diet in India mainly consisted of legumes, vegetables, fruits, grains, dairy products, honey, and sometimes fish, eggs, and meat. Staple foods eaten today include a variety of lentils, whole-wheat flour, rice, and pearl millet, over time, segments of the population embraced vegetarianism during Śramaṇa movement while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year. A food classification system that categorised any item as saatvic, raajsic, the Bhagavad Gita proscribes certain dietary practices. Consumption of beef is taboo, due to cows being considered sacred in Hinduism, beef is generally not eaten by Hindus in India except for Kerala and the north east. During the Middle Ages, several Indian dynasties were predominant, including the Gupta dynasty, travellers to India during this time introduced new cooking methods and products to the region, including tea. India was later invaded by tribes from Central Asian cultures, which led to the emergence of Mughlai cuisine, hallmarks include seasonings such as saffron. Staple foods of Indian cuisine include pearl millet, rice, whole-wheat flour, and a variety of lentils, such as masoor, toor, urad, lentils may be used whole, dehusked—for example, dhuli moong or dhuli urad—or split. Split lentils, or dal, are used extensively, some pulses, such as channa or cholae, rajma, and lobiya are very common, especially in the northern regions. Channa and moong are also processed into flour, many Indian dishes are cooked in vegetable oil, but peanut oil is popular in northern and western India, mustard oil in eastern India, and coconut oil along the western coast, especially in Kerala. Gingelly oil is common in the south since it imparts a fragrant, in recent decades, sunflower, safflower, cottonseed, and soybean oils have become popular across India. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, known as Vanaspati ghee, is another popular cooking medium, butter-based ghee, or deshi ghee, is used frequently, though less than in the past
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Bourgeoisie
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A legally defined class of the Middle Ages to the end of the Ancien Régime in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city. This bourgeoisie destroyed aristocratic privilege and established civic equality after the French monarchy collapsed, the aristocracy crumbled because it refused to reform institutions and financial systems. An affluent and often opulent stratum of the class who stand opposite the proletariat class. In English, bourgeoisie identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, hence, since the 19th century, the term bourgeoisie usually is politically and sociologically synonymous with the ruling upper class of a capitalist society. The 18th century saw a partial rehabilitation of bourgeois values in such as the drame bourgeois and bourgeois tragedy. The bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon in the 11th century when the bourgs of Central and this urban expansion was possible thanks to economic concentration due to the appearance of protective self-organisation into guilds. Guilds arose when individual businessmen conflicted with their feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed. In English, the bourgeoisie is often used to denote the middle classes. In fact, the French term encompasses both the upper and middle classes, a misunderstanding which has occurred in other languages as well. The bourgeoisie in France and many French-speaking countries consists of four evolving social layers, petite bourgeoisie, moyenne bourgeoisie, grande bourgeoisie, the petite bourgeoisie consists of people who have experienced a brief ascension in social mobility for one or two generations. It usually starts with a trade or craft, and by the second and third generation, the petite bourgeois would belong to the British lower middle class and would be American middle income. They are distinguished mainly by their mentality, and would differentiate themselves from the proletariat or working class and this class would include artisans, small traders, shopkeepers, and small farm owners. They are not employed, but may not be able to afford employees themselves, the moyenne bourgeoisie or middle bourgeoisie contains people who have solid incomes and assets, but not the aura of those who have become established at a higher level. They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations, some members of this class may have relatives from similar backgrounds, or may even have aristocratic connections. The moyenne bourgeoisie is the equivalent of the British and American upper-middle classes, the grande bourgeoisie are families that have been bourgeois since the 19th century, or for at least four or five generations. Members of these tend to marry with the aristocracy or make other advantageous marriages. This bourgeoisie family has acquired an established historical and cultural heritage over the decades, the names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside, and their ancestors have often contributed to the regions history. These families are respected and revered and they belong to the upper class, and in the British class system are considered part of the gentry
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Gentrification
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Gentrification is a process of renovation of deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning, conversations surrounding gentrification have evolved, as many in the social-scientific community have questioned the negative connotations associated with the word gentrification. Gentrification is typically the result of increased interest in a certain environment, early gentrifiers may belong to low-income artist or boheme communities, which increase the attractiveness and flair of a certain quarter. In addition to these benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration. The term gentrification has come to refer to a phenomenon that can be defined in different ways. Historians say that gentrification took place in ancient Rome and in Roman Britain, the word gentrification derives from gentry—which comes from the Old French word genterise, of gentle birth and people of gentle birth. In England, Landed gentry denoted the social class, consisting of gentlemen and this change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses. When long-time or original neighborhood residents move from an area because of higher rents, mortgages. Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a communitys history and culture and it often shifts a neighborhoods characteristics, e. g. racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods. German geographers have a more distanced view on gentrification, actual gentrification is seen as a mere symbolic issue happening in a low amount of places and blocks, the symbolic value and visibility in public discourse being higher than actual migration trends. Gerhard Hard assumes that urban flight is more important than inner city gentrification. Volkskunde scholar Barbara Lang introduced the term symbolic gentrification with regard to the Mythos Kreuzberg in Berlin, Lang assumes that complaints about gentrification often come from those who have been responsible for the process in their youth. When former students and bohemians started raising families and earning money in better paid jobs, especially Berlin is a showcase of intense debates about symbols of gentrification, while the actual processes are much slower than in other cities. The citys Prenzlauer Berg district is, however, a child of the capitals gentrification. This leads to mixed feelings amidst the local population, the neologism Bionade-Biedermeier was coined about Prenzlauer Berg. It describes the milieu of the former quartier of the alternative scene. There are several approaches that attempt to explain the roots and the reasons behind the spread of gentrification, bruce London and J. John Palen compiled a list of five explanations, demographic-ecological, sociocultural, political-economical, community networks, and social movements. The first theory, demographic-ecological, attempts to explain gentrification through the analysis of demographics, population, social organization, environment and this theory frequently refers to the growing number of people between the ages of 25 and 35 in the 1970s, or the baby boom generation
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Hipster (contemporary subculture)
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The hipster subculture is stereotypically composed of affluent or upper middle class youth who reside primarily in gentrifying neighborhoods. The subculture typically consists of white millennials living in urban areas and it has been described as a mutating, trans-Atlantic melting pot of styles, tastes and behavior. Some scholars contend that the hipster is a marketplace myth that has a complex, two-way relationship with the worldview. The term was coined during the age, when hip emerged as an adjective to describe aficionados of the growing scene. Another argument suggests the term derives from the practice of lying on ones hip while smoking opium, the ultimate meaning of hip, attested as early as 1902, is aware or in the know. Conversely, the antonym unhip connotes those who are unaware of their surroundings, nevertheless, hip eventually acquired the common English suffix -ster, and hipster entered the language. The first dictionary to list the word is the short glossary For Characters Who Dont Dig Jive Talk, the entry for hipsters defined them as characters who like hot jazz. It was not a complete glossary of jive, however, as it included only jive expressions that were found in the lyrics to his songs. The term used in African-American culture was originally spelled hep, as in Cab Calloways famous song The Jumpin Jive recorded on July 17,1939, hep is also used in Mezz Mezzrow essential account of underground jazz culture Really the Blues. Initially, hipsters were usually middle-class white youths seeking to emulate the lifestyle of the black jazz musicians they followed. In The Jazz Scene, author Eric Hobsbawm described hipster language—i. e, jive-talk or hipster-talk—as an argot or cant designed to set the group apart from outsiders. The subculture rapidly expanded, and after World War II, a literary scene grew up around it. Jack Kerouac described 1940s hipsters as rising and roaming America, bumming and hitchhiking everywhere characters of a special spirituality, toward the beginning of his poem Howl, Allen Ginsberg mentioned angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night. Hipsters are the friends who sneer when you cop to liking Coldplay, theyre the people who wear t-shirts silk-screened with quotes from movies youve never heard of and the only ones in America who still think Pabst Blue Ribbon is a good beer. They sport cowboy hats and berets and think Kanye West stole their sunglasses, everything about them is exactingly constructed to give off the vibe that they just dont care. In early 2000, both The New York Times and Time Out New York ran profiles of Williamsburg, Brooklyn without using the term hipster, the Times referred to bohemians and TONY to arty East Village types. By 2003, when The Hipster Handbook was published by Williamsburg resident Robert Lanham, the Hipster Handbook described hipsters as young people with mop-top haircuts, swinging retro pocketbooks, talking on cell phones, smoking European cigarettes. Strutting in platform shoes with a biography of Che Guevara sticking out of their bags, one author dates the initial phase of the revival of the term from 1999 to 2003
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Opportunities (Let's Make Lots of Money)
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The songs indirect attack on its subject matter has come to exemplify the Pet Shop Boys as ironists in their songwriting. The song was written during the Pet Shop Boys formative years, according to Neil Tennant, the main lyrical concept came while in a recording studio in Camden Town when Chris Lowe asked him to make up a lyric based around the line Lets make lots of money. Tennant has said that he was inspired by the relationship between the characters of Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight in the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy. The original single release charted low at number 116 in the UK, with producer Stephen Hague still on board from that release, a new single version for the duos debut album, Please, was mixed, with reprogramming done by Hague and re-recorded vocals from Tennant. The second release of Opportunities, following the release, resulted in better chart performance. It is currently the single from the band to chart higher in the US than the UK, becoming the duos second Top 10 single in the US, peaking at #10. In Australia, the first version was the one to chart, Please also included a brief, cacophonic track titled Opportunities, which was the original middle section to the song proper before it was edited out. The lyric depicts, in Tennants words, two losers, the song is written from the perspective of a man who describes himself as being intellectual and educated. The lyrics are addressed towards another character, identified as having looks and brawn, Tennant has made it clear, however, that the schemes are doomed to failure. The protagonists claimed accreditations, a PhD in mathematics from the Sorbonne, the punchline of the joke of the song, he says, is that the people in it are not going to make any money. The band have attributed the cynicism of the song, in part, the meaning of the lyric is taken at face value by some listeners, and this subsequent interpretation of the song as a materialistic anthem receives mixed reactions. According to Tennant, the lyrics were removed from the version of the song as the duo feared the passage would be construed as too pretentious. The first two lines of the outro, however, are sung within the lyrics of Why Dont We Live Together, 12-inch remixes for the 1985 release were produced by Ron Dean Miller of Nuance, while those for the 1986 release were produced by noted 1980s producer Shep Pettibone. Some of Millers overdubs went on to be incorporated into the 1986 single version, Tennant, having read about the movement in a book by David Pryce-Jones, asks, in the song, the question of whether this apathy essentially amounted to collaborationism. This continued for a decade until 1995 saw a fully instrumental re-recording of the song, In the Night 95, –5,18 The music video for the first single release was directed Eric Watson and Andy Morahan. The video ends with Tennant disintegrating into dust and the car driving away, Watson was partly inspired by the images of preachers in Wise Blood, the film adaptation of the Flannery OConnor novel of the same title, in designing Tennants appearance. For the re-release, the prestigious Polish director Zbigniew Rybczyński was recruited, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Oxford English Dictionary
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The Oxford English Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press. The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, in 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the edition was published. Since 2000, an edition of the dictionary has been underway. The first electronic version of the dictionary was available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably appear in electronic form, Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press. As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary explains words by showing their development rather than merely their present-day usages, therefore, it shows definitions in the order that the sense of the word began being used, including word meanings which are no longer used. The format of the OEDs entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects and this influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works. As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries, the dictionarys latest, complete print edition was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, as entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language, the Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is the worlds largest dictionary, has similar aims to the OED and took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838, the official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española, and its first edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716, trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips, later the same year, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor, on 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published and research was started
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International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
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Journal of Black Studies
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Journal of Black Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the fields of social sciences and ethnic studies concerning African-American culture. The journals editors-in-chief are Molefi Kete Asante and Ama Mazama, the journal was established in 1970 and is currently published by SAGE Publications. Journal of Black Studies is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases, SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2011 impact factor is 0.234, ranking it 75 out of 89 journals in the category Social Sciences and 12 out of 14 journals in the category Ethnic Studies
